Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ga-Free

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ga-Free'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ga-Free"

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Nazri, S. F., and Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh. "The Effects of Gallium Additions on the Microstructure of Lead-Free Solder Materials: A Short Review." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.187.

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This paper reviews the results of gallium (Ga) additions on the properties of Lead (Pb)-free solder alloys in terms of the solderability, microstructure and mechanical properties. Throughout the review, it is proven that when 0.5% of Ga is added, the shear force is improved and the grain size of the solder has refined remarkably. Besides, the addition of Ga has significantly suppressed the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formation at solder/Copper substrate interface. This is caused by the formation of the Cu2Ga phase around the joint surface during solidification which decrease the growth rate of the IMCs layer. In fact, the enhancement in the mechanical aspect can also be affiliated with the improvement of the IMCs of the solder due to the addition of Ga. Moreover, Ga element also added to act as solid solution strengthening in β-Sn matrix. Furthermore, the addition of Ga element definitely decreases the melting temperature of Pb-free solder in Sn-0.7Cu Pb-free solder. As Ga addition also improve the oxidation resistance and reduce the surface tension of the solder, thus the solderability of the Pb-free solder alloys is slightly improved.
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Fang, Shang-Ting, Shu-Hsiang Huang, Chin-Hao Yang, Jen-Wen Liou, Hemalatha Mani, and Yi-Cheng Chen. "Effects of Calcium Ions on the Antimicrobial Activity of Gramicidin A." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121799.

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Gramicidin A (gA) is a linear antimicrobial peptide that can form a channel and specifically conduct monovalent cations such as H+ across the lipid membrane. The antimicrobial activity of gA is associated with the formation of hydroxyl free radicals and the imbalance of NADH metabolism, possibly a consequence caused by the conductance of cations. The ion conductivity of gramicidin A can be blocked by Ca2+ ions. However, the effect of Ca2+ ions on the antimicrobial activity of gA is unclear. To unveil the role of Ca2+ ions, we examined the effect of Ca2+ ions on the antimicrobial activity of gramicidin A against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Results showed that the antimicrobial mechanism of gA and antimicrobial activity by Ca2+ ions are concentration-dependent. At the low gA concentration (≤1 μM), the antimicrobial mechanism of gA is mainly associated with the hydroxyl free radical formation and NADH metabolic imbalance. Under this mode, Ca2+ ions can significantly inhibit the hydroxyl free radical formation and NADH metabolic imbalance. On the other hand, at high gA concentration (≥5 μM), gramicidin A acts more likely as a detergent. Gramicidin A not only causes an increase in hydroxyl free radical levels and NAD+/NADH ratios but also induces the destruction of the lipid membrane composition. At this condition, Ca2+ ions can no longer reduce the gA antimicrobial activity but rather enhance the bacterial killing ability of gramicidin A.
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Skidchenko, E., M. V. Yakushev, L. Spasevski, P. R. Edwards, M. A. Sulimov, and R. W. Martin. "Excitons in PL spectra of Cu(In, Ga)Se-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- single crystal -=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Физика твердого тела 61, no. 5 (2019): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.05.47609.39f.

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AbstractA photoluminescence (PL) study of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 (CIGSe) single crystals, (grown by the vertical Bridgman technique) with the [Ga]/[Ga + In] ratio of 7 and 12% and the [Cu]/[In + Ga] ratio greater than unity, as measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy, is presented. Analysis of the excitation intensity and temperature dependence of the PL spectra suggested the excitonic nature of the observed near-band-edge emissions peaks. Free and bound excitons in CIGSe single crystals with both 7 and 12% Ga content are clearly observed, analyzed and identified. An activation energy of 19 meV is determined for the free exciton in the PL spectra of the sample with 12% Ga. The presence of the excitons demonstrated a high structural quality of the material.
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Burgette, J. M., and R. B. Quiñonez. "Cost-effectiveness of Treating Severe Childhood Caries under General Anesthesia versus Conscious Sedation." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 3, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084418780712.

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Background: Two common methods of treating pediatric dental patients with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) are general anesthesia (GA) and conscious sedation (CS). We sought to first evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treating S-ECC with GA versus CS and then compare the cost-effectiveness at 2 time points: 2011 and 2015. Methods: We used a decision tree model to produce 2-y estimates of costs and outcomes from the Medicaid perspective. The model cohort consisted of healthy 3-y-olds with S-ECC in need of a theoretical set of dental treatments to be performed under either a single GA visit or 3 CS visits. Outcomes were measured in caries-free months. Costs were evaluated in 2015 US dollars. Costs, probabilities, and outcomes were estimated from published data, expert opinion, and Medicaid billing at an academic health center. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: As compared with CS, GA resulted in 4 additional caries-free months per child. The cost of a caries-free month for GA versus CS rose from $596 in 2011 to $881 in 2015. These findings were sensitive to loss to follow-up for subsequent CS visits and total cost of GA. Conclusions: Comprehensive S-ECC treatment had better outcomes when performed under GA versus CS. However, GA was not cost saving when compared with CS. While the cost of dental treatment increased for both GA and CS from 2011 to 2015, the cost rose faster for GA. These results have important implications due to the increasing cost to Medicaid insurance and the rising number of young children being treated for S-ECC under GA. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Medicaid policy makers can use the results of this study to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dental treatment for young children with S-ECC at 2 time points: 2011 and 2015. Compared with CS, GA resulted in a longer amount of time during which children were free from dental caries but at a higher cost. The cost difference rose from 2011 to 2015.
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Aksela, S., and H. Aksela. "L2,3M4,5M4,5Auger spectra of free Ga and Ge atoms." Physical Review A 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 1540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.31.1540.

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Suñol, J. J., L. Escoda, B. Hernando, W. O. Rosa, T. Sánchez, J. D. Santos, V. M. Prida, and V. G. Shavrov. "Structure of rapidly quenched Ga-free Heusler alloys." physica status solidi (a) 208, no. 10 (June 15, 2011): 2281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201000743.

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Hsu, Po-Ya, Ting-Yu Hu, Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar, Kevin C. W. Wu, and Shingjiang Jessie Lue. "Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050865.

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The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5–2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.
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Jackson, Brian P. "Low level determination of gallium isotopes by ICP-QQQ." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 33, no. 5 (2018): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ja00073e.

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Janicek, M., W. Kaplan, D. Neuberg, G. P. Canellos, L. N. Shulman, and M. A. Shipp. "Early restaging gallium scans predict outcome in poor-prognosis patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with high-dose CHOP chemotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 4 (April 1997): 1631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1997.15.4.1631.

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PURPOSE This prospective study assessed the predictive value of early restaging gallium (Ga) and computed tomographic (CT) scans in poor-prognosis patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty newly diagnosed patients with bulky (> or = 10 cm) advanced-stage aggressive NHL were treated with a four-cycle high-dose CHOP regimen (22 patients at maximum-tolerated dose [MTD]: cyclophosphamide 4 g/m2, doxorubicin 70 mg/m2, vincristine 2 mg, and prednisone 100 mg orally for 5 days). All patients had chest/abdominal/pelvic CT scans and 10-mCi Ga scans at baseline and following two and four cycles of therapy. Scans were reviewed in a blinded manner for CT-documented rates of response and sizes of residual masses and Ga avidity of residual masses. The results of early (post-cycle 2) and final (post-cycle 4) restaging were subsequently associated with clinical outcome. RESULTS CT-documented rates of response and residual mass sizes were indistinguishable in complete responders who remained continuously disease-free (CR-Cont), complete responders who subsequently relapsed (CR-Rel), and partial responders who then progressed (PR/Prog). In marked contrast, early restaging (post-cycle 2) Ga scans accurately delineated these three categories of patients: CR-Cont 90% Ga-negative (18 of 20 patients) versus CR-Rel 25% Ga-negative (one of four patients) versus PR/Prog 0% Ga-negative (zero of six patients) (P = .000014). At a median follow-up duration of 31 months (range, 21 to 46), 94% of patients who had negative early restaging Ga scans remain free from progression (FFP), whereas only 18% of patients who had positive early restaging Ga scans remain FFP (P = .000007). Early restaging Ga scans were more predictive for FFP than final restaging Ga scans because patients who required four full cycles of therapy to become Ga-negative were more likely to develop recurrent disease. CONCLUSION Early restaging Ga scans delineate patients who are likely to have prolonged disease-free survival from those who fail to respond to intensive induction therapy. Patients whose tumors remain Ga-positive midway through high-dose CHOP therapy have a poor outcome and may be candidates for alternative treatment.
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Iarlori, C., D. Gambi, A. Lugaresi, A. Patruno, M. Felaco, M. Salvatore, L. Speranza, and M. Reale. "Reduction of free radicals in multiple sclerosis: effect of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®)." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 14, no. 6 (July 2008): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458508088918.

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Free radicals have been found in high concentrations within inflammatory multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. The superoxide anion (O2–) reacts rapidly with nitric oxide (NO), producing peroxynitrite (ONOO–). Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a specific MS immunomodulator that induces the synthesis of Th2 cytokines, and reduces the frequency of relapses and the formation of active brain lesions. Proinflammatory cytokines could play a role in free radicals production in the peripheral immune system as well as in the central nervous system (CNS). The effect of GA on iNOS, superoxide radicals (O2–) and 3-nitrotyrosine production by peripheral blood adherent mononuclear cells (PBAMs) was assessed. Our findings demonstrate that in vitro GA reduced spontaneous and LPS-induced iNOS, 3-nitrotyrosine, NO and O2– production, and that similar inhibition can be demonstrated ex vivo in mononuclear cells obtained from GA-treated patients. The inhibition of the production of free radicals in PBAMs may represent a new therapeutic mechanism against inflammation during MS.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ga-Free"

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Hedlund, Daniel. "Ammonia free CdS buffer layerfor Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells by chemical bath deposition." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206786.

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The buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells can improve cell performance. In this work we make CdS buffer layer by chemical bath deposition (CBD) without ammonia. CBD without ammonia were sought out since ammonia is a volatile compound. Different recipes for making CdS were tested; only one of the tested recipes actually produced something that is worth further investigating. This recipe used sodium citrate, an innocuous compound instead of ammonia. The best performance was 0.15 % off from the reference.This is almost as good as the used baseline process. However the worst almost completely killed the solar cells. Cell performance dropped by more than absolute 10 %. This demonstrates that chemical bath deposition can have profound effects on the solar cell performance. When trying to improve the best cells only detrimental effects showed up. This might show that, a part in the recipe used, NaOH has detrimental effects on solar cells. Ammonia free chemical bath deposition is possible, however so far it has not produced as good results as the reference. The difference is however very small, which makes it worth further investigating with moreand better solar cell material.
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Pettersson, Jonas. "Modelling Band Gap Gradients and Cd-free Buffer Layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168618.

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A deeper understanding of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is important for the further improvement of these devices. This thesis is focused on the use of electrical modelling as a tool for pursuing this aim. Finished devices and individual layers are characterized and the acquired data are used as input in the simulations. Band gap gradients are accounted for when modelling the devices. The thesis is divided into two main parts. One part that treats the influence of cadmium free buffer layers, mainly atomic layer deposited (Zn,Mg)O, on devices and another part in which the result of CIGS absorber layer modifications is studied. Recombination analysis indicates that interface recombination is limitting the open circuit voltage (Voc) in cells with ZnO buffer layers. This recombination path becomes less important when magnesium is introduced into the ZnO giving a positive conduction band offset (CBO) towards the CIGS absorber layer. Light induced persistent photoconductivity (PPC) is demonstrated in (Zn,Mg)O thin films. Device modelling shows that the measured PPC, coupled with a high density of acceptors in the buffer-absorber interface region, can explain light induced metastable efficiency improvement in CIGS solar cells with (Zn,Mg)O buffer layers. It is shown that a thin indium rich layer closest to the buffer does not give any significant impact on the performance of devices dominated by recombination in the CIGS layer. In our cells with CdS buffer the diffusion length in the CIGS layer is the main limitting factor. A thinner CIGS layer improves Voc by reducing recombination. However, for thin enough absorber layers Voc deteriorates due to recombination at the back contact. Interface recombination is a problem in thin devices with Zn(O,S) buffer layers. This recombination path is overshadowed in cells of standard thickness by recombination in the CIGS bulk. Thin cells with Zn(O,S) buffer layers have a higher efficiency than CdS cells with the same absorber thickness.
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Bouschet, Maxime. "Détecteur quantique à superréseaux 'Ga-free' fonctionnant à haute température dans la totalité de la gamme spectrale du moyen infrarouge." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS006.

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Une augmentation de la température de fonctionnement des matrices de détecteurs infrarouges (IR-FPA) refroidis haute performance conduirait à une réduction de la taille, du poids et de la consommation énergétique de la machine à froid ce qui permettrait d'accéder à de nouvelles applications où les besoins des caméras IR en termes de portabilité, de compacité et d'autonomie énergétique sont essentielles. Actuellement, les technologies de photodétecteurs fonctionnant à haute température (T = 150K), en particulier le détecteur InAsSb, ne couvrent qu'une partie du domaine spectral du moyen infrarouge (MWIR), pour des longueurs d'ondes en deçà de 4,2 μm. Etendre la longueur d'onde de coupure à la totalité du domaine MWIR, jusqu'à 5 μm pour une température de fonctionnement au moins égale à 150K, sans dégradation de performance, présenterait des avantages radiométriques indéniables. En associant les avantages des superréseaux (SR) de matériaux semiconducteurs, en particulier en ce qui concerne la flexibilité en longueur d'onde de coupure de ces nanostructures périodiques, avec ceux des nouvelles architectures de structures à barrière, appelées XBn, la thèse a pour objectif de fabriquer et d'étudier les premiers photodétecteurs 'Ga-free' (sans Gallium) à base de superréseau de type II InAs/InAsSb (T2SL). Le photodétecteur à SR 'Ga-free' sur substrat GaSb est réalisé dans une configuration XBn avec une longueur d'onde de coupure à 5 μm et montre des performances en courant d’obscurité et en rendement quantique à l’état de l’art mondial
An Increase of the operating temperature of the high performance cooled infrared (IR) detector focal plane arrays (FPAs) would induce a reduction in size, weight and power consumption of the cryocooler and allow a new class of applications where the needs in portability, compactness and energy autonomy of the IR cameras are essential. Currently, the photodetector technologies operating at high temperature (T= 150K), in particular the detector based on InAsSb, only cover a part of the midwave infrared (MWIR) domain, below 4.2µm. The extension of the cutoff wavelength to the full MWIR spectrum until 5µm for an operating temperature equal to 150K or higher, with no tradeoffs in performance, would present evident radiometric advantages. Combining the advantages of superlattice (SL) nanostructures in term of tuning of cut-off wavelength and the ones of XBn barrier structure device, the main objective of the thesis is to fabricate and study the first Ga-free InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) photodetector. The Ga-free T2SL photodetector on GaSb substrate is used in a XBn configuration with a 5 µm cutoff wavelength and showing state of the art performance in terms of dark current and quantum efficiency
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Hultqvist, Adam. "Cadmium Free Buffer Layers and the Influence of their Material Properties on the Performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-133112.

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CdS is conventionally used as a buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2, CIGS, solar cells. The aim of this thesis is to substitute CdS with cadmium-free, more transparent and environmentally benign alternative buffer layers and to analyze how the material properties of alternative layers affect the solar cell performance. The alternative buffer layers have been deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD. A theoretical explanation for the success of CdS is that its conduction band, Ec, forms a small positive offset with that of CIGS. In one of the studies in this thesis the theory is tested experimentally by changing both the Ec position of the CIGS and of Zn(O,S) buffer layers through changing their gallium and sulfur contents respectively. Surprisingly, the top performing solar cells for all gallium contents have Zn(O,S) buffer layers with the same sulfur content and properties in spite of predicted unfavorable Ec offsets. An explanation is proposed based on observed non-homogenous composition in the buffer layer. This thesis also shows that the solar cell performance is strongly related to the resistivity of alternative buffer layers made of (Zn,Mg)O. A tentative explanation is that a high resistivity reduces the influence of shunt paths at the buffer layer/absorber interface. For devices in operation however, it seems beneficial to induce persistent photoconductivity, by light soaking, which can reduce the effective Ec barrier at the interface and thereby improve the fill factor of the solar cells. Zn-Sn-O is introduced as a new buffer layer in this thesis. The initial studies show that solar cells with Zn-Sn-O buffer layers have comparable performance to the CdS reference devices. While an intrinsic ZnO layer is required for a high reproducibility and performance of solar cells with CdS buffer layers it is shown in this thesis that it can be thinned if Zn(O,S) or omitted if (Zn,Mg)O buffer layers are used instead. As a result, a top conversion efficiency of 18.1 % was achieved with an (Zn,Mg)O buffer layer, a record for a cadmium and sulfur free CIGS solar cell.
Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 717
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Yao, Jianjun. "Structural Investigations of Highly Strictive Materials." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37669.

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Ferroelectric (piezoelectric) and ferromagnetic materials have extensively permeated in modern industry. (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3 (NBT-x%BT) single crystals and K1/2Na1/2NbO3 (KNN) textured ceramics are top environment-friendly candidates which have potential to replace the commercial lead zirconate titanate or PZT. High magnetostrictive strain (up to 400 ppm) of Fe-xat.%Ga makes this alloys promising alternatives to existing magnetostrictive materials, which commonly either contain costly rare-earth elements or have undesirable mechanical properties for device applications. These systems have common characteristics: compositional/thermal/ electrical dependent structural heterogeneity and chemical disorder on sub-micron or nano scale, resulting in diverse local structures and different physical properties. In this work, I have investigated domain and local structures of NBT-x%BT crystals, KNN ceramics and Fe-xat.%Ga alloys under various conditions, mainly by scanning probe and electron transmission techniques. In NBT-x%BT single crystals, polarized light, piezo-response force (PFM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies were used to study domain structures and oxygen octahedral tiltings. Hierarchical domain structures were found in NBT: a high-temperature tetragonal ferroelastic domain structure is elastically inherited into a lower temperature rhombohedral ferroelectric phase. Nanoscale domain engineering mechanism was found to still work in NBT-x%BT system and a modified phase diagram was proposed based on domain observations. An increased intensity of octahedral in-phase tilted reflections and a decrease in the anti-phase ones was observed, with increasing x as the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) is approached. It was also found that Mn substituents favor the formation of long range ordered micro-sized ferroelectric domains and octahedral in-phase tilted regions near the MPB. Nano-size heterogeneous regions were observed within submicron domain structure, indicating that the nanoscale polarization dynamics are not confined by domain boundaries, and the high piezoelectricity of NBT-x%BT is due to a polarization dynamics with high sensitivity to electric field and a broadened relaxation time distribution. In KNN textured ceramics, an aging effect was found to exist in the orthorhombic single phase field, not only in the orthorhombic and tetragonal two-phase field as previously reported. No variation of phase structure was revealed between before and after aging states. However, pronounced changes in domain morphology were observed by both PFM and TEM: more uniform and finer domain structures were then found with aging. These changes were even more pronounced after poling the aged state. A large number of sub-micron lamellar domains within micron-domains were observed: suggesting a domain origin for improved piezoelectric properties. In Fe-xat.%Ga alloys, an underlying inhomogeneity from Ga atoms embedded into the α-Fe matrix was believed to be the origin of giant magneostrictive properties. I have systematically investigated the phase structure and nano-size heterogeneity of Fe-xat.%Ga alloys subjected to different thermal treatments using standard TEM and high resolution TEM for 10Ph. D.
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Song, Sha. "Geophysical characterization of gas hydrate systems of the South Shetland margin (Antarctica)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426845.

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During the last few decades, interest in gas hydrates has been increasing significantly because of their economic potential as future energy source and their potential role in geohazards and global climate change. The global climate change is a particularly sensitive issue for the Polar Regions, such as Antarctica. In the South Shetland margin (Antarctic Peninsula), the occurrence of a potential gas hydrate reservoir has been demonstrated from the analysis of geophysical data acquired during three Italian Antarctic cruises. In order to enhance the knowledge of gas hydrate systems, I analyzed Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) and coincident multi-channel seismic (MCS) data acquired in 2004. The main objectives of this thesis are to estimate the distributions and concentrations of gas hydrate and free gas within the sediments, and to investigate the system’s petrophysical properties. Travel time inversion and forward modeling of OBS data were performed to estimate detailed P- and S-wave velocity fields. The P-wave velocity field was determined by the inversion of refractions and reflections in OBS data, while the S-wave velocity field was obtained by ray-tracing forward modeling of the converted S-waves from the horizontal components of OBS data. Several velocity models were tested in order to reduce the errors caused by the spatial drift of the OBS from the MCS line during sinking, and the errors from inversion. The final velocity model shows that P-wave velocity increases gradually with depth down to the bottom simulating reflection (BSR) at approximately 510-650 m below the seafloor. The layer with high P-wave velocity of 2.0-2.1 km/s just above the BSR can be associated with the presence of gas hydrates. Below the BSR, a low velocity layer of 1.4-1.6 km/s is observed, which indicates the presence of free gas. From the analysis of critical refractions in OBS data, the base of free gas layer (BGR) occurs at a depth varying between 80-160 m below the BSR. Forward modeling of converted S-waves in OBS data allows us to obtain Poisson’s ratio estimates. We observe that Poisson’s ratios are fairly uniform within each layer and they show good agreement with previous study performed in this area. The comparison of Poisson’s ratio indicates that the gas hydrate reservoir shows no significant regional variations. The resulting velocity fields were translated in terms of gas hydrate and free gas concentrations, using a modified Biot-Geerstma-Smit theory. The results show that hydrate concentration in the layer just above the BSR ranges from 10% to 15% of total volume, and free gas concentration is approximately 0.3% to 0.8% of total volume assuming a uniform gas distribution. Part of this research related to the OBS analysis and gas-phase estimation, has been published in the international journal Energies (Song et al., 2018) and included in the Appendix 1.
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Klinke, Olaf Karl. "A bitopological point-free approach to compactifications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3470/.

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This thesis extends the concept of compactifications of topological spaces to a setting where spaces carry a partial order and maps are order-preserving. The main tool is a Stone-type duality between the category of d-frames, which was developed by Jung and Moshier, and bitopological spaces. We demonstrate that the same concept that underlies d-frames can be used to do recover short proofs of well-known facts in domain theory. In particular we treat the upper, lower and double powerdomain constructions in this way. The classification of order-preserving compactifications follows ideas of B. Banaschewski and M. Smyth. Unlike in the categories of spaces or locales, the lattice-theoretic notion of normality plays a central role in this work. It is shown that every compactification factors as a normalisation followed by the maximal compactification, the Stone-Cech compactification. Sample applications are the Fell compactification and a stably compact extension of algebraic domains.
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Shen, Jianyun. "Thermodynamique des systèmes III-V, As-Ga-In et Al-As et analyse de leur épitaxie par jets moléculaires." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0087.

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Diagramme de phase et donnees thermodynamiques du systeme ternaire as-ga-in sont optimises a partir des valeurs experimentales disponsibles. Etude de l'influence de l'energie elastique sur le diagramme de phase. Analyse thermodynamique de l'epitaxie par jets moleculaires des multicouches in#1##yga#yas
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Lin, Ger-Pin, and 林哲平. "Electromigration and Thermomigration in Ball Grid ArraySn-Zn-Ag-Al-Ga Lead-Free Solders." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46125153766103878900.

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碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
94
Eutectic Sn-Pb solder are mainly used to connect the electronic devices and printed circuit board. But, many countries have concerned about lead, which would pollute environment and hurt human health. The development of lead-free solders has become the most important issue, oxidation resistance, wettability, and other properties. This study investigated Sn8.5Zn0.5Ag0.01Al0.1Ga solder balls, which was developed by our lab. This study investigated the micro-structure of solder balls under electromigration and thermomigration effects. After assembly, we would apply different of current density to solder balls at 120℃. Electrons would impact the intermetallic compounds (AuZn3 and AgZn3) seriously in current crowding section. The intermetallic compounds would decompose. The atoms coming from intermetallic compound decomposition would move in the direction of temperature gradient and react to form intermetallic compounds. Without other atom to occupy the site in which intermetallic compounds decomposed, it would be observed voids. If the directions of thermomigration and electromigration were the same, Sn atom would be affected seriously by temperature gradient and electric impaction, and move in the direction. In this lead-free solder, the AgZn3-AuZn3-AgZn3 three layers compound would transfer and consume the Zn-rich phase in solder balls.
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Yeh, Tsung-Kai, and 葉宗凱. "Investigations on the Oxidation Behavior of Sn-Zn-xAg-Al-Ga Lead-Free Solders." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81591464031411708968.

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碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
95
The Sn-Zn based solder exhibits unsatisfactory oxidation resistance. It is very prone to oxidation that decreases the life of products. This study investigated the oxidation behavior of Sn-8.5Zn-xAg-0.01Al-0.1Ga(x= 0~1.0wt％) solders at high temperatures and during heat/humidity exposure. During the experiment, some whiskers formed on the surface of the solder. Therefore, the observation of Sn whisker growth behavior was also investigated in this study. The microstructure of Sn-8.5Zn-xAg-0.01Al-0.1Ga(x=0~1.0wt％) shows that the AgZn3 compound was formed after the addition of Ag to the solder. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA) showed that the oxidation rate and oxide decreased as the Ag content of Sn-8.5Zn-xAg- 0.01Al-0.1Ga(x=0~0.5wt％) increase. The major composition of the oxide was ZnO. Because the oxidation layer blocked the reaction and diffusion between Zn and O2, the oxidation reaction reaches saturation after 25 minutes. The content of Zn-rich phase decreased in the matrix. After heat/humidity exposure at 85℃/85％RH(relative humidity), the major oxide formed are ZnO and a few SnO2. The thickness of oxidation layer increases with increasing Ag content. Sn whisker growth was driven by the compressive stress in the solder. The compressive stress is introduced due to the volume expansion when ZnO formed at the grain boundary of Sn.
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Books on the topic "Ga-Free"

1

The secret trust of Aspasia Cruvellier Mirault: A free woman of color in antebellum Georgia. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2008.

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Tanigawa, Tamio. Shōgaisha ga jiritsushite sumiyasui jūkankyō moderu no kōchiku: Heisei 21-nendo sōkatsu kenkyū hōkokusho. [Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku]: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyūjo, 2010.

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Ebe, Kōji. Kyōto no meii ga oshieru "yaseru tabekata": Bishoku de manpuku daietto. Tōkyō: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha, 2010.

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Kisei ga sasaeru jiko kettei: Rōdōhōteki kisei shisutemu no saikōchiku. Kyōto-shi: Hōritsu Bunkasha, 2004.

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Tokuda, Katsumi. Tenji burokku: Nihonhatsu shikaku shōgaisha ga sekai o anzen ni aruku tame ni. Tōkyō: Fukumura Shuppan, 2011.

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Kinʼyū jiyūka to en no kokusaika: Nihon no kinʼyūkai ni nani ga okoritsutsu aru ka. Tōkyō: Kinʼyū Zaisei Jijō Kenkyūkai, 1985.

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Sensō fusanka sengen: Kokusai jindōhō ga hoshōsuru jichitai ni dekiru heiwa hoshō = Non defended localities. Tōkyō: Nihon Hyōronsha, 1989.

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How free is free?: The long death of Jim Crow. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2009.

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translator, Liu Ge'an, ed. 3 tian gai bian ti zhi de duan tang yin shi: Dantō no susume : kōketsuatsu, tōnyōbyō ga 99% naoru shin, shokushūkan. Taibei Shi: Cai shi wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2015.

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(Illustrator), Peggy Murray, ed. Free and Inexpensive Teaching Tools to Make and Use (Ga 1004). Good Apple Inc, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ga-Free"

1

Matsui, Shouichi, Isamu Watanabe, and Ken-ichi Tokoro. "Empirical Performance Evaluation of a Parameter-Free GA for JSSP." In Genetic and Evolutionary Computation – GECCO 2004, 1318–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24855-2_145.

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Ohki, Makoto, and Satoru Kishida. "An Effective Nurse Scheduling by a Parameter Free Cooperative GA." In Applications of Evolutionary Computation, 955–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45523-4_77.

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Chen, Guohai, Ju Sheng Ma, and Zhi Ting Geng. "Fabrication and Properties of Lead-Free Sn-Ag-Cu-Ga Solder Alloy." In Materials Science Forum, 1747–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.1747.

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Dyble, Jake. "Divide and Rule: Risk Sharing and Political Economy in the Free Port of Livorno." In General Average and Risk Management in Medieval and Early Modern Maritime Business, 363–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04118-1_13.

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AbstractIn the late-seventeenth century, the Tuscan authorities were accused of abusing General Average procedures (GAs) to ‘invite captains to the free port of Livorno’. This contribution shows how GAs had indeed become a political-economic tool but argues that this was a defensive response to an increasingly mercantilist environment rather than a proactive attempt to promote the free port. GA procedures were readily adapted to confront new threats such as the French cottimo tax, which aimed to squeeze Livorno out of the Levant trade, and English attempts to wrest maritime jurisdiction from the Tuscan courts. As in Venice, commercial justice, particularly the procedural element, was being used defensively to protect the status quo in a period of new pressure. These findings demonstrate the limitations of the state-centred, protectionist policies of the period. They also show how commercial justice, or administration-as-justice, reflected a wider Tuscan commercial strategy, which was both highly creative and intensely pragmatic.
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Shin, Dong Hyeop, Seung Tae Kim, Luidmila Larina, Kyung Hoon Yoon, and Byung Tae Ahn. "Development of High-Efficiency Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells Using Chemically Deposited ZnS Film." In Materials Challenges and Testing for Manufacturing, Mobility, Biomedical Applications and Climate, 211–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11340-1_21.

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Dakubu, M. E. Kropp. "A Dispute, a Saying, and Some Theory." In Korle Meets the Sea, 5–19. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195060614.003.0001.

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Abstract Ga, the language of Accra, arose in a multilingual context and has existed in one ever since. The split between Ga and its only close relative, Dangme, was undoubtedly triggered mainly by the influence of other languages, some of them spoken by much larger and more powerful groups, and many of whose speakers were assimilated into the Ga-speaking society. The way in which this occurred is explored in chapter 5. Such a situation of continual pressure from outside can be expected to provoke defensive reactions. Although Accra has been generally free of serious ethnic conflict, tensions naturally exist. These sometimes give rise to texts of various kinds that reveal much about their narrators’ views of their linguistic universe and of the salient linguistic others.
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Singh, Bhupesh Kumar. "Evaluation of Genetic Algorithm as Learning System in Rigid Space Interpretation." In Handbook of Research on Novel Soft Computing Intelligent Algorithms, 475–510. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4450-2.ch016.

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Genetic Algorithm (GA) (a structured framework of metaheauristics) has been used in various tasks such as search optimization and machine learning. Theoretically, there should be sound framework for genetic algorithms which can interpret/explain the various facts associated with it. There are various theories of the working of GA though all are subject to criticism. Hence an approach is being adopted that the legitimate theory of GA must be able to explain the learning process (a special case of the successive approximation) of GA. The analytical method of approximating some known function is expanding a complicated function an infinite series of terms containing some simpler (or otherwise useful) function. These infinite approximations facilitate the error to be made arbitrarily small by taking a progressive greater number of terms into consideration. The process of learning in an unknown environment, the form of function to be learned is known only by its form over the observation space. The problem of learning the possible form of the function is termed as experience problem. Various learning paradigms have ensured their legitimacy through the rigid space interpretation of the concentration of measure and Dvoretzky theorem. Hence it is being proposed that the same criterion should be applied to explain the learning capability of GA, various formalisms of explaining the working of GA should be evaluated by applying the criteria, and that learning capability can be used to demonstrate the probable capability of GA to perform beyond the limit cast by the No Free Lunch Theorem.
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Sivakumar, Tharanikumar, Chandrasekaran Krithika, and Nandikha Tharanikumar. "Development of Gallium Silicon Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants." In Dentistry. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108804.

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The aim of this study is to synthesize a new metallic aluminum and vanadium-free titanium alloy biomaterial for better osseointegration and implantation in the physiological system. The in vitro and in vivo methods were used to examine their biological compatibility, evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Results of Ga-Si-Ti alloy showed a higher ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and a higher percentage of elongation and more or less equal to Young\'s modulus when compared with the Ti and Ti-Ga alloy. In vivo study, a PA view of whole-body radiography all groups exhibited a substantial difference in the linear bone density of newly formed bone. Ga-Si-Ti group showed the highest bone mineral density than Ti and Ti-Ga group in the micro CT ex vivo study. The study exhibited a significant difference between the groups and the proportion of cortical bone volume to trabecular bone volume BV/TV in percentage. This is related to the anti-resorptive action of gallium and osteoblastic property of silicon, in addition to the benefits of commercial pure-Ti alloy.
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de Sousa, Fabiano Luis, Fernando Manuel Ramos, Roberto Luiz Galski, and Issamu Muraoka. "Generalized External Optimization." In Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing, 41–60. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-312-8.ch003.

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In this chapter a recently proposed meta-heuristic devised to be used in complex optimization problems is presented. Called Generalized Extremal Optimization (GEO), it was inspired by a simple co-evolutionary model, developed to show the emergence of self-organized criticality in ecosystems. The algorithm is of easy implementation, does not make use of derivatives and can be applied to unconstrained or constrained problems, non-convex or even disjoint design spaces, with any combination of continuous, discrete or integer variables. It is a global search meta-heuristic, like the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Simulated Annealing (SA), but with the advantage of having only one free parameter to adjust. The GEO has been shown to be competitive to the GA and the SA in tackling complex design spaces and a useful tool in real design problems. Here the algorithm is described, including a step-by-step implementation to a simple numerical example, its main characteristics highlighted, and its efficacy as a design tool illustrated with an application to satellite thermal design.
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Romano, Livio, and Fabrizio Traù. "Conclusion." In The New Industrial World, 165–71. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192873736.003.0008.

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Abstract The industrial world is facing the economic consequences of the exhaustion of the Globalization Age (GA), largely due to endogenous reasons. The arrival of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine have furtherly challenged, in turn, the mutual confidence among the various players of global value chains, pushing the world into rising uncertainty. A major point here lies in the fact that the unfolding of the GA was driven by the idea that at a geopolitical level the world had become fundamentally an unipolar entity (led by the US), so that the possibility for a cross-country conflict at the political level was to be considered as having been overcome, once and for all, by the sheer strength of market forces. As far as the so-called ‘End of History’ has been blatantly disproved, the US has de facto abandoned the logic of multilateralism and free trade and has started playing instead a strong role in enhancing through their trade policy the trend towards de-globalization. As a consequence, as far as policy has now taken the scene in driving global changes, the economic determinants of development have been correspondingly weakening.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ga-Free"

1

Perez, J.-P., Q. Durlin, C. Cervera, and P. Christol. "New Ga-Free InAs/InAsSb Superlattice Infrared Photodetector." In 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006634002320237.

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Christol, Philippe, Maxime Bouschet, Matthias Tornay, Richard Arinero, Jean-Philippe Perez, Robson Ferreira, Francesca Carosella, et al. "Performance analysis of Ga-free T2SL infrared barrier detector." In Infrared Technology and Applications XLIX, edited by David Z. Ting, Gabor F. Fulop, and Lucy L. Zheng. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2662892.

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Cho, Y. J., M. A. Scarpulla, X. Liu, Y. Y. Zhou, O. D. Dubon, and J. K. Furdyna. "Magnetic cluster phases of Mn-interstitial-free (Ga,Mn)As." In PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 28th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors - ICPS 2006. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2730339.

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Ciani, Anthony J., Richard E. Pimpinella, Jered Feldman, and Christoph H. Grein. "Improving the Quantum Efficiency of GA-Free Type-II Superlattices." In 2019 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcon.2019.8908533.

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Bader, A., F. Rothmayr, N. Khan, F. Jabeen, J. Koeth, S. Höfling, and F. Hartmann. "Interband Cascade Infrared Photodetectors Based on Ga-Free Superlattice Absorbers." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2023.sm4o.5.

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We present interband cascade infrared photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb superlattice absorbers employing an alternative extraction path for photogenerated carriers. At 300 K specific detectivities ∗ ≈1⋅108 Jones were achieved for a cut-off wavelength of 9 µm.
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Christol, P., M. Bouschet, J. P. Perez, and N. Péré-Laperne. "Barrier Structure for Ga-Free Type-II Superlattice Midwave Infrared Photodetector." In 11th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011624500003408.

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N. Sashi Kumar and A. K. Mahendra, G., and S. V. Raghurama Rao. "Shape Optimization Using Hybrid GA-ACO Method and Grid-Free CFD Solver." In 18th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-3830.

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Bouschet, Maxime, Audrey Gilbert, Jean-Philippe Perez, Laurent Cerutti, Cyril Cervera, Olivier Gravrand, Anthony Ramiandrasoa, et al. "Ga-free superlattice nBn structure on Si (100): high performance MWIR Photodetector." In Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XIX, edited by Manijeh Razeghi, Giti A. Khodaparast, and Miriam S. Vitiello. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2649675.

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Look, David C., Buguo Wang, and Kevin D. Leedy. "Model-free determination of optical constants: application to undoped and Ga-doped ZnO." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Ferechteh H. Teherani, David C. Look, and David J. Rogers. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2255769.

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Becker, J., M. Sonner, D. Ruhstorfer, M. Doeblinger, M. O. Hill, J. Treu, L. J. Lauhon, J. J. Finley, and G. Koblmueller. "New insights into doping behavior of catalyst-free (In,Ga)As-based nanowires." In 2018 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2018.e-5-01.

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Reports on the topic "Ga-Free"

1

Qu, Pengda, Jing Huang, Shiqi Wang, Size Li, Qian Hu, Wei Wang, and Xiaohu Tang. Efficacy and safety of modified Ermiao decoction in the treatment of gouty arthritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0063.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified Ermiao decoction in the treatment of gouty arthritis. Information sources: We will conduct searches of Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (Wanfang), Weipu Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-text Database (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) from their inception to July 2022. In addition, trial registration platforms will also be searched for ongoing or unpublished trials, including International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Centre. The languages of included studies will be restricted in English and Chinese. Medical Subject Headings and free words terms will be used during the retrieval process. The main search terms include “gouty arthritis”, “modified Ermiao”, and “randomized controlled trial.” A draft of the PubMed search strategy is included in Table 1. Similar retrieval strategies will be applied to the other databases mentioned above. We will also search for relevant systematic reviews of using MED for GA and reference lists of eligible studies to improve recall ratio.
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