Journal articles on the topic 'G. roseum'
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1
Luck, Brian T., Colette Breuil, and David L. Brown. "Immunological discrimination between a sap-staining fungus and a biological control fungus." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-203.
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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect a sap-staining fungus, Ophiostoma piceae, and a biological-control agent, Gliocladium roseum, grown in liquid culture and in wood. A polyclonal serum prepared against whole cell fragments from broken mycelia of O. piceae detected O. piceae in liquid culture at 0.25 μg dry weight/mL; however, there was moderate cross-reactivity with G. roseum. Antiserum adsorbed on G. roseum had almost no reactivity with G. roseum but still reacted strongly with O. piceae. The specificity of these sera was verified, and the antigenic sites were localized, by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. These studies confirmed that the adsorbed serum could differentiate between G. roseum and O. piceae and showed that the cell wall was the most reactive cellular component. These results are discussed in relation to the development of immunological probes for the detection of sap-staining and biological control fungi. Key words: polyclonal serum, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunogold labeling, sap-staining and biological control fungi, electron microscopy.
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Freire, Susana E., José L. Villaseñor, Claudia Monti, Néstor D. Bayón, and María A. Migoya. "Taxonomic Revision of Pseudognaphalium (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) from North America." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 107 (July 19, 2022): 314–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2022695.
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The genus Pseudognaphalium Kirp., segregated from Gnaphalium L., is one of the largest genera of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) with about 60 species, most of them found in South, Central, and North America, but some species also occurring in Africa, Asia, Europe, and New Zealand. We present a taxonomic revision of Pseudognaphalium for North America accepting 36 species, mainly distributed in the Nearctic Region and the Mexican Transition Zone, and about one third of the species occurring in the Neotropical Region. The following taxa are newly synonymized: G. oaxacanum Greenm. with P. semiamplexicaule (DC.) Anderb., G. schraderi DC. with P. attenuatum (DC.) Anderb. var. sylvicola (McVaugh) Hinojosa & Villaseñor, P. altamiranum (Greenm.) Anderb. with P. roseum (Kunth) Anderb., and P. beneolens (Davidson) Anderb. with P. thermale (E. E. Nelson) G. L. Nesom. Lectotypes are newly designated for G. oblanceolatum Greenm., G. panniforme S. F. Blake, G. ramosissimum Nutt., G. roseum Kunth var. angustifolium Benth., G. roseum var. hololeucum Benth., and G. roseum var. sordescens Benth. Morphological descriptions are provided as well as taxonomic data on nomenclatural types, including synonymies, illustrations, distribution maps, distribution and habitat, additional material examined, distinguishing characters and taxonomic affinities for each taxon, biogeographical and ecological comments, and a key for their identification.
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Utermark, Jan, and Petr Karlovsky. "Role of Zearalenone Lactonase in Protection of Gliocladium roseum from Fungitoxic Effects of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 2 (November 17, 2006): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01440-06.
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ABSTRACT Zearalenone is a mycotoxin with estrogenic effects on mammals that is produced by several species of Fusarium. We found that zearalenone and its derivatives inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi on solid media at concentrations of ≤10 μg/ml. The fungitoxic effect declined in the order zearalenone > α-zearalenol > β-zearalenol. The mycoparasitic fungus Gliocladium roseum produces a zearalenone-specific lactonase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of zearalenone, followed by a spontaneous decarboxylation. The growth of G. roseum was not inhibited by zearalenone, and the lactonase may protect G. roseum from the toxic effects of this mycotoxin. We inactivated zes2, the gene encoding zearalenone lactonase in G. roseum, by inserting a hygromycin resistance cassette into the coding sequence of the gene by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. The zes2 disruption mutants could not hydrolyze the lactone bond of zearalenone and were more sensitive to zearalenone. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that resorcylic acid lactones exemplified by zearalenone act to reduce growth competition by preventing competing fungi from colonizing substrates occupied by zearalenone producers and suggest that they may play a role in fungal defense against mycoparasites.
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Yakuba, Galina V., Irina L. Astapchuk, Evgeny S. Mazurin, Andrei I. Nasonov, and Aleksandr V. Milovanov. "THE FIRST REPORT ON THE MYCOPARASITE TRICHOTHECIUM ROSEUM (PERS. 1809) ON VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (COOKE) G. WINTER IN RUSSIA." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-3-11-23.
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A hyperparasite was observed on Venturia inaequalis during a survey in Krasnodar region, South Russia. Morphological characterization using light microscopy and molecular characterization by sequencing ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis revealed the identity of the pathogen as Trichothecium roseum. This is the first record of hyperparasite Trichothecium roseum on Venturia inaequalis from Russia.
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McAfee, B. J., M. Chan, S. Banerjee, and D. L. Brown. "Development of monoclonal-antibody-based immunobinding assays to detect growth of Gliocladiumroseum, a potential bioprotectant on unseasoned lumber." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-146.
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Gliocladiumroseum Bain 321U is a potential bioprotectant against sapwood stains for unseasoned western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and amabilis fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes) lumber. An immunostaining method was developed to monitor spore germination and growth of G. roseum 321U on lumber during microcosm and field investigations. Spores, mycelium, or fungal extracts were immobilized on polyethersulfone or polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were then probed with the G. roseum monoclonal antibody (6A5), and the fungus was detected either by using a chromogenic substrate or by enhanced chemiluminescence.
6
Hong, C. X., and T. J. Michailides. "Prune, Plum, and Nectarine as Hosts of Trichothecium roseum in California Orchards." Plant Disease 81, no. 1 (January 1997): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.1.112d.
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Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link was frequently observed (up to 21%) on mummified peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), nectarine (P. persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Aiton) Maxim.), plum (P. salicina Lindl.), and prune (P. domestica L.) fruits in orchards during a 1995 to 1996 survey. Pink mold rot caused by T. roseum was also frequently observed (at about the 1 to 2% level) on a number of samples of prune fruit collected from commercial orchards in Glenn, Butte, Madera, Fresno, and Tulare counties in 1996, after storage at 4°C for 7 days and then 20°C for 4 days. Wounded and nonwounded prune (cv. French), plum (cv. Casselman), peach (cv. Fairtime), and nectarine (cv. Spring Bright) fruits were infected after inoculation with a drop (20 μl) of T. roseum suspension (5 × 105 conidia/ml). Characteristic pink sporulation covered the surface of most fruit 7 days after inoculation. Conidia of T. roseum completely covered all wounded and nonwounded prune fruit, sparsely on the wounded plum fruit, and densely on both wounded and nonwounded peach and nectarine fruits (lesion diameter = 1 to 7 cm) 2 weeks after inoculation. T. roseum sporulated more rapidly and better on the fruits that were contaminated with either Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey, or a Cladosporium sp. Peach has been listed as a host of T. roseum (California Plant Disease Host Index, Part 1: Fruits and Nuts, A M. French, ed., 1987), but this is the first report on the pathogenicity of this fungus on prune, plum, and nectarine from California.
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Zivkovic, Svetlana, S. Stojanovic, Z. Ivanovic, V. Gavrilovic, Tatjana Popovic, and Jelica Balaz. "Screening of antagonistic activity of microorganisms against Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 3 (2010): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1003611z.
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The antagonistic activities of five biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium roseum, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces noursei and Streptomyces natalensis, were tested in vitro against Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agents of anthracnose disease in fruit crops. The microbial antagonists inhibited mycelial growth in the dual culture assay and conidial germination of Colletotrichum isolates. The two Streptomyces species exhibited the strongest antagonism against isolates of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. Microscopic examination showed that the most common mode of action was antibiosis. The results of this study identify T. harzianum, G. roseum, B. subtilis, S. natalensis and S. noursei as promising biological control agents for further testing against anthracnose disease in fruits. .
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Hugenholtz, Philip, and Erko Stackebrandt. "Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 2049–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0.
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Sphaerobacter thermophilus was originally classified as the deepest branching member of the phylum Actinobacteria (high-G+C, Gram-positive bacteria) based on 16S rRNA gene comparative analysis. However, the analysis lacked suitable outgroups, and additional 16S rRNA gene sequences indicate that it is most closely related to Thermomicrobium roseum, which it also resembles phenotypically. Furthermore, both species are reproducibly affiliated with the phylum Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria), despite T. roseum currently being classified in its own phylum, the Thermomicrobia. Transfer of Sphaerobacter to the class Thermomicrobia, and transfer of the class Thermomicrobia to the phylum Chloroflexi, are proposed. Descriptions for the phylum Chloroflexi and the class Thermomicrobia are emended to reflect the proposed changes in classification.
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Nicoletti, R., F. Raimo, and E. Cozzolino. "In vitro evaluation of fungal antagonists of Phytophthora nicotianae." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10577-pps.
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As tobacco black shank epidemics caused by Phytophthora nicotianae occurred in central Italy in the late 1990s, fungal antagonists of the pathogen were searched in the rhizosphere of tobacco plants. Isolates of Aspergillus sydowii, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Gliocladium roseum, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, Scopulariopsis candida and Trichoderma harzianum were recovered. Antagonism of these isolates toward P. nicotianae was evaluated in vitro: even if no hyphal interactions were observed in dual cultures, aberration in mycelial growth and morphology of sporangia occurred in most cases. Unlike those of T. harzianum, concentrated culture filtrates of A. sydowii, F. chlamydosporum, G. roseum, P. brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, inhibited growth of all P. nicotianae isolates tested, while culture filtrates of S. candida caused aberrant mycelial growth.
10
Inácio, C. A., R. C. Pereira-Carvalho, F. G. A. Morgado, M. E. N. Fonseca, and L. S. Boiteux. "A Tomato Fruit Rot Caused by Trichothecium roseum in Brazil." Plant Disease 95, no. 10 (October 2011): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0464.
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Fruit rots caused by distinct fungal pathogens are commonly observed on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) throughout all major production areas in Brazil. Samples of fruits displaying white mycelial growth associated with a profuse salmon-color sporulation were collected in greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Brasília-DF in February 2011. The isolated fungus displayed pink-to-white colonies containing several conidiophores with conidia. Mycelia displayed hyaline hyphae as much as 4 μm in diameter; conidiophores were simple or branched, 112 to 300 (360) μm long, and 2 to 4 μm wide. Conidia were produced in basipetal chains (frequently clustered), were ellipsoidal to pyriform with oblique and prominent truncate basal scars, two-celled, hyaline, and (14-) 16 to 26 (-28) × (6-) 7 to 10 (-12) μm. These characteristics allocated the specimen to Trichothecium roseum (Pers.). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for one fungal isolate by either spraying 10 intact fruits or by placing a drop of a spore suspension (adjusted to 105 conidia/ml) into three to five wounds created on 10 mature fruits of each of two tomato cultivars (Santa Clara and Dominador) by puncturing each fruit with a sterile needle. Five fruits of each cultivar were treated with sterile water as the mock-inoculated control treatment. Identical symptoms to those of the original fruit were observed only in the T. roseum-inoculated samples 5 to 7 days after using both inoculation procedures. Total DNA was extracted from a pure colony of the fungus growing on potato dextrose agar medium and used as template in PCR assays with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS-5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) primer pair (2). A single amplicon of approximately 630 bp was observed and directly sequenced. Sequence analysis of the Brazilian isolate (GenBank No. JN081877) indicated identity levels of 99% with T. roseum isolates reported on Leucadendron xanthoconus in South Africa (GenBank No. EU552162) and isolates from strawberry fruits in South Korea (GenBank No. HM355750). However, phylogenetic analysis was unable to discriminate isolates of T. roseum from Passalora (GenBank No. EF432764) and Fusarium (GenBank No. GU183369) isolates, confirming the low genetic variability of the ITS region in Hypocreales (3). T. roseum has been reported to be infecting greenhouse tomatoes in the United States (4) and causing postharvest disease of tomatoes in Argentina (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. roseum infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Brazil. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) L. Lombard et al. Stud. Mycol. 66:31, 2010. (4) A. W. Welch, Jr. et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:255, 1975.
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Vekiru, E., S. Fruhauf, C. Hametner, G. Schatzmayr, R. Krska, W. D. Moll, and R. Schuhmacher. "Isolation and characterisation of enzymatic zearalenone hydrolysis reaction products." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2015.2005.
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Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, and it frequently contaminates cereals used for food or animal feed. A ZEA-lactonase of Gliocladium roseum was previously described to hydrolyse ZEA to an unstable intermediate, which spontaneously decarboxylates to non-oestrogenic, decarboxylated hydrolysed ZEA (DHZEN). We expressed a codon-optimised version of the ZEA-lactonase (ZHD101) gene of G. roseum MA 918 with a secretion leader in Pichia pastoris and purified the recombinant enzyme from culture supernatant by His-tag mediated affinity chromatography. After incubation of the enzyme with ZEA, we detected the previously elusive primary reaction product hydrolysed ZEA (HZEN) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, purified it by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and confirmed its postulated structure ((E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid) by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Spontaneous decarboxylation to DHZEN ((E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one), but not to a previously reported isomer, was observed. Biomass resuspensions of G. roseum strains MA 918 and the strains used for previous work, NBRC 7063 and ATCC 8684, all converted ZEA to HZEN, DHZEN, and further unknown metabolites. We studied partitioning of HZEN and DHZEN between aqueous phases and organic solvents, and found that HZEN did not partition into chloroform as extraction solvent, under the conditions used by previous authors. In contrast, extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 2.0 was suitable for simultaneous extraction of HZEN and DHZEN. The detection of HZEN and its availability as an analytical standard may assist further work towards possible application of ZEA-lactonase (e.g. determining kinetic parameters) for detoxification of ZEA.
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Klimek-Kopyra, Agnieszka, Joanna Dłużniewska, Anna Ślizowska, and Jan Wincenty Dobrowolski. "Impact of Coherent Laser Irradiation on Germination and Mycoflora of Soybean Seeds—Innovative and Prospective Seed Quality Management." Agriculture 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080314.
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Laser irradiation is considered a new technology in agriculture; however, the success of irradiation depends on the selection of precise parameters for the light source and exposure. In this study, the impact of laser stimulation on germination and the occurrence of mycoflora in soybean seeds was assessed. The following factors were considered: (1) irradiation using blue and red coherent lights, (2) irradiation of seeds only (a), use of Bradyrhzobium japonicum vaccine only (b), and irradiation of the seeds plus the Bradyrhzobium japonicum vaccine (c). The germination index, seedling weight and seeds infected by fungus were determined. It was found that the laser treatment of seeds increased germination and seedling weight. Laser irradiation affected the abundance of species Phoma glomerata, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus nigricans and Gliocladium roseum. The use of blue laser (LB—514 nm) reduced the number of the non-pathogenic species, R. nigricans and G. roseum.
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Zhang, P. G., J. C. Sutton, and A. A. Hopkin. "Inoculum concentration and time of application of Gliocladiumroseum in relation to biocontrol of Botrytiscinerea in black spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-040.
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Inoculum concentration and time of application of Gliocladiumroseum Bainier were examined in relation to sporulation of Botrytiscinerea Pers.:Fr. in container-grown seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) in greenhouses. Gliocladiumroseum concentrations ranging from 102 to 108 conidia/mL water plus surfactant, applied four times at 2- to 4-week intervals starting when the seedling canopies closed, increasingly suppressed the proportion of seedlings with sporulation of B. cinerea (YI) during early and midphases of epidemics, and the proportion of shoot length with sporulation of the pathogen (YS) throughout the epidemics. Concentrations of 106 and 108 conidia/mL suppressed YI and YS as or more effectively than did chlorothalonil (1.4 g active ingredient/L water) applied at the same times. One application of G. roseum (106 conidia/mL) when the seedling canopies were closing suppressed YS as effectively as did programs of two to six applications of the antagonist, or six of chlorothalonil, all at 1- and 2-week intervals beginning at canopy closure. The various programs generally did not affect YI. Logistic and Gompertz regression models were developed that adequately described YI and YS as functions of inoculum concentration and (or) time. It is concluded that G. roseum has potential as a biological control agent against B. cinerea in production systems of black spruce seedlings.
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Köhl, J., M. Gerlagh, B. H. De Haas, and M. C. Krijger. "Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea in Cyclamen with Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum Under Commercial Growing Conditions." Phytopathology® 88, no. 6 (June 1998): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.6.568.
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The effect of treatments with conidial suspensions of Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum on leaf rot of cyclamen caused by Botrytis cinerea was investigated under commercial greenhouse conditions. Spraying U. atrum (1 × 106 conidia per ml) or G. roseum (2 × 106 conidia per ml and 1 × 107 conidia per ml) at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks during the production period and spraying U. atrum (1 × 106 conidia per ml) at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of natural infections of petioles by B. cinerea. U. atrum or G. roseum (1 × 107conidia per ml) was as effective as the standard fungicide program. B. cinerea colonized senesced leaves within the plant canopy and infected adjacent petioles and leaves later. The antagonists colonized senesced leaves and reduced B. cinerea development on these leaves. Thus, the inoculum potential on petioles adjacent to necrotic leaf tissues was reduced. The fate of U. atrum conidia on surfaces of green cyclamen leaves during a 70-day period after application was studied. The number of conidia per square centimeter of leaf surface remained relatively constant during the entire experiment. Sixty percent of the conidia sampled during the experiments retained the ability to germinate. When green leaves were removed from the plants to induce senescence and subsequently were incubated in a moist chamber, U. atrum colonized the dead leaves. Senesced leaves also were colonized by other naturally occurring fungi including B. cinerea. On leaves treated with U. atrum from all sampling dates, sporulation of B. cinerea was significantly less as compared with the untreated control. Our results indicate that early applications of U. atrum before canopy closure may be sufficient to achieve commercially satisfactory control of Botrytis leaf rot in cyclamen.
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Chappill, Jennifer A., Carolyn F. Wilkins, and Michael D. Crisp. "Taxonomic revision of Gompholobium (Leguminosae: Mirbelieae)." Australian Systematic Botany 21, no. 2 (2008): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb07030.
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A taxonomic revision is presented of the Australasian legume genus Gompholobium Sm. The group includes 44 species, the following six of them newly described here: Gompholobium gairdnerianum Chappill, G. glutinosum Chappill, G. karijini Chappill, G. pungens Chappill, G. roseum Chappill and G. wonganense Chappill. Gompholobium asperulum (S.Moore) Crisp is recognised here as a nomenclatural synonym of G. shuttleworthii Meisn. The taxon that has been known under the former name is renamed as Gompholobium cinereum Chappill. Gompholobium venustum R.Br. var. laeve Benth. is recognised as a distinct species, G. cyaninum Chappill, the new epithet recognising the unique blue standard and wings of this species. Gompholobium aristatum var. muticum Benth., G. aristatum var. laxum Benth. and G. virgatum var. aspalathoides (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Benth. are all raised to specific status. Gompholobium simplicifolium (F.Muell. & Tate) Crisp is excluded.
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Reyes De la Cruz, Vilma Julia, and Emilio Fredy Yábar Villanueva. "DETECCIÓN DE HONGOS TOXIGÉNICOS EN LA CADENA PRODUCTIVA DEL MAÍZ (Zea maíz L.)." Prospectiva Universitaria 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26490/uncp.prospectivauniversitaria.2010.7.1145.
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Se ha determinado la presencia de hongos toxigénicos en los principales productos de la cadena productiva del maíz que son tierra de cultivo, choclo, maíz, maíz pelado y harina de maíz. Los cuales proceden de tres provincias del Departamento de Junín (Huancayo, Concepción y Chupaca). El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar, aislar e identificar los hongos toxigénicos presentes en esta cadena, para proponer medidas de control y evitar su proliferación. Los hongos identificados fueron Penicillium oxalicum, P. viridicatum y P. digitatum en casi todo el estudio, Fusarium roseum y F. moniliforme especialmente en la tierra de cultivo; Aspergillus niger , Rizophus stolonifer y levaduras, especialmente en la harina de maíz. De ellos, Los hongos toxigénicos identificados fueron: F. moniliforme F. roseum, P. viridicatum y A. Níger, y los hongos que causan podredumbre fueron P. digitatum y P. oxalicum. La incidencia de hongos varió de 10 a 4,5 x 105 ufc/g siendo el promedio 4,2 x 104 ufc/g en toda la cadena. También se ha determinado que el maíz pelado y la harina de maíz presentan alto número de hongos especialmente aquellos procedentes de Huancayo, lo que indica que debe hacer un mejor manejo postcosecha y comercialización, ya que estos productos se expenden a granel con mayor riesgo de contaminación.
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Dong, W. H., and Y. B. Bian. "Stipe Canker Caused by Trichothecium roseum on the Edible Shaggy Mane Coprinus comatus in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 11 (November 2013): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0344-pdn.
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Coprinus comatus, the shaggy mane, is one of the most popular and widely cultivated edible mushrooms in China. Its young fruiting body has good nutritional and medicinal value as well as a special flavor. In July 2010, an unusual stipe rot symptom was observed in cultivation tunnels in Pingyin county of Shandong Province. The lower part of the stipe was infected and water soaked scab occurred. The scab then expanded, a few mycelia and pink spores emerged on the scab surface, and finally, the stipe decayed and the fruiting body became wilted. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissues of C. comatus and the colonies on CYM were whitish at first, then pink sorus emerged, later forming concentric rings of sporulation. Mycelia were floccose, colorless, slender, and septate. Conidiophores bore upright, nonbranched, and colorless sporogenous cells, and slightly rounded spores were borne on the top and aggregated in pink cephaloid. Conidia were obovoid or obpyriform. Almost all spores were two-celled and one septate, while one was nearly round and the other bore an apex (1). The size of spores ranged from 10 to 21 μm long and 5 to 7 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Trichothecium roseum (1). The species identification was confirmed by sequencing the ribosomal ITS sequences. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to T. roseum (JQ434580). Pathogenicity was tested on different parts of 20 fruiting bodies of C. comatus with or without the wound treatment. One inoculum was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double distilled water for spore suspension (6.5 × 103 conidia/ml), and the other was by 0.2 × 0.2 cm mycelial plugs without spore production on CYM at 25°C for 5 days. After 1 to 2 days, only inoculated stipes showed water soaked and slight decay on the injured surface of all 20 fruiting bodies, while control fruiting bodies remained healthy. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the cultivation tunnels. No symptom was observed on the pileus, either with or without wound treatment. Pathogens reisolated from the inoculated stipes were confirmed to be T. roseum based on morphological characteristics. Because T. roseum is generally regarded as a postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables such as apple, pear, and muskmelon (2), apples and pears were inoculated with this fungus as well using the same methods. The parts inoculated were sunken, wettish, and decayed with brown stain at 25°C and 90% relative humidity after 5 days. Thus, it was confirmed that the T. roseum from the C. comatus stipe canker could infect the fruits of apple and pear. To our knowledge, this is the first report that T. roseum can cause disease on agaric. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) J.-H. Kwon et al. Plant Pathol. J. 26:296, 2010.
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Wheeler, William D., Matthew Chappell, Marc van Iersel, and Paul Thomas. "Implementation of Soil Moisture Sensor Based Automated Irrigation in Woody Ornamental Production1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.1.1.
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Abstract A soil moisture sensor-based automated irrigation system was trialed in a commercial ornamental nursery over the 2014-2015 growing seasons. In both years, use of the sensor-based system resulted in an approximate 50% reduction in irrigation application (volume) when compared to grower-managed irrigation. No differences in growth and equivalent or slightly reduced crop losses were noted when comparing the sensor-based irrigation system to grower-managed irrigation in production of Pieris japonica, Hydrangea quercifolia, and Kalmia latifolia. In 2014, Rhododendron catawbiense had equivalent canopy size and reduced mortality when comparing sensor-based irrigation to grower-managed irrigation. However, in 2015 irrigation control with the sensor-based system resulted in significant (>50%) Rhododendron losses. High mortality was thought to have resulted from use of averaged (across crop species) soil moisture readings to establish irrigation set points. Canopy structure of Rhododendron obstructed water capture to a greater degree than the other three species due to canopy architecture. This effect, combined with precision irrigation applications, resulted in persistent drought conditions within the Rhododendron block. Soil moisture sensor-based automated irrigation can be an effective means of automating irrigation. Support from crop consultants is highly desirable to minimize disruption and maximize adoption during implementation. Index words: Pieris Japonica D. Don ex G. Don ‘Prelude', Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram ‘Jet Stream', Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. ‘Roseum Elegans', Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Sarah', irrigation groupings, automation, canopy structure, irrigation capture, technology transfer, outreach, education, precision irrigation Species used in this study: Japanese andromeda ‘Prelude' (Pieris Japonica D. Don ex G. Don); Oakleaf hydrangea ‘Jet Stream' (Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram); Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans' (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx.); Mountain laurel ‘Sarah' (Kalmia latifolia L.)
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Zhang, P. G., J. C. Sutton, and A. A. Hopkin. "Evaluation of microorganisms for biocontrol of Botrytiscinerea in container-grown black spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-171.
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Microbial isolates from conifer foliage and strawberry were evaluated for biocontrol of Botrytiscinerea Pers.:Fr. in container-grown seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). In growth room assays, seedlings were environmentally predisposed to the pathogen and coinoculated with the isolates and B. cinerea. Sporulation incidence of the pathogen was later estimated on needle segments that were cut from the seedlings and incubated on paraquat–chloramphenicol agar medium. The isolates suppressed sporulation by 0–100%. Those of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, yeasts, and bacteria were of low to moderate effectiveness, but those of Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium were moderately to highly suppressive. In two greenhouse tests, spore suspensions of Gliocladium roseum Link:Bainier and of Myrotheciumverrucaria (Alb. & Schw.) Ditm. ex Stendel. (applied three times) at 2- to 3-week intervals suppressed incidence of B. cinerea by 50–69% and 42–60%, respectively, and were at least as effective as recommended fungicide treatments. Two or three additional applications of the antagonists did not further suppress the pathogen. Isolates of Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. were generally ineffective in the greenhouse tests. The four fungi ranked similarly in biocontrol effectiveness in the growth room and greenhouse. It is concluded that the growth room assay provided a strong indication of biocontrol performance in the greenhouse and that G. roseum and M. verrucaria have potential for managing B. cinerea in black spruce in greenhouses.
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Stack, J. P., C. M. Kenerley, and R. E. Pettit. "Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources, relative carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and soil moisture on the growth in nonsterile soil of soilborne fungal antagonists." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-109.
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Three components of dispersal important to the colonization of a soil matrix by fungal parasites of sclerotia were identified and measured: the percentage of the carrier granules from which hyphae extended into soil (PGH), the mean number of hyphae extending into soil from each granule (MNH), and the mean length of the hyphae extending into soil (MLH). Factors that influence dispersal were determined for strains of Gliocladium roseum, Thielavia terricola, and Trichoderma spp. The source of carbon, the source of nitrogen, and the C:N ratio of the carrier substrate significantly (p = 0.001) affected all three components of dispersal subsequent to the placement of the carrier granules in nonsterile soil. Increased C:N ratio (12:1 to 80:1) and increased molar concentrations of both carbon and nitrogen sources (0.02 to 0.18 M maltose and 0.006 to 0.024 M arginine) gave increased PGH (17 to 82%), MNH (1 to 5 hyphae per granule), and MLH (275 to 782 μm in 24 h) for G. roseum. Similar increases in PGH (80 to 100%), MNH (5 to 10 hyphae per granule), and MLH (983 μm to too long and interwoven to measure after 24 h) were observed for Th. terricola. PGH and MNH were greater at high soil moistures (−0.1 and −0.33 bars matric potential; 1 bar = 100 kPa) than at low soil moisture (−10 bars).
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Rathier, Thomas M. "Optimum Soluble and Slow-release N Rates for Rhododendrons and the Fate of Such N Applied to Various Potting Media." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 794E—794. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.794e.
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Two year-long, factorial experiments were conducted on Rhododendron catawbienses (cv. Roseum elegans) grown in 2.3-liter plastic pots. I) Annual N rates of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/pot were applied as NH4NO3 (SBL) or sulfur-coated urea (SR) to plants potted in a composted hardwood bark (CHB)/peatmoss (P)/sand (S) medium. Plant growth and quality was best at 0.8 g N/pot for SBL and 1.6 and 3.2 g N/pot for SR. II) Annual N rates of 0.8 (SBL) and 2.4 (SR) g/pot were chosen as optimum rates and applied to plants potted in the following media: pine bark (PB)/P/S; CHB/P/S; P/S; and PB/CHB/P/S. Plant growth and N uptake was best in PB/PS. Plant quality was best in P/S. NO3 in leachate did not differ among media, but was greater in SBL. Total N immobilized in media was greater in PB/CHB/P/S. N recovered from SR-treated pots as unused fertilizer did not differ among media. Total applied N recovered was 90% for SBL and 51% for SR.
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Kenerley, C. M., and J. P. Stack. "Influence of assessment methods on selection of fungal antagonists of the sclerotium-forming fungus Phymatotrichum omnivorum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-110.
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Four attributes required by microorganisms for biocontrol of plant diseases caused by sclerotium-forming fungi, where the strategy is to reduce the number of sclerotia, are (1) an ability to adversely affect propagule germination and (or) viability, (2) growth potential through soil, (3) activity over a range of environmental conditions, and (4) survival and reproductive potential. Three methods of assessment (soil plate, SPM; soil immersion, SIM; inert carrier, ICM) were evaluated to assess biocontrol agents with regard to attributes 1 and 3. Based on the method of assessment, the fungal antagonists (Gliocladium roseum, G. catenulatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Tr. pseudokoningii, Aspergillus ustus, A. versicolor, Penicillium crustosum, Fusarium solani, Chaetomium globosum, and Stilbum sp.) were grouped by their ability to colonize sclerotia of Phymatotrichum omnivorum in nonsterile soil. Group 1 strains colonized greater than 50% of the sclerotia with any method. Group 2 strains failed to colonize greater than 18% of the sclerotia with any method. Group 3 strains effectively colonized sclerotia when assessed by the SPM but not the ICM; opposite results were obtained with group 4 isolates. With the three methods of assessment, Gliocladium roseum (strain 1620) colonized sclerotia at 19, 23, 27, and 31 °C. Colonization with the SPM or SIM was not temperature dependent, but colonization significantly decreased with increased temperature (27 and 31 °C) for the ICM. The method of assessment altered conclusions about the effectiveness of these potential biocontrol agents.
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Myers, Marisa R., and G. M. King. "Halobacterium bonnevillei sp. nov., Halobaculum saliterrae sp. nov. and Halovenus carboxidivorans sp. nov., three novel carbon monoxide-oxidizing Halobacteria from saline crusts and soils." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004282.
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Three novel carbon monoxide-oxidizing Halobacteria were isolated from Bonneville Salt Flats (Utah, USA) salt crusts and nearby saline soils. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T belong to the genera Halobacterium , Halobaculum and Halovenus , respectively. Strains PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T grew optimally at 40 °C (PCN9T) or 50 °C (WSA2T, WSH3T). NaCl optima were 3 M (PCN9T, WSA2T) or 4 M NaCl (WSH3T). Carbon monoxide was oxidized by all isolates, each of which contained a molybdenum-dependent CO dehydrogenase. G+C contents for the three respective isolates were 66.75, 67.62, and 63.97 mol% as derived from genome analyses. The closest phylogenetic relatives for PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T were Halobacterium noricense A1T, Halobaculum roseum D90T and Halovenus aranensis EB27T with 98.71, 98.19 and 95.95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Genome comparisons of PCN9T with Halobacterium noricense A1T yielded an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 82.0% and a digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 25.7 %; comparisons of WSA2T with Halobaculum roseum D90T yielded ANI and dDDH values of 86.34 and 31.1 %, respectively. The ANI value for a comparison of WSH3T with Halovenus aranensis EB27T was 75.2 %. Physiological, biochemical, genetic and genomic characteristics of PCN9T, WSA2T and WSH3T differentiated them from their closest phylogenetic neighbours and indicated that they represent novel species for which the names Halobaculum bonnevillei, Halobaculum saliterrae and Halovenus carboxidivorans are proposed, respectively. The type strains are PCN9T (=JCM 32472=LMG 31022=ATCC TSD-126), WSA2T (=JCM 32473=ATCC TSD-127) and WSH3T (=JCM 32474=ATCC TSD-128).
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Wittig, H. P. P., K. B. Johnson, and J. W. Pscheidt. "Effect of Epiphytic Fungi on Brown Rot Blossom Blight and Latent Infections in Sweet Cherry." Plant Disease 81, no. 4 (April 1997): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.4.383.
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Antagonistic effects of Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Gliocladium roseum on establishment of Monilinia fructicola infections on cv. Royal Anne cherry blossoms were assessed in a mist chamber and under field conditions. Conidia of each fungus were applied to blossoms that were subsequently inoculated with conidia of M. fructicola. Mist chamber experiments on forced blossoms demonstrated that incidence of recovery of M. fructicola from blossoms was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) to similar levels when either E. purpurascens or the fungicide benomyl had been applied 24 h prior to inoculation with M. fructicola. In field trials in 1990, 1991, and 1993, application of E. purpurascens reduced blossom blight relative to nontreated blossoms by 47, 58, and 45%, respectively; whereas application of A. pullulans caused reductions of 54, 13, and 47%, respectively. Comparable reductions in blossom blight for the fungicide iprodione were 80, 95, and 98%, respectively. Latent M. fructicola infections were evaluated by dipping immature green cherries in a dilute solution of the herbicide paraquat. Applications of E. purpurascens and A. pullulans to blossoms reduced the number of latent M. fructicola infections in green cherries by 24 and 48%, respectively, in 1990; 57 and 62%, respectively, in 1991; and 19 and 16%, respectively, in 1993. This compares with reductions of 95, 91, and 17% in 1990, 1991, and 1993, respectively, with the fungicide iprodione. E. purpurascens and G. roseum also were recovered from surface-disinfested, paraquat-dipped cherry fruit. Percent recovery of these fungi was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher from treatments where they had been applied to blossoms compared with the nontreated control.
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Zivkovic, Svetlana, Stefan Stosic, Milos Stevanovic, Katarina Gasic, Goran Aleksic, Ivan Vucurovic, and Danijela Ristic. "Colletotrichum orbiculare on watermelon: Identification and in vitro inhibition by antagonistic fungi." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 133 (2017): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1733331z.
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Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare is one of the most significant diseases of Cucurbitaceae. In Serbia watermelon fruits with typical anthracnose lesions were collected during the year of 2015. Affected fruits showed sunken, dark brown to black lesions with orange conidial masses produced in black acervuli. In an attempt to identify the causal organism, small pieces of necrotic tissue were surface sterilized and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Macroscopic and microscopic morphologicaly characteristics of three isolates were observed after growth on PDA for 7 days at 25 ?C under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Fungal colonies developed white, grey to black dense aerial mycelium. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, straight and cylindrical to clavate, 9-12.5 ?m ? 4-5.5 ?m. Fungal isolates were also characterized by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region using ITS1F/ITS4 primers and ?-tubuline 2 gene using T1/Bt2b primers. The nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS Acc. No. KT454386, KT454387 and KT454388; ?-tubuline 2 gene Acc. No. KT581236, KT581237 and KT581238). BLAST analysis of ITS and ?-tubuline 2 gene sequences showed that our isolates were 100% identical to other C. orbiculare in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity test was conducted on symptomless, detached watermelon fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose lesions on watermelon fruits after 10 days of incubation. Trichoderma harzianum (DSM 63059) and Gliocladium roseum (DSM 62726) were evaluated in vitro for their antagonistic potential against C. orbiculare. The results of this study identify T. harzianum and G. roseum as promising biological control agents (BCAs) for further testing against anthracnose disease on water?melon fruits.
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Houghton, Karen M., Xochitl C. Morgan, Kirill Lagutin, Andrew D. MacKenzie, Mikhail Vyssotskii, Kevin A. Mitchell, Ian R. McDonald, et al. "Thermorudis pharmacophila sp. nov., a novel member of the class Thermomicrobia isolated from geothermal soil, and emended descriptions of Thermomicrobium roseum, Thermomicrobium carboxidum, Thermorudis peleae and Sphaerobacter thermophilus." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_12 (December 1, 2015): 4479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000598.
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An aerobic, thermophilic and cellulolytic bacterium, designated strain WKT50.2T, was isolated from geothermal soil at Waikite, New Zealand. Strain WKT50.2T grew at 53–76 °C and at pH 5.9–8.2. The DNA G+C content was 58.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were 12-methyl C18 : 0 and C18 : 0. Polar lipids were all linked to long-chain 1,2-diols, and comprised 2-acylalkyldiol-1-O-phosphoinositol (diolPI), 2-acylalkyldiol-1-O-phosphoacylmannoside (diolP-acylMan), 2-acylalkyldiol-1-O-phosphoinositol acylmannoside (diolPI-acylMan) and 2-acylalkyldiol-1-O-phosphoinositol mannoside (diolPI-Man). Strain WKT50.2T utilized a range of cellulosic substrates, alcohols and organic acids for growth, but was unable to utilize monosaccharides. Robust growth of WKT50.2T was observed on protein derivatives. WKT50.2T was sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin and vancomycin. Metronidazole, lasalocid A and trimethoprim stimulated growth. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that WKT50.2T belonged to the class Thermomicrobia within the phylum Chloroflexi, and was most closely related to Thermorudis peleae KI4T (99.6% similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization between WKT50.2T and Thermorudis peleae DSM 27169T was 18.0%. Physiological and biochemical tests confirmed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain WKT50.2T from Thermorudis peleae KI4T and other members of the Thermomicrobia. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and phenotypic characteristics, we propose that strain WKT50.2T represents a novel species, for which the name Thermorudis pharmacophila sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain WKT50.2T ( = DSM 26011T = ICMP 20042T). Emended descriptions of Thermomicrobium roseum, Thermomicrobium carboxidum, Thermorudis peleae and Sphaerobacter thermophilus are also proposed, and include the description of a novel respiratory quinone, MK-8 2,3-epoxide (23%), in Thermomicrobium roseum.
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YOSHIDA, Takashi, Kumiko HABA, Fumihisa NAKATA, Yoshiaki OKANO, Tetsuro SHINGU, and Takuo OKUDA. "Tannins and Related Polyphenols of Melastomataceous Plants. III. Nobotanins G, H and I, Dimeric Hydrolyzable Tannins from Heterocentron roseum." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 40, no. 1 (1992): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.66.
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Li, G. Q., H. C. Huang, S. N. Acharya, and R. S. Erickson. "Biological Control of Blossom Blight of Alfalfa Caused by Botrytis cinerea Under Environmentally Controlled and Field Conditions." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (November 2004): 1246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1246.
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Fungal and bacterial antagonists were tested for their inhibition of sporulation of Botrytis cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Clonostachys rosea, Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma atroviride were evaluated for protecting young blossoms and pods of alfalfa from infection by B. cinerea in vitro. C. rosea was further tested to control pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea under field conditions. The results showed that four of the tested antagonists, C. rosea, G. catenulatum, T. atroviride, and Trichothecium roseum, could inhibit sporulation by B. cinerea on detached alfalfa florets. Both C. rosea and G. catenulatum were effective in suppression of infection of alfalfa pods by B. cinerea when inoculated on fresh petals of alfalfa at the anthesis stage, and their efficacy was greater than that of Trichoderma atroviride. A significant suppression of B. cinerea by C. rosea and G. catenulatum on pods and seed of alfalfa was observed when they were inoculated on senescent petals at the pod-development stage. Results of a field trial indicated that C. rosea applied to upper parts of alfalfa plants significantly suppressed pod rot and seed rot caused by B. cinerea, and significantly increased seed production of alfalfa in each of 3 years. These studies show that C. rosea has potential as a biocontrol agent for control of alfalfa blossom blight caused by B. cinerea.
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King, C. E., and G. M. King. "Thermomicrobium carboxidum sp. nov., and Thermorudis peleae gen. nov., sp. nov., carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria isolated from geothermally heated biofilms." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_8 (August 1, 2014): 2586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.060327-0.
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Two thermophilic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria (strains KI3T and KI4T) were isolated from geothermally heated biofilms growing on a tumulus in the Kilauea Iki pit crater on the flank of Kilauea Volcano (Hawai‘i, USA). Strain KI3T grew over an examined temperature range of 50–70 °C (no growth at 80 °C) and a pH range of 6.0–9.0, with optimum growth at 70 °C and pH 7.0. Strain KI4T grew at temperatures of 55–70 °C and a pH range of 5.8–8.0, with optimum growth at 65 °C and pH 6.7–7.1. The DNA G+C contents of strains KI3T and KI4T were 66.0 and 60.7 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acid for both strains was 12-methyl C18 : 0. Polar lipids in strain KI3T were dominated by glycolipids and phosphatidylinositol, while phosphatidylinositol and phosphoglycolipids dominated in strain KI4T. Strain KI3T oxidized carbon monoxide [6.7±0.8 nmol CO h−1 (mg protein)−1], but strain KI4T did not. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses determined that the strains belong to the class Thermomicrobia , and that strains KI3T and KI4T are related most closely to Thermomicrobium roseum DSM 5159T (96.5 and 91.1 % similarity, respectively). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain KI3T and strain KI4T was 91.4 %. Phenotypic features and phylogenetic analyses supported the affiliation of strain KI3T to the genus Thermomicrobium , while results of chemotaxonomic, physiological and biochemical assays differentiated strains KI3T and KI4T from Thermomicrobium roseum . Strain KI3T ( = DSM 27067T = ATCC BAA-2535T) is thus considered to be the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Thermomicrobium carboxidum sp. nov. is proposed. Additionally, the characterization and phylogenetic position of strain KI4T showed that it represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Thermorudis peleae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Thermorudis peleae is KI4T ( = DSM 27169T = ATCC BAA-2536T).
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Volodina, A. A. "On findings of the red alga Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis (Rhodophyta) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic." Marine Biological Journal 4, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.12.
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Information on the first findings of Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis 2016:814 (Aglaothamnion roseum (Roth) Maggs & L’Hardy-Halos 1933:522) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic is given. Samples of algae in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic along the coast of the Kaliningrad region at depths of 1–15 m were collected by diving method on the north coast of the Sambian Peninsula near Cape Taran and Cape Gvardeysky at the stations confined to hard ground. First samples of G. rosea collected from drifting mats of perennial algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polysiphonia fucoides were first registered along the west and north coast of the Sambian Peninsula (Cape Taran) at depths of 1.5–7 m in autumn 2015. The finding of the species in 2015 on the west coast of the Sambian Peninsula is the first registration for the coast of the Gdansk Bay. In July 2016, the species was found in samples at Cape Taran at a depth of 0.5 m. The length of the thalli does not exceed 3 cm. The species was registered with F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides, both in attached communities and in drifting mats. G. rosea is quite common in the Baltic Sea, with the exception of the Gdansk Bay and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, where the salinity is low. There is no data available on the abundance of the species in the adjacent Lithuanian waters. The species is rarely registered in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic, and therefore G. rosea is rare in the entire South-Eastern Baltic Sea.
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Thornton, Christopher R., Frances M. Dewey, and Christopher A. Gilligan. "Production and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Raised Against Surface Antigens from Mycelium of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: Evidence for an Extracellular Polyphenol Oxidase." Phytopathology® 87, no. 1 (January 1997): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.1.123.
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A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) of immunoglobulin class M (IgM) was raised against surface antigens from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. avenae and G. graminis var. graminis. Characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the MAb was a protein. Antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigen was associated with both the broad melanized macrohyphae and hyaline mycelia of G. graminis var. tritici. Secretion of antigen into an aqueous minimal medium was promoted only by exposure of live mycelia to certain phenolic substrates, including monophenols ortho-, para-, and meta-cresol; 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid); and phenolic amino acid L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-DOPA). Antigen secretion was not promoted by 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-tyrosine). The MAb reacted strongly with purified enzyme laccase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.10.3.2) but did not recognize purified tyrosinase (monophenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1). Moreover, chemicals that bind to copper and inhibit copper-containing enzymes such as laccase completely inhibited antigen secretion in response to L-DOPA. The MAb was tested for specificity against a wide range of fungi, common yeast species, and gram positive and negative bacteria. It did not recognize antigens from a broad range of unrelated fungi, including Gliocladium roseum, Fusarium sp., Phoma exigua, Phialophora fastigiata, Penicillium crustosum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizoctonia carotae, R. oryzae, R. tuliparum, and Trichoderma viride, nor did it recognize surface antigens from yeasts or bacteria. The MAb cross-reacted with antigens from Botrytis spp., Chaetomium globosum, R. cerealis, and R. solani. However, secretion of antigen by R. solani and R. cerealis was not promoted by L-DOPA, and secretion by C. globosum in response to the phenolic amino acid was significantly less compared to G. graminis var. tritici.
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Tkalenko, H. M., O. I. Borzykh, S. V. Horal, K. M. Barvas-Hremiakova, and L. A. Janse. "Screening new Trichoderma isolates for antagonistic activity against several phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp." Agricultural Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp7.03.014.
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Aims. To obtain and characterize new isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic to phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp., and 2) to determine their suitability for mass production under different cultivation conditions. Methods. Microbiological, cultural-morphological, statistical. Results. From plants affected by phytopathogenic fungi: cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Kyiv re- gion) 11 new Trichoderma isolates were obtained. Preliminary, morphological determination allocated fi ve of them to T. viride (isolates CK, 165, 27, 49, 35), two of them to T. koningii (21, 64) and four of them to T. longibrachiatum (161, 162, 163, 164). All isolates showed moderate to high antagonistic activity towards 8 phytopathogenic fungal species (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Alternaria cucumerina, Colletotrichum phomoides, Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium fulvum). In a dual culture experiment they showed generally similar or often higher activity to the above-mentioned fungi than the 8 control strains used in our study, belonging to T. viride (5 strains), T. koningii (2 strains) and T. harzianum (1 strain), which have been maintained since long time in our laboratory. The most active new isolate CK, (presumably) T. viride, showed comparable high activity towards all phytopathogenic fungi as compared to our most active control strain of T. viride, no. 23. The latter is the basis of a biocide Trichodermin, produced by biolaboratories of Ukraine, including the Institute of Plant Protection, NAAS, Kyiv. Chlamydospore production of all isolates and strains studied in submerged culture varied from 10 6 to 3 · 10 7 spores/ml, were T. viride isolates and strains were on the higher end. Isolates of ‘T. longibrachiatum’ did not produce chlamydospores in submerged culture. Upon superfi cial cultivation on barley grain, the strains and isolates of T. viride were also characterized by the highest production of spores (6 · 10 9 -9 · 10 9 spores/g) as compared to those of T. kon- ingii, T. harzianum (5.5 · 10 9 -6.8 · 10 9 spores/g) and T. longibrachiatum (1.3 · 10 8 -6.8 · 10 8 spores/g). In an in-vivo experiment under laboratory conditions the most promising antagonistic isolate CK was used to inoculate wheat seed and tested for protection against Fusarium root rot (inoculum a mixture of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. gibbosum, F. oxysporum, in 4·10 4 spores/g), where it gave an 83 % reduction in root rot as compared to the non-inoculated con- trol. Conclusions. Five new isolates preliminarily (on the basis of morphological characteristics only) allocated to T. viride and four to T. longibrachiatum demonstrated in vitro the highest and widest antagonistic activity against the phytopathogenic fungal species Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Alternaria cucumerina, Colletotrichum pho- moides, Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium fulvum, as compared to new isolates, preliminarily allocated to - T. harzianum and T. koningii. New isolate CK (allocated to T. viride) showed a promising and similar high antagonistic activity as compared to our T. viride 23 strain, which is already successfully used in the biocide Trichodermin. Since this isolate CK also produced a high number of chlamydospores in submerged culture (3 · 10 7 spores/ml) and conidia (8 · 10 9 spores/g) when surface cultured on barley grain respectively, it is a potential new candidate for a biocide. When this CK isolate was studied in a small laboratory pot experiment, to control Fu- sarium root rot in wheat by preventive seed inoculation, it caused an 83 % reduction in this Fusarium root rot. Its usefulness under fi eld conditions and its effect on growth of plants will be investigated in future research
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Colangelo, David J., and Mark H. Brand. "Nitrate-Nitrogen Concentrations in the Soil Profiles Beneath Containerized Rhododendron Provided High or Low Irrigation Volumes." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 799B—799. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.799b.
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Uniform Rhododendron `Roseum Elegans' plants were potted into 3-gal plastic containers and place atop eight identical 1-m3 soil-filled boxes (six per box). The bottomless boxes were recessed into a grassed field and filled with Woodbridge fine sandy loam. Soil samples were taken in 30-cm layers to 90 cm from each box and analyzed for NO3-N. Samples were taken at 14-day intervals from 9 June 1994 to 10 Nov. 1994. All plants received 40 g of Sierrablen 17N–6P–10K 8–9 month controlled-release fertilizer as a topdressing on 13 June 1994. Half of the boxes received a high irrigation rate of 5 gal/min for 4 min and half received a low rate of 5 gal/min for 1 min. Irrigation was provided every other day from above the plant canopy to simulate typical irrigation practices. For the low irrigation treatment, NO3-N levels reached 19.5 mg of NO3-N/kg of soil in the first 28 days of the study, while increases in the deeper layers lagged behind. For the high treatment, NO3-N levels followed a similar pattern, but only reached 8.9 mg of NO3-N/kg of soil in the same time period. These results suggest that the high irrigation volumes cause NO3-N to leach at a faster rate, posing a threat to water resources.
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Inglett, K. S., H. S. Bae, H. C. Aldrich, K. Hatfield, and A. V. Ogram. "Clostridium chromiireducens sp. nov., isolated from Cr(VI)-contaminated soil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.024554-0.
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A Cr(VI)-resistant, Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, designated GCAF-1T, was isolated from chromium-contaminated soil by its ability to reduce Cr(VI) in low concentrations. Mixed acid fermentation during growth on glucose resulted in accumulation of acetate, butyrate, formate and lactate. Morphological studies indicated the presence of peritrichous flagella, pili and an S-layer. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 0, C14 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω9c, summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) and C18 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content of strain GCAF-1T was 30.7 mol%. Phylogenetic interference indicated that strain GCAF-1T clustered with group I of the genus Clostridium. Of strains within this cluster, strain GCAF-1T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (98.1–98.9 %) with Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 791T, C. saccharobutylicum NCP 262T, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4T, C. puniceum DSM 2619T and C. roseum DSM 51T. However, strain GCAF-1T could be clearly distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbours by low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness (<50 %) and some phenotypic features. Based on the evidence presented here, strain GCAF-1T ( = DSM 23318T = KCTC 5935T) represents a novel species of the genus Clostridium, for which the name Clostridium chromiireducens sp. nov. is proposed.
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Oratmangun, Kristina M., Dingse Pandiangan, and Febby E. Kandou. "Deskripsi Jenis-Jenis Kontaminan Dari Kultur Kalus Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Donnaman." Jurnal MIPA 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.6.1.2017.16154.
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Penelitian deskripsi jenis-jenis kontaminan dari kultur kalus Catharanthus roseus telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis kontaminan yang terdapat pada kultur kalus C.roseus. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dua tahap. Tahap pertama dilakukan kultur kalus C. roseus. Kultur kalus menggunakan media MS (Murashige dan Skoog) dengan zpt 2,4 D 2 mg/L dan kinetin 0,2 mg/L. Tahap kedua dilakukan pengamatan kultur kalus yang mengalami kontaminasi. Kontaminan-kontaminan yang sama secara kasat mata dikelompokan menjadi satu kelompok. Setiap kelompok yang sama diamati lebih lanjut dibawah mikroskop. Penentuan jenis kontaminan dibandingkan dengan morfologi dari Pustaka (rujukan). Pengamatan kontaminan dilakukan mulai dari pembuatan media, inokulasi, subkultur kalus C.roseus. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan 3 botol kontaminan dari setiap kelompok. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah kontaminan kultur kalus C. roseus sekitar 40 %. Jenis kontaminan yang diamati umumnya golongan jamur. Jenis-jenis kontaminan kultur kalus C. roseus adalah Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus, dan Sacharomyces.Research description of the types of contaminant for cultured callus Catharanthus roseus has been done. This research aimed describe the types of contaminant found in the cultured kalus C. roseus. This research is carried out in two stages. The first stage in callus culture C. roseus using media MS (Murashige and Skoog) with zpt 2,4 D mg/L and kinetin 0,2 mg/L. The second stage in the observation of contaminated callus culture. The same of contaminants are visible into one group. Each of the same group was observed further under a microscope. Determining the types of contaminant in comparison with reference from the literature. Observation are starting from media or inoculation, subcallus culture C. roseus. Observation done by taking 3 bottles of contaminat from each group then observed for 7 days. The result obtained are culture contaminants C. roseus about 40 %. The types of contaminant observed are generally of fungi. The types of contaminant callus culture C. roseus are Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus, and Sacharomyces.
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Sinha, U. K., and Rachna Prasad. "Morphogenesis in Catharanthus roseus G. Don." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1084.
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Bunyanis, Fitriana, and Wahyuni L.Ode. "Formulasi Sedian Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus, (L) G. Don)." Journal of Health Educational Science And Technology 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/htc.v6i1.5321.
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Abstrak : Tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus)merupakan obat tradisional, dimana ekstrak baik dari daun ataupn bunga digunakan sebagai obat oleh masyarakat pedesaan. Perlu dianalisis sifat gel etanol yang dihasilkan yaitu penampakan gel etanol, viskositas, uji pembakaran, nilai kalor, panas yang dipindahkan, dan analisis warna api yang dihasilkan sehingga bisa kelihatan sediaan terbaik untuk menghasilkan gel etanol. Penelitian bersifat eksperimental dengan memformulasikan ekstrak etanol daun tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus, (L) G. Don) menjadi sediaan gel. Pada penelitian ini memiliki 3 konsentrasi sediaan yaitu yaitu 0,5%, 1% dan 2%, diperoleh hasil pada perbedaan konsentrasi ekstrak mempengaruhi warna dan bau, semakin tinggi konsentrasi esktrak yang digunakan maka warna dan bau yang dihaasilkan akan semakin kuat, berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh konsentrasi sediaan 2% yang memiliki bau dan warna yang kuat.
Kata Kunci : Tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), kosentrasi sediaan
Abstract : Tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus) is a traditional medicine, where extracts from either the leaves or flowers are used as medicine by rural communities. It is necessary to analyze the properties of the ethanol gel produced, namely the appearance of the ethanol gel, viscosity, combustion test, calorific value, heat transferred, and analysis of the color of the resulting flame so that it can be seen the best preparation to produce ethanol gel. The research was experimental by formulating the ethanol extract of the leaves of tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus, (L) G. Don) into a gel preparation. In this study, there were 3 concentrations of preparations, namely 0.5%, 1% and 2%, the results obtained that differences in extract concentrations affected the color and odor, the higher the extract concentration used, the stronger the color and odor produced, based on the results of the study. obtained a concentration of 2% preparation which has a strong odor and color.
Keywords: Tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), concentration of preparation
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Priya, Kumari, Dipa Mahato, and H. P. Sharma. "Assessments of methanolic extract of Catharanthus Roseus leaves for in vitro phytochemical analysis." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2602rjce3340.
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Plant and plant products have been one of the important sources of medicines since the beginning of human civilization. India has a rich and diverse flora of flowering medicinal plants. The leaves of the Catharanthus roseus were widely used as herbal remedy in various ailments. In this context the present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical properties of Catharanthus roseus grown in Jharkhand. The methanolic extract of the leaves of the plant has undergone tests for phenol, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoid and alkaloids, that produce positive results. Further investigation of phytochemical estimation found highest concentration of phenol (104 mg of GAE/g) in methanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus where flavonoid (46 mg of QE/g), tannin (10 mg of GAE/g), alkaloid (6 mg/g) and saponins (3.5 mg/g in dry plant sample) were found to be in good quantity.
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Mishra, Dhruv, Manoj Kumar Chitara, and Preeti Chaturvedi. "Study of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don." emergent Life Sciences Research 08, no. 01 (2022): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31783/elsr.2022.817579.
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Several anticancer medicines have been developed by using plant-derived compounds in the last few decades. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a valuable therapeutic plant belonging to the Apocynacae family. C. roseus leaves are exploited in the research of cancer treatment. Free radicals have a significant part in pathophysiology; natural substances that inhibit free radical accumulation can assist to prevent diseases and the ageing process. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of C. roseus leaf extract were evaluated using DPPH free radical and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity increased with an increase in dose, roughly 80.21% inhibition at 500 µg/ml. The TPC is 2344.65 mM GAE g-1 FW and a maximum inhibition zone of 12 mm was shown against E. coli. A qualitative study of leaf extract revealed the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and proteins.
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Kagnou, Hèzouwè, Oudjaniyobi Simalou, Gneiny Whad Tchani, Sabrina Sanvee, Kokou Agbékonyi Agbodan, Outéndé Toundou, and Kafui Kpegba. "Etude phytochimique et activité antioxydante comparatives des trois variétés de Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 6 (October 7, 2020): 2352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.33.
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Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, est une plante médicinale largement utilisée en tradithérapie contre le diabète, l’hypertension, le cancer et les effets du stress oxydatif. Elle existe en trois variétés ("rosea", "alba" et "hybride") selon la couleur des fleurs. L’étude actuelle porte sur le criblage phytochimique et l’activité antioxydante in vitro (DPPH et FRAP) de l’extrait hydro-éthanolique des trois variétés. Les tests ont été effectués sur les extraits des feuilles, fleurs et racines. On a noté la présence des alcaloïdes, phénols, flavonoïdes, tanins, saponines, stérols, terpènes et quinines. Cependant, l’absence des sucres réducteurs, des flavonoïdes et des saponines dans les racines ainsi que les quinines dans les feuilles a été relevée. L'analyse comparative par piégeage du radical DPPH a montré que les extraits des fleurs et racines de l’hybride étaient plus actifs, respectivement de 130,023±3,2 et 131,189±1,8 mg EqQ/g. Une tendance différente a été observée dans les extraits des feuilles où la meilleure valeur DPPH de 65,746±2,5 mg EqQ/g est attribuée à "rosea" alors que celle du FRAP de 139,935±2,57 mg EqAA/g provient de "alba". Ces résultats devraient encourager la poursuite des travaux sur l'identification et la caractérisation de nouveaux composés bioactifs sélectivement abondant pour une meilleure valorisation de Catharanthus roseus sur le plan de phytomédicaments.Mots clés : Catharanthus roseus, variétés, criblage phytochimique, antioxydant.
English Title: Phytochemical study and comparative antioxidant activity of the three varieties of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DonCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, is a medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and effects of oxidative stress. C. roseus exists in three varieties ("rosea", "alba" and "hybrid") depending on the colour of the flowers. This study focused on phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) of the hydro-ethanol extract of the three varieties. The tests were carried out on leaves, flowers, and roots extracts. The presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols, terpenes, and quinines were noted. However, the absence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, and saponins in the roots and quinines in the leaves was observed. Comparative analysis of DPPH radical scavenging showed that extracts from the flowers and roots of the hybrid were more active, respectively at 130.023±3.2 and 131.189±1.8 mg EqQ/g. FRAP values of the same samples were 175.166± 9.28 and 121.311±7.8 mg EqAA/g dry matter. For the leaves, the best DPPH value of 65.746±2.5 mg EqQ/g was attributed to "rosea" while the FRAP value of 139.935±2.57 mg EqAA/g was for "alba". These interesting antioxidant activities of the "hybrid" variety may be useful against oxidative stress pathologies. The current study might then promote the continuing identification and characterization of new bioactive compounds for a development of Catharanthus roseus.Keywords: Catharanthus roseus, varieties, phytochemical screening, antioxidant.
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Iqbal, Zahra, Mohammed Shariq Iqbal, and Kumkum Mishra. "SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY APOCYNACEAE ZAHRA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.22303.
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Objective: The present study was aimed to explore antioxidant properties of the plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.Methods: Plants used in the study were Alstonia scholaris, Calotropis gigantea, Catharanthus roseus, Cerbera odollam, and Wrightia tinctoria. The plant material was used to estimate non-enzymatic antioxidant, namely, total antioxidant, total flavonoids, total phenolic, and total carotene content using spectrophotometer.Result: The results showed significant antioxidant potential of the plants used in the study. It was observed that total flavonoids content was maximum in W. tinctoria (65.21 ± 3.712 mg equivalent quercetin/g of tissue), while total phenolic content was found maximum in C. roseus (59.63 ± 2.151 mg equivalent gallic acid/g of tissue). When total carotene content and total antioxidant activity were estimated, it was found maximum in C. roseus with (70.91 ± 4.41 μg/g fresh weight) and (0.846 ± 0.109 mM equivalent ascorbic acid/g tissue), respectively.Conclusion: It was observed C. roseus possess potent antioxidant property compared with other plants of same family. When correlation was established between the antioxidants and different genera plants, a strong positive correlation was observed, indicating that the plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae are a potent source of antioxidants. Further research is recommended to explore this family (Apocynaceae) and to fully elucidate its biochemical (antioxidant) benefits.
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Fardeeva, M. B., Yu A. Lukyanova, and N. R. Shafigullina. "RARE ORCHIDS IN THE NATIONAL PARK «NIZHNYAYA KAMA» AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES IN THE NORTH OF TATARSTAN (EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA), THEIR HABITATS AND STATE OF POPULATIONS." Ekosistemy, no. 23 (2021): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2414-4738-2020-23-166-182.
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The article examines the populations of rare species of orchids Cypripedium calceolus (L.), Epipactis helleborine L., Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br, Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schlechter, Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. The temperate continental climate prevails on the territory of Tatarstan, which is typical for the central part and northwestern regions of the Volga and Predkamye. In contrast, the north and northeast of Tatarstan are characterized by a moderately cool climate with a lot of precipitation during the growing season. Small fragments of the southern taiga complexes with green moss spruce and fir are formed in the north, in the Baltasi district. Dark coniferous species – spruce and fir are dominated in the north-east along the river Vyatka in Lubyanskoye forestry in coniferous-deciduous forests. Such habitats are characterized by the predominance of typically boreal and boreal-nemoral species of shrubs, grasses and mosses. Rare species have been recorded: Pyrola media Sw., P. chlorantha Sw., Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub, Hypopitys monotropa Crantz, Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie. Orchid populations have some features. The development and flowering of Platanthera bifolia and Cypripedium calceolus occur 7–10 days later in comparison with central and northwestern regions of Tatarstan. Virginal and adult vegetative individuals predominate in the population structure. Generative individuals of C. calceolus in spruce-broad-leaved and pine-spruce with fir forests often do not form clones; their share is 72 % of all generative plants. The number of shoots of C. calceolus clones decreases and makes in average 3.2 shoots. On the contrary, the number of shoots in clones of the northwestern populations is equal to 6.5. The share of generative individuals of the studied populations of P. bifolia is 25 % on average and it significantly decreases in the populations of the recreational zone of the National Park. The species grows here in dry pine forests on compacted soil, and, probably, tourists pick flowers up for bouquets. Populations of N. cucullata and G. repens are found only in the protected and buffer zones of the National Park. The age structure is full-term though the share of generative plants is quite low and averages 34 % for N. cucullata, and only 15 % for G. repens. N. cucullata and G. repens have not been found yet in habitats with suitable abiotic and biotic conditions in the north and north-east of Tatarstan. This fact requires further research. The species composition of mosses is almost identical in the habitats of orchids (Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., dominates among mosses in all phytocenoses, but the projective cover and height of the moss tufts differ significantly. Typically boreal and hemiboreal species are registered: P. schreberi Dicranum polysetum Sw., Dicranum scoparium Hedw., Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst, Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Bruch et al., Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) DeNot. A rare species – Plagiomnium drummondii (Bruch&Schimp.) T.J. Kop. is identified in the north of the Republic of Tatarstan. The abundance and development of mosses, as guarantors of humidity and preservation of microclimatic conditions, are important conditions for the growth of symbiotrophic fungi that contribute to the maintenance of orchids and many species of boreal forests on the southern border of their distribution.
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ANIEL KUMAR, Owk, Sape S. TATA, and Kancharla PAVAN KUMAR. "Analysis of Several Popular Cultivars of Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.) using Biochemical Markers." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb549178.
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Band designs of esterase (EST), peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isozymes in several selected cultivars of Catharanthus roseus by using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were investigated in this study. It was confirmed that cultivar differences in isozyme polymorphism can be revealed by applied electrophoretic patterns. Three isozyme systems produced a total of 16 bands with polymorphism ranged from 66.6-100%. Considering the patterns of isozyme variations in the five cultivars of Catharanthus roseus, it is evident that the cultivar ‘First kiss coral’ displayed crimson red petal with large white eye’ displayed demarked profiles of EST, PO and PPO isozymes than other cultivars. This is the first report on isozyme polymorphism in members of the Cathanarathus roseus (L.) G.
Don.
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Brillanceau, Marie-H�l�ne, Chantal David, and Jacques Temp�. "Genetic transformation ofCatharanthus roseus G. Don byAgrobacterium rhizogenes." Plant Cell Reports 8, no. 2 (1989): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00716839.
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Das, Anamika, Sutanu Sarkar, Somnath Bhattacharyya, and Saikat Gantait. "Biotechnological advancements in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 11 (April 17, 2020): 4811–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10592-1.
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Brun, Gilles, Jean-Marie Bessi�re, Marie-Genevi�ve Dijoux-Franca, Bruno David, and Anne-Marie Mariotte. "Volatile Components ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 16, no. 2 (2001): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.958.
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Noormohammadi, Zahra, Narges Asghari-Mooneghi, and Farah Farahani. "Effect of gamma radiation on morphological and genetic variation in regenerated plantlets Catharanthus roseus L. (G) Don." Genetika 52, no. 1 (2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2001015n.
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Catharanthus roseus L. (G) Don, commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle, is an important medicinal plant receiving much attention from researchers. This plant is a rich source of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). The gamma radiation and somaclonal variation may provide suitable methods for genetic changes to increase medicinal components of C. roseus. In the present study, 30 and 60 (Gy) gamma rays were irradiated on seeds. C. roseus seeds were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in three different groups, 0 Gy (control) 30, and 60 Gy gamma irradiations. Morphological characteristics of regenerated plantlets were measured for surface area of leaves, stem length, root length, and fresh weight. The genetic variations were evaluated using nine inter-simple sequence repeats and 25 sequences related amplified polymorphism markers. Morphological results showed a significant difference between studied groups in leaf surface and twisted leaf in 60 Gy irradiated plantlets. The analysis of molecular variance revealed the significant genetic difference among groups. STRUCTURE analysis showed genetic variability both within and among groups. Using the NJ tree analysis, the plants studied were categorized into three distinct groups, which were supported by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). In conclusion, gamma irradiation produced morphological and genetic changes in C. roseus regenerated in vitro plantlets providing to be a suitable method for further mutation breeding in periwinkle.
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Chaturvedi, Varunesh, Saloni Goyal, Mohammad Mukim, Monika Meghani, Faheem Patwekar, Mohsina Patwekar, Shabana Kausar Khan, and G. N. Sharma. "A Comprehensive Review on Catharanthus roseus L. (G.) Don: Clinical Pharmacology, Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry." Journal of Pharmacological Research and Developments 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jprd.2022.v04i02.003.
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Catharanthus roseus is a beautiful flowering perennial herb which is always in bloom as ornamental plant. It is known as Madagascar periwinkle. This plant characterized as terpenoids indole alkaloid producing plant cultivated in warm region. Besides alkaloid it is rich in phenolic compounds, organic acids and amino acid of pharmacological significance in its different parts. Traditionally, this herbal plant is boon to provide protective action for many deadly health problems being faced by humans by their direct or indirect usage in skin disease, high blood pressure, rheumatism, menstrual disorders, indigestion etc. But nowadays, transition to modern and formulated treatment has been increased. Alkaloid vincristine, vinblastine, vinflunine, vinorelbine and vindesine are clinically approved for treatment regimen. Its pharmacological actions are ranging from antimicrobial to anti-neoplastic which are discussed to understand the health promoting properties. Catharanthus roseus is a nontoxic traditional medicinal plant but its semi-finished and finished products are prone to certain kind of toxic effects. Major anticancer drugs isolated from C. Roseus are Oncovin and Velban marketed world widely in millions of tons. This article provides evidence for clinical effectiveness and toxicity of approved phytoconstituents which is relevant for safety evaluation of various folksier and pharmacological activities.
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Purnama, Purin Candra, Leonardo Castellanos Hernandez, and Robert Verpoorte. "Do Fungicides Affect Alkaloid Production in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Seedlings?" Molecules 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031405.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of endophytes in plants is undeniable, but how significant their involvement is in the host plant biosynthetic pathways is still unclear. The results reported from fungicide treatments in plants varied. Fungicide treatment in Taxus was found to decrease the taxol content. In Ipomoea asarifolia, Pronto Plus and Folicur treatments coincided with the disappearance of ergot alkaloids from the plant. In Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton, a mixture of fungicide applications decreased the alkaloids concentration and altered the carbohydrate metabolism. Jacobaea plants treated with Folicur reduced the pyrrolizidine alkaloids content. There have not been any studies into the involvement of endophytic fungi on alkaloids production of Catharanthus roseus until now. Though there is a report on the isolation of the endophytic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum from C. roseus, which was reported to produce vinblastine and vincristine in vitro. To detect possible collaborations between these two different organisms, fungicides were applied to suppress the endophytic fungi in seedlings and then measure the metabolomes by 1HNMR and HPLC analysis. The results indicate that endophytic fungi were not directly involved in alkaloids biosynthesis. Treatment with fungicides influenced both the primary and secondary metabolism of C. roseus. The systemic fungicides Pronto Plus and Folicur caused an increase in loganin and secologanin levels. In contrast, control samples had higher level of catharanthine and vindoline. This means that fungicide treatments cause changes in plant secondary metabolism.
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Sutrisna, EM. "UJI PRAKLINIS EFEK HIPOGLIKEMIK BLIMBING WULUH (AVERRHOA BILIMBI L.) DAN DAUN TAPAK DARA(CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS G)." Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v13i1.25.
Full textAbstract:
Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa perasan air blimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)dan dekokta daun tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus G) mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada hewan uji. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek hipoglikemik dari buah blimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) dan daun tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus G) dengan larutan penyari etanol 70%. Sebanyak 40 ekor tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus) galus Wistar dibagi dalam 8 kelompok dan diukur kadar glukosa darah puasanya (GD1). Semua tikus kemudian diinjeksi alloksan monohydrate dosis 30mg/200g bb tikus secara intraperitoneal dan diukur kadar glukosa darah puasanya (GD2). Setelah itu, tikus pada Kelompok I diberi aquadest ad libitum selama 7 hari, kelompok II diberi glibenklamid 0,126 mg/200g BB 1x pemberian. Kelompok III sampai V diberi ekstrak etanol 70% blimbing wuluh berturut-turut dosis 20mg/200g tikus, 40mg/200g tikus, 80mg/200g tikus. Kelompok VI-VIII diberi ekstrak etanol 70% daun tapak dara berturut-turut dosis 20mg/200g tikus, 40mg/200g tikus, 80mg/200g tikus. Semua ekstrak diberikan per oral selama 7 hari. Semua tikus kemudian diukur kadar glukosa darah puasanya (GD3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% blimbing wuluh dosis 20g/200g; 40g/200g dan 80g/200g mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan persen penurunan berturut-turut sebesar 42,51%; 43,40% dan 58,95%. Ekstrak etanol 70% daun tapak dara(Catharanthus roseus G) dosis 20g/200g; 40g/200g dan 80g/200g mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan persen penurunan berturut-turut sebesar 43,46%; 53,70% dan 58,85% Kata kunci: Hipoglikemik, Averrhoa bilimbi L. dan Catharanthus roseus G