Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'G.e.p'

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Filosofía
Esta tesis tiene por objeto contribuir a una interpretación de la obra de la filósofa inglesa G.E.M. Anscombe. Propondremos tres ideas-claves para sostener que hay una filosofía unitaria tras sus diversos y variados trabajos, a pesar de las dificultades señaladas por varios interpretes. La unidad de la filosofía de Anscombe está, en nuestra opinión, en una intención ética, una unidad metafísica, una unidad epistemológica y una concep-ción de la racionalidad que se sigue de ésta. Su intención ética es mostrar que la filoso-fía moderna no puede establecer que lo injusto es malo y esto hace que ella sea llevada a conclusiones desastrosas. Los problemas filosóficos son enfrentados desde una perspectiva próxima de la de Wittgenstein, en la que se pone atención al lenguaje, esta filosofía fundamental, aunque no fundacional, la llamaremos “metafísica”. Mostraremos como esta manera de tratar los problemas es una constante en toda la obra y que, además, tiene una conexión esencial con la manera de tratar los problemas filosóficos. Al aplicar este método al análisis de la acción aparecerá la especificidad del conoci-miento práctico como modo propio del ser humano en tanto que agente racional. Las excelencias de las capacidades psicológicas o antropológicas de este agente racional, es decir, sus “virtudes”, estarán en la base de la filosofía moral.

Depuis les années 1950, l'industrie pharmaceutique n'est pas épargnée par les affaires de scandales sanitaires (thalidomide 1961, 1962 et 1963), Distilbène (1977), Médiator (2009) etc. Il s'agit en général des produits de santé dont les effets indésirables graves n'ont pas été identifiés plus tôt ou simplement dissimulés par les fabricants tout au long de la chaîne de développement des produits de santé (CDPS). Ces effets ont généré des conséquences désastreuses en France et à l'étranger, augmenté les dépenses de santé publique et dégradé l'image de l'industrie pharmaceutique et la confiance des populations à l'égard de ladite industrie. Ce diagnostic laisse présager l'existence d'un dilemme auquel cette industrie fait face. Dans cette recherche, nous abordons ce dilemme sous l’angle de la fraude normalisée par les grandes entreprises pharmaceutiques (G.E.P) dans la CDPS qui illustre le parcours d’un produit de santé. Notre sujet de recherche, positionné dans le champ de recherche de la criminalité d'affaires (criminalité en col blanc, Edwin. Sutherland, 1930), pose une question pratique : de quelle manière la grande entreprise pharmaceutique fait « faire » pour normaliser la fraude dans la chaîne de développement des produits de santé (CDPS) ? Le déploiement de la M.C.R.A.A (Méthode de Contextualisation et d'analyse par la Recherche des Alliés et des affinités) a été l'approche méthodologique mobilisée dans le cadre de cette recherche. Cela nous a permis de produire des résultats en deux temps. Le premier type de résultat est assimilé à l’émergence du concept de Poche Organisationnelle Informelle (« P.O.I. »), en tant que dispositif formé par ses ressources matérielles, symboliques et ses membres affiliés, c’est-à-dire des acteurs équipés partageant un secret organisationnel autour d’un produit de santé faisant l’objet de fraude d’une part, et des acteurs externes d’autre part. Ce résultat a été progressivement transformé en résultats définitifs après renouvellement de notre processus de recherche. Cette transformation met en évidence les deux phases du cycle de vie de la P.O.I : sa réussite (résultats principaux de la thèse) et son échec (résultats secondaires de la thèse) dans la normalisation de la fraude dans la chaîne de développement des produits de santé (CDPS)
Since the 1950s, the pharmaceutical industry is still affected by the scandals of health scandals (thalidomide 1961, 1962 and 1963), Distilbène (1977), Vioxx (2004), Mediator (2009), breast prostheses PIP (2010), ...These are generally health products that have a harmful effect that is not detected earlier in the collective management of these products throughout the health product development chain. These harmful effects have generated disastrous consequences in France and abroad ( some organizations say that these are cases of pain that have caused illness, cancer or death), but also in economic and financial terms (national health costs), image and trust. This is the diagnosis made about the functioning of the pharmaceutical industry. This diagnosis reveals the existence of a dilemma that this sector must undoubtedly resolve. Various situations are often mentioned to refer to this dilemma. Some situations refer to the negligence and imprudence of institutions and organizations for the control and supervision of health products, others are oriented towards the fault and error of the actors involved in the collective management of these products, and others are about fraud perpetrated by actors mandated to develop health products that help the population to eliminate the different diseases. This thesis focuses on situations of fraud committed by big pharma as a research subject. She positions him in the field of white-collar crime, a term invented by American sociologist Edwin. Sutheland in the 1930s). The analysis of this research subject poses a practical question: How big pharma performs to normalize fraud in the health product development chain that includes national, transnational and global levels. It is important to note that this thesis does not aim to stigmatize big pharma, which are essential actors because they contribute to the disappearance of diseases by providing health products to society. Rather, it focuses on a phenomenon that has been clearly identified and that represents a threat to the planet, which has already affected health systems several times, thousands of people in the world and caused considerable human and financial losses. Thus, it relies on the experience of institutional, organizational and individual actors in the health sector, in terms of health scandals marked by pharmaceutical fraud, to answer research questions. The research results show that, big pharma is instrumentalising P.O.I, a structured and structuring organisation, to perform the actors who are involved in the collective management of health products in such a way that their practices and discourse are consistent with what she thinks, says and does. It is through this mechanism that pharmaceutical fraud is normalized at the national, transnational and global levels. More specifically, the P.O.I is a network organisation composed of human and non-human actors.Hidden within the big pharma, it materializes the ability of this enterprise to produce a generalized effect in the process that describes the different phases of realization of a health product, which will encourage the actors involved to legitimize the fraud in order to serve the interests of the entreprise in which it is housed

L’éthique néo-aristotélicienne développée à la suite du programme proposé par G.E.M. Anscombe en 1958 exclut-elle la notion de moralité ? Anscombe contestait la pertinence de la notion de « devoir moral ». Cela implique-t-il que l’on doive, pour la suivre, renoncer à toute distinction entre le « moral » et le « non moral » ? La défense d’un absolutisme moral motivait les analyses d’Anscombe concernant « l’intention ». Les critiques du légalisme, du conséquentialisme ou du subjectivisme qui sont menées dans le sillage de « La philosophie morale moderne » par les principaux représentants de l’éthique néo-aristotélicienne – Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, Rosalind Hursthouse ou Martha C. Nussbaum – répondent au même type de préoccupation. Les néo-aristotéliciens cherchent à opposer aux conceptions modernes de la rationalité morale l’idée d’une rationalité pratique homogène. Mais c’est pour montrer qu’elle est intrinsèquement liée à la vertu. Dans le même esprit, ils opposent à l’anti-naturalisme de la morale britannique du XXème siècle un naturalisme non réductionniste. Sous ces différents aspects, leur réflexion bénéficie des liens qu’elle renoue avec l’inspiration originelle de la méthode de la « psychologie » anscombienne. C’est ce qui permet à certains d’entre eux de poser les jalons d’une éthique fondée sur les notions de vertu et de bonheur, que celle-ci revendique ou non son appartenance à « l’éthique de la vertu ». A travers sa définition de « l’action humaine », cette éthique qui possède certains traits caractéristiques de l’éthique des Anciens, implique bien néanmoins une définition exigeante et originale de la moralité
Does neo-Aristotelian ethics, which was developed according to the programme by G.E.M. Anscombe in 1958, exclude the notion of morality? Anscombe challenged the relevance of the concept of ‘moral duty’. Does this imply that, to follow her programme, one must give up any distinction between ‘moral’ and ‘non-moral’? The defence of moral absolutism motivated Anscombe's ‘intention’ analyses. Critics of legalism, consequentialism or the subjectivism that was conducted in the wake of ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ by the main representatives of neo-Aristotelian ethics—Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, Rosalind Hursthouse and Martha C. Nussbaum—have responded to the same type of concern. The neo-Aristotelians, despite their disagreement on many points, seek to set the idea of a homogeneous practical rationality against modern conceptions of moral rationality; however, it is to show that rationality is intrinsically linked to virtue. In the same spirit, they set a non-reductionist naturalism against the anti-naturalist British ethics of the 20th century. Under these different aspects, their reflection benefits from a return to the original inspiration of Anscombe’s ‘psychology’ method. This return is also what allows some of them to lay the foundations for an ethical theory based on notions of virtue and happiness regardless of whether it claims to belong to ‘virtue ethics’ or not. Through its definition of ‘human action’, this ethical theory—which proposes to reconnect with certain characteristics of ancient ethics—implies, however, a demanding and original definition of morality

Ce travail aborde la philosophie de I'action d'E. Anscombe depuis la perspective du langage. Une thèse centrale de celle-ci est qu'une action est toujours envisagée sous une description dont l'action intentionnelle serait une des formes majeures. L'action serait indissociable du langage en tant que produit d'une pratique linguistique particulière consistant notamment à fournir des raisons d'agir. L'ancrage linguistique de I'action suggère I'impossibilité d'expliquer I'action en dehors des catégories de langage qui lui sont propres. Nous défendons cette approche à I'encontre des conceptions de l'action visant à sa naturalisation. Notre propos s'appuie sur I'idée de la possibilité de défendre une conception dite « extemaliste» des intentions qui ne les réduit pas a une donnée introspective invérifiable. Nous articulons deux idées: Ie caractère essentiellement linguistique de l'action et sa dépendance à une réalité extralinguistique, à laquelle on ne peut cependant la réduire.

Les effets du changement climatique sur les îles du Pacifique constituent un enjeu majeur pour les populations insulaires. En particulier, les précipitations constituent un des paramètres sensibles car elles conditionnent la ressource en eau. Le but de cette thèse est mettre d'apporter les premiers éléments de réponse relatifs à l'évolution des précipitations au cours du 21ème siècle sur Tahiti. Dans un premier temps, les précipitations à Tahiti ont été caractérisées à partir des mesures issues du réseau d'observation de Météo France. La saison des pluies, de novembre à avril, constitue la saison d'intérêt, car c'est à cette période de l'année que les cumuls de pluie sont les plus élevés. En effet, la zone de convergence du Pacifique sud (SPCZ), siège de la convection profonde, est la principale source de précipitations à Tahiti en été austral (Décembre-Janvier-Février). A l'échelle interannuelle et interdécennale, les phénomènes El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) et Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) induisent des migrations nord/sud et est/ouest de cette zone de convergence qui l'éloignent ou l'approchent de Tahiti. L'IPO, implique un déplacement de la SPCZ vers le nord-est en phase positive, ce qui induit des cumuls plus élevés observés à Tahiti. Elle est déplacée vers le sud-ouest en phase négative de l'IPO, d'où une diminution des pluies à Tahiti. L'étude montre qu'en IPO positif, l'occurrence d'événements El Niño intenses est favorisée. Pour ces cas de figure, la SPCZ migre brutalement vers le nord-est et adopte une orientation zonale au-dessous de l'équateur. Cette configuration l'éloigne de Tahiti et perturbe le flux d'alizés de sud-est, il en résulte alors des pluies orographiques très abondantes sur les côtes sud-est de l'île. Suite à cet état des lieux des précipitations observées, une méthodologie originale, en l'absence de toute autre expérience internationale sur la région, a été mise en œuvre pour obtenir un modèle capable de distinguer l'île et capturer au mieux les effets orographiques. Deux descentes d'échelle successives ont été nécessaires pour passer du modèle couplé global CNRM-CM, à 150 km de résolution, au modèle à aire limitée ALADIN-Climat, de résolution 12 km, centré sur Tahiti. Les sorties du modèle régional obtenues ont été confrontées aux observations sur la partie historique. Un lien a été établi entre les précipitations observées et modélisées sur la période passée. Ce lien est construit entre stations d'observations et points de grille du modèle exhibant un comportement similaire relatif aux phases de l'ENSO. Il a été supposé encore pertinent au 21ième siècle pour déduire les précipitations futures les plus réalistes à Tahiti, à partir des précipitations simulées par le modèle à 12 km, suivant deux scénarios du GIEC (RCP4.5 et RCP8.5). La structure spatiale du réchauffement climatique de type El niño conforte la pertinence du lien établi. Les résultats obtenus concernent les côtes sud de Tahiti. Les précipitations vont augmenter progressivement tout au long du 21ème siècle, en réponse au réchauffement global. A Papara, il est tombé en moyenne sur la période 1961-2011 pendant l'été austral 695 mm de pluie. Il tombera en moyenne sur la période 2070-2100, 825 mm selon le scénario RCP4.5, 814 mm selon le scénario RCP8.5, soit une augmentation d'un peu moins de 20 %. Ajoutés à cet accroissement à long terme, les événements El Niño induiront un excédent de précipitations. Mais cet effet sera réduit en fin de période dans le RCP8.5. A l'inverse, les événements La Niña s'accompagneront toujours d'un déficit de précipitations mais sans arriver à contrecarrer l’accroissement à long terme
The effects of climate change on Pacific islands is a major concern for the local populations. The rainfall parameter, specifically, appears as one of the sensitive parameters, as it determines water resources. The goal of this thesis is to bring a first insight into the 21st century evolution of precipitation in Tahiti.The first step was to characterize rainfall in Tahiti using data records from the observation network of Meteo France. The “rainfall season”, lasting from November to April, is the season of interest, as rainfall amounts are the highest at this time of the year. Indeed, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), host of deep convection, remains the principal source of rainfall in Tahiti in austral summer (December-January-February). On interannual and interdecadal timescales, the El niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) imply north/south and east/west migrations of the SPCZ, drawing it away, or closer to Tahiti. The positive phase of the IPO involves a north-eastward displacement of the SPCZ, which causes higher rainfall amounts in Tahiti. The SPCZ is displaced towards the south- west during negative IPO phase, leading to a decrease of rainfall in Tahiti. The study reveals that the IPO positive phase favor the occurrence of intense El niño events. In those cases, the SPCZ is critically displaced to the north-east and lies zonally just south of the equator. Accordingly, the SPCZ is drawn away from Tahiti and alters the south-east flow of trade winds. As a result, substantial orographic precipitation affect the south-east coasts of Tahiti.Following the assessment of observed precipitation for the period 1961-2011, an original method has been set up to obtain a model able to resolve the island and capture the orographic effects at best. Two successive downscaling steps have been necessary to get the limited area model ALADIN-Climat over Tahiti (at the resolution of 12 km), starting from the global coupled model CNRM-CM with a resolution of 150 km. The regional model outputs have been compared to the observed records over the historical period. A linkage between observed and modeled precipitation has been defined. This linkage has been built between meteorological stations and model grid cells exhibiting similar behaviour regarding the phases of ENSO. It has been assumed that this linkage is still relevant in the 21st century. In this way, future precipitation in Tahiti, as realistic as possible, are deduced from modeled precipitation (at 12 km of resolution), following two IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The El niño-like spatial structure of global warming further confirms the relevance of the linkage built previously. The results obtained concern the southern coasts of Tahiti. Rainfall would gradually increase along the 21st century, as a consequence of global warming. In Papara, the austral summer mean rainfall height is 695 mm over the period 1961-2011. The mean value, for the period 2070-2100, would be 825 mm for the scenario RCP4.5 and 814 mm for the scenario RCP8.5, let say an increase of a little less than 20%. Superimposed to this long-range raise, El niño events would induce an excess of rainfall. This effect would be reduced at the end of the 21st century in RCP8.5. Conversely, La niña events would always involve a decline of rainfall, but would not succeed in counteracting the long-range increase

L'enjeu de ce doctorat est de montrer comment la perception et les pratiques liées à la figure de l'hypertexte permettent d'entrevoir de profonds bouleversements dans notre rapport à l'écrit (document numérique, nouveaux genres littéraires, textualité renouvelée), à l'organisation de la connaissance, ainsi qu'à la manière dont s'agrègent, se constituent, se développent et se transforment les différents types de rapport au réel présents dans toute organisation sociale réticulée. L'analyse critique de ces transformations nous permet de préciser comment se met progressivement en place une nouvelle écologie cognitive, en quoi elle est rendue nécessaire, et quels sont les outils (typologie englobante des processus de liaison entre entités) et les pratiques sociales émergentes qui la fondent.

Dans notre premier chapitre, nous faisons d'abord un point sur les effets déjà mesurables de l'organisation hypertextuelle dans le rapport à l'écrit pour isoler les transformations cognitives occasionnées par ce nouveau support, pour isoler également la nouvelle organisation des structures traditionnelles de l'énonciation dans le processus de communication (rapports auteur-lecteur, agencements collectifs d'énonciation). Nous concluons par une typologie des nouveaux genres hypertextuels (liés notamment à l'utilisation de générateurs) et sur le statut littéraire de ces productions.
Notre second chapitre aborde les aspects plus « théoriques » de l'organisation hypertextuelle au travers de l'étude systématique de ses procédés de liaison. Après un état de l'art de la question, nous définissons une typologie englobante des liens hypertextuels prenant en compte leurs aspects informatiques, les structures rhétoriques et formelles qui les sous-tendent et les différents types de rapport entre ces « entités-liens » autorisant à qualifier différentes organisations hypertextuelles. Sur tous ces points, les propositions formulées dans ce travail devront permettre d'améliorer les pratiques de navigation et de réduire certains effets liés (surcharge cognitive, désorientation).
Notre troisième chapitre montre que ce que ces liens révèlent du fonctionnement de la pensée humaine (mode essentiellement associatif) est en train de changer la manière dont les systèmes et les organisations sociales se constituent et se développent, en mettant en place, de manière effective, des artefacts et de processus habituellement implicites et dont l'enjeu sera, pour le chercheur, d'accompagner le passage à l'explicite. Ce dernier chapitre s'appuie sur le dispositif expérimental FoRSIC et l'utilisation qu'il fait de différents types ontologiques, ce dernier étant caractéristique des ces nouveaux rapports au savoir que notre travail essaie de qualifier plus que de quantifier.

RESUMO Atualmente, o termo “Desenvolvimento Sustentável” está presente no funcionamento e organização das empresas, tendo em consideração as preocupações da sociedade moderna em procurar satisfazer as suas necessidades sem comprometer o equilíbrio natural do nosso planeta. Neste âmbito, as empresas optam por implementar Normas específicas adequadas à sua realidade, com intuito de integrar um mercado mais competitivo e exigente. Deste modo, as empresas apresentam inúmeras vantagens, nomeadamente, na melhoria da gestão da organização, na rentabilidade dos recursos e na transmissão de uma maior confiança aos seus clientes. Para que as empresas e organizações pertencentes ao sector primário, nomeadamente as relacionadas com a atividade agrícola, correspondam com eficiência às exigências ambientais preconizadas pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, existe uma solução de certificação que pode ser implementada, como por exemplo, a Certificação GlobalG.A.P. Este relatório pretende enquadrar e justificar a certificação pela Norma GlobalG.A.P., de uma empresa de produção agrícola por hidroponia, evidenciando a sua vertente ambiental através da execução das seções e respetivos pontos de controlo, nomeadamente, as seções da gestão de resíduos e poluentes, reciclagem e reutilização, ambiente e conservação, gestão do solo e rega/fertirrega. Pretendeu-se estabelecer práticas de gestão ambiental coerentes com uma atividade agrícola que se pretende de baixa emissão de carbono e obtenção de um produto ecologicamente mais sustentável, sendo a tarefa mais relevante do projeto de estágio desenvolvido na empresa. Palavras-chave: Hidroponia; Certificação; GlobalG.A.P; Sustentabilidade. iii ABSTRACT Nowadays, the term "Sustainable Development" is present in the operation and organization of companies, taking into account modern society concerns to satisfy their needs without compromising the natural equilibrium of our planet. In this context, companies decide to implement specific standards appropriate to their reality, intending to integrate a more competitive and demanding market. Thus, companies have great advantages in improving the organization's management towards a rational use of resources and transmitting greater confidence to their customers. Companies and organizations belonging to primary sector, particularly those related to agriculture, that want to pursue a sustainable development, could implement standard procedures such as those established by GLOBAL GAP certification. This report aims to frame the GLOBAL GAP certification of a hydroponic farm company emphasizing the environmental issues related to waste and pollution management, recycling and reuse, environment and conservation, soil management and irrigation/fertigation. Thereby the most important task undertaken within internship project was to establish environmental management practices that are consistent with low carbon farming in producing environmentally sustainable products. Key Words: Hydroponics; Certification; Global GAP; Sustainability.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
企業管理學系
107
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry in Taiwan has started to apply modern production equipment in mass-production of commercial commodities since 1960. Meanwhile, the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations have been initiated as guidelines for international pharmaceutical companies. The GMP regulations have been launched in Taiwan since 1980. As announced by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2018, all the Taiwanese pharmaceutical manufacturers of concentrated herbal extracts should complete the four steps of the validation process within 8 years from 2020. However, the timeline of implementing new regulations on TCM pharmaceutical companies has not yet been announced. In the near future, the regulations on the TCM pharmaceutical companies will transit from GMP to GMP validation. In the study, in-depth interviews were undertaken with seven managers, who were recruited from five TCM pharmaceutical companies of different scales and were empowered to make critical decisions. The subjects were asked to express their opinions regarding the issue of applying GMP validation to the TCM pharmaceutical industry and its effects on the industrial competitiveness. As shown by the results, there was discrepancy among 7 respondents regarding the issue. However, they made the similar prediction that the number of TCM pharmaceutical company would decrease after the implementation of the new regulations. In addition, they all possessed the same understanding that the payments from the national health insurance were too low for traditional Chinese medicine. However, the interviewees expressed different opinions on various issues related to GMP validation, such as future investment, professional personnel fostering, domestic and international marketing, marketing strategy transformation and consumer confidence. The diverse opinions on GMP validation might arise as a result of the company size, leading products, future products and sales channels. With regard to the possible effects of GMP validation on TCM companies and the improvement of the industrial competitiveness, the study used SWOT analysis with the aid of the data collected from in-depth interviews to study the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats confronting TCM companies and the association of GMP validation with the industrial competitiveness. Some useful information was also provided to peer TCM companies and the government. Keywords: Chinese Medicine pharmaceutical Companies, GMP, Validation, Competitiveness, SWOT

Resumo As empresas procuram, cada vez mais, uma certificação que lhes permita responder às exigências do mercado. O GLOBALG.A.P. é uma organização privada que estabelece normas voluntárias para a certificação de produtos agrícolas a nível mundial, funcionando o seu referencial como um manual prático de Boas Práticas Agrícolas (G.A.P. – Good Agricultural Practices). Com este trabalho de estágio profissionalizante pretendeu-se acompanhar a implementação da certificação GLOBALG.A.P. numa empresa de produção de hortícolas do Concelho de Coimbra, de modo a perceber as actividades que é necessário desenvolver e dificuldades encontradas, para o cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção da certificação. As principais alterações introduzidas passaram pela melhoria das condições para garantir a segurança e bem-estar dos trabalhadores, pela criação de registos de todas as actividades e pela aplicação de normas de higiene e segurança. As maiores dificuldades encontradas estão relacionadas com a necessidade de acompanhamento diário das tarefas e seu registo, com a criação nos colaboradores de hábitos de higiene e segurança no trabalho e com os custos acrescidos. Esta certificação assegura uma produção agrícola com menores impactos ambientais, melhor bem-estar e higiene dos trabalhadores e melhor qualidade e segurança alimentar dos produtos, permitindo aceder a mercados mais exigentes, exigindo uma melhoria contínua. Palavras-Chave Bem-Estar dos trabalhadores; Boas Práticas Agrícolas; Certificação; referencial GLOBALG.A.P., Segurança Alimentar.
Abstract Companies are increasingly looking for a certification, allowing them to respond to market requirements. The GLOBALG.A.P. It is a private organization body that sets voluntary standards for the certification of agricultural products worldwide, functioning as a practical manual for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP or - Good Agricultural Practices). With this work it was intended to monitor the implementation of GLOBALG.AP certification, a vegetable production company of the Municipality of Coimbra, in order to understand what activities needed to develop and difficulties encountered, for the fulfillment of requirements necessary to obtain this certification. The main changes accompanied undergone improve conditions to ensure the safety and welfare of workers and food security by creating records and application of health and safety standards activities. The biggest difficulties were changing habits with daily monitoring of tasks; creation among employees of hygiene and safety at work and increased costs but necessary. This certification ensures agricultural production with fewer negative impacts, better welfare and hygiene of farm workers and the best quality and safety of food products, allowing access to more demanding markets, and there are still improvements to be made. Keywords welfare of workers. Good Agricultural Practices; Certification; GLOBALG.A.P. standard; Food safety.

Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να ερευνήσει τον ρόλο της τεχνολογίας στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση όπως η τεχνολογία ορίζεται στο νεοκλασικό υπόδειγμα παραγωγής με εξωγενή ρυθμό τεχνολογίας. Αρχικά παρουσιάζουμε την θεωρητική βάση του υποδείγματος και εισάγουμε την έννοια παράλληλα την έννοια της τεχνολογικής παραγωγικότητας και την σημασία της. Με χρήση δεδομένων των εθνικών λογαριασμών της ελληνικής οικονομίας από την βάση δεδομένων Penn World Table εκτιμούμε τα μεγέθη της επιτευχθείσας οικονομικής ανάπτυξης και παραγωγικότητας για την Ελλάδα την περίοδο 1961- 2003, μέσω της λογιστικής της οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης. Στην συνέχεια προσπαθούμε να εκτιμήσουμε την επίδραση της τεχνολογικής παραγωγικότητας στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Επίσης προσπαθούμε να ερευνήσουμε το γεγονός ότι τα μερίδια οριακής συνεισφοράς των εργασία και κεφάλαιο στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη παραμένουν σταθερά, όπως υποτίθεται στο νεοκλασικό υπόδειγμα μεγέθυνσης, για τις δυτικές χώρες, μέσω της οικονομετρικής παλινδρόμησης του εθνικού εισοδήματος ως εξαρτημένη μεταβλητή και των εισροών εθνική εργασία και εθνικό κεφάλαιο ως ανεξάρτητες μεταβλητές για την περίοδο 1961 – 2003. Τα ευρήματα μας συνηγορούν την παραπάνω υπόθεση, ωστόσο η εξωγένεια της τεχνολογίας ατονεί. Συμπερασματικά αναφέρουμε τα νέα υποδείγματα οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης με ενδογενή τεχνολογία που παρουσιάζονται πιο εύκαμπτα στην μέτρηση εκείνης της ποσότητας της παραγωγικότητας που πρέπει να αποδοθεί στην τεχνολογική πρόοδο
The purpose of the present dissertation is to examine the role of technology in the economic growth as it is attributed in the exogenous growth neoclassical Solow model. We initially present the neoclassical growth Solow model and introduce the theoretical meaning of technology. Using data of the Greek national accounts from Penn World Table we measure the economic and the productivity growth that took place in the Greek economy for the period of 1961 – 2003, through the growth accounting approach. We then try to estimate to what extend this growth should be attributed to exogenous technology. We also investigate whether labor and capital compensation rates remain constant for the Greek economy, as it is implied from the exogenous growth neoclassical Solow model for the western countries, by regressing real GDP output with labor and capital inputs for the period of 1961-2003. Our findings plead the above empirical computation, however the exogenous hypothesis for the technology becomes weakened. Concluding we introduce modern growth theories that seem more appropriate for measuring the Productivity that should be attributed to technology.

碩士
國立台北師範學院
數理教育研究所
92
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of learning dilation、scale and relative concepts base on operating G.S.P. and concrete objects teaching methods. Quasi - experimental method with nonequivalent pretest-posttest controls is adopted. The subjects in this study are from two classes with a total of 66 students.Quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis are emphasized in this study.Some main findings are showed as follows: 1.Informal knowledge According to the result of the pretest and interview, it shows that there are some misconcepts in angle、length、area、constructing graphs、scale and ratio sense in the situations of enlargement and shrink.They often come from intuition、the meaning of words and teaching. 2.The effect of learning for students There are two significant learning effects for treatment group and control group:immediate effect (posttest vs pretest) and reserved effect(follow-up test vs pretest),but no significant retained effects (follow-up test vs posttest) for both groups. After excluding pretest, there is no significant difference in posttest and follow-up test for two groups. After excluding pretest, there is a significant difference in posttest for the girls and the low achievement students in treatment group and in control group. After excluding pretest, there is an significant interaction between gender and group in the follow-up test. The performance of the girls in the treatment group is better than that of the girls in the control group in follow-up test. 3.The performance of conceptual change Generally, the treatment group and the control group had positive conceptual change,but there still has some misconcepts hard to let students change in a short period,such as Linear A－Linear B. 4. Study attitude and opinions of Students in the treatment group There is no significant difference between pretest and posttest in learning mathematics attitude, but their study attitude make positive progress. Almost all students in the treatment group like learning by the G.S.P.. Finally, some suggestions are offered to teachers、curriculum designers and researchers as the references of instruction and pedagogy in mathematics as well as future research.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
科學教育研究所
96
The main purpose of this study was to explore the influences of the low-achievement students’ learning on geometric sketch pad (G.S.P.) teaching designed instrument of continued-proportion. The participants involved fourteen 8th grade low-achievement students in the pilot test to confirm the successful processing of this study. Half of the participants were organized as the experimental group and received the GSP teaching strategy. The other students were designed to be the control group with traditional teaching. The other ten participants involved in the regular research. The instruments consisted of two open-ended questionnaires and interviewed.The results showed the experimental group students get better scores than control group through the GSP teaching strategy in significance. Besides, the participants in this research all taken positive attitude for learning toward G.S.P. instrument. At last, the results showed all of the students used the similar problem solving strategies in the easier problem, but different strategies in the difficult problems.

Από 3 πρότυπα στελέχη Pseudomonas aeruginosa το Smooth στέλεχος PAC-IR και τα Rough στελέχη PAC-557 και PAC-605, που δώρησε ευγενώς στο Εργαστήριο Μικροβιολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών η Dr. ΡΜ Meadow του University Co 1 lege, London παρελήφθησαν με ειδική μεθοδολογία ο λιποπολυσακχαρίτης L.P.S, η εξωκυττάρια ουσία (Slime) και οι εξωτερικές μεμβράνες. Έγιναν ηλεκτροφορήσεις με αποδιατακτικούς παράγοντες (SDS-PAGE) και χρώση των πηκτωμάτων για πρωτεΐνες με Coomassie blue, και για L.P.S με AgNÖ3. Οι ηλεκτροφορητικές εικόνες του Slime, του L.P.S και των εξωτερικών μεμβρανών διαφέρουν μεταξύ τους και στα 3 στελέχη. Ανάλυση των ουδετέρων σακχάρων έδειξε ότι και τα 3 Slime περί έχουν με ποσοτικές διαφορές 6 σάκχαρα, τη ραμνόζη, τη φουκόζη, τη ξυλόζη, τη μαννόζη και τη γαλακτόζη. Αντίθετα μαννόζη και γαλακτόζη δεν περιέχονται στο Smooth L.P.S, ενώ οι Rough L.P.Ss περί έχουν μόνο ραμνόζη και γλυκόζη. Ανάλυση του λιπιδικού στοιχείου των 3 Slime και των 3 L.P.Ss έδειξε ότι ποιοτικά περιέχουν 5 ίδια λιπαρά οξέα. Δωδεκανοικό οξύ (~Cii), 20Η-δωδεκανοικό (-Ci?), δεκατετρανικό οξύ (~Ci 4), δεκαεξανικό οξύ (~Cit), δεκαοκτανικό οξύ (-Ci s) και τα ισομερή του. Μετά από χρωματογραφία μοριακής διήθησης στα 3 Slime ο πολυσακχαρίτης που παραλαμβάνεται από την υδατανθρακική κορυφή δεν περιέχει L πρωτεΐνη και είναι μοριακού βάρους 40.000-100.000 daltons. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά αποδεικνύουν ότι η παραγωγή του Slime είναι κοινή ιδιότητα Smooth και Rough στελεχών Ρ.aeruginosa και ότι το υδατανθρακικό στοιχείο του Slime είναι αυτοτελής ουσία, ελεύθερη πρωτεϊνών, που δεν αποτελείται από τις πλευρικές αλυσίδες του L.P.S.
Lipopolysaccharide (L.P.S), slime and outer membranes were obtained from a smooth, nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, PAC-IR and its two rough mutants, PAC~ 557 and PAC-605 (Kindly provided by Dr. PM Meadow, University College, London). Electrophoretic analysis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and staining with silver nitrate and Coomassie blue showed different profiles between L.P.S, Slime and outer membranes in all three strains. Comparative analysis of the saccharide moiety between L.P.S and Slime of each strain by H.P.L.C demonstrated that the saccharide moiety of slime has different composition from that of L.P.S. Six neutral sugars, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose were identified in all three slimes though in different amounts. Mannose and galactose were not found in the smooth L.P.S, whereas only rhamnose and glucose were identified in the L.P.Ss of the rough strains. Comparative analysis of the lipid moiety between L.P.S and Slime in all three strains with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy indicated that lipid moiety had no quaiitative differences concerning the lipid acids. Five lipid acids were identified in all three slimes and L.P.Ss dodecanoic acid (~Ci2)> 20H~dodecanoic acid (-C2?), tetradecanoic (-C14), exadecanoic (Ci(,), octadecanoic (- Cis) and its isomeric forms. After gel filtration of all three slimes the polysaccharide obtained from the carbohydrate peak fraction was found to be protein free. By gel filtration the mo 1 ecular size of the polysaccharide was estimated to be about 40000-100000 daltons. Whether the polysaccharide moiety is a glycolipid is not clear at the present. This problem is currently under investigation. Our results suggest that slime production is a common property shared by both Smooth and Hough Ρ.aeruginosa strains. The saccharide moiety of slime does not represent the side chains of L.P.S and it is protein free.