Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Future talk'

This dissertation addresses three novel aspects of children’s future thinking: First is a study of 3- to 5-year-olds’ capacity to think about the future across two different conceptual domains. Specifically, children had to think ahead to meet either a future physiological need (desire for food) or psychological need (avoiding boredom). Most future thinking tasks only require children to plan in one domain, this despite that future thinking is presumably domain general in humans. Children were better at addressing a future need for food than a future need for toys, with even 3-year-olds succeeding above chance. This study also served as an opportunity to replicate the results of a previous similar task (Atance et al., 2015) and improve the task by removing unnecessary components (social, pretense). Second is a study of 3- to 5-year-olds’ spontaneous talk (as a proxy for spontaneous thought) about the future and past within the context of a behavioural future thinking task. Spontaneous or involuntary thought about the past and future are ubiquitous in adult cognition. Few developmental studies have investigated past spontaneous thought, and none have investigated future spontaneous thought. Children of all ages spontaneously spoke about the future and past and some children even spontaneously solved the future thinking task. Further, children who spontaneously spoke more about the past and future were more likely to correctly answer an explicit test question. Third is an attempt at addressing a limitation in all existing behavioural future thinking tasks: That is, tasks used to assess the development of future thinking do not require children to think ahead about a future state of the world that differs from the present. Children could potentially be solving behavioural future thinking tasks without having to represent the future. However, representing a future that differs from the present is argued to be core to adaptive future thinking in humans. To overcome this limitation, we modified an existing task so that children could not succeed based on their representation of how the world currently is but, rather, how it will be at a future point in time. Four- to 7-year-olds all remembered the information required to solve the modified task; however, only 7-year-olds made a future-oriented decision more often than chance. With the task modification removed (so the correct answer for the present and future matched), even 4-year-olds succeeded above chance. These findings challenge the current accounts that suggest by age 4, children can reliably succeed in future thinking tasks. Taken together, this research program contributes new insights to the development of future thinking in early childhood and suggests directions for novel research.

Thesis: S.M. in Science Writing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies/Writing, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Page 21 blank.
Includes bibliographical references.
Gunrock is a chatbot designed in the likeness of an average 29-year-old woman living in Seattle. Fourteen students from the University of California, Davis, spent spring and summer of 2018 designing and testing the bot. At the end of summer, Gunrock placed first in the 2018 Amazon Alexa Prize, a competition that challenges students to build the best "socialbot," a computer program that talks out loud and engages in "fun, high-quality conversations on popular societal topics." Although Gunrock is rudimentary compared to the conversational ability of a real person, she is also cutting-edge and a predecessor of more advanced systems. Gunrock pulls information from many sources, including Reddit and Twitter comments. As chatbots like Gunrock become more prevalent, their designers must make important decision to determine what chatbots say, which in turn has influence on the user.
by Madeleine Turner.
S.M. in Science Writing
S.M.inScienceWriting Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies/Writing

Відповідно до Професійного стандарту за професіями «Вчитель початкових класів ЗЗСО», «Вчитель ЗЗСО» складовою мовно-комунікативної компетентності вчителя іноземної мови визначена здатність забезпечувати навчання учнів іноземної мови, а складовою предметно-методичної компетентності – здатність добирати і використовувати сучасні та ефективні методики і технології навчання, виховання і розвитку учнів. Навчальна дисципліна «Адаптивне мовлення вчителя англійської мови» спрямована на формування в майбутніх учителів АМ вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації, тобто однієї зі складових як мовно-комунікативної так і предметно-методичної компетентностей. Мовленнєва адаптація визначається як пристосування мовлення вчителя до рівня підготовки учнів з метою підвищення ефективності навчання та здійснюється шляхом модифікації мовлення вчителя, тобто його змін на різних лінгвістичних рівнях. Оволодіння майбутніми вчителями АМ вміннями мовленнєвої адаптації є ефективним шляхом оптимізації підготовки здобувачів вищої освіти.
According to the Professional Standard for professions "Primary School Teacher", "Teacher" the component of language and communication competence of a foreign language teacher is the ability to organize foreign language teaching, and the component of subject-methodological competence is the ability to select and use modern and effective methods and technologies of teaching, education and development of pupils. The course "Adaptive speech of an English teacher" is aimed at the development of future English teachers' speech adaptation skills, which is one of the components of both language-communicative and subject-methodological competencies. Speech adaptation is defined as the adaptation of teacher's speech to the level of preparation of pupils by modifying the teacher's speech at different linguistic levels in order to increase the effectiveness of language teaching. Mastering the skills of speech adaptation by future teachers is an effective way to optimize the training of higher education students.

Lighting is one of the most important issues for the perception of the physical environment and the ability to perform. Lighting design of classrooms is therefore crucial to achieve the goals of education. The Swedish school aim to provide a working environment supporting every child. As children are individuals their perceptions and light preferences differ just as adults do. Accessibility to tools to be able to customize for the individual child are therefore important. To support our planet, every new product developed should be considered regarding sustainability.  This is particularly important of products designed for children as they are our future. This thesis will focus on finding a task light option suitable for the classroom environment. By researching literature, performing market research and conducting interviews with school professionals, important characteristics of a school task light were established. Based on the findings, a task light proposal was developed including the defined properties.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 51).
Ticonderoga-class cruisers face significant readiness problems stemming from widespread corrosion of an aging hull. This corrosion severely impacts shipboard safety and operational readiness when it compromises the integrity of compensated (pressurized) fuel storage tanks. In most cases these leaks require immediate repair to restore the engineering spaces to a safe operating condition, and nearly always impact time-critical fleet operating schedules. This thesis studied cruiser fuel storage tank maintenance records contained within the Navy Maintenance Database (NMD) with two purposes in mind. The primary objective was to find commonly-repaired structural features to either be improved upon or avoided in future ship designs. Data was collected on the tank location, structural feature, and repair method to produce a class-wide distribution of all fuel storage tank repairs. The data showed that nearly all cruisers have experienced fuel tank leaks, with some suffering as many as twenty. The secondary objective was to assess how accurately the Navy forecasted and planned cruiser tank repair under old and new contracting strategies. New work discovery during a maintenance period often increases schedule and cost, and is even more important to control under the Navy's newly adopted fixed-price "MAC-MO" contracting strategy that relies upon private contractors to produce accurate work specifications. A proxy for new work discovery, "contract change requests" were assessed for both legacy cost reimbursable and current fixed-price contracting strategies. The results showed a promising initial reduction in new work discovery that will need to continue for the Navy to return ships to the fleet on time and under budget.
by Tony Macaluso.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

This thesis analyses the emergence and evolution of the think-tanks in Turkey. It seeks primarily to answer to whether or not it is possible to mention &lsquo
a think-tank culture&rsquo
in Turkey. After the definition, characteristics and types of the think-tank term are debated, the historical background of think-tanks all over the world is analyzed. The thesis looks at similarities and differences among the think-tanks in and outside Turkey in terms of their size and areas of specialization. It also tries to find out who are pioneering to the establishment of think-tanks, whom the think-tanks are serving, which financial resources and functions they have in Turkey.

With the failure of Dennard's scaling, which stated that shrinking transistors will be more power-efficient, computer hardware has today become very divergent. Initially the change only concerned the number of processor on a chip (multicores), but has today further escalated into complex heterogeneous system with non-intuitive properties -- properties that can improve performance and power consumption but also strain the programmer expected to develop on them. Answering these challenges is the OpenMP task-parallel model -- a programming model that simplifies writing parallel software. Our focus in the thesis has been to explore performance and quality-of-service directions of the OpenMP task-parallel model, particularly by taking architectural features into account. The first question tackled is: what capabilities does existing state of the art runtime-systems have and how do they perform? We empirically evaluated the performance of several modern task-parallel runtime-systems. Performance and power-consumption was measured through the use of benchmarks and we show that the two primary causes for bottlenecks in modern runtime-systems lies in either the task management overheads or how tasks are being distributed across processors. Next, we consider quality-of-service improvements in task-parallel runtime-systems. Striving to improve execution performance, current state of the art runtime-systems seldom take dynamic architectural features such as temperature into account when deciding how work should be distributed across the processors, which can lead to overheating. We developed and evaluated two strategies for thermal-awareness in task-parallel runtime-systems. The first improves performance when the computer system is constrained by temperature while the second strategy strives to reduce temperature while meeting soft real-time objectives. We end the thesis by focusing on performance. Here we introduce our original contribution called BLYSK -- a prototype OpenMP framework created exclusively for performance research. We found that overheads in current runtime-systems can be expensive, which often lead to performance degradation. We introduce a novel way of preserving task-graphs throughout application runs: task-graphs are recorded, identified and optimized the first time an OpenMP application is executed and are later re-used in following executions, removing unnecessary overheads. Our proposed solution can nearly double the performance compared with other state of the art runtime-systems. Performance can also be improved through heterogeneity. Today, manufacturers are placing processors with different capabilities on the same chip. Because they are different, their power-consuming characteristics and performance differ. Heterogeneity adds another dimension to the multiprocessing problem: how should work be distributed across the heterogeneous processors?We evaluated the performance of existing, homogeneous scheduling algorithms and found them to be an ill-match for heterogeneous systems. We proposed a novel scheduling algorithm that dynamically adjusts itself to the heterogeneous system in order to improve performance. The thesis ends with a high-level synthesis approach to improve performance in task-parallel applications. Rather than limiting ourselves to off-the-shelf processors -- which often contains a large amount of unused logic -- our approach is to automatically generate the processors ourselves. Our method allows us to generate application-specific hardware from the OpenMP task-parallel source code. Evaluated using FPGAs, the performance of our System-on-Chips outperformed other soft-cores such as the NiosII processor and were also comparable in performance with modern state of the art processors such as the Xeon PHI and the AMD Opteron.

QC 20151016

In “Money Talks: Turkey, The Kurdish Regional Government, and the Shaping of a Future Kurdish State”, I aim to explore the puzzle of why Turkey is establishing economic and diplomatic relations with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) considering its violent conflict with its Kurdish population. I was able to solve this puzzle by collecting and analyzing various works of literature surrounding Turkish foreign policy towards the KRG. Through my research, I learned about the complex and nuanced partnership between the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) and Ankara, and the potential effect this partnership will have on Kurdish statehood. This issue is important because it highlights a controversial debate surrounding minority groups’ right to statehood in the Middle East and points to shifting economic and political dynamics in the Middle East.

As the world is moving towards a more sustainable energy perspective, construction equipment sees the requirement to change its current way of operation with fossil fuels to reduce its environmental impact. In order to pursue the electrification of construction equipment a dense power source is essential, where hydrogen powered fuel cells have the potential to be a sufficient energy source. This thesis work is carried out in order to find the least CO2 emissive pathway for hydrogen to various construction sites. This is done by collecting state of the art data for production, processing and storage technologies. With the assembled data an optimization model was developed using mixed integer linear programming. The technologies found that showed promising adaptability for construction equipment in the state of art regarding production were steam methane reforming (SMR), proton exchange membrane electrolyser (PEMEC) and alkaline electrolyser. They showed promising characteristics due to their high level of maturity and possibility for reducing the environmental impact compared to the current operation. To investigate the hydrogen pathway and its possibilities, four scenarios were created for four types of construction sites. The scenarios have different settings for distance, grid connection and share of renewables, where the operations have various energy profiles that is to be satisfied. The optimal hydrogen pathway to reduce the CO2 emissions according to the model, were either PEMEC on-site or gaseous delivery of SMR CCS produced hydrogen. The share of renewables in the energy mix showed to be an important factor to determine which of the hydrogen pathways that were chosen for the different scenarios. Moreover, in the long run PEMEC was considered to be a more sustainable solution due to SMR using natural gas as feedstock. It was therefore concluded that for a high share of renewables PEMEC was the optimal solution, where for a low share of renewables SMR CCS produced hydrogen was optimal as the energy mix would result in a more emissive operation when using PEMEC.

This thesis explored whether haemodynamic responses to psychological stress test predict future blood pressure (BP) levels: the Reactivity Hypothesis. The research included a systematic review and two prospective cohort studies in the UK and Thai samples. In addition, the Blunted Reactivity Hypothesis, which posits that cardiovascular reactivity is inversely related to symptoms of anxiety and depression, was examined in cross-sectional analyses. A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression with 41 prospective cohort studies (from 1950 to 2012) examined whether cardiovascular responses to psychological stress tests predict future BP levels, hypertension status, preclinical coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac events. Three possible moderators were included in analyses: type of task (active versus passive coping), age group (children versus adults), and duration of follow-up (short versus long-term follow-up). The review found that systolic BP reactions to psychological stress tests predict future systolic BP levels and that there was better prediction in child samples with shorter follow-up periods. Similarly, diastolic BP reactions to psychological stress predicted future diastolic BP levels. Cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress tests did not predict hypertension, preclinical CHD, or cardiac events. Cross-sectional analysis of two studies conducted in the UK and Thailand provided some evidence that anxiety and depressive symptoms were negatively associated with cardiovascular reactivity: these findings supported the Blunted Cardiovascular Hypothesis. However, these relationships were observed in the UK sample, but not in the Thai sample. Further, Thai participants responded to psychological stress task with large cardiovascular reactions, of a similar magnitude to the UK participants and observed in previous studies of Europeans and North Americans. Finally, prospective analyses revealed that systolic BP responses to mental arithmetic predict future systolic BP levels after one year of follow-up in both UK and Thai individuals, after controlling for baseline cardiovascular activity and traditional risk factors. In contrast, haemodynamic responses did not predict future BP. These results provide support for the “Reactivity Hypothesis” although the effect sizes were relatively small. However, responses to only one of the three stressors, mental arithmetic, predicted future BP implicating beta-adrenergically mediated cardiovascular responses. However, there was no physiologic evidence (i.e., cardiac output responses) that suggested beta-adrenergic mechanisms. Accordingly, future studies should examine alternate mechanisms (e.g., platelet aggregation and endothelial function) and cardiovascular responses in larger samples with a longer follow-up to further clarify the predictive value of reactivity in the development of hypertension, along with potential mechanisms.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In 2009, to attack the financial and political support structure of the growing insurgency in Afghanistan, the FBI created the Major Crimes Task Force-Afghanistan (MCTF-A). However, within approximately two years, the FBI had withdrawn its personnel from the task force, and the MCTF-A’s efforts to counter corruption within the highest levels of the Karzai government were at the center of a highly public diplomatic row that changed the strategic direction of U.S. national security objectives for Afghanistan and the region. Was the outcome predictable and can lessons be captured by examining the FBI’s experience with the MCTF-A, and should the FBI ever consider attempting to build capacity in post-conflict or developing nations? The FBI is now being asked by U.S. government partners to build similar rule of law (ROL) capacity-building programs around Africa and the Middle East. Through the MCTF-A case study, a set of cultural, legal and political criteria was developed for evaluating potential capacity-building partners and programs. This thesis proposes a repeatable and structured process to help the FBI evaluate potential capacity-building partners, and design an end-based, sustainable law enforcement capacity-building program and build capable counterterrorism partners while improving the nation’s entire ROL framework.

Another time. Definitions of time in French encyclopedias, 1690-1835 The point of departure for this study is the common conception that the idea of time became "modern" in the late 18th century, meaning among other things a new, future-oriented and empowered individual. Such a view has been expressed by scholars like Lynn Hunt, Lucian Hölscher, François Hartog, Dan Edelstein as well as Reinhart Koselleck. This thesis investigates whether such a transformation is visible in eight French encyclopedias, published between 1690 and 1835. Definitions of time-related key-words are studied from a perspective of conceptual history and discourse analysis. The result of the study indicates a change in the notion of time. However, this change does not concur with the presumed breakthrough of "modernity". The dominant change is rather words that disappear during the period. The study argues that the dichotomy of time versus eternity was questioned, which changed the expectations. Definitions eventually turned away from a predetermined future, however they did not include an individual freedom to act. A new temporal consciousness is visible with the update of history, as pointed out by Koselleck. Mythology was mocked when definitions underlined rationality. The texts substituted religion with science. Diversity between individual definitions is visible mostly during the middle of the 18th century. Finally, the study discusses a possible time lag for encyclopedias used as witnesses of a discourse.
Autres temps. Les définitions du temps des encyclopédies françaises, 1690-1835 La notion de temps au sens moderne semble avoir pris forme vers la fin du 18e siècle. Cette conception du temps comme « moderne » implique entre autres choses que l'homme est conscient de la dimension temporelle, et de sa liberté de créer son propre avenir. Depuis les années 1960, plusieurs penseurs, dont François Hartog, Lynn Hunt, Lucian Hölscher, Dan Edelstein et Reinhart Koselleck, ont abordé ce décalage de la dite notion. Dans cette thèse sont examinés les changements de la notion du temps à travers les définitions de huit encyclopédies publiées entre 1690 et 1835. Au 18e siècle, les dictionnaires et les encyclopédies jouaient un rôle important quant au savoir et à la maitrise de la langue. Les analyses des définitions sont conduites à la lumière des théories conceptuelles et discursives. Les résultats de l'étude, dont le matériau s'étend sur 150 ans, confirment un changement de la notion de temps mais non pas celui dont a parlé la recherche antérieure. Les définitions témoignent d'un certain nombre d'effacements et de substitutions de différentes parties des textes. Les textes semblent avoir été plus homogènes au début et à la fin du 18e siècle et plus hétérogènes au milieu du même siècle. Les références religieuses s'y sont souvent substituées à des textes provenant des sciences naturelles, comme par exemple la mécanique. Successivement, les explications mythologiques étaient qualifiées de purs « mythes ». La dichotomie temps—éternité est remise en question et commence à disparaître. Selon d'autres chercheurs dans ce domaine, cela signifie une des conditions d'un futur non prédéterminé. Cependant, même au début du 19e siècle, les définitions parlent d'un futur contingent et non d'un homme maître de son propre futur. Pendant cette période (1690-1835), il y a aussi eu lieu un changement dans la façon de concevoir la notion d' «histoire », un phénomène qui a été souligné par Koselleck. Ce changement semble avoir entrainé une nouvelle conceptualisation de la temporalité. Dans la thèse sont discutées les encyclopédies comme étant des sources scientifiques et la possibilité d'un « time lag » dû aux définitions comparées au discours où celles-ci sont produites. Les résultats montrent l'introduction apparemment tardive d'un nouveau discours.

Masterprogram i historiska studier, inriktning idéhistoria

This thesis exammes the links between the provision of English as a Foreign Language teacher education and development (EFL TED) and the current situation in Tunisia in a period of educational and curricular change. The study starts by examining issues at the macro level and explores the connection between economic re-structuring, educational policy and the role allocated to English within this reform period. It then describes EFL teacher education and features of the new English Language Teaching (ELT) curriculum in Tunisia. At the micro level, a semistructured interview is employed to explore the views of fifteen EFL teachers concerning their education, training and development and issues related to the implementation of some innovative aspects of the ELT curriculum. Qualitative analysis of the data uncovered areas of tension and ambiguity signalling a degree of incompatibility between the teachers' perceptions of learning, teaching and the teacher's role and the concepts underlying the intended ELT curriculum and the educational reform in general. I recommend some strategies that might resolve the mismatch. I suggest ways to strengthen the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) component at university level and to foster teacher reflection at the probationary phase and post-probationary phase. I argue that serious attention needs to be paid to the conceptual dimensions of teaching by strengthening the education of teachers in the area of current issues in the profession and in general education.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed June 28, 2005). "June 2004." Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also issued in paper format.

O vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) causa uma das doenças mais importantes de bovinos em termos de custos econômicos e sociais, uma vez que é largamente disseminado na população de gado leiteiro. Os objetivos do trabalho foram estimar a prevalência em nível de rebanho e investigar fatores associados aos níveis de anticorpos em leite de tanque através de um estudo transversal, bem como discutir e comparar diferentes técnicas de modelagem, as tradicionais como regressão e as menos usuais para este fim, como as de Machine learning (ML) como Random Forest. O estudo transversal foi realizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul para a estimação da prevalência de doenças reprodutivas baseados em amostras de tanque de leite, partindo de uma população total de 81.307 rebanhos. Foram coletadas 388 amostras de tanque de leite, e nas propriedades selecionadas foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico. Como resultados se identificou uma prevalência de 23,9% (IC95% = 19,8 - 28,1) de propriedades positivas. Através de análise de regressão de Poisson se identificou como fatores associados o BVDV: o exame retal como rotina para o diagnóstico de prenhes, Razão de Prevalência [PR] = 2,73 (IC 95%: 1.87-3.98), contato direto entre animais (contato via cerca de propriedades lindeiras) (PR=1,63, IC 95%: 1.13-2.95) e propriedades que não utilizavam inseminação artificial (PR=2.07, IC 95%: 1.38-3.09) Na técnica de Random Forest pôde-se identificar uma dependência na ocorrência de BVDV devido a: inseminação artificial quando realizada pelo proprietário da propriedade ou capataz, o número de vizinhos que também possuem criação de bovinos, e em concordância com os resultados da regressão quanto a dependência da ocorrência de BVDV devido a palpação retal. Como resultado, pôde-se perceber que o BVDV está distribuído no estado do RS e caso seja de interesse do poder público, o desenvolvimento de um programa de controle da doença pode ser baseado nos resultados encontrados. Por outro lado, a contribuição deste estudo vai além das tradicionais análises realizadas em epidemiologia veterinária, principalmente devido os bons resultados obtidos com a abordagem por ML neste estudo transversal. Por fim, a utilização de técnicas estatísticas mais avançadas contribuiu para elucidar melhor os fatores possivelmente envolvidos com a ocorrência de BVDV no rebanho leiteiro gaúcho.
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most important disease of cattle in terms of economic and social costs, since it is widely disseminated in dairy cattle population. The objectives were to estimate the herd level prevalence at and investigate factors associated with antibody levels in bulk tank milk through a cross sectional study, discuss and compare different modeling techniques such as the traditional regression with the ones less used for this approach machine learning (ML). The cross sectional study was conducted in Rio Grande do Sul state to estimate the prevalence of reproductive diseases based on bulk tank milk samples, from a total population of 81,307 herds. Milk samples from 388 bulk tank were sampled, and an epidemiological questionnaire was applied in each farm. The prevalence was 23.9% (95% CI 19.8 - 28.1). Through the Poisson regression analysis, the following factors associated with BVDV were found: routine use of rectal examination for pregnancy (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 2.73 (IC 95%: 1.87-3.98), direct contact between/among animals (contact over the fence of neighboring farms) (PR = 1.63, IC 95%: 1.13-2.95) and properties that did not use artificial insemination (PR = 2.07, IC 95%: 1.38-3.09). On the other hand, using ML techniques, it was identify a dependency upon the occurrence of BVDV due to: artificial insemination when carried out by the owner of the property or foreman; the number of neighbors who also have cattle, and in accordance with the regression results as the dependence of the occurrence of BVDV due to routine use of rectal examination for pregnancy. BVDV is spread across the State and if the government's interest to launch a disease control program measures should be focusing mainly on better conditions and care in reproduction. On the other hand, the contribution of this study goes beyond traditional analyzes in veterinary epidemiology, mainly due to the good results obtained with the approach by ML in this cross-sectional study. Finally, the use of advances statistics techniques it has been made progress to better elucidate the factors possibly involved in the occurrence of BVDV in state dairy herds.

In the British colonial system, the governor of a colony is often believed to be “the man on the spot with last word”，enjoying tremendous autonomy and discretion from the metropole (London) in managing colonial affairs. Nevertheless, while there is little doubt that the social and public policies, or so-called “domestic policies and affairs”, were generally part of the Colonial Governor domain to manage, the level of autonomy that he was able to exert on those policies, other than the conventional concept of “domestic policies and affairs”，remains a debatable topic. This thesis, therefore, attempts to shed new light on how much autonomy colonial governors in fact enjoyed in the colonial system, using Sir Edward Youde, Governor of Hong Kong (1982-1986), as a case study. By reviewing the three major selected policies concerning the British government and the Hong Kong government during the Sino- British negotiation in the early 1980s, namely, the British negotiation policy from 1982 to 1984 , the introduction of Hong Kong’s further representative government reform in 1984, and the introduction of the “new style” Legislative Council in 1985, this thesis re-examines how much actual “autonomy” the Governor of Hong Kong could enjoy from London, the metropole of Hong Kong, on those policies that were sensitive and could potentially lead to London5s enormous reaction in the 1980s. Through dividing the policy process into different policy tasks, findings suggest that, the degree of autonomy that the Governor was able to enjoy was considerably constrained and diminished by London in several aspects. Based on the assessment scheme developed by the author, the Governor’s autonomy had been generally limited to the task of formulating the policy agenda, policy, and implementation over the three selected policy cases. Occasionally, he was given the autonomy to act independently and to decide whether a policy should be adopted. His level of autonomy and the policy-making competence were in essence characterized by the principal-agent framework, and highly dependent on the principal’s willingness to delegate. The three selected case studies show that political salience of each of the policy might be one of the important boundaries limiting the Governor’s autonomy. Policy of higher salience to London might lead to less room for Governor to maneuver, and vice versa.

Cette thèse présente un modèle de programmation hybride entre deux modèles de programmation parallèle : objets actifs et BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel). Les objets actifs sont spécialisés dans le parallélisme de tâche ; ils permettent d'exécuter du code fonctionnellement différent en parallèle, et d'échanger leurs résultats grâce à des futurs qui représentent ces résultats avant-même qu'ils soient disponibles. Le modèle BSP permet, quant à lui, un parallélisme assez différent de celui des objets actifs : un parallélisme de donnée. Ce parallélisme consiste à découper une tâche en plusieurs morceaux et de les traiter en parallèle pour aller plus vite. Ces deux modèles spécialisés, permettent une programmation haut niveau et ont des propriétés intéressantes telle que la facilité de programmation et le déterminisme sous certaines conditions. L'intérêt d'allier ces deux modèles est donc de permettre l'écriture de programmes combinant parallélisme de tâche et parallélisme de donnée, tout en bénéficiant des caractéristiques des deux modèles. Cette thèse étudie ce nouveau modèle d'objets actifs BSP sous un aspect théorique (grâce à une sémantique opérationnelle) et pratique (grâce à une implémentation en C++ avec MPI). Un nouveau concept de futurs distribués est également défini ; ils consistent à unifier les concepts de futurs et de vecteurs distribués. Cela permet une meilleure intégration entre objets actifs et BSP : grâce à eux, nos objets actifs BSP peuvent échanger entre eux efficacement en parallèle. L'efficacité de ces futurs distribués est montrée grâce à des benchmarks sur notre implémentation qui comparent les performances des futurs classiques et des futurs distribués
This thesis presents a hybrid programming model between two parallel programming models: active objects and BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel). Active objects are specialized in task parallelism; they enable the execution of functionally different codes in parallel and the exchange of their results thanks to futures, which represent these results before they are available. The BSP model enables a quite different parallelism from the one provided by active objects: data-parallelism. This form of parallelism consists of cutting a task into several pieces in order to process them faster in parallel. These two specialized models enable high-level programming and provide interesting properties such as ease of programming and determinism under certain conditions. The point of combining these two models is therefore to allow the writing of programs combining task-parallelism and data-parallelism, while benefiting from the properties of the two models. This thesis studies this new BSP active object model under a theoretical aspect (with operational semantics) and a practical aspect (with a C++/MPI implementation). We also introduce a new concept of distributed future. Our distributed futures consist in unifying the concepts of futures and distributed vectors in order to represent distributed data. This allows a better integration between active objects and BSP. With our distributed futures, our BSP active objects can communicate efficiently with each other in parallel. The efficiency of these distributed futures is shown through benchmark scenarios executed on our implementation. They allow us to confirm a performance improvement of our distributed futures against classical futures

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The objective of this study is to identify prospective criticai uncertainties for think tanks, important information for the elaboration of prospective scenarios for these organizations. A qualitative approach was adopted. Data were collected from literature and from interviews with key executives from Fundação Getulio Vargas and international specialists were analyzed. A theoretical evaluation of the main think tanks definitions and classifications was performed, and the common elements across the definitions were identified and used to construct a suitable think tank definition that was considered in the subsequent phases of the study. The URCA Structural Analysis Model (MARQUES, 1988) was applied to evaluate 21 prospective variables selected from the collected data. The results indicate 8 prospective criticai uncertainties for think tanks: 1) Think tanks internationalization; 2) Agenda globalization; 3) International projection of the nations; 4) Competition among think tanks; 5) Competition between think tanks and ONGs, advisers, web and other information providers; 6) Technical staff; 7) Leading group; and 8) Financiai diversification and sustainability.
EI objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las incertidumbres-críticas prospectivas para think tanks, un importante subsidio para la elaboración de escenarios prospectivos para esas organizaciones. EI enfoque es cualitativo: los datos, recolectados por medio de bibliografía y entrevistas con ejecutivos estratégicos de la Fundação Getulio Vargas y especialistas internacionales, fueron tratados por el método de Análisis Estructural. Para este fin, se utilizó el Modelo URCA (MARQUES, 1988). Creemos que se trata de un abordaje inédito en el área. La base teórica analiza las definiciones y clasificaciones de think tanks, identifica atributos comunes a tales conceptos y, a partir de esta referencial, presenta la definición think tank objeto de este estudio. A seguir, a partir de los datos recolectados, son descritas 21 variables prospectivas. Esta lista inicial de variables es sometida ai Modelo URCA de Análisis Estructural (MARQUES, 1988), indicando, como resultado, ocho incertidumbrescríticas prospectivas para think tanks: Internacionalización de think tanks; Globalización de la agenda; Proyección internacional de las naciones; Competencia entre think tanks; Competencia de ONGs, consultorías, redes y similares; Cuadro técnico; Cuerpo directivo; y Diversificación y sustentación financieras.
O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as incertezas-críticas prospectivas para fhínk fanks, importante subsídio na elaboração de cenários prospectivos para essas organizações. O enfoque é qualitativo: os dados, coletados por bibliografia e em entrevistas com executivos estratégicos da Fundação Getulio Vargas e especialistas internacionais, foram tratados pelo método da Análise Estrutural. Para tanto, utilizouse o Modelo URCA (MARQUES, 1988). Acredita-se tratar de abordagem inédita na área, pois registro de Análises Prospectivas para thínk tanks não foram localizados. A base teórica analisa diversas definições e classificações de fhínk fanks, identifica atributos comuns a tais conceitos e, a partir deste referencial, apresenta a definição de thínk tank, objeto deste estudo. Em seguida, a partir dos dados coletados, são descritas 21 variáveis prospectivas. Essa lista inicial de variáveis é submetida ao Modelo URCA de Análise Estrutural, gerando, como resultado, oito incertezascríticas prospectivas para thínk fanks: Internacionalização de thínk fanks; Globalização da agenda; Projeção internacional das nações; Concorrência entre thínk tanks; Concorrência de organizações não-governamentais, consultorias, web e similares; Quadro técnico; Corpo dirigente; e Diversificação e sustentação financeiras.

Nous présentons, dans ce manuscrit, un dispositif informatique d'aide à la formation des futurs enseignants de FLE en Colombie. Il prend ses sources dans la linguistique textuelle et cherche à améliorer le niveau linguistique des étudiants universitaires actuellement en formation. Pour ce faire, le dispositif est fondé sur un corpus textuel spécifiquement annoté et étiqueté grâce aux outils de traitement automatique de langues (TAL) et à des annotations manuelles en format XML. Ceci permet de développer des activités à visée formative, en tenant compte des besoins exprimés par les publics cibles (enseignants-formateurs et leurs étudiants en formation).Comme nous l'exposons tout au long de cette thèse, l'élaboration d'un système comme le nôtre est le produit de la mise en œuvre de connaissances et de compétences issues de plusieurs disciplines et/ou domaines : didactique des langues, ingénierie pédagogique, linguistique générale, linguistique textuelle, linguistique de corpus, TAL et ALAO. Il se veut, principalement, un dispositif pédagogique pour la formation des étudiants en FLE dans le contexte de l'éducation supérieure en Colombie, un outil pensé en fonction des besoins et des objectifs de cet apprentissage. L'originalité de notre système repose sur le type de public choisi, le modèle didactique de formation mis en œuvre et la spécificité du corpus utilisé. À notre connaissance, il s'agit d'un des premiers systèmes d'ALAO fondé sur la linguistique textuelle s'adressant à la formation des futurs enseignants de FLE dans un contexte exolingue
This thesis presents a computer device aimed at helping future FFL teacher training in Colombian universities. It is grounded in text linguistics and aims to contribute to improving the linguistic level of university students currently in training. To do so, this device is based on a textual corpus specifically annotated and labeled thanks to natural language processing (NLP) tools and to manual annotations in XML format. This should allow the development of activities with a formative aim, while also taking into account the needs expressed by the target public (teachers/trainers and their students, the trainees).As explained throughout this thesis, the elaboration of such a system is based on knowledge and skills stemming from several disciplines and/or fields: language didactics, educational engineering, general linguistics, textual linguistics, corpus linguistics, NLP and CALL. The ambition is to provide trainees and trainers in higher education in Colombia with a tool designed according to their needs and their learning aims and objectives. Finally, the originality of this system consists in the choice of target users, the didactic training model implemented and the specificity of the corpus annotated for the activities. It is one of the first CALL systems based on textual linguistics specifically targeted at training future FFL teachers in a non-native language context

Pendant longtemps, le voyage mental dans le temps a été considéré comme unique à l’humain. Selon des auteurs, les animaux ne pourraient pas se projeter dans le passé ou le futur parce qu’ils sont ancrés dans le présent. Néanmoins, pendant les 30 dernières années les chercheurs ont apporté des connaissances considérables sur les capacités des animaux à se souvenir de leur passé et à anticiper leur futur. Même si les opinions ont évolué, le débat sur l’unicité du voyage mental dans le temps est toujours d’actualité. Le but de ma thèse est d’apporter de nouvelles données sur les capacités des animaux à se souvenir du passé et à anticiper le futur. Plus particulièrement, je me suis intéressée à la mémoire de la source, qui est la capacité de retrouver l’origine d’un souvenir, chez deux espèces animales très éloignées, la seiche commune Sepia officinalis, et le geai des chênes, Garrulus glandarius. Les résultats ont montré que les seiches étaient capables de résoudre une tâche de discrimination perceptive, montrant qu’elles pouvaient discriminer et retenir leurs propres perceptions après un délai de 3 heures. Les geais, eux, ont révélé des différences mâles/femelles inattendues concernant leur capacité d’encoder et de retrouver une information contextuelle non-intentionnelle (source contextuelle). Une étude sur le comportement orienté vers le futur a montré que les seiches étaient capables de prendre une décision dans le présent en fonction de ce qu’elles avaient appris dans le passé, et en fonction des conditions expérimentales futures. Une étude préliminaire sur la planification a également apporté des résultats prometteurs sur la capacité des seiches à anticiper leurs besoins futurs. Enfin, nous avons pu explorer et mettre en lumière pour la première fois les substrats neuroanatomiques de la mémoire de type épisodique chez la seiche. Ces résultats permettent d’enrichir nos connaissances sur le voyage mental dans le temps chez la seiche et chez le geai, suggérant que cette capacité cognitive complexe peut avoir évolué sous différentes contraintes environnementales
Some authors support that mental time travel is unique to humans. To their point of view, animals are not able to project themselves into the past of the future because they are bound into the present. Nevertheless, during the last 30 years, researchers have brought considerable knowledge on animals’ capacities to travel mentally through time. Even though opinions have evolved, the debate concerning the unicity of mental time travel is still on. My PhD thesis aimed at bringing further knowledge on this matter by focusing on an innovative aspect of episodic cognition in common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis and Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius, namely, source-memory. Source-memory is the capacity to retrieve the origin of an episodic memory. Results showed that cuttlefish were able to perform a source-discrimination study, revealing that they were able to discriminate and retrieve their own perceptions after 3-hours delay. A study on jays’ capacity to encode incidentally a contextual information (contextual source) revealed unexpected differences between males and females. Investigation of future-oriented behaviour in cuttlefish showed that they were able to take a decision in the present according to previous encoded knowledge and according to future experimental conditions. A preliminary study also revealed promising results on cuttlefish capacity to anticipate their future needs. To finish, we explored and revealed for the first time the neuronal substrates of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish. Alltogether, these results provide new knowledge on mental time travel in cuttlefish and in jays, suggesting that this capacity would have evolved under different environmental contraints

Construit en multiréférentialité, sur les postulats de la psychologie socioculturelle de Vygotski, de l’analyse clinique de l’activité (Y. Clot), de l’ergonomie de l’activité, cette étude a pour finalité de construire une intelligibilité des pratiques, habitus et singularité entremêlés, dans une approche compréhensive et développementale des actions de préparation, comme « une présence au futur » .Quel(s) liens font les enseignants entre le sens, la forme et les modalités de leur action anticipatrice de préparation et le cours d’action de leur conduite effective de la classe, leur pilotage des tâches, dans la complexité d’une situation d’enseignement-apprentissage, à l’école élémentaire au cours d’une expérimentation de terrain en autoconfrontation croisée ?Cette PROBLEMATIQUE s’organise dans une démarche descriptive et compréhensive autour de trois HYPOTHESES : L’hypothèse 1, sur la nature de la pratique - chaque professionnel interprète différemment la préparation. L’hypothèse 2, entre ce sur quoi porte l’anticipation de la séance (facilitant ou non la gestion de l’imprévu) et son pilotage effectif. L’hypothèse 3, sur les prolongements possibles en formation.La METHODE, une « quasi-expérimentation », permet l’accès à la réalité quotidienne des pratiques, dans un espace de co-construction praticiens / chercheur, en appui de l’autoconfrontation qui permet de «faire vivre la conscience pour l’étudier» (Vygotski), lorsque celle-ci est mise à disposition d’un collectif professionnel, constituant le corpus, arrêté, in fine, sur cinq acteurs singuliers, pour une recherche de typicalité de cas d’enseignants.Les INDICATEURS d’analyse, organisés autour des traces et des conceptions de la préparation, permettent d’éclairer le paradigme d’anticipation et la préparation :- Il existe plusieurs configurations déterminées par le rapport au support-outil et la gestion des interactions langagières.- Le déroulement effectif de la classe est le résultat d’un système d’interactions entre le pilotage à partir de la préparation et les interprétations, incertitudes majeures, que les élèves font des tâches. - En anticipant avec le cadre linéaire de la préparation « canonique » l’enseignant pilote du linéaire, a contrario de l’apprentissage et n’intègre pas de possibilité d’improvisation . Ce n’est pas un outil suffisant du métier, il permet d’établir des relations de détermination, mais peu de relations de signification : l’interprétation reste donc en tension. Pour résoudre cette tension, on peut envisager une voie complémentaire, au croisement d’une clinique de la relation éducative et d’une clinique de l’activité : une post-paration individuelle et collective. Cette POST-PARATION – qui permet de problématiser, d’introduire quelque chose qui n’est pas dans le constat de situation et de se positionner dans cette présence au futur pour permettre l’ajustement de l’action - corrélée avec le style professionnel, en lien avec le genre est constitutive d’un capital de mise en mots et d’un répertoire de mise en actes, qui sont des ressources pour préfigurer l’action
Built in multireferentiality, on the postulates of the sociocultural psychology of Vygotski, of the clinical analysis of activity (Y. Clot), of the ergonomics of the activity, the finality of this study is to build an intelligibility of the practices, habitus and singularity intermingled, in an understanding and développementale approach of the actions of preparation, like “a presence with the future” .Which bonds make the teachers between the direction, the form and the methods of their anticipatrice action of preparation and the action in progress of their effective control of the class, their leading (piloting) of the tasks, with the complexity of a situation of teaching-training, at the elementary school during an experimentation of ground in cross autoconfrontation?This PROBLEMATIC is organized in a descriptive and understanding step around three ASSUMPTIONS: Assumption 1, about the nature of the practice - each professional interprets the preparation differently. Assumption 2, between it to what the anticipation of the meeting relates (facilitating or not the management of unforeseen) and its effective piloting. Assumption 3, on the possible prolongations in formation.The METHOD, a “quasi-experimentation”, the access to the daily reality of the practices allows, in an enquiring space of co-construction experts / researcher, in support of the autoconfrontation which makes it possible “to make live the conscience to study it” (Vygotski), when this one is placed at the group of professional’s disposal, constituting the corpus, decree, in fine, on five singular actors, for a search for typicality of case of teachers.The INDICATORS of analysis, organized around the traces and of the designs of the preparation, make it possible to clarify the paradigm of anticipation and the preparation:- There are several configurations determined by the report with the support-tool and the management of the linguistic interactions.- The progress of the real enfolding class is the result of a system of interactions between piloting starting from the preparation and interpretations, major uncertainties, that the pupils make with the tasks. - While anticipating with the linear framework of the “canonical” preparation the teacher controls the linear one, on the opposite of the training and does not integrate a possibility of improvisation . It is not a sufficient tool of the trade, it makes it possible to establish relations of determination, but few relations of significance: interpretation thus remains in tension.To solve this tension, one can plan a complementary way, with the crossing of a private clinic of the educational relation and a private clinic of the activity: an individual and collective post-paration. This POST-PARATION - which allows problématiser, to introduce something which is not in the report of situation and to be in this presence with the future to allow the adjustment of the action - correlated with the professional style, in bond with the kind is constitutive of a capital of setting in words and of a repertory of acting out, which is resources to precede the action

У тезах розкрито роль рефлексивних умінь під час навчання професійно орієнтованого говоріння майбутніх учителів англійської мови. Використання рефлексивних завдань на практичних заняттях з практики мовлення вважається невід’ємним складником моделі професійно орієнтованої підготовки студента ВНЗ.
The article deals with the role of reflexive skills while teaching professionally oriented speaking to future teachers of English. Reflexive tasks during English Practice classes are considered to be the essential aspect of the Uneversity students professionally oriented training.

Crowdsourcing has become a popular choice for tackling problems that neither computers nor humans alone can solve with adequate speed, cost, and quality. However, instructing crowds to execute tasks in the manner expected by the requesters is challenging. It depends on not only requesters’ task design abilities but also workers’ understanding of the tasks. Task design bridges the communication gap between workers and requesters, which consists of instructions, payment, time limit on task, and the interface for workers to work on. It remains an underdeveloped but important topic that needs further exploration for improving crowdsourcing experience. My research studies task delivery from requesters to crowd workers. The goal is to improve the communication between the two and, in turn, increase accuracy of results and decrease variability due to differing interpretations and perspectives. Specifically, this dissertation presents a series of studies to show that high-quality results can be obtained from human workers through improved task design, by 1) designing incentives to recruit workers with the appropriate skills for given tasks, 2) designing unambiguous instructions to clearly express task requirements, 3) choosing the correct strategy to communicate the requisite task knowledge with workers, and 4) enhancing requesters’ ability to rapidly prototype Augmented Reality (AR) instructions. This dissertation demonstrates that crowdsourcing quality is improved when the tasks are communicated using mediums and structures that align with workers’ preference and utility

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil (área de especialização em Perfil de Construções)
Tall buildings are one of the major technological achievements in the 20th century. Burj Khalifa or Shanghai World Financial Center put the cities in which they are built in the imaginary of the common citizen. The following dissertation will focus on provide a basic understanding of the different structural methodologies applied in tall buildings that allows them to go higher. It also address some macro economical patterns that are present when there is the construction of a world's tallest building, in order to connect tall buildings with macroeconomic environment. To provide a thinking line about which happenings and factors led to the evolution of tall buildings, especially regarding their location, function and high. Finally, to release some of the knowledge and challenges that innovative ways to construct tall buildings enclosure, focusing on prefabrication and modular tall buildings. The methodology adopted in this research was mostly based on bibliographic investigation and data collection and analysis from databases related with the construction of tall buildings. The data collected was especially analyzed in terms of the relationship between relevant economical and political drivers and the construction of tall buildings. Additionally, recent examples of paradigmatic tall building projects, either still in the project stage or already constructed, were analyzed and framed in the context of the several factors identified as strongly related with tall buildings features. The obtained results suggest that tall buildings evolution is closely related with economical and strategic environment of where they are built. The construction of the world's tallest building holders is the climax of an artificial economic environment around societies. Moreover tall buildings' evolution is shown to partly result from economic performances and technical development but also from ego and symbolic motivations. The innovation in tall buildings construction necessary to make them more sustainable and affordable still has a long way to travel. Prefabrication and modularization seem to have real chances to provide a new paradigm in tall buildings construction, in spite of some challenges that are still faced.
Os edifícios altos são uma das maiores conquistas tecnológicas do século XX. O Burj-Khalifa ou o Shanghai World Financial Center colocam as cidades onde são construídos no imaginário do cidadão comum. Esta dissertação pretende fornecer uma compreensão básica dos modelos estruturais aplicados nestes edifícios e que lhes têm permitido ir cada vez mais alto. Também são analisados alguns padrões macroeconómicos que são identificáveis aquando da construção de um edifício mais alto do mundo, de modo a estabelecer uma ligação entre edifícios altos e a macroeconomia. É ainda elaborada uma linha de raciocínio e de acontecimentos que ajudam a explicar a evolução nos edifícios altos, no que concerne à sua localização, função e altura. Finalmente, no contexto de desenvolvimentos recentes no contexto da construção rápida de edifícios altos, explora-se o conhecimento actual sobre métodos inovadores de construção de edifícios altos focando a pré-fabricação e a modularização. A metodologia adotada nesta pesquisa é baseada principalmente em investigação bibliográfica e recolha de dados e análise de bases de dados relacionadas com a construção de edifícios altos. Os dados recolhidos foram analisados em termos de relações entre estímulos económicos e políticos na construção de edifícios altos. Adicionalmente, foram analisados e enquadrados no contexto de vários factores identificados como fortemente relacionados com as características de arranha-céus alguns exemplos de projectos de arranha-céus paradigmáticos, tanto em fase de construção como já construídos. Os resultados sugerem que a evolução nestes edifícios é intima do ambiente económico e estratégico em que eles se encontram. A construção dos edifícios mais altos do mundo é o clímax de um clima económico artificialmente criado. A evolução nos edifícios altos é, em parte, devida a performances económicas e de desenvolvimento tecnológico, mas também a motivações ego centristas e de simbolismo. A inovação necessária na construção de edifícios altos, para os tornar mais sustentáveis e a mais acessíveis é um caminho que ainda está a ser percorrido. A pré-fabricação e a modularização parecem ter potencial de criar um novo paradigma na construção de edifícios altos, apesar de alguns desafios que são colocados.

Дисертацію присвячено розв‘язанню проблеми навчання мовленнєвої адаптації майбутніх учителів англійської мови – студентів третіх курсів ВНЗ. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше теоретично обґрунтовано, розроблено й експериментально перевірено методику навчання мовленнєвої адаптації майбутніх учителів англійської мови; визначено уміння комплексної мовленнєвої адаптації; удосконалено перелік адаптивних мовленнєвих умінь учителя англійської мови для ефективного педагогічного спілкування; набуло подальшого розвитку уточнення ефективних шляхів покращення сприйняття навчальної інформації учнями на уроці англійської мови. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає у відборі навчального матеріалу для формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації у майбутніх учителів англійської мови; розробленні комплексу вправ; створенні моделі організації навчального процесу для реалізації запропонованої методики; укладанні методичних рекомендацій щодо організації відповідного навчання. У Вступі обґрунтовано актуальність теми, визначено мету і завдання, об‘єкт і предмет дослідження, зазначено наукову новизну, практичне значення, методи дослідження, зв‘язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами та темами, наведено відомості щодо апробації одержаних результатів. У першому розділі дисертації проаналізовано сучасний стан розвитку наукової думки із проблеми формування вмінь професійно орієнтованого говоріння, досліджено теоретичні передумови формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації у майбутніх учителів англійської мови на заняттях із практики усного та писемного мовлення. Визначено зміст навчання мовленнєвої адаптації: професійно орієнтований мовний матеріал (фонетичний, граматичний, лексичний); професійно орієнтований мовленнєвий матеріал (вирази класного вжитку, навчальні тексти, матеріал шкільних підручників); невербальні засоби спілкування (жести); професійно орієнтовані знання; теми та ситуації спілкування; професійно орієнтовані навички та вміння. Обґрунтовано шість груп умінь мовленнєвої адаптації на різних лінгвістичних рівнях: адаптивні вміння організації, оцінювання та корекції, стимулювання, фасилітації, інформування, контролю. Встановлено, що основною характеристикою мовлення вчителя іноземної мови (ІМ) вважається зрозумілість, яка сприяє підвищенню ефективності дидактичного комунікативного впливу в процесі педагогічної взаємодії та досягається шляхом пристосування мовлення вчителя до рівня підготовки учнів. Адаптація мовлення вчителя ІМ здійснюється шляхом спрощення або ускладнення, тобто шляхом модифікації мовлення вчителя на фонетичному, лексичному, синтаксичному рівнях та на рівні дискурсу. Більш високий рівень доступності усної навчальної інформації досягається шляхом застосування вмінь комплексної МА, яку ми розуміємо як адаптацію мовлення вчителя одночасно щонайменше на двох із чотирьох зазначених вище лінгвістичних рівнях. Виокремлено найбільш ефективні модифікації мовлення щодо покращення сприйняття навчальної інформації учнями: на фонетичному рівні (використання різних видів наголосу, пауз; зміни інтонації), на лексичному рівні (перефразування слів), на синтаксичному рівні (спрощення структури речення, сурядний зв'язок; уникання скорочень слів, прислівників перед дієсловами), на рівні дискурсу (формулювання питання-стимулу у формі відкритого спеціального запитання, додаткового альтернативного запитання, додаткового неповного запитання, демонстраційного або довідкового запитання; застосування часткових повторень, різних способів перевірки розуміння). Другий розділ дослідження присвячено розробленню методики навчання мовленнєвої адаптації майбутніх учителів англійської мови. Здійснено відбір навчальних матеріалів з урахуванням принципів комунікативної необхідності та достатності, кореляції навчальних матеріалів зі шкільними підручниками, професіоналізації, релевантності, автентичності. Описано етапи формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації в межах навчального модуля. Розроблено підсистему вправ для формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації у майбутніх учителів англійської мови. Вона складається з чотирьох груп вправ для формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації на фонетичному, лексичному, синтаксичному рівнях та вмінь комплексної мовленнєвої адаптації. Кожна група містить шість підгруп вправ для формування адаптивних мовленнєвих умінь учителя, об‘єднаних відповідно у два блоки. Об‘єднання підгруп вправ у блоки викликано потребою застосувати вміння мовленнєвої адаптації, які формуються, для розв‘язання конкретних завдань у змодельованих ситуаціях під час проведення фрагмента уроку в кінці кожного блоку вправ. Запропоновано модель організації навчання мовленнєвої адаптації майбутніх учителів англійської мови для студентів третіх курсів ВНЗ, яка об‘єднує чотири навчальні модулі. Мета кожного модуля – формування вмінь мовленнєвої адаптації на відповідному рівні модифікації мовлення шляхом виконання шести підгруп вправ, проведення двох фрагментів уроків, заповнення таблиць спостереження та участі в рефлексивних бесідах. У третьому розділі описано організацію та хід експерименту, указано етапи його проведення; проаналізовано й інтерпретовано одержані результати, подано їхню статистичну обробку. Ефективність розробленої методики підтверджено шляхом проведення методичного експерименту. Результати експерименту свідчать про загальну ефективність обох варіантів методики. Горизонтальний характер експерименту допоміг визначити оптимальну організацію навчання МА із застосовуванням письмової рефлексії під час проведення мікротренінгу та самооцінювання ступеня володіння вміннями МА. За результатами проведеного експериментального дослідження укладено методичні рекомендації щодо раціональної організації навчання МА майбутніх учителів англійської мови.
The thesis focuses on the problem of teaching speech adaptation to the third-year students of foreign languages departments who are trained to be future English language teachers. The research provides theoretical substantiation and practical elaboration of the methodology of teaching speech adaptation to future English language teachers. The scientific novelty of the research: for the first time the methodology of teaching speech adaptation to the future English language teachers has been theoretically grounded, developed and verified; complex speech adaptation skills have been ascertained; the list of speech adaptation skills of future English language teachers for increasing the pupils‘ input comprehension has been elaborated; effective ways for increasing the pupils‘ input comprehension during the English classes have been further specified. The practical value of the scientific research: the materials for teaching speech adaptation to the future English language teachers have been selected; the subsystem of professionally oriented activities has been developed; the model of teaching speech adaptation to the 3rd year University students has been developed; the methodological recommendations for the organization of the process of teaching speech adaptation have been suggested. In the Introduction the significance of the problem is grounded; the purpose, the tasks, the object and the subject of the thesis are defined; the scientific novelty, the practical value, methods of the research, the connection with scientific programs are described; the information about the approbation of the results of the research is provided. In the first chapter the current state of scientific ideas concerning the problem of developing professionally oriented speaking skills has been analyzed; the theoretical prerequisites for developing speech adaptation skills of future English language teachers during English Practice classes have been investigated. The content of speech adaptation teaching is substantiated: professionally oriented language material (phonetic, grammar, lexical); professionally oriented speech material (classroom language, educational texts, the material of school textbooks); non-verbal means of communication (gestures); professionally oriented knowledge; topics and situations for communication; professionally oriented skills. Six groups of skills of speech adaptation at different linguistic levels are grounded. They are: organizing adaptive skills, assessing-correcting adaptive skills, stimulating adaptive skills, facilitating adaptive skills, informative adaptive skills and checking adaptive skills. It is determined that the essential characteristic of the English language teacher talk is its comprehensibility which helps to increase the effect of the didactic communicative impact during pedagogical interaction. The comprehensibility is achieved by means of teacher talk adjustment to the level of pupils. The teacher talk adaptation is carried out by means of simplifying or making the speech more complicated, in other words, by means of speech modifications at phonetic, lexical, syntactical levels and at the level of discourse. The higher level of the pupils‘ input comprehension is achieved with the help of complex speech adaptation which is defined as the teacher talk adaptation simultaneously at two linguistic levels. The most effective modifications of teacher talk for increasing the pupils‘ input comprehension are indicated: at the phonetic level (using logical stress, pauses, intonation), at the lexical level (paraphrasing), at the syntactical level (simplifying sentence structure, using coordination more than subordination; using fewer contractions, avoiding pre-verb adverbs), and at the level of discourse (open questions, giving clues in alternative questions, referential and display questions; partial repetitions, different types of comprehension checks). The second chapter is devoted to the elaboration of the methodology of teaching speech adaptation to future English language teachers. The teaching materials have been selected according to the principles of communicative necessity and sufficiency, correlation of teaching materials with school textbooks, professionalization, relevance, and authenticity. The stages of developing speech adaptation skills within one module are described. The subsystem of activities for developing speech adaptation skills has been presented. It consists of four groups of activities for developing speech adaptation skills at phonetic, lexical, syntactical levels and skills of complex speech adaptation. Each group contains six subgroups of activities for developing adaptive speech skills, which are combined respectively into two units. This combination of the subgroups is caused by the necessity to use the adaptive speech skills which are being developed while taking part in microteaching at the end of each unit. The model of teaching speech adaptation to the 3rd year University students has been developed. The model contains four modules. The purpose of each module is to develop students‘ speech adaptation skills at phonetic, lexical, syntactical levels and skills of complex speech adaptation by means of doing activities of six subgroups, taking part in microteaching and reflective discussions, and filling in observation tables. In the third chapter the organization, the procedures and the stages of the experimental teaching have been described; the results of the experiment have been analyzed and interpreted, their statistic processing has been given. The efficiency of the suggested methodology has been confirmed by means of the experiment. The results of the experimental teaching prove the general validity of both variants of the suggested methodology; its optimal variant with written reflection during microteaching and self-assessment has been substantiated. Based on the theoretical studies and outcomes of the experimental validation of the developed methodology, the methodological recommendations for the organization of the process of teaching speech adaptation to future English language teachers have been suggested.

博士
國立中央大學
資訊工程學系
107
With the rapid development of mobile, cloud and Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for network resource allocation, traffic processing and service management drives the transformation of traditional network infrastructure. The emergence of Software Defined Network (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) technology turns the complicated network architecture into a virtual and programmable network. SDN/NFV not only drives the transformation of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry, but also the rise of edge computing, leading the development trend of 5G technology in the future. How to meet the requirements of different users, flexible and rapid allocation of virtual computing resources, and further provide on-demand service is the key to the future development of 5G IoT services. In order to reduce the waiting time of data to and from the cloud and reduce the network bandwidth cost, this paper proposes a gateway-based edge computing service model. By adjusting the edge gateway's task schedule, more service requests can be processed with less waiting time. The user's service requests can be processed as close as possible to the edge network devices. If the computing power required by the service exceeds the computing power of the edge gateway or cannot be processed, it will be forwarded to the cloud for processing. In terms of Virtual Network Function (VNF) deployment, the application of NFV virtualization technology and SDN OpenFlow traffic control mechanism can significantly improve the flexibility and scalability of network service deployment. In order to achieve rapid deployment of NFV, this paper analyzes several different deployment strategies and explores factors that may affect the efficiency of VNF deployment. In addition, this paper also compares the differences between Virtual Machine (VM) and Docker virtualization technologies to meet the requirements of edge computing device resource allocation. In terms of edge computing applications, because network security is an important research direction of 5G, the paper utilizes Service Function Chaining (SFC) technology to design and implementation of a Service On-Demand (SOD) system for security applications. SFC can improve the application efficiency of network security services and reduce the cost of hardware equipment and provide innovative action edge network security application and service models that can meet the needs of different users. The edge computing service architecture proposed in this paper helps to reduce the computational load of traditional cloud architecture and improve the operational efficiency of edge computing devices. It can be used as the basis for the development of Cloudy-Fog Computing integrated security applications in the future 5G network.

Yes
In this paper, we aim to contribute to the literature on post-growth futures. Modern imaginings of the future are constrained by the assumptions of growth-based capitalism. To escape these assumptions we turn to utopian fiction. We explore depictions of work in Cokaygne, a utopian tradition dating back to the 12th century, and William Morris's 19th century News from Nowhere. Cokaygne is a land of excessive consumption without work, while in News from Nowhere work is the route to the good life. These competing notions provide inspiration for a post-growth vision of work. We argue that biophysical and social dynamics mean that in a post-growth economy we are likely to have to be less productive and work more. But, this can be a utopian vision. By breaking the link between work and consumption at the level of the individual, we can remove some of the coercion in work. This would free us to do jobs that contribute to the social good, rather than generate exchange value, and empower us to fight for good work. Finally, we draw on eco-feminist analyses of capitalism to argue that by challenging labour productivity growth we can also challenge wider forces of oppression.

Cultural policy studies, or studies in the relations of government and culture (Mercer, 1994) were initiated in Australia in the 1980s, where cultural studies have been reinterpreted into a dialogue of policy-making and cooperation between the government and academia (Cunningham, 1994; Hunter, 1993/1994; Molloy, 1994; Santamaria, 1994). This Australian-pioneered "cultural policy moment" (Cunningham 1994; Hawkins, 1994) thus provides an epistemological starting point for an analysis of cultural policy developments in South Africa, especially after 1994. Early South African cultural policy studies tend to draw from the Australian experience (Tomaselli and Shepperson, 1996). It must be noted that in terms of South African film policy analysis, there have been two cultural policy moments, one that addresses film post World War II to 1991, a period that is generally characterised as a "cinema of apartheid" (Tomaselli, 1989). This period is indebted to the seminal work of Keyan Tomaselli and Martin Botha. The second cultural policy moment begins in 1991 and continues to the present. It is this "moment" that informs the research and critical focus of the ways in which cultural studies in South Africa have modified the foundation of its critical position towards the state in response to developments since 1990. The aim of this thesis is to critically examine the ways in which South African cultural studies have responded to the Australian "cultural policy moment" in terms of academic-state relations, and the impact of discussions that were engaged in by various film organisations on film policy after 1990, and which resulted in the written proposals on film submitted to the Arts and Culture Task Group in 1994 and 1995. The Arts and Culture Task Group was the case study within which the notion of cultural policy was studied, along with the White Paper on Film. This thesis draws on and applies a variety of methods: firstly, there is the participatory research: I was employed by ACTAG to undertake research into film policy. My own experience of the process in which I worked very closely with the film sub-committee provides an "insider" account of assumptions, conflicts, practices and how outcomes were reached. I was also designated, along with Professor Tomaselli and Dr Botha, as one of the co-authors of the White Paper, and was thus part of the process of revising the ACTAG recommendations into draft legislation. Secondly, there is the method of comparative study: this thesis initially draws on the Australian cultural studies and film policy on the one hand, and South African cultural studies and film policy on the other. It then evolves into a critique of the "cultural policy moment" (Cunningham, 1994; Hawkins, 1994) as it related to the development of South African film policy between 1991 and 1997. Lastly, there was the empirical investigation: ACTAG, which was established to counsel Dr Ben Ngubane on the formulation of policy for the newly established government (see Chapter Four of this thesis, and see Karam, 1996), served as a case study. The final ACTAG document resulted in a reformulated arts and culture dispensation consistent with the new Constitution. This process in turn led to the origination and publication of the Government of National Unity's White Paper on Film in May 1996. Incorporated into this analysis was an "information trawl" (Given, 1994; Mercer, 1994 and Santamaria, 1994) of prior and extant policy frameworks and assumptions of various film, cultural and media organizations formulated during the period under review. The link between film and culture, and hence film and cultural policy, emerges from the following two commonplace associations: firstly, that film as a form of visual creation is therefore a form of art; and secondly, that the concepts of art and culture are inextricably connected. What drives the present debate is the Australian appropriations of Raymond Williams's description of culture as "a whole way of life". This, while validly dissolving the early-twentieth century identification of culture with "high" or "canonical" forms of traditional literature, sculpture, or painting, none the less leaves theorists with a "distinct fuzziness" (Johnson, 1979) as to what the term "culture" actually denotes. Australian policy studies' approaches tend to focus on culture as personifying a structure of "livability" under terms of employment, environmental concerns, and urban planning (Cunningham, 1994; Hawkins, 1994). In general, however, the focus has only attained any concrete outcomes when research has resuscitated precisely the link between culture and the arts, thereby drawing on the old polemics of "high" versus "low" and "popular" culture. The individual chapters cover the following topics: the Introductory Chapter provides a general historical overview of the South African film subsidization system, a crucial element of the analytical framework, from its inception in 1956 to it's dissolvement in the 1980s; Chapter Two, "Cultural Policy" deals with the origination and development of the concept of "cultural policy"; Chapter Three focuses on the Australian "cultural policy moment" and it's application to film; Chapters Four and Five deal with the ACTAG Film Sub-committee and the White Paper on Film respectively; and the last chapter, Chapter Six critiques these processes and their resulting documents, as case studies, from a cultural policy standpoint.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1997.

It has been endlessly demonstrated that the provinces will stand in the way of successful negotiations towards a common or national securities regulator in Canada. While there are many flaws in the current regulatory system, there are aspects of a decentralized model that can be valuable, particularly in a country with such regional diversity. Moving forward, policy development should focus on strengthening the current system while realizing the political realities that persist. By retaining various aspects of a decentralized model, yet also cooperating with the federal government to overcome issues that a national regulator might have resolved, there is potential for Canada’s system to prevail.

Ce mémoire présente une implantation de la création paresseuse de tâches desti- née à des systèmes multiprocesseurs à mémoire distribuée. Elle offre un sous-ensemble des fonctionnalités du Message-Passing Interface et permet de paralléliser certains problèmes qui se partitionnent difficilement de manière statique grâce à un système de partitionnement dynamique et de balancement de charge. Pour ce faire, il se base sur le langage Multilisp, un dialecte de Scheme orienté vers le traitement parallèle, et implante sur ce dernier une interface semblable à MPI permettant le calcul distribué multipro- cessus. Ce système offre un langage beaucoup plus riche et expressif que le C et réduit considérablement le travail nécessaire au programmeur pour pouvoir développer des programmes équivalents à ceux en MPI. Enfin, le partitionnement dynamique permet de concevoir des programmes qui seraient très complexes à réaliser sur MPI. Des tests ont été effectués sur un système local à 16 processeurs et une grappe à 16 processeurs et il offre de bonnes accélérations en comparaison à des programmes séquentiels équiva- lents ainsi que des performances acceptables par rapport à MPI. Ce mémoire démontre que l’usage des futures comme technique de partitionnement dynamique est faisable sur des multiprocesseurs à mémoire distribuée.
This master’s thesis presents an implementation of lazy task creation for distributed memory multiprocessors. It offers a subset of Message-Passing Interface’s functionality and allows parallelization of some problems that are hard to statically partition thanks to its dynamic partitionning and load balancing system. It is based on Multilisp, a Scheme dialect for parallel computing, and implements an MPI like interface on top of it. It offers a richer and more expressive language than C and simplify the work needed to developp programs similar to those in MPI. Finally, dynamic partitioning allows some programs that would be very hard to develop in MPI. Tests were made on a 16 cpus computer and on a 16 cpus cluster. The system gets good accelerations when compared to equivalent sequential programs and acceptable performances when compared to MPI. It shows that it is possible to use futures as a dynamic partitioning method on distributed memory multiprocessors.

碩士
長榮大學
神學系碩士班
106
This thesis is focused on The Theological Meaning Implied in the Transcendent Pursuit of Lee Chiao's fiction─A Case Study of No Hatred in Love: The New Tale of White Snake and The World of Love: Back to the Future. I propose to analyze the dialectical process of theological views in these two fictions. No Hatred in Love: The New Tale of White Snake shows the finitude of humanity and tries to find out transcendence. However, The World of Love: Back to the Future emphasizes the humanity has the potential of transcendence. In other words, Lee Chiao believes human have the potential to transcend the suffering of human life. The problems of suffering that Lee Chiao intended to solve along his life. First of all, this study tries to delimit the theological meaning implied in these two fictions. Both of them are mythological allegory in their genus, and have theological implications, no matter in form or in contend. We could find how Lee Chiao, a famous Taiwanese Christian novelist, tried to understand Christian thought and reinterpreted it in his two fictions. Secondly, from the point of view of theology, we will observe the change of the meaning of the suffering in his two fictions. Thirdly, this thesis will examine the change of the main characters in these two fictions concerning the power of transcendence. Lastly but not the least one, this thesis will disclose the influence and change of the Transcendental One to human beings. Particularly, it will focus on the relationship between the Transcendental One and the way of redemption.