Academic literature on the topic 'Future solar installations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Vasiliev, Mikhail, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, and Kamal Alameh. "Initial Field Testing Results from Building-Integrated Solar Energy Harvesting Windows Installation in Perth, Australia." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194002.
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We report on the field testing datasets and performance evaluation results obtained from a commercial property-based visually-clear solar window installation site in Perth-Australia. This installation was fitted into a refurbished shopping center entrance porch and showcases the potential of glass curtain wall-based solar energy harvesting in built environments. In particular, we focus on photovoltaic (PV) performance characteristics such as the electric power output, specific yield, day-to-day consistency of peak output power, and the amounts of energy generated and stored daily. The dependencies of the generated electric power and stored energy on multiple environmental and geometric parameters are also studied. An overview of the current and future application potential of high-transparency, visually-clear solar window-based curtain wall installations suitable for practical building integration is provided.
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Lan, Wei, Bin Wang, and Yi Ming Feng. "Comparative Optimization on the Focusing Methods of Solar-Electric Dish Stirling System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.714.
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Nowadays, the high-speed economic development has caused significant consumption of energy. While the circumstance is getting severer, solar energy is taken as a kind of clean, environmental friendly resource with infinite storage that has aroused a wide public concern. Photovoltaic and solar thermal are two main categories of solar applications. Because of its high conversion efficiency, low emission and flexible installation, dish Stirling solar power technology is more preferable to be used among the solar thermal area. From the view of practical engineering application, this paper illustrates multiple focusing methods of the current dish Stirling solar power systems in detail, and the comparison of these methods are given to analyze their advantages, disadvantages and their application scenarios. It can be used for the future development of dish Stirling solar power technology and applied as a reference for large dish solar thermal power plants’ installations and tests.
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C., Rus-Casas, Hontoria L., Fernández-Carrasco J.I., Jiménez-Castillo G., and Muñoz-Rodríguez F. "Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030304.
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In order to develop future projects in the field of photovoltaic solar energy, it is essential to accurately know the potential solar resources. There are many methods to estimate the incident solar radiation in a certain place. However, most of them are very expensive or do not have the ideal characteristics for good monitoring of a particular photovoltaic installation. For these reasons, an electronic device connected to the internet of things (IoT) is presented in this paper which manages to measure global radiation in photovoltaic applications. The device developed has been patented in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. It presents some features that make it very suitable to measure photovoltaic installations with the advantage of being a low cost and very reliable device. The device has been tested to determine global horizontal irradiance obtaining a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.994.
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Boretti, Alberto, Stefania Castelletto, Wael Al-Kouz, and Jamal Nayfeh. "The energy future of Saudi Arabia." E3S Web of Conferences 181 (2020): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018103005.
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In a recent publication, North European experts argue that “Saudi Arabia can achieve a 100% renewable energy power system by 2040 with a power sector dominated by PV single-axis tracking and battery storage”. They also say “Battery storage contributed up to 30% of the total electricity demand in 2040 and the contribution increases to 48% by 2050”. Based on considerations specific to the geography, climate conditions, and resources of Saudi Arabia, it is explained as batteries and photovoltaic solar panels are not the best choice for the country's energy sector. To cover all the total primary energy supply of Saudi Arabia by solar photovoltaic, plus battery storage to compensate for the sun's energy intermittency, unpredictability, and seasonal variability, is impracticable and inconvenient, for both the economy and the environment. Better environment and economy may be achieved by further valorizing the fossil fuel resources, through the construction of other high-efficiency plants such as the combined cycle gas turbine plants of Qurayyah, development of novel technologies for the production of clean fuels and clean electricity, including oxyfuel combustion and carbon capture and storage. Construction of nuclear power plants may also be more beneficial to the economy and the environment than photovoltaic and batteries. Regarding solar energy, enclosed trough solar thermal power systems developed along the coast have much better perspectives than solar photovoltaic, as embedded thermal energy storage is a better approach than battery storage. Further, a centralized power plant works better than distributed rooftop photovoltaic installations covered by dust and sand, rusted or cracked. Finally, pumped hydro energy storage along the coast may also have better perspectives than battery storage.
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Epstein, Scott A., Sang-Mi Lee, Aaron S. Katzenstein, Marc Carreras-Sospedra, Xinqiu Zhang, Salvatore C. Farina, Pouya Vahmani, Philip M. Fine, and George Ban-Weiss. "Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 34 (August 7, 2017): 8991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703560114.
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The installation of roofing materials with increased solar reflectance (i.e., “cool roofs”) can mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use. In addition, meteorological changes, along with the possibility of enhanced UV reflection from these surfaces, can have complex impacts on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. We aim to evaluate the air-quality impacts of widespread cool-roof installations prescribed by California’s Title 24 building energy efficiency standards within the heavily populated and polluted South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Development of a comprehensive rooftop area database and evaluation of spectral reflectance measurements of roofing materials allows us to project potential future changes in solar and UV reflectance for simulations using the Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. 2012 meteorological simulations indicate a decrease in daily maximum temperatures, daily maximum boundary layer heights, and ventilation coefficients throughout the SoCAB upon widespread installation of cool roofs. CMAQ simulations show significant increases in PM2.5 concentrations and policy-relevant design values. Changes in 8-h ozone concentrations depend on the potential change in UV reflectance, ranging from a decrease in population-weighted concentrations when UV reflectance remains unchanged to an increase when changes in UV reflectance are at an upper bound. However, 8-h policy-relevant ozone design values increase in all cases. Although the other benefits of cool roofs could outweigh small air-quality penalties, UV reflectance standards for cool roofing materials could mitigate these negative consequences. Results of this study motivate the careful consideration of future rooftop and pavement solar reflectance modification policies.
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Jäger-Waldau, Arnulf. "Snapshot of photovoltaics − February 2018." EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2018004.
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Solar photovoltaic electricity generation is the fastest growing power generation source world-wide. The significant cost reduction of solar PV over the last decade, and the zero fuel cost volatility have increased the attractiveness. In 2017, the newly installed solar PV power of over 90 GW was more than all the world-wide cumulative installed PV capacity until the mid of 2012. China was again the main driver behind this strong growth with more than 50 GW of annual installations in 2017. Apart from the electricity sector, renewable energy sources for the generation of heat and environmental friendly synthetic-fuels for the transport sector will become more and more important in the future.
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Pimentel Da Silva, Gardenio Diogo, Alessandra Magrini, Maurício Tiomno Tolmasquim, and David Alves Castelo Branco. "Environmental licensing and energy policy regulating utility-scale solar photovoltaic installations in Brazil: status and future perspectives." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 37, no. 6 (April 19, 2019): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2019.1595933.
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Dellosa, Jeffrey Tamba. "Potential Effect and Analysis of High Residential Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Penetration to an Electric Distribution Utility (DU)." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.179-185.
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The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 in the Philippines provided an impetus for residential owners to explore solar PV installations at their own rooftops through the Net-Metering policy. The Net-Metering implementation through the law however presented some concerns with inexperienced electric DU on the potential effect of high residential solar PV system installations. It was not known how a high degree of solar integration to the grid can possibly affect the operations of the electric DU in terms of energy load management. The primary objective of this study was to help the local electric DU in the analysis of the potential effect of high residential solar PV system penetration to the supply and demand load profile in an electric distribution utility (DU) grid in the province of Agusan del Norte, Philippines. The energy consumption profiles in the year 2015 were obtained from the electric DU operating in the area. An average daily energy demand load profile was obtained from 0-hr to the 24th hour of the day based from the figures provided by the electric DU. The assessment part of the potential effect of high solar PV system integration assumed four potential total capacities from 10 Mega Watts (MW) to 40 MW generated by all subscribers in the area under study at a 10 MW interval. The effect of these capacities were measured and analyzed with respect to the average daily load profile of the DU. Results of this study showed that a combined installations beyond 20 MWp coming from all subscribers is not viable for the local electric DU based on their current energy demand or load profile. Based from the results obtained, the electric DU can make better decisions in the management of high capacity penetration of solar PV systems in the future, including investment in storage systems when extra capacities are generated.Article History: Received July 15th 2016; Received in revised form Sept 23rd 2016; Accepted Oct 1st 2016; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Dellosa, J. (2016) Potential Effect and Analysis of High Residential Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Penetration to an Electric Distribution Utility (DU). Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(3), 179-185.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.179-185
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Kahl, Annelen, Jérôme Dujardin, and Michael Lehning. "The bright side of PV production in snow-covered mountains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720808116.
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Our work explores the prospect of bringing the temporal production profile of solar photovoltaics (PV) into better correlation with typical electricity consumption patterns in the midlatitudes. To do so, we quantify the potential of three choices for PV installations that increase production during the winter months when electricity is most needed. These are placements that favor (i) high winter irradiance, (ii) high ground-reflected radiation, and (iii) steeper-than-usual panel tilt angles. In addition to spatial estimates of the production potential, we compare the performance of different PV placement scenarios in urban and mountain environments for the country of Switzerland. The results show that the energy deficit in a future fully renewable production from wind power, hydropower, and geothermal power could be significantly reduced when solar PV is installed at high elevations. Because the temporal production patterns match the typical demand more closely than the production in urban environments, electricity production could be shifted from summer to winter without reducing the annual total production. Such mountain installations require significantly less surface area and, combined with steeper panel tilt angles, up to 50% of the winter deficit in electricity production can be mediated.
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Odhiambo, Morice R. O., Adnan Abbas, Xiaochan Wang, and Gladys Mutinda. "Solar Energy Potential in the Yangtze River Delta Region—A GIS-Based Assessment." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010143.
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Decarbonization of electrical power generation is an essential necessity in the reduction of carbon emissions, mitigating climate change and attaining sustainable development. Solar energy as a substitution for fossil fuel-based energy sources has the potential to aid in realizing this sustainable future. This research performs a geographic information systems (GIS)-based assessment of the solar energy potential in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR) of China using high-resolution solar radiation data combined with geographical, social, environmental and cultural constraints data. The solar energy potential is evaluated from the geographical and technical perspective, and the results reveal that the YRDR is endowed with rich solar energy resources, with the geographical potential in the suitable areas ranging from 1446 kWh/m2 to 1658 kWh/m2. It is also estimated that the maximum solar capacity potential could be up to 4140.5 GW, illustrating the high potential available for future capacity development in this region. Realizing this significant potential as an alternative for fossil fuel-based electricity generation would result in a substantial mitigation of CO2 emissions in this region, where air pollution is severe. Potential evaluations found that Jiangsu and Anhui provinces provide the most optimal areas for the development of solar photovoltaics (PV) installations, as they have the highest geographical and technological solar energy potential. Further, findings of the case study undertaken at a solar PV plant show disparities between actual generated power and technical solar potential, highlighting the significance of utilizing solar radiation data from local ground-based meteorological stations. This study provides policy makers and potential investors with information on solar energy potential in the Yangtze River Delta region that would contribute to solar power generation development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Almenar, Molina Irene. "Planning the future expansion of solar installations in a distribution power grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-427190.
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This thesis provides a tool to determine the maximum capacity, of a given power grid, when connecting distributed photovoltaic parks including the optimal allocation of the parks taking the power grid configuration into account. This tool is based on a computational model that evaluates the hosting capacity of the given grid through power flow simulations. The tool also integrates a geographic information system that links suitable land areas to nearby substations that can host photovoltaic parks. The mathematical model was tested on different cases in the municipality of Herrljunga, Sweden, where it was determined to be possible to connect 47 photovoltaic parks of 1MWp to the power grid as well as the most appropriate substations to allocate them to without the need for grid reinforcements. Additionally, the concept of grid cost allocation is presented and briefly discussed while analysing the results in relation to national energy targets.
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Byström, André. "Analys av solcellers påverkan pålågspänningsnätets elkvalitet." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84937.
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I takt med att Sverige går mot ett mer klimatsmart och hållbart samhälle samtidigt somskatteavdragen på solceller blir mer lönsamma och mindre komplicerat, så har installationer avsolceller genomgått en enorm ökning dem senaste åren. En ökningstakt som väntas fortsätta. Omsedan flertalet kunder väljer att installera solceller i ett svagt område skulle detta kunna leda tillproblem i form spänningsvariationer och överbelastningar i elnätet.Syftet med studien är därför att identifiera de områden där många solelinstallationer kan leda tillproblem, utreda vilka faktorer som är risker för problematiska nät, lista och prioritera nät i behov avåtgärder samt undersöka vilka områden som är troligast att en storskalig installation av solcelleruppstår i först.I studien utfördes en vid analys av Ellevios lågspänningsnät, där spänningsvariationer ochöverbelastning i nätet undersöktes. Tre områden från analysen med låg potential för solcelleranalyserades djupare för att kontrollera mellanliggande näts tillstånd. Mätdata från områden medinstallerade solceller bearbetades för att utgå som referens för hur verklig sol-produktion kan se ut.För att undersöka var framtida solceller kan installeras studerades granskapseffekten ochmedelinkomst per postnummer. Slutligen listades och prioriterades Ellevios nät utefter behov avåtgärder, där prioriteringen utgår från områden med högst konsekvens och vart framtida solcellertroligast uppstår.Resultatet blir en riskvärdering där andel av områden presenteras utifrån sannolikheten att solcelleruppstår och konsekvenser. Analysen visar att den parameter som påverkade flest områden ilågspänningsnätet är spänningsvariation i sammankopplingspunkt. I djupanalysen framgår attmellanliggande nät är lika, om inte mer sårbara för stor installation av solceller. De områdena medinstallerade solceller visar att den individuellt högsta producerade effekten aldrig kommer upp tillden installerade samt att den sammanlagrade effekten för solelproducenterna i ett område hamnarlångt under den installerade effekten.As Sweden moves towards a more climate-smart and sustainable society at the same time as the taxdeductions on solar cells become more profitable and less complicated, installations of solar cellshave undergone an enormous increase in recent years. A rate of increase that is expected tocontinue. If many customers choose to install large solar cells with high power in a weak area, thenthis could lead to problems in the form of voltage variations and overloads in the electricity grid. Thepurpose of the study is therefore to identify the areas where many solar installations can lead toproblems, investigate the factors that are risks for problematic networks, list and prioritize networksin need of measures. As well as to investigate in which areas large-scale installation of solar cells aremost likely to occur in.In the study, a broad analysis was performed of Ellevio's low voltage network, where voltagevariations and overloads in the network were investigated. Three areas from the analysis with lowpotential for solar cells were analyzed more deeply to check the condition of intermediate networks.Measurement data from areas with installed solar cells were processed to be used as a reference forwhat actual solar production can look like. To investigate where future solar cells can be installed,the spatial neighborhood effect and average income by postcode were studied. Finally, Ellevio'snetwork was listed and prioritized according to the need for measures, where the prioritization isbased on areas with the highest consequence and where future solar cells are most likely to arise.The result is a risk assessment where the proportion of areas is presented based on the probabilitythat solar cells arise and consequences. The analysis shows that the parameter that affected mostareas in the low-voltage network is voltage variation in the connection points. The in-depth analysisshows that intermediate networks are similar, if not more vulnerable to large-scale installation ofsolar cells. The areas with installed solar cells show that the individually highest produced powernever reaches the installed one and that the combined power for the solar producers in an area endsup far below the installed power.
Books on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Photovoltaics: Design and installation manual : renewable energy education for a sustainable future. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007.
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Wolf, E. L. Prospects for Sustainable Power and Moderate Climate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0012.
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A summary of the ongoing conversion from fossil fuel energy economy to sustainable energy is offered. A large fraction of the energy-related work force in the US has shifted to renewables, typified by the high demand for wind turbine technicians. A plan for full conversion to sustainable energy has been offered by Jacobson and collaborators, depending upon increased energy storage using underground thermal storage (UTES), thermal salt application in solar thermal installations, and pumped hydro. Hothouse earth events, extinguishing nearly all life, in climatic history are mentioned. The chance for triggering a future global hyperthermal event appears to be small from the excess carbon emissions of the past two centuries, with the present rate of emission.
Book chapters on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Md Saad, Nurhafiza, Muhammad Khairil Asyraf Mohd Shukair, Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Noorfatekah Talib, and Abdul Rauf Abdul Rasam. "The Potential Area Estimation for Solar Installation Based on Insolation Pattern Derived from LiDAR Points Cloud Data." In Charting the Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Science and Technology, 335–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3434-8_29.
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Grätzel, Michael. "Photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0010.
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The Sun provides about 100,000 Terawatts (TW) to the Earth, which is approximately ten thousand times greater than the world’s present rate of energy consumption (14 TW). Photovoltaic (PV) cells are being used increasingly to tap into this huge resource and will play a key role in future sustainable energy systems. Indeed, our present needs could be met by covering 0.5% of the Earth’s surface with PV installations that achieve a conversion efficiency of 10%. Fig. 8.1 shows a simple diagram of how a conventional photovoltaic device works. The top and bottom layers are made of an n-doped and p-doped silicon, where the charge of the mobile carriers is negative (electrons) or positive (holes), respectively. The p-doped silicon is made by ‘doping’ traces of an electron-poor element such as gallium into pure silicon, whereas n-doped silicon is made by doping with an electron-rich element such as phosphorus. When the two materials contact each other spontaneous electron and hole transfer across the junction produces an excess positive charge on the side of the n-doped silicon (A) and an excess negative charge on the opposite p-doped (B) side. The resulting electric field plays a vital role in the photovoltaic energy conversion process. Absorption of sunlight generates electron-hole pairs by promoting electrons from the valence band to the conduction band of the silicon. Electrons are minority carriers in the p-type silicon while holes are minority carriers in the n-type material. Their lifetime is very short as they recombine within microseconds with the oppositely charged majority carriers. The electric field helps to collect the photo-induced carriers because it attracts the minority carriers across the junction as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 8.1, generating a net photocurrent. As there is no photocurrent flowing in the absence of a field, the maximum photo-voltage that can be attained by the device equals the potential difference that is set up in the dark at the p-n junction. For silicon this is about 0.7V. So far, solid-state junction devices based on crystalline or amorphous silicon (Si) have dominated photovoltaic solar energy converters, with 94% of the market share.
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González-Prida, Vicente, and Anthony Raman. "An Overview to Thermal Solar Systems for Low Temperature." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1–45. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch001.
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This chapter deals with those prefabricated systems with a steady state of operation (state in which the temporal variation of the thermodynamic properties is null), describing, in a brief manner, a methodology for testing the characterization of the thermal performance in accordance with the European normative. All of the previously mentioned form the justification for a foundation or base from which a testing installation is proposed in a later chapter that, at the same time, is compared to a real installation. Lastly, this chapter attempts to outline a simple mathematical methodology to analyze the future behavior of the reliability of a system (solar in this case), when it is still in an extremely early stage of its life cycle, such as the design phase.
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González-Prida, Vicente, and Anthony Raman. "An Overview to Thermal Solar Systems for Low Temperature." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 54–90. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8222-1.ch004.
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This chapter deals with those prefabricated systems with a steady state of operation (state in which the temporal variation of the thermodynamic properties is null), describing, in a brief manner, a methodology for testing the characterization of the thermal performance in accordance with the European normative. All of the previously mentioned form the justification for a foundation or base from which a testing installation is proposed in a later chapter that, at the same time, is compared to a real installation. Lastly, this chapter attempts to outline a simple mathematical methodology to analyze the future behavior of the reliability of a system (solar in this case), when it is still in an extremely early stage of its life cycle, such as the design phase.
Conference papers on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Keys, Erin, and Michael E. Webber. "An Assessment and Comparison of Installed Solar and Wind Capacity in Texas." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54148.
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This paper presents the first-ever comprehensive assessment of the installed solar capacity in Texas. While the power generated from grid-tied solar photovoltaic installations can be tracked, an inventory including the capacity of these and other types of solar installations has never been performed. In contrast, installed wind capacity in Texas is closely tracked and widely publicized. Because of this discrepancy, decision-makers have lacked critical information to gauge the appropriateness of solar versus wind power for future installations, complicating their ability to prioritize which renewable power sources to incentivize. The work presented in this paper fills this knowledge gap by providing the methodology and results from a bottoms-up survey of major solar installers, large solar customers, and relevant government agencies (for example government agencies that are responsible for issuing rebates, or those that are major solar customers themselves). Over thirty entities were systematically contacted to obtain proprietary data that were then aggregated to determine the total installed solar capacity in Texas. Both power generation and heating applications are considered, including the following: photovoltaic (on- and off-grid), concentrating solar power (CSP), solar pond, and solar water heating (SWH). Other heating forms such as room and pool heating are not considered. An aggregate figure is presented and then benchmarked against installed wind capacity. Findings reveal that after 30 years and roughly $56 million in installation costs (at approximately $8300/kW), Texas possesses about 6.7 megawatts (MW) of installed solar electric capacity. Comparatively, in over 6 years and an estimated $6.9 billion in installation costs (at approximately $1600/kW), installed wind capacity in Texas approaches 5000 MW, which is more than any other state in the United States. Notably, at least another 8000 MW of new wind projects are in various stages of development, whereas few significant solar projects have been announced. This solar assessment exposes a stark difference in pace, cost and total size of installation for these two power sources, which is the likely experience for many other states. While these differences do not negate solar as a future power option, they raise further questions about the technical, social, and economic barriers each renewable technology faces, as well as the feasibility and design of incentives to further market penetration. Understanding this mixed history for these two power sources offers instructive guidance and useful insights to policymakers nationwide.
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Lo´pez, Jose´ Uren˜a, Andreas Klesse, and Hermann-J. Wagner. "Primary Energy Saving Potential of Solar Cooling in Residential Buildings." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54769.
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Cooling in residential buildings becomes more important due to the rising insulation requirements and the increasing human comfort. Therefore, systems that provide heating as well as cooling with a low primary energy consumption will be in future more preferred than conventional single-unit systems. Solar thermal installations can here provide in addition to the domestic hot water and heating demand a significant contribution to the cooling requirement in residential buildings. In this study, low-energy residential buildings with different solar heating and cooling systems are analyzed concerning their primary energy consumption. To cover a large range of different weather conditions, two locations (Madrid and Wu¨rzburg) with different solar energy supply are considered. Further, a conventional solar heating supply system including one or more typical room air-conditioners is as reference system selected. The different systems are modeled by the system simulation platform TRNSYS. In a first step, the question is addressed of whether a solar thermal system with standard dimensioning, taking the domestic hot water and heating demand into account, is sufficient to meet the cooling requirements. To cover the cooling demands, a small-scale thermally driven absorption chiller has been selected. In a next step, the studied systems are compared in terms of primary energy saving as a function of the solar cooling fraction. The simulation results have shown that regions with a high solar energy supply do not take advantage of solar thermal cooling, due to the higher cooling demand. On average, 70% of the cooling demands can be covered by a standard dimensioned solar thermal system. At the same time, a primary energy saving up to 90%, compared to currently installed room air-conditioning units can be achieved.
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Taylor, Joe S. "Gas Turbine Compressor Unit Repowering." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1893.
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This paper presents how a major U.S. gas transmission and storage company restored gas storage peaking capacity by repowering obsolete gas turbine compressor units. Consumers Power Company’s Ray Field located in Macomb County, Michigan, USA, was developed as a 44 BCF working capacity gas storage field in 1966. Due to the high deliverability, the field is operated as a peaking reservoir, handling rates as high as 500 MMCFD on injection and 1,200 MMCFD on withdrawal. Ten (10) 2,750 horsepower gas turbine driven 4-stage centrifugal compressor units were installed in the mid to late 1960’s at the field. The compression is operated 2, 4 and 8 stage, as needed, to cover storage pressures of 450 to 1800 psig. Each centrifugal compressor is driven by a Pratt Whitney (PW) GG-12 Gas Generator firing into a Cooper-Bessemer (CB) RT-27 Power Turbine. By 1980 parts and maintenance services for the PW GG-12 Gas Generator became very expensive to non-existent. Aircraft use of the GG-12 (JT-12) had been phased out. Consumers Power, with 13 of these turbines on their system, was becoming the only remaining user. In the mid 1980’s four (4) of the Ray Field gas turbine compressor units were replaced with two (2) 6,000 horsepower reciprocating engine compressor units. These replacements maintained the deliverability of the field and provided salvageable engines and other parts to maintain the six (6) remaining turbines. However, by 1993 maintenance parts returned as a major problem as well as unit availability on the 6 remaining turbine units. In 1994 Consumers Power committed to a gas turbine unit repowering program as the preferred choice over unit replacement. Two (2) refurbished Solar Centaur T4500 Gas Turbine drives were purchased and installed to repower 2 of the obsolete turbine units. These installations have been very successful. Existing compressors, foundations, piping, coolers and auxiliary systems were re-used with only minor modification. The complete installed cost for repowering was about 33% of the cost experienced for replacement. Installation was completed within eight (8) months of project commitment. The low emission rates from the Solar SoLoNOx Combustors allowed short lead time (6 months) on air emissions permit. New sound attenuation enclosures met the new local noise ordinance and replaced equipment that had been a source of local complaint. PLC based controls improved reliability and flexibility of operation. The additional horsepower available from the T4500 Turbine (4,300 vs 2,750) allows for increased future capacity. Because of the success of the Ray Turbine Repowering Project, Consumers Power has committed to 2 more refurbished Solar Centaur T4500 Units to repower PW/CB Turbines at the St Clair Compressor Station. Solar is scheduled to delivery these 2 units by year-end 1995 for installation in 1996.
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Shantanu, _., Garima Sharma, Kanishk AgyayShukla, and Vidyut Bhaskar. "Hull Capacitance: The Unconventional Green Fuelling Technology Harnessing Plug Power Navigate Concept for Inland Waterways Navigation." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-s7.
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With the huge increase in global liquid fuels usage, an alarming situation has risen to develop and adopt alternative green technology to mitigate global warming attributable to high pollutant emission. Transportation sector, being one of the major fuel and energy consumers, effective substitution is required for Inland waterways over land and rail transport. This paper focuses on the development of a ‘Plug Power Navigate’ concept to bring out an infrastructure to utilize the offshore wind and solar platform generated electricity for Inland Vessels navigation. Solar energy, available wind etc. can massively save fuel and keep environment pollution free. Technology like Wind and Solar resource assessment, wind energy installations, have been studied in this paper based on the climatic and technological sophistications. One of the major technological sophistications include, storage of this energy on board as Hull Capacitance. To harness the concept of Plug Power Navigate with the above mentioned technological sophistications, the vessel has been modified to accomodate the power storage facility on the principles of Hull Capacitance. It is based on the acquisition of power by means of an external source and its storage within the hull frame work, which can then be utilized later, for the purpose of navigation. The structural framework is modified in compliance with the safety norms. Care has been taken to make minimal modifications to the hull structure from both safety and operation point of view, keeping the operation perspective unhindered. The inception of greener technologies in the shipping strata can be boosted by the tapping of renewable sources of energy along with the inclusion of power storage sophistications, and this debut in the maritime sphere can act as Pole Star for future research and exploration of various technologies in this direction bringing out an innovative set up for the Inland Water Transport worldwide.
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Greden, Lara V., Leon R. Glicksman, and Gabriel Lo´pez-Betanzos. "Reducing the Risk of Natural Ventilation With Flexible Design." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99150.
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Performance uncertainty is a barrier to implementation of innovative technologies. This research investigates the potential of flexible design — one that enables future change — to improve the economic performance of a naturally ventilated building. The flexible design of the naturally ventilated building enables future installation of a mechanical cooling system by including features such as space for pipes and chillers. The benefits of the flexible design are energy savings, delay of capital costs and capability of mitigating the risk of a failed building (by installing the mechanical cooling system). To evaluate the flexible design, building energy simulation is conducted over a multi-year time period with stochastic outdoor temperature variables. One result is a probability distribution of the time when the maximum allowable indoor temperature under natural ventilation is exceeded, which may be “never.” Probability distributions are also obtained for energy savings and cost savings as compared to a mechanically cooled building. Together, these results allow decision-makers to evaluate the long-term performance risks and opportunities afforded by a flexible implementation strategy for natural ventilation. It is shown that the likelihood of future installation of mechanical cooling is most sensitive to design parameters. The impact of increased climate variability depends on the local climate. The probability of installing the mechanical system also depends on the comfort criteria. The results show that capital costs for cooling equipment are much greater than the present value of 10 years of cooling energy costs. This result motivates consideration of flexible design as opposed to hybrid cooling designs (which have immediate installation of mechanical cooling). Future work will study the impact of uncertain energy prices on investment attractiveness of naturally ventilated buildings. Other applications of the framework presented herein include replacing the building energy model with a model of another climate-dependent system, such as solar photovoltaic arrays.
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Lüpfert, Eckhard, Michael Geyer, Wolfgang Schiel, Antonio Esteban, Rafael Osuna, Eduardo Zarza, and Paul Nava. "EuroTrough Design Issues and Prototype Testing at PSA." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-149.
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Abstract A parabolic trough collector has been developed for various applications in the 200–400°C temperature range in solar fields up to the hundreds Megawatts range. The design of a new support structure of the collector included concept studies, wind tunnel measurements, finite elements method (FEM) analyses and resulted in a structure with a central framework element. This torque box design will have lower weight and less deformation of the collector structure than the other designs considered. Therefore it will be possible in future to connect more collector elements on one drive which results in reduced total number of drives and interconnecting pipes, thus reducing the installation cost and thermal losses. In terms of the degree of material usage further weight reduction will be possible. The presented design has a significant potential for cost reduction, the most important goal of the EuroTrough project. The prototype has been set-up and is under testing at PSA (Plataforma Solar de Almería) for its thermal and mechanical properties.
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Lynn, Kevin, Jennifer Szaro, William Wilson, and Michael Healey. "A Review of PV System Performance and Life-Cycle Costs for the SunSmart Schools Program." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99112.
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In January of 2003, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection/Florida Energy Office (DEP/FEO) allocated $600,000 in hardware funds toward the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems on Florida schools. As a result of this program, grid-connected PV systems less than six kilowatts in size were installed on 29 schools in the State of Florida. The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) has monitored these systems for approximately one year of operation. The performance of 28 of these systems was analyzed using standard performance parameters such as the performance ratio, PV array efficiency, inverter efficiency, and PV system efficiency. In addition, a life-cycle cost analysis was conducted using new cost data values and updated market assumptions. These data will serve as a benchmark to compare against future systems with respect to performance vs. installed system cost.
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Abdelhamid, Mahmoud, Imtiaz Haque, Rajendra Singh, Srikanth Pilla, and Zoran Filipi. "Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle: Incorporating Solar Energy as an On-Board Fuel Toward Future Mobility." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59276.
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The challenge of meeting the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards of 2025 has resulted in the development of systems that utilize alternative energy propulsion technologies. To date, the use of solar energy as an auxiliary energy source of on-board fuel has not been extensively investigated, however. The authors investigated the design parameters and techno-economic impacts within a solar photovoltaic (PV) system for use as an on-board auxiliary power source for the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). The objective is to optimize, by hybridizing, the conventional energy propulsion systems via solar energy based electric propulsion system by means of the on-board PVs system. This study is novel in that the authors investigated the design parameters of the on-board PV system for optimum well-to-tank energy efficiency. The following design parameters were analyzed: the PV device, the geographical solar location, thermal and electrical performances, energy storage, angling on the vehicle surface, mounting configuration and the effect on aerodynamics. A general well-to-tank form was derived for use in any other PV type, PV efficiency value, or installation location. The authors also analyzed the techno-economic value of adding the on-board PVs for ICE vehicles and for plug-in EVs considering the entire Powertrain component lifetime of the current and the projected price scenarios per vehicle lifetime, and driving by solar energy cost ($ per mile). Different driving scenarios were used to represent the driving conditions in all the U.S states at any time, with different vehicles analyzed using different cost scenarios to derive a greater understanding of the usefulness and the challenges inherent in using on-board PV solar technologies. The addition of on-board PVs to cover only 1.0 m2 of vehicle surfaces was found to extend the daily driving range to up to 2 miles for typical 2016 model vehicles, depending upon on vehicle specifications and destination, however over 7.0 miles with the use of extremely lightweight and aerodynamically efficient vehicles in a sunny location. The authors also estimated the maximum possible PV installation area via a unique relationship between the vehicle footprint and the projected horizontal vehicle surface area for different vehicles of varying sizes. It was determined that up to 50% of total daily miles traveled by an average U.S. person could be driven by solar energy, with the simple addition of on-board PVs to cover less than 50% (3.25 m2) of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical mid-size vehicle (e.g., Nissan Leaf or Mitsubishi i-MiEV). Specifically, the addition of the proposed PV module to a 2016 Tesla Model S AWD-70D vehicle in San Diego, CA extended the average daily range to 5.2 miles in that city. Similarly, for the 2016 BMW i3 BEV in Texas, Phoenix, and North Carolina, the range was extended to more than 7.0 miles in those states. The cost of hybridizing a solar technology into a vehicle was also estimated for current and projected prices. The results show for current price scenario, the expense of powering an ICE vehicle within a certain range with only solar energy was between 4 to 23 cents per mile depending upon the vehicle specification and driving location. Future price scenarios determined the driving cost is an optimum of 17 cents per mile. However, the addition of a PV system to an EV improved the economics of the system because of the presence of the standard battery and electric motor components. For any vehicle in any assumed location, the driving cost was found to be less than 6.0 cents per mile even in the current price scenario. The results of this dynamic model are applicable for determining the on-board PV contribution for any vehicle size with different powertrain configurations. Specifically, the proposed work provides a method that designers may use during the conceptual design stage to facilitate the deployment of an alternative energy propulsion system toward future mobility.
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Velema, Jorick, and Job Bokhorst. "Lift Installation of a Subsea Oil Storage Tank: A 60,000mT Pendulum." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42191.
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In August 2014 Heerema Marine Contractors (HMC) have successfully installed the Solan Subsea Oil Storage Tank (SOST), using its Semi-Submersible Crane Vessel (SSCV) Thialf. The SOST installation is regarded as unique due to its dimensions, complex hydrodynamics and the utilization of nearly the full crane capacity. The Solan SOST is a Subsea Oil Storage Tank with a future storage capacity of 48,000 m3 of oil. The SOST has a dimension of 45m × 45m × 25m, a dry weight of 9,500mT and a total submerged mass of 60,000mT including ballast water. It was installed offshore west of the Shetland Islands at a depth of 135m. Prior to installation the SOST was wet-towed to the field. At location the SOST was installed by a dual crane lift sequence, lowering the SOST from 2m freeboard to the seabed. The lowering sequence is characterized by the usage of a compressible air pocket to reduce hookloads during the most critical stage of the installation, the lowering of the SOST through the splash zone. Prior to the installation ballast and dynamic lift models were generated to understand both the hydrostatics and hydrodynamics of the SOST - SSCV Thialf system throughout the installation. Numerical simulations of the flooding operation were performed to predict all relevant parameters for various scenarios. The lift dynamics were analysed with frequency domain models. Most resonance modes between SSCV Thialf and SOST were found not to be excited due to the differences in natural periods of the hydrodynamic systems and the occurring wave periods. During installation vital parameters such as ballast volume, compartment fill rates, differential pressure and hookloads were continuously monitored with dedicated measurement systems. The values were compared with the results from the engineering models. As some of the parameters were directly related to each other, the values could be back-calculated and cross-checked, thereby increasing the reliability of the measurements. Both the understanding of the principle hydrostatics and hydrodynamics of the system as well as the close monitoring of all vital parameters have resulted in a safe and controlled installation of the Solan SOST by the SSCV Thialf; the installation of a 60,000mT dual crane pendulum. This paper describes the hydromechanic engineering work performed by HMC and the SOST offshore installation.
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Janko, Samantha A., Brandon T. Gorman, Uday P. Singh, and Nathan G. Johnson. "High Penetration Residential Solar Photovoltaics and the Effects of Dust Storms on System Net Load." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48030.
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Residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly common around the world. Much of this growth is attributed to a decreasing cost of solar PV modules, reduction in the cost of installation and other “soft costs,” along with net-metering, financial incentives, and the growing societal interest in low-carbon energy. Yet this steep rise in distributed, uncontrolled solar PV capacity is being met with growing concern in maintaining electric grid stability when solar PV reaches higher penetration levels. Rapid reductions in solar PV output create an immediate and direct rise in the net system load. Demand response and storage technologies can offset these fluctuations in the net system load, but their potential has yet to be realized through wide-scale commercial dissemination. In the interim these fluctuations will continue to cause technical and economic challenges to the utility and the end-user. Late-afternoon peak demands are of particular concern as solar PV drops off and household demand rises as residents return home. Transient environmental factors such as clouding, rain, and dust storms pose additional uncertainties and challenges. This study analyzes such complex cases by simulating residential loads, rooftop solar PV output, and dust storm effects on solar PV output to examine transients in the net system load. The Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area is used as a case study that experiences dust storms several times per year. A dust storm is simulated progressing over the Phoenix metro in various directions and intensities. Various solar PV penetration rates are also simulated to allow insight into resulting net loads as PV penetration grows in future years.
Reports on the topic "Future solar installations"
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.
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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.