Journal articles on the topic 'Future offending behaviour'
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Jiang, Depeng, Margaret Walsh, and Leena K. Augimeri. "The linkage between childhood bullying behaviour and future offending." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 21, no. 2 (March 3, 2011): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.803.
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Farrington, David P. "Les signaux précoces de l’agir délinquant fréquent." Criminologie 19, no. 2 (August 16, 2005): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017238ar.
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A great deal is known about the early precursors of offending in general, but much less is known about early factors which discriminate between high rate and low rate offenders. Childhood antisocial behaviour, criminal parents and siblings, indicators of social deprivation such as low income, and low intelligence and attainment predict both offending and high rate offending. Many of the future chronic offenders could have been predicted by these factors at the time of their first conviction. However, child rearing factors such as poor parental supervision, harsh or erratic parental discipline, and parental conflict are excellent predictors of offending in general but not of high rate as opposed to low rate offending. Little is known about protective factors which might prevent high risk children from becoming high rate offenders.
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Akerman, Geraldine. "Sexual offenders, offence paralleling behaviour and how it relates to risk." Forensic Update 1, no. 105 (January 2012): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2012.1.105.18.
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This paper will explore the role of Offence Paralleling Behaviours (OPB) in relation to risk assessment and risk reduction in sexual offenders. Specifically, the paper addresses the difficulty of identifying OPBs in relation to sexual arousal and sexual interests due to the increased use of detection evasion skills (DES) in this domain. Sexual interest will be defined as the fantasies, thoughts, ideas or preferences that individuals find sexually attractive, and arousal defined as the resulting response. Previous research (Hanson & Bussière, 1998) concluded that sexual deviance was a significant factor in sexual recidivism. Further, meta-analytic reviews (Hanson & Bussière, 1998; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005) consistently show that deviant sexual interest, (for example sex with children, or to include adult sexual coercion), are the strongest predictors of future offending. Therefore a thorough understanding of current sexual interest is important to assess risk of further offending. However, it can be very difficult for service users to discuss such personal interests. The paper will also consider the importance of a thorough functional analysis of offending behaviour and briefly describe the development of a new tool to assist with the assessment of current sexual interest. Potential treatment pathways in relation to sexual OPBs are discussed, reflecting the complex nature of offence related sexual arousal.
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Morrissey, C. "Use of risk assessment tools for people with intellectual disability: The latest evidence." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.879.
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A relatively high proportion of people detained in forensic psychiatric hospitals have intellectual disabilities (up to 3000 people in the UK; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013), and people with intellectual disability are significantly over-represented among those psychiatric patients with long lengths of hospital stay (CQC, 2013; Vollm, 2015). People with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities are also prevalent in the UK prison system.Although the relationship between intelligence and offending is complex, lower intelligence is a known actuarial risk factor for offending behaviour. Studies, which have investigated the prediction of re-offending risk in populations with intellectual disability, have nevertheless found lower rates of recorded re-offending compared to those in mainstream forensic populations (e.g. Gray et al., 2010). The relatively high rate of ‘offending-like’ behaviour, which is not processed through the criminal justice system in people with intellectual disability makes risk prediction a more complex exercise with this group of people. It also makes outcomes measurement more difficult.This paper will give an overview of the current research evidence and clinical practice in the field of risk assessment, risk management and outcome measurement with offenders with intellectual disability. It will summarise the findings of a recent NIHR funded systematic review by the author, which pertains to this area, and will point to future developments in the field.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Bates, Lyndel, Marina Alexander, and Julianne Webster. "The link between dangerous driving and other criminal behaviour: a scoping review." Safer Communities 21, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-02-2022-0009.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the link between dangerous driving and other criminal behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) five-step process for scoping reviews to identify, summarise and classify identified literature was used. Within the 30-year timeframe (1990–2019), 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings This review indicates that individuals who commit certain driving offences are more likely to also have a general criminal history. In particular, driving under the influence, driving unlicensed and high-range speeding offences were associated with other forms of criminal behaviour. Seven of the studies mentioned common criminological theories; however, they were not integrated well in the analysis. No studies used explanatory psychosocial theories that investigate social and contextual factors. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area would benefit from exploring individual and social influences that contribute to criminal behaviour in both contexts. Practical implications There is the potential to develop an information-led policing approach to improve safety on the roads and reduce wider offending behaviour. However, it is critical that road policing officers continue to focus on ensuring the road system is as safe as possible for users. Originality/value Criminal behaviour on the roads is often seen as a separate from other types of offending. This paper explores if, and how, these two types of offending are linked.
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Alexander, Regi, John Devapriam, Dasari Michael, Jane McCarthy, Verity Chester, Rahul Rai, Aezad Naseem, and Ashok Roy. "“Why can’t they be in the community?” A policy and practice analysis of transforming care for offenders with intellectual disability." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-02-2015-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe key policy and practice issues regarding a significant subgroup of people with intellectual disability – those with offending behaviour being treated in forensic hospitals. Design/methodology/approach – The reasons why psychiatrists continue to be involved in the treatment of people with intellectual disability and mental health or behavioural problems and the factors that may lead to patients needing hospital admission are examined. Using two illustrative examples, three key questions – containment vs treatment, hospital care vs conditional discharge and hospital treatment vs using deprivation of liberty safeguards usage in the community are explored. Findings – Patients with intellectual disability, mental health problems and offending behaviours who are treated within forensic inpatient units tend to have long lengths of stay. The key variable that mediates this length of stay is the risk that they pose to themselves or others. Clinicians work within the framework of mental health law and have to be mindful that pragmatic solutions to hasten discharge into the community may not fall within the law. Originality/value – This paper makes practical suggestions for the future on how to best integrate hospital and community care for people with intellectual disability, mental health and offending behaviours.
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Thomas, Glen, and Mary McMurran. "Alcohol-Related Offending in Male Special Hospital Patients." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300106.
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In a sample of 61 male Special Hospital patients, 11 (18%) were identified as having alcohol-related problems prior to admission. Ten of these alcohol-abusers were interviewed to gather further information about their drinking, offending, and the relationship between the two. Alcohol abusers showed more serious criminality than non-abusers, having significantly more previous convictions and being responsible for a disproportionately high number of offences of murder and manslaughter. Alcohol-related problems appear to have developed quickly in adolescence culminating in the index offence at around 30 years of age. At this time, the mean self-reported weekly alcohol consumption was 240 units (one unit = 8.5gm alcohol). All but one man admitted to a relationship between alcohol and crime, and most showed motivation to change their future drinking behaviour.
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Worthington, Rachel. "The multi-component model of harmful sexual behaviour for people with autism and co-morbid intellectual disabilities – a theory and practice guide." Journal of Forensic Practice 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-07-2017-0027.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent neuro-typical theories of sexual offending apply to clients with Levels 2 and 3 autism with a co-morbid intellectual disability (ID). The paper develops a model of harmful sexual behaviour (HSB) for this client group and makes suggestions for how these behaviours can be understood and reduced.Design/methodology/approachThe revised Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (ITSO) (Ward and Beech, 2016) is used as a starting framework to understand HSB in this client group. This attends to specific neuropsychological systems, brain development, motivation and emotional processing.FindingsThe revised ITSO has some utility in understanding HSB in this client group. This is improved when neuro-atypical specific state factors are identified. Practical ways of establishing these state factors are made which attend to the function of the behaviour in line with “Good Lives” model of rehabilitation.Research limitations/implicationsRecommendations for ways in which the function of HSB in this client group can be identified are made as well as recommendations for how treatment can be tailored dependent on the function of behaviour in this client group.Practical implicationsThe paper makes practical recommendations for how interventions for people with ID and autism in line with Ward, Clack and Haig’s (2016) Abductive Theory of Method which noted that interventions should be adopted to consider wider explanations for offending thus acknowledging that treatment could extend beyond cognitive behavioural therapy for clinical phenomena. Future treatments for clients with autism and LD are suggested which attend to sensory needs, teaching alternative communication strategies for seeking out “deep pressure” or attention in ways that do not involve sexual offending, using picture communication, information technology or Makaton to communicate needs or using social stories to explain the consequences of behaviour. In addition, neuro-atypical interventions which attend to the neuropsychological functioning of clients could also be included in treatment for neuro-typical clients, thus ensuring that interventions attend to every aspect of the ITSO and not purely clinical phenomena.Social implicationsEnhancing treatment interventions for clients with ID and autism could both reduce risk and enhance quality of life for this client group.Originality/valueMuch of the work to date exploring HSB in clients with autism has attended to clients with Level 1 autism or those without an additional ID. This paper provides practitioners with a theory upon which to understand HSB in clients with a dual diagnosis of Levels 2/3 autism and an ID as well as practical recommendations for reducing HSB in this client group.
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Shagufta, Sonia. "Psychopathy Predicting Violent Criminal Behaviour among Adult Offenders." Psychologia 14, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/19002386.4316.
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The aim of the present research was to examine the role of psychopathy in predicting violent offending within a sample of adult criminal inmates from the prisons of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan (KPK). T-test and logistic regression was used to analyse the data. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher level of egocentricity and a higher level of antisocial behaviour predict a greater probability of committing violent offence. These findings provide important implications for future research in Pakistan, specifically concerning psychopathy as a risk factor for criminal and violent behaviour. The present findings will help to inform legal decisions as to whether inmates should be incarcerated as violent criminals or non-violent criminals. The conclusions of the present research are limited to incarcerated adult male offenders only; therefore, the present study remains unable to reflect the development of psychopathy in either females or the general population.
Keywords: Antisocial, Egocentricity, Incarcerated, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Psychopathy
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Downsworth, Katie, and Eric Jones. "The effectiveness of the Addressing Substance Related Offending-Secure (ASRO-S) treatment programme in a secure forensic hospital setting: A service evaluation." Forensic Update 1, no. 115 (July 2014): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2014.1.115.59.
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The Addressing Substance Related Offending-Secure (ASRO-S) programme is a 20-session, cognitive-behavioural group treatment that aims to reduce offending behaviour by targeting the important factor of problematic substance misuse, adapted for the use in secure hospitals. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a ASRO-S programme with 10 male participants, aged 25 to 49, within a secure forensic hospital. A review of the literature suggests this is the first service evaluation of the ASRO-S. Following the examination of Q-Q Plots, homogeneity of variance was assumed and a paired sample t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment scores on the four psychometric scales. The evaluation found only one significant difference showing an increase in non-planning impulsivity (lack of concern for the future) for group members post-programme, however, this increase remained within the normal range for a psychiatric inpatient population. Future research should explore the use of different psychometrics measures when delivering a substance use treatment programme in secure hospitals as this will allow for a substantive evaluation of the effectiveness of these programmes. Additional to this, it should be investigated whether substance use or offence specific treatment programmes are more effective at reducing risk than mixed participant programmes.
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Manders, Gary. "Moral conversations and askesis as tools for change within youth justice." Safer Communities 14, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-05-2015-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of moral conversations (MCs) within the context of youth justice as a potential resource for the process of change towards desisting from crime among a group of young offenders. It is centred on engagement with the perceptions and values of youth offenders in seeking to engage and work effectively with them, to consider in what ways the art of MCs and using askesis or practice to develop oneself can enable or constrain young people in their endeavours. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 young offenders to ascertain their beliefs and values in relation to their attitude to offending. Findings – The research found that an examination of an individual’s worldview through a MC enables practitioners to identify the potential and motivation for change. It can identify both the enablers and barriers to change, and elicit a young person’s real attitudes to offending. Crucially, the research found that through this process individuals can begin to think more about the possibility of transformation and the steps needed to modify their offending behaviour, in order to move away from crime and to begin to implement an alternative future. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on a small sample of 40 young offenders. However, the findings suggest that further research should be conducted in this area. Social implications – The research raises questions about how the issue of beliefs and values in relation to young offenders is navigated within the youth justice system. Originality/value – The research examines an area of research that is often neglected and which has previously received little attention. The findings are of interest for academics and practitioners concerned with recidivism and the factors that contribute to changes in behaviour for young offenders.
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Dymond, Harriet, and Simon Duff. "Understanding the lived experience of British non-offending paedophiles." Journal of Forensic Practice 22, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-10-2019-0046.
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Purpose Research into paedophilia mainly uses offender samples; thus, little is understood about non-offending paedophiles. The limited body of research has been conducted in North America or Europe whose health and legal systems differ from those in the UK. Using semi-structured interviews, the purpose of this study is to explore the experience of three non-offending British paedophilic males. Design/methodology/approach The interview discussed their paedophilia, refraining from offending and perspectives on treatment initiatives. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings Three superordinate themes emerged: “paedophilia as more than a sexuality,” “acceptance leads to management” and “barriers to support.” These encapsulated how paedophilia was understood, how accepting one’s sexual attraction is tantamount to well-being and the various obstacles to providing support were discussed. Research limitations/implications Acknowledging the sampling considerations (size and recruitment), the results implicate research into paedophilia. The onset of paedophilia was chronologically associated with typical sexual attraction, and not the result of sexual abuse as some theories suggest. Furthermore, the tenets of attraction to children extending beyond sexual desire were highlighted. Practically, the results influence future research into the area and highlight the dearth in our understanding of diverse behavioural management techniques (i.e. computerised images of children or human-like dolls). Originality/value This paper presents novel insight into the aspects of paedophilia, excluding offensive behaviour and highlights the need for affordable, UK-based services targeted towards people with a paedophilic attraction to manage child sexual abuse preventatively and not reactively.
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Akerman, Geraldine, and Anthony R. Beech. "Exploring Offence Paralleling Behaviours in Incarcerated Offenders." Forensic Update 1, no. 112 (October 2013): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2013.1.112.6.
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This paper aims to develop an understanding of what constitutes Offence Paralleling Behaviour in a custodial setting, how it relates to current levels of sexual interest and how it may predict risk of future offending. Two groups of men, one group convicted of sexual offences and one not, all located in a prison-based therapeutic community, volunteered to participate in research to help validate a newly developed psychometric measure of current sexual interest. Potential Offence Paralleling Behaviours (OPBs) were considered, with the intention of being able to assess seriousness of such behaviours based on empirically developed risk factors (Hart et al., 2003; Hanson & Harris, 2000, 2001; Mann, Hanson & Thornton, 2010). Examples of such were sought from file information, self-report and staff observations and the Sexual Offence Paralleling Behaviour Checklist (SOPBC) developed. It was predicted that that those who had exhibited OPB would score higher on the newly-developed Current Sexual Interest Measure (CSIM; Akerman, Bishopp & Beech, submitted). Five cases in each group were explored in more detail in order to examine the relationship between self-reported and exhibited behaviour. In relation to these case studies, preliminary findings indicated that the men are self-reporting their sexual interests on the CSIM in a way that is largely consistent with their observed OPB behaviour and as assessed on the SOPBC. It is suggested that it is possible to identify the behaviours highlighted as predictive of risk in the custodial setting, and so more systematic case management plans can be developed.
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Gray, Nicola S., John Taylor, and Robert J. Snowden. "Predicting violent reconvictions using the HCR-20." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 5 (May 2008): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044065.
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BackgroundRisk assessment of future violent acts is of great importance for both public protection and care planning. Structured clinical assessments offer a method by which accurate assessments could be achieved.AimsTo test the efficacy of the Historical, Clinical and Risk Management Scales (HCR–20) structured risk assessment scheme on a large sample of male forensic psychiatric patients discharged from medium secure units in the UK.MethodIn a pseudo-prospective study, 887 male patients were followed for at least 2 years. The HCR-20 was completed using only pre-discharge information, and violent and other offending behaviour post-discharge was obtained from official records.ResultsThe HCR–20 total score was a good predictor of both violent and other offences following discharge. The historical and risk sub-scales were both able to predict offences, but the clinical sub-scale did not produce significant predictions. The predictive efficacy was highest for short periods (under 1 year) and showed a modest fall in efficacy over longer periods (5 years).ConclusionsThe results provide a strong evidence base that the HCR–20 is a good predictor of both violent and non-violent offending following release from medium secure units for male forensic psychiatric patients in the UK.
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Howie, Patricia, Darren Johnson, and Angela Taylor. "Substance related offending behaviour programme (SROBP): exploring male prisoner’s experiences of treatment and application of learning." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 7, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-06-2020-0042.
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Purpose Cognitive-behavioural interventions, such as the substance related offending behaviour programme (SROBP), are being implemented across forensic contexts in an attempt to address the detrimental economic, social and personal impacts of substance use and offending. Whilst support exists for the effectiveness of such treatment, there remains to be limited knowledge of offenders’ experiences of treatment and factors that promote treatment efficacy and support desistance. This study aims to develop an idiographical understanding of those processes. Design/methodology/approach Six prisoners who had completed the SROBP were interviewed via a semi-structured schedule to collate their individual experiences of engaging in treatment. Interviews transcripts were analysed by the lead researcher using interpretative phenomenological analysis, and external auditing analysis was conducted by the research supervisors. Findings Three superordinate themes resulted: “Therapeutic processes and relationships,” “Therapeutic outcomes” and “Threats to post treatment recovery.” Participants identified factors which facilitated the effectiveness of treatment and were effective in meeting their needs, although there were other factors that required improvement. Practical implications The important role of motivation at various stages of treatment as this engenders commitment to treatment aims and longer-term recovery. Treatment efficacy is linked with perceived relevance and value of treatment outcomes in supporting desistence from substance use. Pro-social peer relationships are important for effective application of learning and recovery. Attentiveness to participants specific needs is required. The lack of post-programme support has the potential to threaten therapeutic alliances and reinforce experiences of rejection and abandonment. The management of the exit phase from programmes is critical. Originality/value Results are discussed in light of their implications for future working practices in supporting therapeutic processes and rehabilitative culture.
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Nikolaeva, L. A. "Parent-Child Relations and Development of a Child as a Future Adult Family Member." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 13, no. 3 (2013): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2013-13-3-72-75.
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Parent-child relations play a key role in the development of a child as a future adult family member. The object of our research is formation of parent-child relation systems in children. The aim of our research is to find out the dependence between parent-child relations and the formation of future parenthood of children. To study this we used PARI methods and a parent-child relations test. As a result of the research we came to the conclusion that such styles of family behaviour as cooperation of the child with the parent, the child-parent symbiosis, manifested in adult aspiration to unity with the child are «inherited» factors. Domination of mother, as well as her being dependent on her husband are also «inherited» factors, they are passed on from parents to their children, and then to their future families. Such opposite factors as parental avoidance of contacts with the child, security creation, fear of offending, suppression of sexuality belong to the category of characteristics, given to children in the process of family upbringing.
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Gaherity, Charles, and Philip Birch. "A criminologically informed examination of looting behaviour during natural disaster incidents." Safer Communities 21, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-05-2021-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine looting behaviour during natural disaster incidents. As a consequence, this study considers looting in the context of two case studies: a Tsunami and a Bushfire. The study offers an exploration into the types of and motivations for looting, as well as reflecting on prevention measures. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach of a rapid evidence assessment (REA) is used to examine looting behaviour within the context of two natural disaster incidents, drawing on a thematic analysis, as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006) to support the presentation of findings. Findings The findings of the REA yield three themes. The first theme, Theme 1, focuses on the types of offenders – looters, while Theme 2 focuses on the motivations for offending behaviour – looting. The final theme, Theme 3, presents crime prevention responses: looters and looting. Each theme is further illustrated through a number of sub-themes, and while the two case studies centre on two distinct natural disaster incidents, there are similarities that exist between them offering insights for why looting occurs and consequently how to respond to looting. Research limitations/implications Previous research has recognised how incidents such as bushfires enable and create opportunity for looting behaviour. Yet, arguably, little has been achieved in successfully preventing such behaviour. This study offers evidence for why looting occurs during natural disaster incidents and considers the prevention measures that can lead to a reduction in this offending into the future. The need for more detailed and primary research into looting during natural disaster incidents is a research implication engendered by the current study. Practical implications This study considers crime prevention approaches in the form of situational crime prevention and social development crime prevention that have direct relevance on crime prevention policy and practice. The practical implications are worthy of attention from law enforcement agencies and other first/emergency responders. Social implications This study seeks to offer evidence for policy and practice initiatives that can increase public safety and reduce further threats to community safety during natural disaster incidents. Originality/value After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, a concerted effort for swifter and more effective responses to emergency management incidents has occurred. However, the focus of such responses has typically overlooked looting during natural disaster incidents. This study goes some way in addressing that gap in the literature and connects the current scientific knowledge to prevention strategies, informing future policy and practice responses to addressing looting during such incidents. This study provides a stimuli for further research into looters, looting and natural disaster incidents.
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Hachtel, Henning, Cieran Harries, Stefan Luebbers, and James RP Ogloff. "Violent offending in schizophrenia spectrum disorders preceding and following diagnosis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 8 (March 15, 2018): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418763103.
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Objective: People affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorders are at a higher risk of offending violently. This study aims to investigate risk factors in relation to the peri-diagnostic period and possible predictors of post-diagnostic violence of people diagnosed for the first time in the public mental health system. Methods: The study compared various risk factors for post-diagnostic violence in patients ( n = 1453) diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Patients were grouped according to the occurrence of peri-diagnostic violence. Of the 246 violent offenders, 164 committed their first offence pre-diagnosis. Mental health and criminological variables were evaluated across the lifespan (median age at end of follow-up = 34.22 years, range = 17.02–55.80 years). Results: Gender, employment, non-violent offending, family incidents, violent and non-violent victimisation, substance use, personality disorder, number of in-patient admissions and history of non-compliance differed significantly across violent and non-violent subgroups (all p ⩽ 0.01 and at least small effect size). More frequent and longer inpatient admissions were found in the violent subgroups (all p ⩽ 0.01). For the whole sample, sex, number of violent offences, non-violent offences, violent victimisation, substance use and number of inpatient admissions predicted post-diagnostic violence (χ2 (6) = 188.13, p < 0.001). Among patients with a history of pre-diagnostic violence, a history of non-violent offending in the 18-month period pre-diagnosis was the strongest predictor of future violence (odds ratio = 3.08, 95% confidence interval [1.32, 7.21]). Conclusion: At triage, violence risk assessment should consider the presence of antisocial behaviour and violent victimisation, substance use, male gender and frequency of inpatient admissions. Common treatment targets for the prevention of post-diagnostic violence include criminality and victimisation. Treatment of positive symptoms should be of greater emphasis for individuals without a history of pre-diagnostic violence.
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Calder, Avril. "The Future of Youth Justice: The Government's Legislative Proposals." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 3, no. 3 (September 1998): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641798211658.
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This conference was held in Central London in January 1998 and organised jointly by The British Juvenile and Family Courts Society (BJFCS) and The National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, at which the keynote speaker was The Rt. Hon. Jack Straw MP, the Home Secretary. Important contributions were also made by no fewer than nine members of the Government's Task Force set up in May last year to examine the future of the Youth Courts — a task which, in my opinion as a Youth Court magistrate since 1978 and past chairman of the BJFCS, was ripe for attention. The conference was attended by 300 delegates representing a wide range of professionals involved with young people and the courts.The Home Secretary's opening words emphasised both the timeliness, in view of the Crime and Disorder Bill going through Parliament, and the importance of the conference because of the widely held view that the system was failing. In addition a consultation process was taking place to look at longer-term reform of the Youth Court. The Home Secretary spelled out that too little is done when children start to offend to ‘intervene positively’ in their lives; repeat cautions are used ineffectively; re-offending continues on bail; and there is a lack of supervised community-based programmes aimed at making young people take responsibility for their behaviour, make amends, and change. He drew attention to the disjointed system of both custodial facilities and orders that need to be overhauled. Finally he pointed out that there is a lack of a national strategy.
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Douds, Fergus, Andrew McKechanie, Yasmin Simpson, and Lesley Murphy. "“Staying Well”: a psychoeducational group for people with an intellectual disability, co-morbid mental illness and offending behaviour." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 5, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-08-2013-0015.
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Purpose – UK best practice guidelines for the treatment for people with schizophrenia recommend the use of psychoeducational approaches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the introduction of psychoeducational groups for people with an intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness within forensic settings. Design/methodology/approach – “Staying Well”, a psychoeducational programme for people with an intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness was based in part on a group programme from Ashworth Hospital, but adapted and developed to be suitable for people with intellectual disability. Input from a very experienced speech and language therapist was of great importance. Five groups with a total of 20 participants (15 different individuals) with mild to moderate intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness were run over a two-year period. At the end of each group, an individualised “Staying Well Plan” was devised, to reduce the risk of future relapses. Findings – The group was very positively welcomed in the two pilot hospitals, by participants and members of the clinical teams. The key measure of the success of the programme is that the “Staying Well Plans” developed for the individuals are still in place two years after the completion of the first groups. Practical implications – The authors believe that this approach is of benefit to both the participants and their carers, stimulating positive engagement, open discussion about mental illness and reinforcing strategies for “Staying Well”. Originality/value – This paper shows how a psychoeducational approach to severe mental illness in individuals with an intellectual disability is both possible and well received.
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PANATIK, Siti Aisyah, Nurul Nabilah ABDUL RAOF, Nor Akmar NORDIN, Junaidah YUSOF, and Ruzanna SHAHRIN. "Effect of Dark Triad Personality on Cyberbullying Behavior among Malaysian University Students." Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences 25 (December 12, 2022): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epess.1192356.
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Cyberbullying has become more prevalent in this age due to the increased usage of electronic gadgets, the Internet, as well as the personality traits of the aggressor. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Dark Triad personality traits on cyberbullying behaviour among university students. The personality model adopted in this study is the Dark Triad Model, which includes Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy. This current study used a cross-sectional quantitative research design to collect data through online questionnaires. This study utilized the 9-Item Cyberbullying Offending Scale and the 12-Item Dirty Dozen scale to gather the data. A total of 400 samples from Malaysian public university students were selected based on the convenience sampling methods. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS version 27. The finding shows a low level of cyberbullying behaviour among Malaysian university students. The findings also indicated that all three dark traits (i.e. Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, Narcissism) are significantly correlated with cyberbullying behaviour. Meanwhile, the regression analysis indicates that both Psychopathy and Machiavellianism significantly positive affect cyberbullying behaviour. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence from the Malaysian perspective, which is a collectivistic culture in nature. Additionally, the findings provide information to the stakeholders as guidelines for future intervention and prevention programs development for cyberbullying.
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Youssef, Carollyne. "Adaptive theory: an underutilised approach to sexual offender research." Qualitative Research Journal 19, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-12-2018-0021.
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Purpose While most studies utilise quantitative methodologies to examine issues relevant to sexual offending behaviour, such as treatment programmes and risk assessments; substantially fewer studies have utilised qualitative methods, and specifically Layder’s Adaptive Theory (AT) as a methodology; and there is a paucity of research examining community maintenance programmes altogether. The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of AT to the understanding of the significance of community maintenance programmes for high-risk sexual offenders. Design/methodology/approach Using AT as a unique framework, this study examined an Australian sample of services providers and high-risk sexual offenders participating in a community maintenance programme. In particular, the current research aimed to develop an understanding of community maintenance programmes for released sexual offenders, in a bid to develop a theoretical framework for these programmes. The research had three subject groups, service providers, programme participants who had not reoffended and programme participants who had sexually reoffended. Findings It appears that this methodology is a useful approach to studies within forensic rehabilitation and offender research. Common, reoccurring themes have been gathered through this approach, which would not have been possible with a quantitative methodology. Research limitations/implications While this research methodology was applied to a small sample size, its use suggested that AT was an informative and useful research approach to utilise in offender research more broadly, yielding rich in-depth information. Practical implications Utilising AT provided an in-depth understanding and exploration of experiences for offender populations as well as staff delivering programmes, which enhances the efficacy of programmes delivered by incorporating “user feedback” and allows programme developers to utilise such feedback to improve programmes. An AT approach to offender rehabilitation has been useful in providing exploratory information in the absence of any conceptual or theoretical frameworks and with a very little extant information. Given maintenance programmes are quite understudied, this approach allowed for common themes to emerge in order to guide future research as well as the development of a paradigm. It is worth considering the utility of this methodology for a variety of forensic research, particularly areas which remain understudied. Social implications Sexual offending behaviour is a significant societal concern. A better understanding of what makes programmes more effective for those who use them and run them, will assist in reducing recidivism, which will benefit the community at large. Originality/value Layder’s AT has not been used with an offender population in the past, and specifically within the sexual offending realm, thus this paper offers a unique and effective approach to offender research.
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Day, Anne-Marie. "Hearing the voice of looked after children: challenging current assumptions and knowledge about pathways into offending." Safer Communities 16, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-01-2017-0003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the early findings of research which aims to hear the voice of looked after children about their pathways into offending and subsequent entry into the youth justice system, and the implications that this may have for policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach One-to-one semi-structured interviews have taken place with 19 looked after children, who are also subject to youth justice supervision. The interviews have been analysed to identify emerging themes, using broadly grounded approaches. Findings Three important findings arise from the interviews with the participants. First, children in care are being labelled and removed from the mainstream due to problematic behaviours, rather than searching for the underlying cause of the behaviour. Second, significant anger and frustration is expressed towards residential care staff and the child’s social worker, due to several reasons relating to the institutional environment within residential care, and a lack of trust for those professionals with whom control over the child’s life rests. Finally, the children describe feeling powerless whilst in care, and within this context, the peer group plays a crucial role within the lives of the children interviewed. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on the subjective views of 19 interviewees. The sample is not representative, and has not been compared with other forms of data. Rather, it provides the reader with the perspectives of some of the most challenging and vulnerable children in the youth justice system, and places their voice at centre stage. Practical implications This paper points to several challenges within current youth justice and social work practice which led to the interviewees feeling disempowered and ambivalent about their future. A number of recommendations for policy and practice are made in the concluding sections of the paper which may assist those in policy and practice. Originality/value The voice of the looked after child who is also subject to youth justice has not been given centre stage within research to date. The findings are based on this voice and offer a different perspective about a looked after child’s pathways into offending. A number of potential implications for policy and practice, which could be considered and implemented to deal with this problem, are then discussed.
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Pugh, Julian, and Catherine M. Comiskey. "Drug treatment programmes in prison: longitudinal outcome evaluation, policy development and planning interventions." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (June 2006): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700009599.
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AbstractAims: The aim of this research is to evaluate a seven week abstinence-based drug treatment programme and to use this to assist policy makers in the planning and provision of future programmes.Methods: Design: Seventy-nine clients were interviewed at two stages. Stage I, prior to the treatment programme, stage II, immediately after the treatment programme. A selected group of 20 clients were followed-up and interviewed at stage III, up to 24 months after the treatment programme.Setting: All clients were prisoners at Mountjoy Prison, Dublin Ireland.Participants: Seventy-nine male prisoners were recruited. A sample of 20 of the original cohort of 79 was selected using a snowball sampling method approximately 24 months following treatment. This latter sample of 20 clients consisted of eight prisoners who had re-offended and returned to prison, three prisoners who were still in prison serving their original sentence and nine prisoners who were out of prison. These 20 also participated in a more detailed quantitative and qualitative survey.Measurements: In order to measure prisoner's criminogenic attitudes and needs the Crime Pics II instrument was used. This is a semantic differential scale which measures attitudes toward offending behaviour. It includes a problem checklist which can be used to measure change over time.Results: An 82% follow-up rate was achieved on the original group of 79 clients, similarly a follow-up rate of 100% was also achieved for the selected group of 20 clients who were interviewed three times. Regardless of category of client, findings demonstrate an improvement over time for the outcome variables, general attitude to offending, anticipation of re-offending and perception of current life problems. However, the study failed to demonstrate any significant change for the outcome variables victim hurt denial and evaluation of crime as worthwhile.Conclusions: These results were short lived for many prisoners, who failed to sustain the gains made. Interviews with the cohort of 20 who underwent stage III interviews possibly suggest that those clients who did not receive continuity of treatment post programme, in terms of case management and structured treatment did not fare as well as those who did.
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Worthington, Rachel. "Applying the concept of reciprocal roles to relapse prevention with offenders: a cognitive analytic therapy informed approach." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-07-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) informed reciprocal-role procedures could better inform relapse prevention planning for offenders in treatment programmes. Design/methodology/approach – The paper will explore the literature in relation to the efficacy of traditional victim empathy modules within accredited interventions as an intervention to reduce recidivism. Specifically, the paper will argue that current methods of victim empathy can pose a risk of increasing risk factors associated with recidivism and may be ineffective at reducing recidivism for certain clients. Findings – Offender treatment using victim empathy could be more effectively utilised from a CAT informed perspective. The paper will introduce “No more Victims” which is a newly designed module using a CAT informed relapse prevention approach to assist offenders to consider the reciprocal roles which take them closer to offending and how to exit these. Research limitations/implications – This paper argues that standard victim empathy modules may be difficult to access for some offenders and the validity of this approach in reducing recidivism is questionable. However, considering the role of the victim within offending behaviour interventions can be of value and this can be particularly helpful in terms of risk management and risk reduction. CAT informed approaches such as the “No more Victims” module provide a method of exploring victim issues in a way that is responsive to the needs of the offender and the module can be used as an adjunct to cognitive behavioural therapy interventions. This approach can also enhance victim safety planning and better inform risk management plans for the offender and those supervising them. It is suggested that this approach should be more widely used in other forensic interventions to enable clients to have valuable insight into the role they assume when offending and how the risk of this being re-enacted in the future can be revised. Originality/value – The paper will describe how consideration of reciprocal roles between the offender and victim could better inform relapse prevention in offender treatment programmes. An example of a session from the “No more Victims” module is provided.
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Sheldon, K., A. Tetley, B. Vollm, C. Thompson, and G. Krishnan. "Are they Different? a Comparison of Risk in Dangerous and Severe Personality Disordered and Personality Disordered Hospitalized Populations." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72750-x.
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IntroductionThere has been considerable interest internationally in the assessment and treatment of individuals who have a severe personality disorder and who might pose a high-risk of future recidivism. In the United Kingdom, the ‘Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder’ (DSPD) programme was initiated to deal with just this group. It is important, however, that the DSPD service is filling a treatment void and not competing with already well-established and effective services for (non-DPSD) personality disordered patients. Objective: To establish whether those admitted to innovative DSPD services are different from those admitted to conventional personality disorder (PD) services.AimTo compare patients admitted to DSPD services with those admitted to personality disordered (non-DPSD) services.MethodSixty patients admitted to DSPD services, under DSPD criteria, were compared with 44 patients admitted to personality disordered (non-DSPD) services within the same high secure psychiatric hospital, on risk measures, including(1)an index of predicted future violence(2)previous offending behaviour and(3)pre-treatment levels of institutional risk-related behaviour.ResultsDSPD patients do pose a greater clinical and management risk, have a higher number of pre-treatment risk-related behaviour, and have a greater number of convictions and imprisonments after age 18, relative to PD patients.ConclusionThe findings broadly confirm the hypotheses as to the higher risk in DSPD patients and thus offer support for the main purpose of DSPD services: to provide treatment for those who represent the highest priority in terms of treatment need and risk to public protection. Implications are discussed.
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Bartels, Lorana, and Patricia Easteal. "Women prisoners’ sexual victimisation: ongoing vulnerabilities and possible responses." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-06-2015-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the incidence and impact of exposure to sexual victimisation for women in the criminal justice system. Key ongoing vulnerabilities in respect of mental health and substance abuse, and their contribution to women’s offending, are examined. Treatment responses to address these women’s trauma in custodial settings are then discussed. It is argued that a therapeutic approach is required to provide a holistic response to victimised women offenders. Unfortunately, instead of doing so, many prisons’ ethos and approaches may actually produce a further layer of vulnerability. The paper concludes with commentary on future directions for research and practice. Design/methodology/approach The researchers undertook a desk-based literature review, using search terms such as “women”, “corrections”, “sexual abuse and/or victimisation” and “trauma”. The literature was analysed through a feminist framework, adopting a vulnerability paradigm. Findings The paper analyses the incidence and impact of sexual victimisation on women prisoners and notes that comprehensive trauma-informed care in custodial settings is needed but highly problematic within a prison context. Research limitations/implications The researchers focused primarily on Australia, and the conclusions may therefore be of more limited relevance to imprisoned women in other countries. Practical implications The paper suggests good practice requirements for delivering trauma-informed care to victimised women prisoners. Non-custodial alternatives to imprisonment are likely to be more sensitive to many female offenders’ layers of vulnerability. Originality/value This paper highlights the relationship between women offenders’ sexual victimisation histories, substance abuse, mental illness and offending behaviour, and demonstrates the need for and challenges in delivering trauma-informed care. The originality derives from the examination of the three rules of abuse (and prisons) and how they correlate with multiple vulnerabilities, which leads to the conclusion that prison is not the best place for rehabilitation of most women.
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Bond, Natalie, and Linda Gemmell. "Experiences of prison officers on a Lifer Psychologically Informed Planned Environment." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 35, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-03-2014-0010.
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Purpose – Psychologically Informed Planned Environments (PIPEs) provide a pathway facility for offenders with complex needs, such as personality disorder; to maintain and develop the progress made on offending behaviour programmes (Ministry of Justice and Department of Health, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiences of prison officers who work on a PIPE in a Lifer prison. Design/methodology/approach – Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to explore the experiences of five prison officers working on a PIPE in a Lifer prison. Findings – Main themes identified were labelled “Role Conflict”, “Growth”, “Relationships” and “Impact”. A rich and detailed account of the experience of the “voyage of discovery” and the personal challenges, costs and rewards of the PIPE work was achieved. Research limitations/implications – Limitations include the small number of participants, limited focus of the researchers, both Forensic Psychologists, and the uniqueness of the context, a Lifer prison. Limitations might be addressed by future research that could expand on the current findings. Implications for future research include further exploration of the psychological impact of the work, dynamics within the PIPE and the value of attachment theory in work with personality disordered offenders. Implications for future policy and practice concern training, support and the development of new PIPEs. Originality/value – The research adds a rich account of what it is like for these prison officers to work on a PIPE in a Lifer prison. The experiences shared reveal the personal challenge, costs and rewards of the work through which ideas to develop the staff, residents and the PIPE model emerged.
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Crossland, Sue, Mick Burns, Chris Leach, and Patrick Quinn. "Needs Assessment in Forensic Learning Disability." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 2 (April 2005): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.2.147.
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This paper gives the results of a needs assessment of a group of learning-disabled forensic patients from two Strategic Health Authority areas in the north of England. The patients were found to be a heterogeneous group with wide-ranging psychiatric needs. The majority were cared for outside their geographical area of origin, either in specialist NHS facilities or the independent sector. Those with an additional diagnosis of mental illness were most likely to be detained in NHS facilities within the region: a diagnosis of personality disorder was associated with placement in either a high secure setting or the independent sector. Individuals with a clinical diagnosis of mental retardation were most likely to be detained in services provided by specialist learning disability/mental health trusts out of area. There was a small group of females who were all placed outside the region. Offending behaviour was most likely to consist of violence against the person, sexual offences and arson. The majority assessed were felt to have long term needs. The study raised important implications for future provision of forensic services in the area, particularly the need to offer services with treatment programmes tailored to the needs of the population under review.
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Yar, Majid. "A Failure to Regulate? The Demands and Dilemmas of Tackling Illegal Content and Behaviour on Social Media." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 1, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/01010318rvze9940.
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The proliferation and user uptake of social media applications has brought in its wake a growing problem of illegal and harmful interactions and content online. Recent controversy has arisen around issues ranging from the alleged online manipulation of the 2016 US presidential election by Russian hackers and ‘trolls’, to the misuse of users’ Facebook data by the political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica (Hall 2018; Swaine & Bennetts 2018). These recent issues notwithstanding, in the UK context, ongoing concern has focused in particular upon (a) sexually-oriented and abusive content about or directed at children, and (b) content that is racially or religiously hateful, incites violence and promotes or celebrates terrorist violence. Legal innovation has sought to make specific provision for such online offences, and offenders have been subject to prosecution in some widely-publicised cases. Nevertheless, as a whole, the business of regulating (identifying, blocking, removing and reporting) offending content has been left largely to social media providers themselves. This has been sustained by concerns both practical (the amount of public resource that would be required to police social media) and political (concerns about excessive state surveillance and curtailment of free speech in liberal democracies). However, growing evidence about providers’ unwillingness and/or inability to effectively stem the flow of illegal and harmful content has created a crisis for the existing self-regulatory model. Consequently, we now see a range of proposals that would take a much more coercive and punitive stance toward media platforms, so as to compel them into taking more concerted action. Taking the UK as a primary focus, these proposals are considered and assessed, with a view to charting possible future configurations for tackling illegal social media content.
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Hassan Fathelrahman Mansour, Ilham, and Dalia Mohammed Elzubier Diab. "The relationship between celebrities’ credibility and advertising effectiveness." Journal of Islamic Marketing 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-05-2013-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold, first, the study aimed at investigating the impact of celebrities’ credibility on advertising effectiveness by examining the celebrity attributes that are likely to influence consumer attitude towards celebrity-endorsed TV advertising and their purchase behaviour. Second, the study seeks to identify the mediating role of religiosity on consumers’ attitudes towards celebrity-endorsed television advertising and buying behaviour. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a survey questionnaire in a sample of 370 Sudanese customers on their attitude towards the celebrity endorsement of television advertising. Findings The study found that celebrities’ likeability and their attractiveness have the greatest impact on both consumers Attitude and their purchase behaviour. The study also confirms that religiosity partially mediate both the relationships between celebrities’ credibility and the attitude towards the advertisement and purchase behaviour and revealed that religiosity correlates negatively with celebrities’ credibility and attitude towards advertisement. Research limitations/implications However, the study has some limitations, as it investigates the effectiveness of celebrities’ endorsement in TV commercials only. Future research could be extended to investigate the effectiveness of using celebrities advertising on other different media such as radio, printed and outdoors media. Further, the study uses a scale based on the Islamic practice dimensions, and using a more comprehensive scale to measure religiosity based on both belief and practices may be a further extension. Practical implications These results have important implications for advertising practitioners and business enterprises in Sudan, and other similar communities. They provide guidance in the sense that religiosity should be weighed in and given high importance when using celebrities in advertising campaigns and that the advertisement contents should be compliant with the Islamic law (Shariah). Social implications Understanding how religious beliefs influence the attitude towards the advertising is of great importance to international advertisers to improve advertising effectiveness without offending their Muslim audience. The study enriches the literature on the religiosity and its influence on the consumer behaviour, particularly in the celebrity-endorsed advertisements. Originality/value To the best of the authors knowledge, this study is the first study of its kind in Sudan to explore the impact of celebrities’ endorsement on consumers attitude and buying behaviour and provide empirical evidence to verify the existence of a mediating role of religiosity on both the attitude and purchase behaviour in the Sudanese context. It provides an understanding of Sudanese attitudes and purchase decision, as Muslims, and thus provides practitioners with guidelines on how to design celebrity-endorsed TV advertisements to influence consumers’ attitude and buying behaviour.
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COID, J., N. KAHTAN, A. COOK, S. GAULT, and B. JARMAN. "Predicting admission rates to secure forensic psychiatry services." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 3 (April 2001): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100366x.
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Background. The planning and development of secure forensic psychiatry services for mentally disordered offenders in England and Wales has proceeded independently within different regional areas. However, certain mental disorders, offenders, and offending behaviour are all more prevalent in geographical areas characterized by socio-economic deprivation and social disorganization. Failure to consider these factors has led to inadequate service provision in some areas and inequity in funding. A new model is required to predict admissions to these services as an aid to resource allocation.Method. Actual admissions (N=3155) to high and medium secure psychiatric services for seven of 14 (pre-reorganization) Regional Health Authorities, 1988–94. Expected admissions were calculated for each district using 1991 census data adjusted for under-enumeration. Standardized psychiatric admission ratios were calculated and a range of social, health status, and service provision data were used as explanatory variables in a regression analysis to determine variation between districts.Results. Actual psychiatric admissions varied from 160% above to 62% below expected for age, sex, and marital status, according to patients' catchment area of origin, measured according to deciles of the distribution of underprivileged area scores at ward level. The most powerful explanatory variables included a composite measure of social deprivation, ethnicity and availability of low secure beds at regional level.Conclusion. Admission rates to secure forensic psychiatry services demonstrate a linear correlation with measures of socio-economic deprivation in patients catchment area of origin. A model was developed to predict admissions from District Health Authorities and is recommended for future use in resource allocation. Identification of factors that explain higher admission rates of serious offenders with mental disorder from deprived areas is a priority for future research.
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Campana, Paolo, and Andrea Giovannetti. "Predicting Violence in Merseyside: a Network-Based Approach Using No Demographic Information." Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing 4, no. 3-4 (November 6, 2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41887-020-00053-0.
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Abstract Purpose We explore how we can best predict violent attacks with injury using a limited set of information on (a) previous violence, (b) previous knife and weapon carrying, and (c) violence-related behaviour of known associates, without analysing any demographic characteristics. Data Our initial data set consists of 63,022 individuals involved in 375,599 events that police recorded in Merseyside (UK) from 1 January 2015 to 18 October 2018. Methods We split our data into two periods: T1 (initial 2 years) and T2 (the remaining period). We predict “violence with injury” at time T2 as defined by Merseyside Police using the following individual-level predictors at time T1: violence with injury; involvement in a knife incident and involvement in a weapon incident. Furthermore, we relied on social network analysis to reconstruct the network of associates at time T1 (co-offending network) for those individuals who have committed violence at T2, and built three additional network-based predictors (associates’ violence; associates’ knife incident; associates’ weapon incident). Finally, we tackled the issue of predicting violence (a) through a series of robust logistic regression models using a bootstrapping method and (b) through a specificity/sensitivity analysis. Findings We found that 7720 individuals committed violence with injury at T2. Of those, 2004 were also present at T1 (27.7%) and co-offended with a total of 7202 individuals. Regression models suggest that previous violence at time T1 is the strongest predictor of future violence (with an increase in odds never smaller than 123%), knife incidents and weapon incidents at the individual level have some predictive power (but only when no information on previous violence is considered), and the behaviour of one’s associates matters. Prior association with a violent individual and prior association with a knife-flagged individual were the two strongest network predictors, with a slightly stronger effect for knife flags. The best performing regressors are (a) individual past violence (36% of future violence cases correctly identified); (b) associates’ past violence (25%); and (c) associates’ knife involvement (14%). All regressors are characterised by a very high level of specificity in predicting who will not commit violence (80% or more). Conclusions Network-based indicators add to the explanation of future violence, especially prior association with a knife-flagged individual and association with a violent individual. Information about the knife involvement of associates appears to be more informative than a subject’s own prior knife involvement.
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Evans, Laura, Maria Ioannou, and Laura Hammond. "A predictive model of criminality in civil psychiatric populations." Journal of Criminal Psychology 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-10-2014-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a predictive model of criminal risk in civil psychiatric populations, by determining the relative impacts of psychopathy, drug use, impulsivity and intelligence on levels of criminality. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted of 871 civil psychiatric patients, selected from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, who had been diagnosed with a mental illness or personality disorder, and hospitalised less than 21 days. Each participant was administered the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R). In addition, information on background demographics, drug use and criminality was obtained via a self-report questionnaire. Findings – Pearson correlations identified significant positive relationships between past arrests, psychopathy, impulsivity and drug use. Intelligence was negatively related to past arrests. Multiple regressions identified a significant main effect for Factor 2 psychopathy on past arrests when controlling for all covariates, but not for Factor 1 psychopathy, intelligence or impulsivity. Drug use and gender had small univariate effects. Research limitations/implications – It is suggested that future research investigates the influence of specific mental disorders on different types of offending. Originality/value – By investigating predictors of criminal behaviour in civil psychiatric patients, the present study makes valuable contributions to the research literature, enhancing our theoretical understanding of the relationships between psychopathy and criminality/recidivism. It also has notable implications in applied practice, for example in the development and refinement of risk assessment methods.
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van Ham, Tom, Arjan A. J. Blokland, Henk B. Ferwerda, Theo A. H. Doreleijers, and Otto M. J. Adang. "Jekyll or Hyde? Examining the criminal careers of public violence offenders." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816661742.
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Since the 1970s theoretical and empirical work on public violence has mainly focused on the context in which public violence takes place, assuming that public violence offenders are ordinary people acting in extraordinary circumstances. Recent studies however indicate that ‘hooligans’ share many characteristics with other violent offenders, which has (re)fuelled the notion that individual propensity is important in explaining public violence, and that public violence offenders generally fit the small group of serious and persistent offenders identified by Moffitt. Based on Dutch police data on 438 individuals involved in public violence, we examined the criminal careers of public violence offenders leading up to the date of registration as a public violence offender. Using group-based models, we distinguished three criminal career trajectories in our sample. Although we found many public violence offenders had no criminal records whatsoever, we also found a small group of public violence offenders who exhibited a high frequency of offending, displayed both solo and group violence, and acted violently across different settings. Our results leave us to take a middle ground in the context-propensity debate, because we argue that different categories of public violence offenders may exist whose behaviour is triggered by different processes. Incorporating the notion of different types of public violence offenders helps explain the seemingly contradictory findings of prior studies, and suggests new avenues for future research into the intra- and intergroup dynamics of public violence.
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Salinas, Kalin Z., and Amanda Venta. "Testing the Role of Emotion Dysregulation as a Predictor of Juvenile Recidivism." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010007.
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The current study proposed to determine whether adolescent emotion regulation is predictive of the amount and type of crime committed by adolescent juvenile offenders. Despite evidence in the literature linking emotion regulation to behaviour problems and aggression across the lifespan, there is no prior longitudinal research examining the predictive role of emotion regulation on adolescent recidivism, nor data regarding how emotion regulation relates to the occurrence of specific types of crimes. Our primary hypothesis was that poor emotion regulation would positively and significantly predict re-offending among adolescents. We tested our hypothesis within a binary logistic framework utilizing the Pathways to Desistance longitudinal data. Exploratory bivariate analyses were conducted regarding emotion regulation and type of crime in the service of future hypothesis generation. Though the findings did not indicate a statistically significant relation between emotion regulation and reoffending, exploratory findings suggest that some types of crime may be more linked to emotion regulation than others. In sum, the present study aimed to examine a hypothesized relation between emotion regulation and juvenile delinquency by identifying how the individual factor of dysregulated emotion regulation may have played a role. This study’s findings did not provide evidence that emotion regulation was a significant predictor of recidivism over time but did suggest that emotion regulation is related to participation in certain types of crime one year later. Directions for future research that build upon the current study were described. Indeed, identifying emotion regulation as a predictor of adolescent crime has the potential to enhance current crime prevention efforts and clinical treatments for juvenile offenders; this is based on the large amount of treatment literature, which documents that emotion regulation is malleable through treatment and prevention programming.
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Fonagy, Peter, Stephen Butler, David Cottrell, Stephen Scott, Stephen Pilling, Ivan Eisler, Peter Fuggle, et al. "Multisystemic therapy compared with management as usual for adolescents at risk of offending: the START II RCT." Health Services and Delivery Research 8, no. 23 (May 2020): 1–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr08230.
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Background The Systemic Therapy for At Risk Teens (START) trial is a randomised controlled trial of multisystemic therapy (MST) compared with management as usual (MAU). The present study reports on long-term follow-up of the trial (to 60 months). Objectives The primary objective was to compare MST and MAU for the proportion of young people in each group with criminal convictions up to 60 months post baseline. Secondary outcomes included group comparisons of psychological and behavioural factors. An economic analysis was carried out to determine the cost-effectiveness of MST compared with MAU. Two qualitative studies were conducted to better understand the subjective experiences of the participants. Design Primary outcomes (collected up to 60 months) were collected using a centralised police database. Secondary outcomes were evaluated using self-report questionnaires completed by both young people and parents or carers at the 24-, 36- and 48-month follow-ups. Research assistants were blind to treatment allocation. Setting Participants were recruited from participating MST sites in nine areas of England. Secondary outcomes were typically collected within the family home. Participants A total of 684 families were recruited into the START trial and allocated randomly to a treatment group. Of these, 487 remained in the second phase of the trial. Young people were aged, on average, 13.8 years at baseline, with 63% male and 37% female. Interventions MST is a manualised programme for young people exhibiting antisocial behaviour and their families that uses principles from cognitive–behavioural and family therapy to provide an individualised approach. MAU content was not prespecified, but consisted of the standard care offered to young people who met eligibility for the trial. Main outcome measures Young people’s offending was evaluated using the Police National Computer. Secondary measures included validated self-report measures completed by both the young person and their parent or carer. The economic evaluation took a broad perspective and outcomes were assessed in terms of quality-adjusted life-years and offending. Results No significant differences were found in the proportion of offending between the groups (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.26; p = 0.78). No differences were found between the groups on secondary outcome measures, with a few exceptions that did not hold up consistently across the follow-up period. The economic analysis did not find evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of MST compared with MAU. Outcomes from the qualitative studies suggest that families mostly felt positive about MST, and that MST was associated with greater maturity in young men. Limitations Some intended evaluations were not possible to deliver. Selective attrition may have influenced the nature of the sample size. It is also unclear how representative the MAU services were of reality. Future research Recommendations are made for the evaluation of MST in populations with more severe behavioural problems, as well as for identifying and testing new moderators. Conclusions The results of the second phase of the START trial do not support the long-term superiority of MST to MAU, but elements of the intervention may be adapted successfully. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN77132214 and London South-East REC registration number 09/H1102/55. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 23. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Fitzpatrick, Claire. "What do we know about girls in the care and criminal justice systems?" Safer Communities 16, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-03-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the neglect of girls in care who come into conflict with the law, arguing that a gender-neutral approach in this area risks further marginalising an already vulnerable population. Design/methodology/approach A critical review of the literature and current policy climate is undertaken to explore what is known about the experiences of females in the justice system, as well as knowledge gaps. Findings Evidence on the prevalence and nature of offending by girls in care is limited. However, as looked after children, girls may be more likely to have their own behaviour unnecessarily criminalised. Whilst females and males share some prior experiences of victimisation and trauma, girls also have distinct needs and may be assessed and managed by state care and control systems in very different ways. Research limitations/implications The paper is not based on primary research and does not present a systematic review of the literature. Practical implications The need to listen to girls and young women, and a far greater recognition of backgrounds of trauma must underpin future policy and practice. Diversion from the formal criminal justice system wherever possible is also a key goal to aspire to. Originality/value This paper focuses on the specific experiences of females. It calls for a gender-sensitive, trauma-informed approach to working with girls and women from the care system who come into conflict with the law, and questions the value of criminalising those whom the state previously deemed to be in need of welfare and support.
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Lambie, Ian, Isabel Randell, Ariana Krynen, Peter Reed, and Julia Ioane. "Risk Factors for Future Offending in Child and Adolescent Firesetters Following a Fire Service Intervention Program." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 6 (April 16, 2019): 832–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819842907.
Full textAbstract:
Research has established links between youth firesetting and general antisocial behavior. The current study sought to better understand these links by identifying fire-specific and general risk factors for offending from a national sample of children and adolescent firesetters ( N = 1,790), from a New Zealand Fire Service intervention program, up to 10 years after intervention. Most (62%) had committed an offense post-intervention, primarily moderate or severe offending. Only 5% had committed an arson offense post-intervention. Nearly all measures of victimization, psychosocial/emotional problems, previous conduct problem behavior, and child-welfare history were associated with post-intervention offending and/or offending severity. Pre-intervention offending and being older (aged 12+ years) at intervention were the major independent risk factors for offending. A protective factor was firesetting having occurred at home. Findings highlight young firesetters’ broad patterns of pervasive antisocial behavior and multiple adverse family, environmental, and individual factors that accompany and contribute to wide-ranging, non-fire-related offending.
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Merola, Melanie. "Young offenders’ experiences of an indeterminate sentence." Journal of Forensic Practice 17, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-07-2014-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to understand the experience of those living with the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) sentence. Design/methodology/approach – Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse seven interviews with Young Offenders aged 18-21 who were serving an IPP sentence. Two participants were past their tariff expiry date, two had less than a year until their tariff date and three had more than a year until their tariff date. Findings – Several themes were found, each with their own subthemes: Injustice of the Justice System, Not Knowing, Coping, Change and Walking on Eggshells. Participants still detailed negative aspects of the sentence but within this was one, important, positive aspect, namely the inspiration the sentence gave for them to change their offending behaviour. However, this has come at a cost with participants feeling as though they have been treated unfairly, finding it difficult to cope, feeling victimised and finding it difficult to see a future. Practical implications – Lapses in motivation do not necessarily reflect the risk of the person but the difficulty of the sentence. Motivation can be fostered and developed through motivational interviewing, praise and peer support IPPs should be given more credit for the way they manage themselves daily and more understanding when they struggle. IPPs could be victimised by determinate prisoners or by staff. Establishments should be aware of this and help IPPs resolve situations without feeling like they are a victim. Consideration should be given to converting IPP sentences to determinate sentences. Originality/value – Previous research focused on the negative aspects of the sentence, the purpose was therefore to approach the situation with an open mind and by using a method that allows those with an IPP sentence to share their experience of the sentence. IPA allowed for exploration of the effects of the sentence on those serving it and therefore gains a further understanding of the impact of the sentence.
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Papalia, Nina, James R. P. Ogloff, Margaret Cutajar, and Paul E. Mullen. "Child Sexual Abuse and Criminal Offending: Gender-Specific Effects and the Role of Abuse Characteristics and Other Adverse Outcomes." Child Maltreatment 23, no. 4 (July 8, 2018): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518785779.
Full textAbstract:
This study sought to enhance knowledge of the link between child sexual abuse (CSA) and long-term criminality by investigating gender-specific effects and the role of index sexual abuse characteristics, revictimization, and serious mental health problems. An Australian sample of 2,759 documented cases of sexual abuse and 2,677 community controls were linked to statewide police records and public mental health service databases, with a follow-up period of 13–44 years. Four key findings emerged from the analysis: (1) CSA victims were more likely than controls to engage in all types of criminal behaviors including violent, sexual, and other offending; (2) gender moderated the relationship between CSA and criminal offending, with stronger associations found among females for general and violent offending, and among males for sexual offending; (3) certain features of the index sexual abuse (i.e., developmental period, number of perpetrators, relation to perpetrator), further victimization experiences, and the development of serious mental health problems were all associated with an increased likelihood of criminal behavior among CSA victims; (4) CSA victims who engaged in criminal offending were more likely to present with cumulative risks than victims not engaging in criminal offending. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Petrich, Damon M., and Christopher J. Sullivan. "Does Future Orientation Moderate the Relationship Between Impulse Control and Offending? Insights From a Sample of Serious Young Offenders." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204019876976.
Full textAbstract:
Researchers have recently begun to examine motivational factors as moderators of the relationship between self-control and offending behavior. The current study extends prior work by investigating whether three aspects of future orientation (aspirations, expectations, and the use of future-oriented cognitive and behavioral strategies) play such a role. Drawing on 7 years of data from the Pathways to Desistance study ( N = 1,333), we use hybrid effects negative binomial regression models to assess how within-individual changes in future orientation and impulse control are independently and jointly related to the offending variety of serious young offenders. Although impulse control and three components of future orientation had significant main effects on offending, no interaction between these components emerged in our results. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Zaykowski, Heather, and Whitney D. Gunter. "Gender Differences in Victimization Risk: Exploring the Role of Deviant Lifestyles." Violence and Victims 28, no. 2 (2013): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00019.
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Although research over the past few decades has illustrated that gender is a significant predictor of victimization, there has been less attention toward explaining these differences. Furthermore, there has been little attention given to how offending and other deviant behaviors contribute to victimization risk for males and females. This is surprising considering that offending, particularly violent behavior, is highly correlated with victimization risk and that males are more likely to offend than females. This study applied cross-sectional and time-ordered models predicting violent victimization and repeat victimization to examine how deviant lifestyles affected victimization risk for males and females. The results suggest that violent behavior increases risk for males and females in the cross-sectional models but not in the time-ordered model. These findings suggest that future research and policies should address longitudinal changes and gender-specific analyses.
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van Domburgh, Lieke, Charlotte Geluk, Lucres Jansen, Robert Vermeiren, and Theo Doreleijers. "Antisocial Behavior and Victimization Over 2-Year Follow-Up in Subgroups of Childhood Arrestees." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 18 (October 9, 2016): 3780–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672052.
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Not only are childhood onset offenders at high risk of becoming serious persistent offenders, they are also at high risk of becoming victimized themselves. Furthermore, studies in the general population suggest that a combined perpetrator–victim group can be distinguished from a perpetrator-only and a victim-only group on individual and family risk factors. The current study investigated the co-occurrence of offending and victimization among first-time arrestees and the 2-year predictive value of previously found clusters of dynamic risk factors of offending. Childhood first-time arrestees ( N = 308; Mage = 10.3, SD = 1.45) were clustered into three groups based on dynamic risk factors of offending in the individual, peer, school, and family domains: a pervasive high, an externalizing intermediate, and a low problem group. Police records and self-report data on re-offending and victimization of these children were collected over a 2-year follow-up period. Compared with the low problem group, the prevalence of re-offending was higher in both the externalizing intermediate group and the pervasive high group. The pervasive high group was most likely to display co-occurring future antisocial behavior and victimization. These findings emphasize that attention should be paid to victimization in addition to future antisocial behavior, especially if additional internalizing and family problems are present. Furthermore, the differences in re-offending and victimization between subgroups of childhood onset offenders stress the need for specific interventions tailored to the risk profile of a child.
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Kiriakidis, Stavros P. "Prediction and Explanation of Young Offenders’ Intentions to Re-offend From Behavioral, Normative, and Control Beliefs." European Psychologist 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000021.
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A detailed assessment of the constructs postulated by the Theory of Planned Behavior is offered as a comprehensive framework for understanding young offenders’ behavioral intentions to re-offend in the future. The paper reports the assessed salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs with respect to future offending behavior. From the largest institution for young offenders in Scotland 152 male inmates were randomly selected and filled in a questionnaire which measured direct and belief-based attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions to re-offend in the future. Intentions to re-offend in the future by young offenders were predicted by control beliefs about certain internal and external impediments that the young offenders believed they had to overcome and behavioral beliefs, underlining attitudes toward future offending.
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Beaudry-Cyr, Maude, Wesley G. Jennings, Kristen M. Zgoba, and Richard Tewksbury. "Examining the Continuity of Juvenile Sex Offending Into Adulthood and Subsequent Patterns of Sex and General Recidivism." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15594442.
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Current sex offending legislation and public opinion present an image of sexual offenders as specialized predators who are likely to exhibit continued sexually deviant behavior over the life-course. Although sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has been independently assessed in prior research, the potential link between sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has yet to be investigated. Using data collected at two different time points from a sample of sex offenders who served a prison sentence for an adult sex offense, the present study examines the prevalence of sex offending continuity, and its potential linkages with subsequent sex and general recidivism as well as identifying risk factors related to these outcomes. The multivariate results indicate a low rate of sex offending continuity in general but suggest the presence of identifiable risk factors that predict sex offending continuity. Specifically, non-sexual juvenile offending is the most notable of the numerous risk factors found to be associated with those displaying sex offending continuity from adolescence into adulthood. Subsequent analyses also reveal a significant association between sex offending continuity and sexual recidivism but not general recidivism. Policy implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Walters, Glenn D. "Are the Criminogenic Effects of Incarceration Mediated by a Change in Criminal Thinking or a Change in Perceived Certainty?" Prison Journal 101, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885520978374.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a change in criminal thinking or a change in perceived certainty mediates the putative criminogenic effect of incarceration. A path analysis of 1,170 male delinquents revealed that incarceration prior to age 19 produced a negative rather than positive effect on offending behavior at age 20, although it did predict an increase in proactive criminal thinking (PCT) from age 18 to age 19. PCT, in turn, predicted a rise in past year offending. Perceived certainty of punishment, on the other hand, failed to mediate the effect of incarceration on future offending.
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Schaffer, Megan, Elizabeth L. Jeglic, Aviva Moster, and Dorota Wnuk. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment and Management of Sex Offenders." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 24, no. 2 (May 2010): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.24.2.92.
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In this article, current methods of conceptualizing and treating adult sexual offending are reviewed. First, the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) approach to sex offender management is presented and critiqued. Then, the newer Good Lives Model is discussed and contrasted with the aforementioned RNR approach. The discussion of these approaches to sex offender management and rehabilitation is followed by a review of those cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques used to treat risk factors associated with sex offending, as such techniques are employed in both paradigms. Finally, research regarding the efficacy of using CBT techniques to treat sex offending behavior is presented, and future directions for sex offender treatment and management are discussed.
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Wetterborg, Dan, Peter Dehlbom, Niklas Långström, Gerhard Andersson, Alan E. Fruzzetti, and Pia Enebrink. "Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Behavior: A Clinical Trial." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 1 (February 2020): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_379.
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In addition to suicidal behaviors, men with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often display antisocial behavior that could impair contacts with mental health services. While research has established effective treatments for women with BPD, this is not yet the case for men. The authors evaluated 12 months of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for 30 men with BPD and antisocial behavior, using a within-group design with repeated measurements. The authors found moderate to strong, statistically significant pre-to posttreatment reductions of several dysfunctional behaviors, including self-harm, verbal and physical aggression, and criminal offending (rate ratios 0.17–0.39). Symptoms of BPD and depression were also substantially decreased. The dropout rate was 30%, and completing participants reported high satisfaction with treatment and maintained their improvements at 1-year follow-up. The authors conclude that DBT could be an effective treatment alternative for men with BPD and antisocial behavior, and it merits future studies with more rigorous design.
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Morais, Hugo B., Apryl A. Alexander, Rebecca L. Fix, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Adjudicated for Sexual Offenses: Mental Health Consequences and Sexual Offending Behaviors." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215625224.
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Most studies on the mental health consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) focus predominantly on CSA survivors who do not commit sexual offenses. The current study examined the effects of CSA on 498 male adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses who represent the small portion of CSA survivors who engage in sexual offenses. The prevalence of internalizing symptoms, parental attachment difficulties, specific sexual offending behaviors, and risk for sexually offending were compared among participants with and without a history of CSA. Results indicated that participants with a history of CSA were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder than those who did not report a history of CSA. A history of CSA was also positively correlated with risk for sexually offending and with specific offense patterns and consensual sexual behaviors. No significant differences emerged on parental attachment difficulties. These results highlight that adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses with a history of CSA present with differences in sexual and psychological functioning as well as markedly different offending patterns when compared with those without a CSA history. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.