Journal articles on the topic 'Future Cellular and IoT Networks'
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1
Vishnubhatla, Arvind. "Cellular IOT using nRF9160kit." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 16, no. 15 (December 15, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i15.18987.
Abstract:
The current vision of internet of things aims at connecting anything with everything. It is estimated that there will be 18 billion connected devices in 2022. Applications like utility meters, robotics, smart street lighting, process automation, solar and wind farms are expected to grow. High end requirements for automated driving, industrial automation and e-health exist. Cellular IOT is expected to bring new use cases to address latest requirements in the market. There is a need to provide large coverage in a power efficient manner while providing a high battery life. There is a need to have a kit which connects seamlessly and has a small form factor. The requirements on latency and throughput are relaxed in some cases while stringent in others. Stringent requirements make use of more radio resources. There is increased demand for system capacity and network availability. In this paper we make use of nRF9160 kit a low-cost device where a reduction in the cost and complexity has been achieved. The performance objectives of coverage, throughput, latency, capacity, power efficiency and complexity are met. This kit provides a reliable and future proof solution in the long term. The kit is built for the global market and allows roaming over multiple networks.
2
Pan, Shin-Hung, and Shu-Ching Wang. "Optimal Consensus with Dual Abnormality Mode of Cellular IoT Based on Edge Computing." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020671.
Abstract:
The continuous development of fifth-generation (5G) networks is the main driving force for the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is expected that the 5G network will greatly expand the applications of the IoT, thereby promoting the operation of cellular networks, the security and network challenges of the IoT, and pushing the future of the Internet to the edge. Because the IoT can make anything in anyplace be connected together at any time, it can provide ubiquitous services. With the establishment and use of 5G wireless networks, the cellular IoT (CIoT) will be developed and applied. In order to provide more reliable CIoT applications, a reliable network topology is very important. Reaching a consensus is one of the most important issues in providing a highly reliable CIoT design. Therefore, it is necessary to reach a consensus so that even if some components in the system is abnormal, the application in the system can still execute correctly in CIoT. In this study, a protocol of consensus is discussed in CIoT with dual abnormality mode that combines dormant abnormality and malicious abnormality. The protocol proposed in this research not only allows all normal components in CIoT to reach a consensus with the minimum times of data exchange, but also allows the maximum number of dormant and malicious abnormal components in CIoT. In the meantime, the protocol can make all normal components in CIoT satisfy the constraints of reaching consensus: Termination, Agreement, and Integrity.
3
Ahmed Osman, Radwa, and Amira I. Zaki. "Energy-Efficient and Reliable Internet of Things for 5G: A Framework for Interference Control." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122165.
Abstract:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the promising paradigms that enable massive machines and devices to communicate with each other in future communication networks to promote a high level of awareness about our world and improve our daily life. IoT devices (IoTDs) communicate with an IoT base station (IoTBS) or IoT gateway (IoTG) by sharing the resources of other cellular users (CUEs). Due to the leakage of the spectral efficiency, interference exists among IoTG and base station (BS) due to CUEs and IoTDs. In this paper, a new framework is proposed called the interference control model. This proposed model aims to control the interference among IoTG and BS and is based on using the Lagrange optimization technique to reduce interference and maximize the energy efficiency and reliability of the IoT and cellular networks in fifth-generation (5G) systems. First, we formulate the multi-objective optimization problem to achieve the objective of the proposed model. Then, based on the optimization strategy, we derive the closed-form expressions of key quality-of-service (QoS) performance such as system reliability, throughput, and energy efficiency. Finally, the proposed algorithm has been evaluated and examined through different assumptions and several simulation scenarios. The obtained results validate the effectiveness and the accuracy of our proposed idea and also indicate significant improvement in the network performance of IoT and cellular networks.
4
Kadus, Shubhangi G., and Sagar S. Wabale. "Revolution in IoT with 5G Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49297.
Abstract:
Abstract: Day by day Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining a huge popularity. With increase in popularity the technological advancement is required to fulfil its high data rate demand. The IoT devices will become primary need to next generation. The latest development of devices will build smaller but smart devices in field of IoT. With increase in demand of smart devices IoT architecture will become more complex. The 5G network will fulfil the need to these complex architectures. The 5G networks are expected to massively expand today’s IoT that can boost cellular operations, IoT security, and network challenges and drive the Internet future to the edge. This paper will review the revolution in IoT with introduction of 5G network along with its concept, use cases and security concerns.
5
Abanga, Ellen Akongwin. "A Review of Internet of Things (IoT) and Security Concerns." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/digital/v10n4p13.
Abstract:
Wireless technology networks are particularly vulnerable to security attacks. Wireless communication networks are widely used in education, defense, industry, healthcare, retail, and transportation. These systems rely on wired and cellular networks. In society and industry, wireless sensor networks, actuation networks, and vehicle networks have garnered a lot of attention. The Internet of Things has gotten a lot of research attention in recent years. The Internet of Things is regarded as the internet's future. IoT will play an important role in the future, changing our lifestyles, standards, and business structures. The use of IoT in various applications is likely to skyrocket in the next years. The Internet of Things enables billions of devices, people, and services to communicate and exchange information. IoT networks are vulnerable to several security vulnerabilities as a result of the rising use of IoT devices. It is crucial to implement effective privacy and security protocols in IoT networks to guarantee, among other things, confidentiality, authentication, access control, and integrity. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the security and privacy challenges in IoT networks. Keywords: Internet of Things, Security, Security Concerns, Attacks, Networks, Internet
6
Nikhat Akhtar and Yusuf Perwej. "The internet of nano things (IoNT) existing state and future Prospects." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.5.2.0110.
Abstract:
The increase of intelligent environments suggests the interconnectivity of applications and the use of the Internet. For this reason, arise what is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The expansion of the IoT concept gives access to the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). A new communication networks paradigm based on nano technology and IoT, in other words, a paradigm with the capacity to interconnect nano-scale devices through existing networks. From the interconnection of these nano machines with the Internet emerged the concept of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is a system of nano connected devices, objects, or organisms that have unique identifiers to transfer data over a computer or cellular network wirelessly to the Cloud. The data delivery, caching, and energy consumption are among the most significant topics in the IoNT nowadays. The nano-networks paradigm can empower the consumers to make a difference to their well-being by connecting data to personalized analysis within timely insights. The real-time data can be used in a diversification of nano-applications in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), from preventive treatment to diagnostics and rehabilitation. In this paper intelligibly explains the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), its architecture, challenges, explains the role of IoNT in global market, IoNT applications in various domains. Internet of things has provided countless new opportunity to create a powerful industrialized structure and many more. The key applications for IoNT communication including healthcare, transportation and logistics, defense and aerospace, media and entertainment, manufacturing, oil and gas, high speed data transfer & cellular, multimedia, immune system support and others services. In the end, since security is considered to be one of the main issues of the IoNT system, we provide an in-depth discussion on security, communication network and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) market trends.
7
Zikria, Yousaf, Sung Kim, Muhammad Afzal, Haoxiang Wang, and Mubashir Rehmani. "5G Mobile Services and Scenarios: Challenges and Solutions." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103626.
Abstract:
The Fifth generation (5G) network is projected to support large amount of data traffic and massive number of wireless connections. Different data traffic has different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. 5G mobile network aims to address the limitations of previous cellular standards (i.e., 2G/3G/4G) and be a prospective key enabler for future Internet of Things (IoT). 5G networks support a wide range of applications such as smart home, autonomous driving, drone operations, health and mission critical applications, Industrial IoT (IIoT), and entertainment and multimedia. Based on end users’ experience, several 5G services are categorized into immersive 5G services, intelligent 5G services, omnipresent 5G services, autonomous 5G services, and public 5G services. In this paper, we present a brief overview of 5G technical scenarios. We then provide a brief overview of accepted papers in our Special Issue on 5G mobile services and scenarios. Finally, we conclude this paper.
8
Andrabi, Umer Mukhtar, Sergey N. Stepanov, Juvent Ndayikunda, and Margarita G. Kanishcheva. "CELLULAR NETWORK RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION METHODS FOR THE JOINT SERVICING OF REAL-TIME MULTISERVICE TRAFFIC AND GROUPED IOT TRAFFIC." T-Comm 14, no. 10 (2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2020-14-10-61-69.
Abstract:
Immense growth in the volumes and multiplicity of data to be collected in future Internet of Things (IoT) applications is one of the crucial challenges for the networking organizations as they develop from 4G+ to true 5G systems. Particularly bulk of this traffic includes complex, unstructured and varied data (Big Data) evolve from smart networking ecosystems (LTE-devices, NB-IoT devices). Although 5G offers many low power wide area technologies (Lora WAN, GSM and NB-IoT etc.), principally NB-IoT seems very promising addressing the problem because of its certain characteristics like high fault tolerance, delay tolerance, higher coverage area etc. However, due to the limited bandwidth (180 kHz) availability one of the challenges is how to efficiently use these resources to support and handle massive number of growing IoT devices, also resource management and allocation methodology between LTE and NB-IoT traffic flows. In this context, several key issues for IoT communications in 5G networks should be addressed to satisfy quality of service (QoS) provisioning. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model for Operator Surveillance systems for sharing radio resources between LTE and NB-IoT. The model utilizes the technique of network slicing for resource management. The proposed techniques provide scenarios that aims to offer a trade-off between the two types of traffics by guaranteeing the network performance and avoiding unproductive utilization of available resources.
9
Nagah, Mohamed, Shimaa Mahmoud, Mohamed Megahed, and Mohammed Salama. "Exploring the Applications of 5G Mobile Communication Networks: A Comprehensive Tutorial." International Uni-Scientific Research Journal 4 (2023): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59271/s44839.023.2206.2.
Abstract:
Recently, the researches on Mobile 5th Generation (5G) networks have significant developments. All new 5G mobile technology will be around by 2020. The fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to meet high requirements. Large amount of traffic data and enormous number of wireless connections is supported by the Fifth generation (5G) network. 5G mobile network seeks to address the limitations of previous cellular standards (i.e., 2G/3G/4G) and be an approaching key responsible for future Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a comprehensive overview of 5G applications which are obtained through information coming from various papers. 5G stakeholders will open up new frontiers of services and applications for next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, the main objective is to present 5G network; it’s applications and also focusing on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).
10
Tikhvinskiy, Valery, Grigory Bochechka, Andrey Gryazev, and Altay Aitmagambetov. "Comparative Analysis of QoS Management and Technical Requirements in 3GPP Standards for Cellular IoT Technologies." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 2 (June 29, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.122717.
Abstract:
Optimization of 3GPP standards that apply to cellular technologies and their adaptation to LPWAN has not led to positive results only enabling to compete on the market with the growing number non-cellular greenfield LPWAN technologies – LoRa, Sigfox and others. The need to take into consideration, during the 3GPP standard optimization phase, the low-cost segment of narrow-band IoT devices relying on such new technologies as LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM, has also led to a loss of a number of technical characteristics and functions that offered low latency and guaranteed the quality of service. The aim of this article is therefore to review some of the most technical limitations and restrictions of the new 3GPP IoT technologies, as well as to indicate the direction for development of future standards applicable to cellular IoT technologies.
11
Khatri, Marzook. "Network Amelioration, AI Automation and Future Integration in Wireless Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37835.
Abstract:
Abstract: The deployment of 5G mobile communication networks is just getting started right now. There are numerous technologies available today, each capable of fulfilling activities such as enabling voice traffic via voice over IP (VoIP), providing broadband data access in mobile environments, and so on. However, there is a pressing need to implement technology that can bring all of these systems together into a single unified system. Because it is all about smoothly integrating terminals, networks, and applications, 8G presents a solution to this dilemma. In this work, an attempt is made to provide a study of various cellular technologies, such as 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, and FG, as well as a detailed comparison between them. With the introduction of network virtualization and the implementation of 5G/IoT, mobile networks will become more complicated and offer more diverse services. This raises concerns about a considerable increase in the workload of network operations. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing rapidly and is projected to alleviate human resource shortages in a variety of industries. Similarly, the mobile industry is gaining traction in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to network operations in order to improve the efficiency of mobile network operations. This paper will address the idea of using AI technology to network operations and will give various use examples to demonstrate that AI-driven network operations have a bright future. Keywords: 5G & 6G networks, Artificial Intelligence, Next generation network, Future Advancement.
12
Supe, Piyusha Rajendra, Prof Anuradha Deokar, and Prof Vipul Gunjal. "Impact of 5G on Internet of Things and its Challenges." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 02 (February 29, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28726.
Abstract:
In this era of rapid technological growth, the Internet of Things (IOT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. We see the IOT as billions of smart, connected things (a sort of ―universal global neural network in the cloud) that will encompass every aspect of our lives, and its foundation is the intelligence that embedded processing provides. The IOT is comprised of smart machines interacting and communicating with other machines, objects, environments and infrastructures. As a result, huge volumes of data are being generated, and that data is being processed into useful actions that can ―command and control things to make our lives much easier and safer—and to reduce our impact on the environment. The creativity of this new era is boundless, with amazing potential to improve our lives. The following thesis is an extensive reference to the possibilities, utility, applications and the evolution of the Internet of Things. The rollout of commercial 5G cellular networks has commenced, marking a significant milestone in the adoption of 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT). This adoption is propelled by various factors, such as rising consumer and enterprise demands, coupled with the availability of cost-effective devices. Notably, substantial investments by operators in 5G technology, spectrum allocation, and infrastructure development, alongside the establishment of global standards, are key drivers fuelling growth and generating heightened market interest in the IoT. The substantial investments made by operators in 5G technology, spectrum allocation, and infrastructure, coupled with the adoption of global standards, play a pivotal role in stimulating growth and generating heightened market interest in the Internet of Things (IoT). The ongoing evolution of 5G mobile cellular networks, derived from existing 4G frameworks, underscores their adaptability to diverse use cases, both present and future-oriented. With a forward- looking approach, 5G infrastructure is poised to address current demands like smart energy applications while proactively accommodating forthcoming innovations such as autonomous vehicles. In navigating this technological transition, mobile operators face the challenge of ensuring that their networks remain adept at supporting a spectrum of present and future use cases. Strategic investment management is imperative for operators to seamlessly transition their networks to 5G while upholding the continuity of service for their customers Key Words: Scalability, safety, security, rapid growth, interoperability, devices, interconnections, 5G with Internet of things, healthcare, smart city
13
Moreno, Carlos, Raúl Aquino, José Ibarreche, Ismael Pérez, Esli Castellanos, Elisa Álvarez, Raúl Rentería, et al. "RiverCore: IoT Device for River Water Level Monitoring over Cellular Communications." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010127.
Abstract:
Flooding is one of the most frequent and costly natural disasters affecting mankind. However, implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor river behavior may help mitigate or prevent future disasters. This article outlines the hardware development of an IoT system (RiverCore) and defines an application scenario in a specific hydrological region of the state of Colima (Mexico), highlighting the characteristics of data acquisition and data processing used. Both fixed position and moving drifter node systems are described along with web-based data acquisition platform developments integrated with IoT techniques to retrieve data through 3G cellular networks. The developed architecture uses the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, along with encryption and security mechanisms, to send real-time data packages from fixed nodes to a server that stores retrieved data in a non-relational database. From this, data can be accessed and displayed through different customizable queries and graphical representations, allowing future use in flood analysis and prediction systems. All of these features are presented along with graphical evidence of the deployment of the different devices and of several cellular communication and on-site data acquisition tests.
14
Gregory, Mark A. "5G and Wi-Fi 6 Milestones." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): ii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n1.256.
Abstract:
Papers in the March 2020 issue of the Journal include discussion on the future of the $51 billion National Broadband Network (NBN), IoT device and system management and the mobile cellular networks in Indonesia. The Telecommunications Association is hosting public forums on the future of the NBN in 2020 at RMIT University in Melbourne. The Australian mobile network operators continue to rollout 5G and Telstra has announced a 5G milestone. In the U.S., the FCC has announced the allocation of 1,200 MHz in the 6 GHz band for unlicensed use including Wi-Fi 6. The Journal welcomes contributions on telecommunications and the digital economy.
15
Abdellah, Ali R., Omar Abdulkareem Mahmood, Ruslan Kirichek, Alexander Paramonov, and Andrey Koucheryavy. "Machine Learning Algorithm for Delay Prediction in IoT and Tactile Internet." Future Internet 13, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13120304.
Abstract:
The next-generation cellular systems, including fifth-generation cellular systems (5G), are empowered with the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and other recent paradigms. The internet of things (IoT) and the tactile internet are paradigms that can be empowered with AI solutions and integrated with 5G systems to deliver novel services that impact the future. Machine learning technologies (ML) can understand examples of nonlinearity from the environment and are suitable for network traffic prediction. Network traffic prediction is one of the most active research areas that integrates AI with information networks. Traffic prediction is an integral approach to ensure security, reliability, and quality of service (QoS) requirements. Nowadays, it can be used in various applications, such as network monitoring, resource management, congestion control, network bandwidth allocation, network intrusion detection, etc. This paper performs time series prediction for IoT and tactile internet delays, using the k-step-ahead prediction approach with nonlinear autoregressive with external input (NARX)-enabled recurrent neural network (RNN). The ML was trained with four different training functions: Bayesian regularization backpropagation (Trainbr), Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (Trainlm), conjugate gradient backpropagation with Fletcher–Reeves updates (Traincgf), and the resilient backpropagation algorithm (Trainrp). The accuracy of the predicted delay was measured using three functions based on ML: mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
16
Karem, Rana, Mehaseb Ahmed, and Fatma Newagy. "Resource Allocation in Uplink NOMA-IoT Based UAV for URLLC Applications." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041566.
Abstract:
One of the main targets of future 5G cellular networks is enlarging the Internet of Things (IoT) devices’ connectivity while facing the challenging requirements of the available bandwidth, power and the restricted delay limits. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been recently used as aerial base stations (BSs) to empower the line of sight (LoS), throughput and coverage of wireless networks. Moreover, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has become a bright multiple access technology. In this paper, NOMA is combined with UAV for establishing a high-capacity IoT uplink multi-application network, where the resource allocation problem is formulated with the objective of maximizing the system throughput while minimizing the delay of IoT applications. Moreover, power allocation was investigated to achieve fairness between users. The results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm, which achieves 31.8% delay improvement, 99.7% reliability increase and 50.8% fairness enhancement when compared to the maximum channel quality indicator (max CQI) algorithm in addition to preserving the system sum rate, spectral efficiency and complexity. Consequently, the proposed algorithm can be efficiently used in ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC).
17
Sultana, Ajmery, and Xavier Fernando. "Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided Device-to-Device Communication: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach." Future Internet 14, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14090256.
Abstract:
Recently, the growing demand of various emerging applications in the realms of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks has made the term internet of Things (IoT) very popular. Device-to-device (D2D) communication has emerged as one of the significant enablers for the 6G-based IoT network. Recently, the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has been considered as a hardware-efficient innovative scheme for future wireless networks due to its ability to mitigate propagation-induced impairments and to realize a smart radio environment. Such an IRS-assisted D2D underlay cellular network is investigated in this paper. Our aim is to maximize the network’s spectrum efficiency (SE) by jointly optimizing the transmit power of both the cellular users (CUs) and the D2D pairs, the resource reuse indicators, and the IRS reflection coefficients. Instead of using traditional optimization solution schemes to solve this mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem, a reinforcement learning (RL) approach is used in this paper. The IRS-assisted D2D communication network is structured by the Markov Decision Process (MDP) in the RL framework. First, a Q-learning-based solution is studied. Then, to make a scalable solution with large dimension state and action spaces, a deep Q-learning-based solution scheme using experience replay is proposed. Lastly, an actor-critic framework based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) scheme is proposed to learn the optimal policy of the constructed optimization problem considering continuous-valued state and action spaces. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed RL-based solution schemes can provide significant SE enhancements compared to the existing optimization schemes.
18
Le, Nam Tuan, Mohammad Arif Hossain, Amirul Islam, Do-yun Kim, Young-June Choi, and Yeong Min Jang. "Survey of Promising Technologies for 5G Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2676589.
Abstract:
As an enhancement of cellular networks, the future-generation 5G network can be considered an ultra-high-speed technology. The proposed 5G network might include all types of advanced dominant technologies to provide remarkable services. Consequently, new architectures and service management schemes for different applications of the emerging technologies need to be recommended to solve issues related to data traffic capacity, high data rate, and reliability for ensuring QoS. Cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), and software-defined networking (SDN) have become some of the core technologies for the 5G network. Cloud-based services provide flexible and efficient solutions for information and communications technology by reducing the cost of investing in and managing information technology infrastructure. In terms of functionality, SDN is a promising architecture that decouples control planes and data planes to support programmability, adaptability, and flexibility in ever-changing network architectures. However, IoT combines cloud computing and SDN to achieve greater productivity for evolving technologies in 5G by facilitating interaction between the physical and human world. The major objective of this study provides a lawless vision on comprehensive works related to enabling technologies for the next generation of mobile systems and networks, mainly focusing on 5G mobile communications.
19
Mwakwata, Collins Burton, Hassan Malik, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec, Sven Parand, and Shahid Mumtaz. "Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): From Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) Layers Perspectives." Sensors 19, no. 11 (June 8, 2019): 2613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112613.
Abstract:
Narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) is a recent cellular radio access technology based on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) introduced by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). The main aim of NB-IoT is to support massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and enable low-power, low-cost, and low-data-rate communication. NB-IoT is based on LTE design with some changes to meet the mMTC requirements. For example, in the physical (PHY) layer only single-antenna and low-order modulations are supported, and in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layers only one physical resource block is allocated for resource scheduling. The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of the design changes brought in the NB-IoT standardization along with the detailed research developments from the perspectives of Physical and MAC layers. The survey also includes an overview of Evolved Packet Core (EPC) changes to support the Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) to manage both IP and non-IP data packets through Control Plane (CP) and User Plane (UP), the possible deployment scenarios of NB-IoT in future Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HetNet). Finally, existing and emerging research challenges in this direction are presented to motivate future research activities.
20
Tariq, Usman, and Abdulaziz Aldaej. "Outlook of Coordinated Transmission Control in 5G Networks for IoTs." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 13, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2018.2.3125.
Abstract:
The sum of wireless nodes are forecasted to ascent sharply from about ten billion in year 2018 to twenty-five billion by 2020. Consequently, the data packet capacity response is anticipated to increase in future. The projected 5th generation (5G) of cellular grids is anticipated to be a blend of grid mechanisms with diverse magnitudes, transfer energy, backhaul networks and wireless access equipment. Although there are several fascinating complications comprised by the 5G context, we highlighted the problems of communication mechanism with the potential of Internet of Things (IoT). We offer a charter to discover required method constraints strategy that deal with the preeminent advances in terms of possible output for device-todevice inspired mobile grids. We explore the working and breakdown of immediate data and energy handover in IoT and assess individually about communication outage likelihood and energy outage possibility.
21
Ahad, Abdul, Mohammad Tahir, Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Kazi Istiaque Ahmed, Amna Mughees, and Abdullah Numani. "Technologies Trend towards 5G Network for Smart Health-Care Using IoT: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144047.
Abstract:
Smart health-care is undergoing rapid transformation from the conventional specialist and hospital-focused style to a distributed patient-focused manner. Several technological developments have encouraged this rapid revolution of health-care vertical. Currently, 4G and other communication standards are used in health-care for smart health-care services and applications. These technologies are crucial for the evolution of future smart health-care services. With the growth in the health-care industry, several applications are expected to produce a massive amount of data in different format and size. Such immense and diverse data needs special treatment concerning the end-to-end delay, bandwidth, latency and other attributes. It is difficult for current communication technologies to fulfil the requirements of highly dynamic and time-sensitive health care applications of the future. Therefore, the 5G networks are being designed and developed to tackle the diverse communication needs of health-care applications in Internet of Things (IoT). 5G assisted smart health-care networks are an amalgamation of IoT devices that require improved network performance and enhanced cellular coverage. Current connectivity solutions for IoT face challenges, such as the support for a massive number of devices, standardisation, energy-efficiency, device density, and security. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of 5G assisted smart health-care solutions in IoT. We present a structure for smart health-care in 5G by categorizing and classifying existing literature. We also present key requirements for successful deployment of smart health-care systems for certain scenarios in 5G. Finally, we discuss several open issues and research challenges in 5G smart health-care solutions in IoT.
22
Minea, Marius, Viviana Laetitia Minea, and Augustin Semenescu. "Smart Preventive Maintenance of Hybrid Networks and IoT Systems Using Software Sensing and Future State Prediction." Sensors 23, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 6012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136012.
Abstract:
At present, IoT and intelligent applications are developed on a large scale. However, these types of new applications require stable wireless connectivity with sensors, based on several standards of communication, such as ZigBee, LoRA, nRF, Bluetooth, or cellular (LTE, 5G, etc.). The continuous expansion of these networks and services also comes with the requirement of a stable level of service, which makes the task of maintenance operators more difficult. Therefore, in this research, an integrated solution for the management of preventive maintenance is proposed, employing software-defined sensing for hardware components, applications, and client satisfaction. A specific algorithm for monitoring the levels of services was developed, and an integrated instrument to assist the management of preventive maintenance was proposed, which are based on the network of future states prediction. A case study was also investigated for smart city applications to verify the expandability and flexibility of the approach. The purpose of this research is to improve the efficiency and response time of the preventive maintenance, helping to rapidly recover the required levels of service, thus increasing the resilience of complex systems.
23
Wissem, EL May, Imen Sfar, Lotfi Osman, and Jean-Marc Ribero. "A Textile EBG-Based Antenna for Future 5G-IoT Millimeter-Wave Applications." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020154.
Abstract:
A millimeter-wave (mmWave) textile antenna operating at 26 GHz band for 5G cellular networks is proposed in this paper. The electromagnetic characterization of the textile fabric used as substrate at the operating frequency was measured. The textile antenna was integrated with an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and placed on a polyester fabric substrate around the antenna. Results showed that the proposed EBG significantly improved the performance of the antenna. The gain and energy efficiency at 26 GHz were 8.65 dBi and 61%, respectively (an increase of 2.52 dB and 7% compared to a conventional antenna), and the specific absorption rate (SAR) was reduced by more than 69.9%. Good impedance matching of the fabricated antenna at the desired frequency was observed when it was bent and worn on the human body. The structure is simple, compact, and easy to manufacture. It may well be suitable for integration into applied clothing in various fields, especially for future IoT applications.
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Hu, Cunhui. "Application research of 5G/6G cellular network in intelligent Transportation Internet of Things." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 85 (March 13, 2024): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hqvvny02.
Abstract:
This study paper's primary goal is to examine the developments and use cases of 5G/6G wireless communication technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) in intelligent transportation. This paper will delve into the foundational aspects of IoT technology and its integration into intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It will conduct in-depth research on 5G and 6G wireless communication technologies and the critical IoT technologies that play a pivotal role in intelligent transportation. By analyzing these cutting-edge technologies, the paper highlights their significance and potential impact on transportation systems' efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This research will identify and elucidate the major applications of 5G and 6G wireless communication technologies in intelligent transportation. By comprehensively addressing these objectives, the essay will provide readers with an insightful understanding of the fundamental IoT technology, important 5G/6G wireless communication technologies, and their diverse application domains in intelligent transportation and smart cities. Through this exploration, the study aims to shed light on the transformative potential of these technologies in shaping the future of transportation systems and urban living.
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AlJubayrin, Saad, Fahd N. Al-Wesabi, Hadeel Alsolai, Mesfer Al Duhayyim, Mohamed K. Nour, Wali Ullah Khan, Asad Mahmood, Khaled Rabie, and Thokozani Shongwe. "Energy Efficient Transmission Design for NOMA Backscatter-Aided UAV Networks with Imperfect CSI." Drones 6, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6080190.
Abstract:
The recent combination of ambient backscatter communication (ABC) with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has shown great potential for connecting large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) in future unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. The basic idea of ABC is to provide battery-free transmission by harvesting the energy of existing RF signals of WiFi, TV towers, and cellular base stations/UAV. ABC uses smart sensor tags to modulate and reflect data among wireless devices. On the other side, NOMA makes possible the communication of more than one IoT on the same frequency. In this work, we provide an energy efficient transmission design ABC-aided UAV network using NOMA. This work aims to optimize the power consumption of a UAV system while ensuring the minimum data rate of IoT. Specifically, the transmit power of UAVs and the reflection coefficient of the ABC system are simultaneously optimized under the assumption of imperfect channel state information (CSI). Due to co-channel interference among UAVs, imperfect CSI, and NOMA interference, the joint optimization problem is formulated as non-convex, which involves high complexity and makes it hard to obtain the optimal solution. Thus, it is first transformed and then solved by a sub-gradient method with low complexity. In addition, a conventional NOMA UAV framework is also studied for comparison without involving ABC. Numerical results demonstrate the benefits of using ABC in a NOMA UAV network compared to the conventional UAV framework.
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Jebril, Akram, Aduwati Sali, Alyani Ismail, and Mohd Rasid. "Overcoming Limitations of LoRa Physical Layer in Image Transmission." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 3257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103257.
Abstract:
As a possible implementation of a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), Long Range (LoRa) technology is considered to be the future wireless communication standard for the Internet of Things (IoT) as it offers competitive features, such as a long communication range, low cost, and reduced power consumption, which make it an optimum alternative to the current wireless sensor networks and conventional cellular technologies. However, the limited bandwidth available for physical layer modulation in LoRa makes it unsuitable for high bit rate data transfer from devices like image sensors. In this paper, we propose a new method for mangrove forest monitoring in Malaysia, wherein we transfer image sensor data over the LoRa physical layer (PHY) in a node-to-node network model. In implementing this method, we produce a novel scheme for overcoming the bandwidth limitation of LoRa. With this scheme the images, which requires high data rate to transfer, collected by the sensor are encrypted as hexadecimal data and then split into packets for transfer via the LoRa physical layer (PHY). To assess the quality of images transferred using this scheme, we measured the packet loss rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) index of each image. These measurements verify the proposed scheme for image transmission, and support the industrial and academic trend which promotes LoRa as the future solution for IoT infrastructure.
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M´onica Rico-Mart´ınez, Samuel Alejandro Clavijo, Jairo Luis Guti´errez Torres, Jose-Luis Cabra, and Yury Jimenez. "Use Case for Air Quality Measuring and Transmission." Research Briefs on Information and Communication Technology Evolution 8 (October 9, 2022): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56801/rebicte.v8i.142.
Abstract:
Fourth and fifth generation (4G-5G) cellular networks provide key enabling technologies for theubiquitous deployment of Internet of Things(IoT) technology. This has allowed the implementationof different use cases or applications that have allowed their operation to be evaluated. Alignedwith several research studies around 5G and 4G that are currently being carried out, this researchproposes the implementation of a use case for the measurement and transmission of air quality inBogot´a- Colombia, through the Internet of things and simulations in Software Defined Radio (GNURadio).As a result, network performance indicators were obtained that make the application viableboth in data acquisition and transmission, in the use case for air quality. In that sense, this researchmakes it possible to establish the basis for real operations in future implementations of emergenttechnologies in the city.
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Behmanesh, Ali, Nasrin Sayfouri, and Farahnaz Sadoughi. "Technological Features of Internet of Things in Medicine: A Systematic Mapping Study." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9238614.
Abstract:
Nowadays, applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) have been introduced in different fields of medicine to provide more efficient medical services to the patients. A systematic mapping study was conducted to answer ten research questions with the purposes of identifying and classifying the present medical IoT technological features as well as recognizing the opportunities for future developments. We reviewed how cloud, wearable technologies, wireless communication technologies, messaging protocols, security methods, development boards, microcontrollers, mobile/IoT operating systems, and programming languages have been engaged in medical IoT. Based on specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, 89 papers, published between 2000 and 2018, were screened and selected. It was found that IoT studies, with a publication rise between 2015 and 2018, predominantly dealt with the following IoT features: (a) wearable sensor types of chiefly accelerometer and ECG placed on 16 different body parts, especially the wrist (33%) and the chest (21%) or implanted on the bone; (b) wireless communication technologies of Bluetooth, cellular networks, and Wi-Fi; (c) messaging protocols of mostly MQTT; (d) utilizing cloud for both storing and analyzing data; (e) the security methods of encryption, authentication, watermark, and error control; (f) the microcontrollers belonging to Atmel ATmega and ARM Cortex-M3 families; (g) Android as the commonly used mobile operating system and TinyOS and ContikiOS as the commonly used IoT operating systems; (h) Arduino and Raspberry Pi development boards; and finally (i) MATLAB as the most frequently employed programming language in validation research. The identified gaps/opportunities for future exploration are, namely, employment of fog/edge computing in storage and processing big data, the overlooked efficient features of CoAP messaging protocol, the unnoticed advantages of AVR Xmega and Cortex-M microcontroller families, employment of the programming languages of Python for its significant capabilities in evaluation and validation research, development of the applications being supported by the mobile/IoT operating systems in order to provide connection possibility among all IoT devices in medicine, exploiting wireless communication technologies such as BLE, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, NFC, and 5G to reduce power consumption and costs, and finally uncovering the security methods, usually used in IoT applications, in order to make other applications more trustworthy.
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Ejaz, Waleed, Muhammad Awais Azam, Salman Saadat, Farkhund Iqbal, and Abdul Hanan. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles enabled IoT Platform for Disaster Management." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142706.
Abstract:
Efficient and reliable systems are required to detect and monitor disasters such as wildfires as well as to notify the people in the disaster-affected areas. Internet of Things (IoT) is the key paradigm that can address the multitude problems related to disaster management. In addition, an unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-enabled IoT platform connected via cellular network can further enhance the robustness of the disaster management system. The UAV-enabled IoT platform is based on three main research areas: (i) ground IoT network; (ii) communication technologies for ground and aerial connectivity; and (iii) data analytics. In this paper, we provide a holistic view of a UAVs-enabled IoT platform which can provide ubiquitous connectivity to both aerial and ground users in challenging environments such as wildfire management. We then highlight key challenges for the design of an efficient and reliable IoT platform. We detail a case study targeting the design of an efficient ground IoT network that can detect and monitor fire and send notifications to people using named data networking (NDN) architecture. The use of NDN architecture in a sensor network for IoT integrates pull-based communication to enable reliable and efficient message dissemination in the network and to notify the users as soon as possible in case of disastrous situations. The results of the case study show the enormous impact on the performance of IoT platform for wildfire management. Lastly, we draw the conclusion and outline future research directions in this field.
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Memon, Mudasar, Navrati Saxena, Abhishek Roy, and Dong Shin. "Backscatter Communications: Inception of the Battery-Free Era—A Comprehensive Survey." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020129.
Abstract:
The ever increasing proliferation of wireless objects and consistent connectivity demands are creating significant challenges for battery-constrained wireless devices. The vision of massive IoT, involving billions of smart objects to be connected to the cellular network, needs to address the problem of uninterrupted power consumption while taking advantage of emerging high-frequency 5G communications. The problem of limited battery power motivates us to utilize radio frequency (RF) signals as the energy source for battery-free communications in next-generation wireless networks. Backscatter communication (BackCom) makes it possible to harvest energy from incident RF signals and reflect back parts of the same signals while modulating the data. Ambient BackCom (Amb-BackCom) is a type of BackCom that can harvest energy from nearby WiFi, TV, and cellular RF signals to modulate information. The objective of this article is to review BackCom as a solution to the limited battery life problem and enable future battery-free communications for combating the energy issues for devices in emerging wireless networks. We first highlight the energy constraint in existing wireless communications. We then investigate BackCom as a practical solution to the limited battery life problem. Subsequently, in order to take the advantages of omnipresent radio waves, we elaborate BackCom tag architecture and various types of BackCom. To understand encoding and data extraction, we demonstrate signal processing aspects that cover channel coding, interference, decoding, and signal detection schemes. Moreover, we also describe BackCom communication modes, modulation schemes, and multiple access techniques to accommodate maximum users with high throughput. Similarly, to mitigate the increased network energy, adequate data and power transfer schemes for BackCom are elaborated, in addition to reliability, security, and range extension. Finally, we highlight BackCom applications with existing research challenges and future directions for next-generation 5G wireless networks.
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Ali, Md Sadek, Yu Li, Md Khalid Hossain Jewel, Oluwole John Famoriji, and Fujiang Lin. "Channel Estimation and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Analysis of Narrowband Internet of Things Uplink Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 5, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2570165.
Abstract:
Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a cellular based promising low-power wide-area network (LPWN) technology standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in release-13 as a part of the future 5th Generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The main design target of NB-IoT was to enhance radio coverage by repeating signal over an additional period of time for the ultralow-end IoT devices that would be operated in extreme coverage environments. But the power efficiency of the low-cost NB-IoT user equipment (NB-IoT UE) in the uplink is the major concern. Coverage improvement from signal repetitions depends on the channel estimation quality at extremely bad radio conditions. The typical operating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for NB-IoT is expected to be much lower than the zero. In this paper, we have proposed two efficient narrowband demodulation reference signal (NDMRS)-assisted channel estimation algorithms based on the conventional least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation methods. The theoretical analysis and the link-level performance of our proposed estimation methods are presented. Simulation results exhibit that the proposed methods provide better estimation precision compared to the traditional LS and MMSE methods at the low SNR situations. Furthermore, we have analyzed the raised-cosine (RC) and square-root-raised cosine (RRC) pulse shaping to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) as an uplink transmit filter. The PAPR values are evaluated through extensive computer simulations for both single-tone and multi-tone transmissions. Our evaluation results vindicate that the RRC pulse shaping with lower PAPR values is feasible to design of practical NB-IoT uplink transmitter and increases power efficiency.
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Manoharan, Anto Merline, and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy. "Secured Communication for Remote Bio-Medical Monitoring System Using LoRa." Sensor Letters 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4146.
Abstract:
Recent advancement in IoT technology made profound changes in life style of people. Ease of access of information through smart phones becomes attractive. Everyone like to access datas through their smart phones. IoT enabled application fulfils this requirements. Researchers focusses on developing the Smart monitoring system using IoT. Since these IoT applications uses existing cellular network for accessing internet. Research says that 50 Billion devices will be willed worldwide in 2020. Providing connectivity to these applications is a challenging task. The existing 4G-LTE network could not support for these much number of devices. Hence an alternative IoT-LoRa network is proposed for these type of application. In this research, a special application in Bio-Medical monitoring System is developed using LoRa Communication. BioMedical Parameters like Weight, Blood Pressure, Heart beat, Body temperature are measured, encrypted using AES to provide security and transmitted using LoRa to monitoring system through Gateway. The developed system satisfies the need for elderly persons suffering from disabilities and reduces the time for the care taker to monitor the data. Also the proposed system is highly secured. Our research says, in near future IoT will play vital role in Bio Medical application and Connectivity, Security will be some of the challenging issues in implementation. Without addressing these problems, Bio-Medical Monitoring System cannot be prognosticated. Finally the potentiality of IoT in Medical field is discussed.
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Khan, M. R. H., M. A. Hoque, and M. Saifur Rahman. "Internet of Things (IoT) for MC-CDMA-Based Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) in 5G: Performance Results." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 20, Supp01 (February 2021): 2140009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649221400098.
Abstract:
Both the internet-connected devices, i.e. IoT and Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) are considered to be the future technologies for the fifth generation of cellular wireless standards (5G). On the one hand, Internet of Things (IoT) focuses primarily on how to allow general objects to see, hear, and smell their own physical environment and make them connected to share the observations. On the other hand, a CRN is based on a complex spectrum allocation system, and licenced primary users (PUs) or unlicenced secondary users (SUs) are allowed to share the spectrum, provided they do not cause significant interference. The IoTs are meaningless if IoT objects are not equipped with cognitive radio capability. In cognitive radio, it is important to control the transmission power of SUs so that the interference should not be harmful to the quality of service of PUs. In this paper, the authors addressed the effects of imperfect power control between primary users (PUs) and the secondary users (SUs) of an IoT-based CRN. The effect of the co-channel interference (CCI) and adjacent channel interferences (ACIs) occurring in CRN using MC-CDMA system is also analysed. A new expression of the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) for CRN-based MC-CDMA system over a Nakagami-[Formula: see text] fading channel with imperfect power control condition is derived and investigated. The performance of IoT-based CRN using MC-CDMA system over the frequency selective multipath fading channel is examined with varying the number of users, the SINR per bit, number of fading path and number of sub-carriers. From the simulation results, we have seen that the SINR performance is affected by these parameters. The result of the analysis will provide relevant information to design the physical layer protocol for high-speed IoT-based CRN system for 5G.
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Tang, Tao, Tao Hong, Haohui Hong, Senyuan Ji, Shahid Mumtaz, and Mohamed Cheriet. "An Improved UAV-PHD Filter-Based Trajectory Tracking Algorithm for Multi-UAVs in Future 5G IoT Scenarios." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101188.
Abstract:
The 5G cellular network is expected to provide core service platform for the expanded Internet of Things (IoT) by supporting enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, provide civil, commercial, and government services in various fields. Particularly in a 5G IoT scenario, UAV-aided network communications will fulfill an increasingly important role and will require the tracking of multiple UAV targets. As UAVs move quickly, maintaining the stability of the communication connection in 5G will be a challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to track the trajectory of UAVs. At present, the GM-PHD filter has a problem that the new target intensity must be known, and it cannot obtain the moving target trajectory and the influence of the clutter is likely to cause false alarm. A UAV-PHD filter is proposed in this work to improve the traditional GM-PHD filter by applying machine learning to the emergency detection and trajectory tracking of UAV targets. An out-of-sight detection algorithm for multiple UAVs is then presented to improve tracking performance. The method is assessed by simulation using MATLAB, and OSPA distance is utilized as an evaluation indicator. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed method can be applied to the tracking of multiple UAV targets in future 5G-IoT scenarios, and the performance is superior to the traditional GM-PHD filter.
35
Wu, Yuan, Cheng Zhang, Kejie Ni, Liping Qian, Liang Huang, and Wei Zhu. "Optimal Resource Allocation for Uplink Data Collection in Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Networks." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082542.
Abstract:
Accommodating massive connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) applications is considered an important goal of future 5G cellular systems. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which enables a group of mobile users to simultaneously share the same spectrum channel for transmission, provides an efficient approach to achieve the goals of spectrum-efficient data delivery. In this paper, we consider an uplink transmission in a sensor network in which a group of smart terminals (e.g., sensors) use NOMA to send their collected data to an access point. We aim to minimize the total radio resource consumption cost, including the cost for the channel usage and the cost for all senors’ energy consumption to allow the sensors to complete their data delivery requirements. Specifically, we formulate a joint optimization of the decoding-order, transmit-power and time allocations to study this problem and propose an efficient algorithm to find the optimal solution. Numerical results are provided to validate our proposed algorithm and the performance advantage of our proposed joint optimization for the uplink data collection via NOMA transmission.
36
Kotak, Nirali A., Bhavin S. Sedani, Komal R. Borisagar, Jainam D. Belani, and Yugma B. Thakore. "Analysis of Various Issues for 5G Infrastructures." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14i02.20.
Abstract:
5th Generation Cellular technology is not just one more technical innovation, rather it is going to be the the most prominant platform for the other innovations to get it happened. Mobile networks are changing the way people communicate and access information. Network access at anytime and anywhere is transforming the telecom industry. 5G technology will enable flexible, reliable, and secure wireless networks to connect people with all applications, services, and things, thus leading human race into the era of "Everything on Mobile". The 5th Generation of the Internet in Telecommunications will open the new doors to the Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Neural Networks, etc. But for the last several years since its designing and implementation strategies, 5G technology has been embroiled in various social and technical controversies. The testing of 5G in different countries of the world has shown that in future the user will get the expected data speed but the time to come will show how much the power level of high frequency signal harms human health and other services. Initially 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and ITU have combinely proposed two way of infrastructure for the implementation of 5G i.e. SA architecture and NSA architecture with pros and cons with both. This analytical paper narrates the different issues that may arise upon the implementation of 5G infrastructure. The severity of issues related to multiple frequency bands availability, health hazards, airline frequency band conflict as well as coding discrepancy will be different for Stand Alone infrastruction option and for Non Stand-Alone infrastructure choice.
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Marwat, Safdar Nawaz Khan, Muhammad Shuaib, Salman Ahmed, Abdul Hafeez, and Muhammad Tufail. "Medium Access-Based Scheduling Scheme for Cyber Physical Systems in 5G Networks." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040639.
Abstract:
The development of the 5G mobile communication standard attempts to meet the future needs of data users. The impact of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is crucial in Internet of Things (IoT) and other emerging technologies. The design of medium access mechanisms for CPS such as radio resource scheduling schemes has a significant effect on network performance. Recent literature shows that limited work is available on uplink scheduling schemes, particularly in the 5G domain. Planning a network that can address the modern needs of users entails efficient CPS scheduling mechanisms such that resources are amicably distributed between users of contrasting priorities. The prime focus of this work is to design and develop an uplink radio resource scheduling framework for CPS-based future networks such as 5G. In the designed framework, scarce radio resources are sought to be distributed efficiently according to the service-based needs of users. The proposed scheduling scheme is a service aware (SA) scheduler designed for CPS in accordance with the 5G network peculiarities, intended to achieve higher throughput and reduced latency. The proposed SA scheduler supports multi-bearer traffic and is capable of providing resources in adverse channel conditions in an efficient manner. The SA scheduling mechanism’s performance is evaluated and compared with renowned scheduling algorithms such as blind equal throughput (BET), maximum throughput (MT), and proportional fair (PF) scheduling schemes. The simulation results obtained in a cellular environment demonstrate that the SA scheduler achieves acceptable cell throughput and end-to-end delay results in all scenarios and out-performs other contemporary scheduling schemes.
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Zou, Zhuo, Qing Chen, Ismail Uysal, and Lirong Zheng. "Radio frequency identification enabled wireless sensing for intelligent food logistics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2017 (June 13, 2014): 20130313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0313.
Abstract:
Future technologies and applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) will evolve the process of the food supply chain and create added value of business. Radio frequency identifications (RFIDs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as the key technological enablers. Intelligent tags, powered by autonomous energy, are attached on objects, networked by short-range wireless links, allowing the physical parameters such as temperatures and humidities as well as the location information to seamlessly integrate with the enterprise information system over the Internet. In this paper, challenges, considerations and design examples are reviewed from system, implementation and application perspectives, particularly with focus on intelligent packaging and logistics for the fresh food tracking and monitoring service. An IoT platform with a two-layer network architecture is introduced consisting of an asymmetric tag–reader link (RFID layer) and an ad-hoc link between readers (WSN layer), which are further connected to the Internet via cellular or Wi-Fi. Then, we provide insights into the enabling technology of RFID with sensing capabilities. Passive, semi-passive and active RFID solutions are discussed. In particular, we describe ultra-wideband radio RFID which has been considered as one of the most promising techniques for ultra-low-power and low-cost wireless sensing. Finally, an example is provided in the form of an application in fresh food tracking services and corresponding field testing results.
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Lee, Sang-Hoon, Sangwon Seo, Soochang Park, and Tae-Sung Kim. "Fast Connectivity Construction via Deep Channel Learning Cognition in Beyond 5G D2D Networks." Electronics 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101580.
Abstract:
Along with the recent advance in wireless networking and data processing technologies, demands for low latency communication (LLC) are increasing in a wide variety of future-driven autonomous applications such as a smart factory, self-driving cars, and so on. The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) will cover this need as one of three key capacities in their usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The 5G systems are composed of mobile devices and various internet of things (IoT) devices for sensing, acting, and information services; they configure diverse networking topologies such as direct mobile-to-mobile, also known as device-to-device (D2D). In the 5G D2D network systems, the network topologies are easily broken because of the mobile devices such as smartphones, IoT devices, and so on. Thus, for the highly flexible and extensible 5G D2D network systems, mobility support for the mobile devices is necessary. In this paper, we first explore the mobility issues in beyond 5G D2D. Since there are static and mobile elements in the 5G application domains such as the smart factory, overall mobility would lead to highly frequent topology reconfiguration or connectivity reconstruction. Thus, latency-related problems derived from topology changes and connectivity failures due to the mobility are addressed. To handle the problems, a fast connectivity construction scheme, denoted by LMK, is proposed with a deep neural network dealing with learning on radio signal information in order to achieve the LLC. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide reliable connectivity for the MAC layer link with a low latency data transmission.
40
Abbas, Nadir, Zeshan Abbas, and Xiaodong Liu. "Adaptive Recursive Sliding Mode Control (ARSMC)-Based UAV Control for Future Smart Cities." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 6790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116790.
Abstract:
The rapid expansion of the Internet and communication technologies is leading to significant changes in both society and the economy. This development is driving the evolution of smart cities, which utilize cutting-edge technologies and data analysis to optimize efficiency and reduce waste in their infrastructure and services. As the number of mobile devices and embedded computers grows, new technologies, such as fifth-generation (5G) cellular broadband networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), are emerging to extend wireless network connectivity. These cities are often referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), highlighting their innovative approach to utilizing technology. To address the challenges posed by continuously varying perturbations, such as unknown states, gyroscopic disturbance torque, and parametric uncertainties, an adaptive recursive sliding mode control (ARSMC) has been developed. The high computational cost and high-order nonlinear behavior of UAVs make them difficult to control. The controller design is divided into two steps. First, a confined stability analysis is performed using controllability and observability to estimate the system’s stability calculation. Second, a Lyapunov-based controller design analysis is systematically tackled using a recursive design procedure. The strategy design aims to enhance robustness through Lyapunov stability-based mathematical analysis in the presence of considered perturbations. The ARSMC introduces new variables that depend on state variables, controlling parameters, and stabilizing functions to minimize unwanted signals and compensate for nonlinearities in the system. The paper’s significant contribution is to improve the controlled output’s rise time and stability time while ensuring efficient robustness.
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Pierucci, Laura. "Hybrid Direction of Arrival Precoding for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Aided Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 6G Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020895.
Abstract:
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have attracted increasing attention in acting as a relay for effectively improving the coverage and data rate of wireless systems, and according to this vision, they will be integrated in the future sixth generation (6G) cellular network. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and mmWave band are planned to support ubiquitous connectivity towards a massive number of users in the 6G and Internet of Things (IOT) contexts. Unfortunately, the wireless terrestrial link between the end-users and the base station (BS) can suffer severe blockage conditions. Instead, UAV relaying can establish a line-of-sight (LoS) connection with high probability due to its flying height. The present paper focuses on a multi-UAV network which supports an uplink (UL) NOMA cellular system. In particular, by operating in the mmWave band, hybrid beamforming architecture is adopted. The MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) spectral estimation method is considered at the hybrid beamforming to detect the different direction of arrival (DoA) of each UAV. We newly design the sum-rate maximization problem of the UAV-aided NOMA 6G network specifically for the uplink mmWave transmission. Numerical results point out the better behavior obtained by the use of UAV relays and the MUSIC DoA estimation in the Hybrid mmWave beamforming in terms of achievable sum-rate in comparison to UL NOMA connections without the help of a UAV network.
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Huynh, Van-Van, Nguyen Tan-Loc, Ma Quoc-Phu, Lukas Sevcik, Hoang-Sy Nguyen, and Miroslav Voznak. "Energy Efficiency Maximization of Two-Time-Slot and Three-Time-Slot Two-Way Relay-Assisted Device-to-Device Underlaying Cellular Networks." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133422.
Abstract:
The continuous development of fifth generation (5G) communication and Internet of Thing (IoT) inevitably necessitates more advanced systems that can satisfy the growing wireless data rate demand of future equipment. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, whose performance is evaluated in terms of the overall throughput, energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE), is considered a promising solution for the aforementioned problem. Thereby, this paper aims at improving the performance of the D2D communication underlaying cellular networks operating on multiple bands by maximizing the EE in its uplink. Thanks to the stochastic geometry theory, it is possible to derive the closed-form expressions for the successful transmission probability (STP), the total average transmission rate (TATR), and the total average energy efficiency (TAEE) of cellular and D2D users in different time slot setting. Particularly investigated and compared in this study, there are one-hop, direct, D2D communication in two time slots (2TS), and multi-hop, indirect, D2D communication in three time slots (3TS) with an additional D2D user acting as a two-way relay to assist the communication. Moreover, an optimization problem is formulated to calculate the maximum TAEE of D2D users and the optimum transmission power of both the cellular and D2D users. Herein this optimization study, which is proven to be non-convex, the Quality of Service (QoS) is ensured as the STP on every link is considered. The herein approach is referred to as relay-assisted D2D communication which is capable of delivering a notably better QoS and lower transmission power for communication among distant D2D users.
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Qasim, N. H., Y. I. Khlaponin, and M. M. Vlasenko. "FORMALIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF MANAGING THE TRANSMISSION OF TRAFFIC FLOWS ON A FRAGMENT OF THE LTE NETWORK." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 75 (2022): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2022/75-09.
Abstract:
With the rapid growth of mobile data traffic, the popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M), mobile operators are constantly working to improve the quality of service, developing 4G networks in the direction of future software-configured heterogeneous 5G networks. The fourth generation of communication began to be developed in 2000. At this time, the 3G standard has already appeared. Research in the field of communications has shown that of all the variety of 4G technologies and standards, only two can be acceptable for deployment: LTE and the mobile version of WiMAX, LTE was originally developed as an adjunct to 3G cellular networks. Today, there is a rapid increase in traffic in 4th generation mobile networks, and to ensure the necessary speed for all their subscribers, operators have to look for different methods to increase data rates or to increase the efficiency of frequency resource use. Unlike 4G, the latest 5G networks have wider applications. Therefore, the main task of modern wireless networks is to optimize the distribution of a limited amount of frequency and time resources between users and devices of the Internet of Things on the basis of quality of service. The purpose of creating a conceptual model of the next generation of 5G can be called increasing the capabilities of high-speed mobile communication systems, reducing the cost of data transmission, expanding the range of services provided. The planning of the 5G network can be influenced by a number of factors due to the fundamental feature of this technology. In addition to bandwidth, an important characteristic of the system is the probability of bit error, which affects the modulation and coding algorithms used. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly maintain a balance between these two important characteristics for the user. This can be achieved by improving resource allocation methods and models, as well as effective network planning.
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Wen, Sheng. "Dynamic path planning in autonomous driving." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2649, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2649/1/012048.
Abstract:
Abstract With the development of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and fifth-generation cellular network technology (5G), good conditions are provided for the level of automation, providing the necessary assistance to coordinate the environment, planning decisions and path optimisation for self-driving vehicles. This paper briefly outlines and analyses the key technologies required to realize autonomous driving and summarizes the corresponding research results for each part; by considering the operation process of self-driving vehicles, this paper chooses path planning as the focus of research and presents it in the form of a methodology; finally, it concludes with a summary of personal opinions and a discussion of possible future research directions.
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Oladimeji, Damilola, Khushi Gupta, Nuri Alperen Kose, Kubra Gundogan, Linqiang Ge, and Fan Liang. "Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 11, 2023): 3880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083880.
Abstract:
As technology continues to evolve, our society is becoming enriched with more intelligent devices that help us perform our daily activities more efficiently and effectively. One of the most significant technological advancements of our time is the Internet of Things (IoT), which interconnects various smart devices (such as smart mobiles, intelligent refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, and many more) allowing them to communicate with each other and exchange data seamlessly. We now use IoT technology to carry out our daily activities, for example, transportation. In particular, the field of smart transportation has intrigued researchers due to its potential to revolutionize the way we move people and goods. IoT provides drivers in a smart city with many benefits, including traffic management, improved logistics, efficient parking systems, and enhanced safety measures. Smart transportation is the integration of all these benefits into applications for transportation systems. However, as a way of further improving the benefits provided by smart transportation, other technologies have been explored, such as machine learning, big data, and distributed ledgers. Some examples of their application are the optimization of routes, parking, street lighting, accident prevention, detection of abnormal traffic conditions, and maintenance of roads. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of the developments in the applications mentioned earlier and examine current researches that base their applications on these sectors. We aim to conduct a self-contained review of the different technologies used in smart transportation today and their respective challenges. Our methodology encompassed identifying and screening articles on smart transportation technologies and its applications. To identify articles addressing our topic of review, we searched for articles in the four significant databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Springer. Consequently, we examined the communication mechanisms, architectures, and frameworks that enable these smart transportation applications and systems. We also explored the communication protocols enabling smart transportation, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, and how they contribute to seamless data exchange. We delved into the different architectures and frameworks used in smart transportation, including cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing. Lastly, we outlined current challenges in the smart transportation field and suggested potential future research directions. We will examine data privacy and security issues, network scalability, and interoperability between different IoT devices.
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Tan, Haowen, Yuanzhao Song, Shichang Xuan, Sungbum Pan, and Ilyong Chung. "Secure D2D Group Authentication Employing Smartphone Sensor Behavior Analysis." Symmetry 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11080969.
Abstract:
Nowadays, with rapid advancement of both the upcoming 5G architecture construction and emerging Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication provides a novel paradigm for mobile networking. By facilitating continuous and high data rate services between physically proximate devices without interconnection with access points (AP) or service network (SN), spectral efficiency of the 5G network can be drastically increased. However, due to its inherent open wireless communicating features, security issues and privacy risks in D2D communication remain unsolved in spite of its benefits and prosperous future. Hence, proper D2D authentication mechanisms among the D2D entities are of great significance. Moreover, the increasing proliferation of smartphones enables seamlessly biometric sensor data collecting and processing, which highly correspond to the user’s unique behavioral characteristics. For the above consideration, we present a secure certificateless D2D authenticating mechanism intended for extreme scenarios in this paper. In the assumption, the key updating mechanism only requires a small modification in the SN side, while the decryption information of user equipment (UEs) remains constant as soon as the UEs are validated. Note that a symmetric key mechanism is adopted for the further data transmission. Additionally, the user activities data from smartphone sensors are analyzed for continuous authentication, which is periodically conducted after the initial validation. Note that in the assumed scenario, most of the UEs are out of the effective range of cellular networks. In this case, the UEs are capable of conducting data exchange without cellular connection. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme can provide adequate security properties as well as resistance to various attacks. Furthermore, performance analysis proves that the proposed scheme is efficient compared with state-of-the-art D2D authentication schemes.
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Cho, Do Hoon, Seong Min Seo, Jang Baeg Kim, Sri Harini Rajendran, and Jae Pil Jung. "A Review on the Fabrication and Reliability of Three-Dimensional Integration Technologies for Microelectronic Packaging: Through-Si-via and Solder Bumping Process." Metals 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101664.
Abstract:
With the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices and the upcoming new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), fifth-generation cellular networks (5G), etc., the electronics industry is achieving high-speed, high-performance, and high-density electronic packaging. Three-dimensional (3D) Si-chip stacking using through-Si-via (TSV) and solder bumping processes are the key interconnection technologies that satisfy the former requirements and receive the most attention from the electronic industries. This review mainly includes two directions to get a precise understanding, such as the TSV filling and solder bumping, and explores their reliability aspects. TSV filling addresses the DRIE (deep reactive ion etching) process, including the coating of functional layers on the TSV wall such as an insulating layer, adhesion layer, and seed layer, and TSV filling with molten solder. Solder bumping processes such as electroplating, solder ball bumping, paste printing, and solder injection on a Cu pillar are discussed. In the reliability part for TSV and solder bumping, the fabrication defects, internal stresses, intermetallic compounds, and shear strength are reviewed. These studies aimed to achieve a robust 3D integration technology effectively for future high-density electronics packaging.
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Daneshmand, Behrooz. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF 5G/IMT-2020 NETWORKS IN RUSSIA, CHINA, USA AND EUROPE." T-Comm 15, no. 6 (2021): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-6-20-32.
Abstract:
This article raises the question of the prospects for the development of 5G networks in Russia, China, the United States and Europe. Currently, there are four distinct generations of cellular communication in the world and in Russia. The development of each subsequent generation of communication as technical and economic capabilities improved and the spread of dominant standards occurred approximately every 10 years. The research community and industry in general agree that in the future it is impossible to meet future mobile traffic demand and application requirements simply by evolving the current fourth generation architecture. Instead, there is a need for a significant overhaul of the mobile network system: such an effort is commonly referred to as the future fifth generation (5G) architecture, and large-scale initiatives have been launched around the world to address this issue. The research community has already invested a very significant effort in identifying new individual technologies. The fact that all new offerings are labeled 5G has created a lot of confusion about what 5G really is. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the current state of the definition of 5G architecture and trends in the required technologies in Russia, the United States, China and Europe. Key contributions are: (1) analyze the 5G requirements defined by various global initiatives, highlighting the similarities and differences in 5G network development in Russia, China, the United States and Europe; (2) discuss current technology trends showing that there is broad consensus on the key factors driving 5G development in these countries; (3) strive to understand the new concepts that need to be developed with assistive technology to meet the desired requirements.
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Majeed, Abdul, and Seong Oun Hwang. "Data-Driven Analytics Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in the Era of COVID-19: An Insightful Review of Recent Developments." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010016.
Abstract:
This paper presents the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and other latest technologies that were employed to fight the recent pandemic (i.e., novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)). These technologies assisted the early detection/diagnosis, trends analysis, intervention planning, healthcare burden forecasting, comorbidity analysis, and mitigation and control, to name a few. The key-enablers of these technologies was data that was obtained from heterogeneous sources (i.e., social networks (SN), internet of (medical) things (IoT/IoMT), cellular networks, transport usage, epidemiological investigations, and other digital/sensing platforms). To this end, we provide an insightful overview of the role of data-driven analytics leveraging AI in the era of COVID-19. Specifically, we discuss major services that AI can provide in the context of COVID-19 pandemic based on six grounds, (i) AI role in seven different epidemic containment strategies (a.k.a non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)), (ii) AI role in data life cycle phases employed to control pandemic via digital solutions, (iii) AI role in performing analytics on heterogeneous types of data stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, (iv) AI role in the healthcare sector in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, (v) general-purpose applications of AI in COVID-19 era, and (vi) AI role in drug design and repurposing (e.g., iteratively aligning protein spikes and applying three/four-fold symmetry to yield a low-resolution candidate template) against COVID-19. Further, we discuss the challenges involved in applying AI to the available data and privacy issues that can arise from personal data transitioning into cyberspace. We also provide a concise overview of other latest technologies that were increasingly applied to limit the spread of the ongoing pandemic. Finally, we discuss the avenues of future research in the respective area. This insightful review aims to highlight existing AI-based technological developments and future research dynamics in this area.
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Aghashirin, Gholam D., MagedKafafy, Hoda S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Mohamed A. Zohdy, and Adam Timmons. "Modeling and Designed of a Monopole Antenna that Operate at 3.3 GHz for Future 5G Sub 6 GHz." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2832.0610521.
Abstract:
Antenna unit is an importantpart of ADAS L2, L2+ and Automated Driving L3 systems. It needs to function as needed in dGPS, HD Map Correction Services, OEM Radios and Navigation Systems. The presented monopoleantenna model for 5G below 6 [GHz] operating at 3.3 [GHz] is developed. This work demonstrates the modeling, design, and determining of monopoleantenna with intended targeted applications within the automotive system emerging autonomous vehicles space and as well as 5G Wireless Cellular Technology domain. FEKO simulation is undertaken rather than mathematical modeling to create the structure and conduct the analysis of the proposed monopole antenna.In order to support the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication networks, SOS messages, vehicle tracking, remote vehicle start, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) L2, L2+/ Autonomous Driving (AD) L3 systems self-driving vehicles powered by 5G with rapidly growing sets of ADAS and AD features and functions within the autonomous space, USA cellular carriers mobile phone communication standard 4G MISO and 5G MIMO, LTE1, LTE2, connected functions, features/services, IoT, DSRC, V2X, and C-V2X applications and 5G enable vehicles destined for the NAFTA (USA, Canada and Mexico) market, a new single monopole antenna that operate at 3.3 [GHz] for future 5G (MIMO) below 6 [GHz] modeling, design and simulation with intended automotive applicability and applications is proposed. The presented novel new 5G below 6 [GHz] monopoleantenna: 1. Is not being investigated on the literatures review and published papers studied. 2. No paper exists on these frequency bands. 3. The desired monopole antenna is a new antenna with fewer components, reduction in size, low profile, competitive cost, better response to received RF signals for frequencies for future 5G below 6 [GHz] with each of the following: a. Range of operating frequencies, 0.6 [GHz] to 5.9256 [GHz]. b. Centerfrequency = 3.2628 [GHz] ~ 3.3 [GHz] for the above band. c. Lambda (λ) = (3.0 x10^8 [m/sec^2])/(3.3x10^9 [Hz])=0.090 [m] = 90 [mm], lambda (λ) /4 = (0.090 [m])/4=0.0225 [m]=22.5 m To be more direct, simulation studies are carried out and are done utilizing FEKO software package from Altair to model the proposed monopole antenna for 5G below 6 [GHz] frequency band. The focus is on the frequency band for 5G sub 6 [GHz] cellular system. The paper will introduce the following key points: 1. Modelled and anayzed single element 5G sub 6 [GHz] monopole antenna. 2. Student version of CAD FEKO program was used to design our desired monopole antenna with a wire feed excitation coupled with step-by-step instructions is undertaken to highlight the model geometry creation of our monopole antenna. POST FEKO program is used to plot and view our simulation results. 3. We report the development of 5G below 6 [GHz] for fifth generation (5G) system that meets automotive and vehicle homologation specification requirement of antenna height < 70 [mm]. So that the proposed monopole antenna can easly be integrated into multi tuned cellular antenna system. 4. The FEKO simulation is conducted in 2D and 3D element model, in terms of Far-Field Vertical Gain as a function of an Elevation Angle plots. 5. Future research work and study for the next steps will be recommended.