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Wang, Xiu Fang, Xue Ming Li, Qi Yang, and De Xin Qin. "Pipeline Network Leakage Diagnosis Based on Distance Data Fusion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.918.
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The novel scheme of data fusion is a kind of evidence theories based on distance. We calculate the weight coefficients according to the structure of network and distances matrix between points and sensors. The greater the distance is, the smaller the coefficient will be. Experimental results show that, the proposed algorithm works well with high conflicts and fits characteristics of network.
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Reiner, C. S., T. F. Hany, J. Fornaro, G. K. von Schulthess, B. Marincek, D. Weishaupt, and O. F. Donati. "18F-FDG-PET and MRI in patients with malignancies of the liver and pancreas." Nuklearmedizin 49, no. 03 (2010): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0263.
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Summary Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of retrospective rigid image registration and fusion between F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper abdomen. Patients, material, methods: Image fusion of PET and MRI was performed in 30 patients with suspected malignancy of the liver or pancreas. Using a commercially available image fusion tool capable of rigid manual point-based registration, PET-Images were retrospectively registered and fused by matching eight homologous points in the 3D spoiled gradient echo (GRE) MRI sequences acquired in portal venous phase and in the CT-component of PET/CT. Two separate observers (R1, R2) assessed accuracy of image registration by determining the distances in the x-, y- and z-axis as well as the absolute distance between anatomical landmarks which differed from the landmarks chosen for registration. Quality of fusion was graded using a three point grading scale (1 poorly fused; 2 satisfactory fused; 3 correctly fused) and compared to hybrid PET/CT fusion. Results: Mean time of registration per patient was less than 2 minutes. Objective registration assessment showed errors between 2.4–6.3 mm in x-axis: mean 3.6 mm (R1); 4.6 mm (R2), 2.3–9.3 mm in y-axis (mean 5.1 mm; 5.5 mm) and 3.3–12.0 mm in z-axis (mean 5.9 mm; 5.9 mm.) The mean error in absolute distance between points was 6.0–16.8 mm (mean 9.9 mm; 10.6 mm). In visual assessment, most fusions were graded to be satisfactory or correctly fused: R1, R2: grade 3, 11/30 (36.7%), 22/30 (73.3%); grade 2, 13/30 (43.3%), 8/30 (26.7%); grade 1, 6/30 (20%), 0/30 (0%). Fusions were mostly comparable to hybrid PET/ CT fusions. All of the fusions were defined as diagnostically relevant by both observers. Conclusion: Retrospective rigid image fusion of FDGPET and MRI of the upper abdomen using the CT-component of PET/CT for registration is feasible without adaptation in image acquisition protocols and shows sub-centimeter registration errors in most cases.
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Wang, Tao, Xiaoran Wang, and Mingyu Hong. "Gas Leak Location Detection Based on Data Fusion with Time Difference of Arrival and Energy Decay Using an Ultrasonic Sensor Array." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092985.
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Ultrasonic gas leak location technology is based on the detection of ultrasonic waves generated by the ejection of pressured gas from leak holes in sealed containers or pipes. To obtain more accurate leak location information and determine the locations of leak holes in three-dimensional space, this paper proposes an ultrasonic leak location approach based on multi-algorithm data fusion. With the help of a planar ultrasonic sensor array, the eigenvectors of two individual algorithms, i.e., the arrival distance difference, as determined from the time difference of arrival (TDOA) location algorithm, and the ratio of arrival distances from the energy decay (ED) location algorithm, are extracted and fused to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of leak holes. The fusion is based on an extended Kalman filter, in which the results of the individual algorithms are seen as observation values. The final system state matrix is composed of distances between the measured leak hole and the sensors. Our experiments show that, under the condition in which the pressure in the measured container is 100 kPa, and the leak hole–sensor distance is 800 mm, the maximum error of the calculated results based on the data fusion location algorithm is less than 20 mm, and the combined accuracy is better than those of the individual location algorithms.
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Kumar, G. Ajay, Jin Hee Lee, Jongrak Hwang, Jaehyeong Park, Sung Hoon Youn, and Soon Kwon. "LiDAR and Camera Fusion Approach for Object Distance Estimation in Self-Driving Vehicles." Symmetry 12, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020324.
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The fusion of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and camera data in real-time is known to be a crucial process in many applications, such as in autonomous driving, industrial automation, and robotics. Especially in the case of autonomous vehicles, the efficient fusion of data from these two types of sensors is important to enabling the depth of objects as well as the detection of objects at short and long distances. As both the sensors are capable of capturing the different attributes of the environment simultaneously, the integration of those attributes with an efficient fusion approach greatly benefits the reliable and consistent perception of the environment. This paper presents a method to estimate the distance (depth) between a self-driving car and other vehicles, objects, and signboards on its path using the accurate fusion approach. Based on the geometrical transformation and projection, low-level sensor fusion was performed between a camera and LiDAR using a 3D marker. Further, the fusion information is utilized to estimate the distance of objects detected by the RefineDet detector. Finally, the accuracy and performance of the sensor fusion and distance estimation approach were evaluated in terms of quantitative and qualitative analysis by considering real road and simulation environment scenarios. Thus the proposed low-level sensor fusion, based on the computational geometric transformation and projection for object distance estimation proves to be a promising solution for enabling reliable and consistent environment perception ability for autonomous vehicles.
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Ji, Linna, Fengbao Yang, and Xiaoming Guo. "Image Fusion Algorithm Selection Based on Fusion Validity Distribution Combination of Difference Features." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151752.
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Aiming at addressing the problem whereby existing image fusion models cannot reflect the demand of diverse attributes (e.g., type or amplitude) of difference features on algorithms, leading to poor or invalid fusion effect, this paper puts forward the construction and combination of difference features fusion validity distribution based on intuition-possible sets to deal with the selection of algorithms with better fusion effect in dual mode infrared images. Firstly, the distances of the amplitudes of difference features between fused images and source images are calculated. The distances can be divided into three levels according to the fusion result of each algorithm, which are regarded as intuition-possible sets of fusion validity of difference features, and a novel construction method of fusion validity distribution based on intuition-possible sets is proposed. Secondly, in view of multiple amplitude intervals of each difference feature, this paper proposes a distribution combination method based on intuition-possible set ordering. Difference feature score results are aggregated by a fuzzy operator. Joint drop shadows of difference feature score results are obtained. Finally, the experimental results indicate that our proposed method can achieve optimal selection of algorithms that has relatively better effect on the fusion of difference features according to the varied feature amplitudes.
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Predebon, John. "Convergence Responses to Monocularly Viewed Objects: Implications for Distance Perception." Perception 23, no. 3 (March 1994): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230303.
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In four experiments the role of dark vergence and the implied distance from the familiar-size and suggested-size cues to distance on the convergence response was investigated. A nonius-alignment technique was used to measure the convergence response in total darkness (dark vergence) and the fusion-free convergence response to monocularly viewed objects presented at a distance of 75 cm under otherwise reduced stimulus conditions. Observers also estimated the size and distance of the objects. The results indicated a significant association between individuals' dark-vergence distances and the convergence distances to the objects. Furthermore, the convergence response was influenced by the implied distance from the familiar-size cue but not by the implied distance from size suggestions. Both the familiar-size and the suggested-size cues influenced reports of distance. The implications of these findings for distance perception are discussed with particular reference to the familiar-size cue to distance.
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Grothe, Tobias, Julia Nowak, Reinhard Jahn, and Peter Jomo Walla. "Selected tools to visualize membrane interactions." European Biophysics Journal 50, no. 2 (March 2021): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00249-021-01516-6.
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AbstractIn the past decade, we developed various fluorescence-based methods for monitoring membrane fusion, membrane docking, distances between membranes, and membrane curvature. These tools were mainly developed using liposomes as model systems, which allows for the dissection of specific interactions mediated by, for example, fusion proteins. Here, we provide an overview of these methods, including two-photon fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and intramembrane Förster energy transfer, with asymmetric labelling of inner and outer membrane leaflets and the calibrated use of transmembrane energy transfer to determine membrane distances below 10 nm. We discuss their application range and their limitations using examples from our work on protein-mediated vesicle docking and fusion.
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Grove, Philip M., Alistair P. Mapp, and Hiroshi Ono. "The Bifixation Field as a Function of Viewing Distance." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/274803.
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Hering reported that the area over which he could bifixate a target was smaller at near convergence distances than far convergence distances and predicted that in extreme horizontal gaze positions, the temporally directed eye lags behind the nasally directed eye. We tested these predictions using a subjective index of eye position. Experiment 1 confirmed that the bifixation field was significantly smaller at near convergence distances. When bifixation broke down at the near distance, the nasally directed eye lagged behind the temporally directed eye for all observers. At the far distance, the nasally directed eye preceded the temporally directed eye for four of six observers. Experiment 2 also confirmed that the bifixation field was smaller at near convergence distances but the nasally directed eye always lagged behind the temporally directed eye at the limits of the bifixation field. We confirmed Hering’s first prediction that the bifixation field is smaller at near convergence distances than at far ones. However, the majority of our results indicate that the nasally directed eye lags behind the temporally directed eye at the limits of the bifixation field, contrary to Hering’s prediction. We conclude that the eyes drift toward their tonic state of vergence when fusion breaks.
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Shen, J., W. L. Han, J. Ge, L. B. Zhang, and H. Tan. "DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL INTERPOLATION BY FUSION OF MORPHOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND DISTANCE TRANSFORMATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-881-2017.
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Interpolation methods have significant impacts on the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM) from contours which are one of frequently employed data sources. In this paper, an interpolation method is presented to build DEM from contour lines by fusion/integration of morphological reconstruction and distance transformation with obstacles. Particularly, morphological reconstruction is used to get the elevation values of the higher contour lines and the lower contour lines of any a spatial point between two contour lines, and distance transformation with obstacles is used to get the geodesic distances of the spatial point to the higher contour lines and the lower contour lines respectively. At last, linear interpolation along water flow line is used to get the elevation values of the pixels to be interpolated. The experiment demonstrates that feasibility of our proposed method.
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Kumar, N. B. Mahesh, and K. Premalatha. "Palmprint Authentication System Based on Local and Global Feature Fusion Using DOST." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/918376.
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Palmprint is the region between wrist and fingers. In this paper, a palmprint personal identification system is proposed based on the local and global information fusion. The local and global information is critical for the image observation based on the results of the relationship between physical stimuli and perceptions. The local features of the enhanced palmprint are extracted using discrete orthonormal Stockwell transform. The global feature is obtained by reducing the scale of discrete orthonormal Stockwell transform to infinity. The local and global matching distances of the two palmprint images are fused to get the final matching distance of the proposed scheme. The results show that the fusion of local and global features outperforms the existing works on the available three datasets.
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Moon, Myung-Sang, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Min-Geun Yoon, Sung-Soo Kim, and Jang-Cheol Sihn. "RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BONY UNION AFTER OCCIPITOCERVICAL FUSION." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 19, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957716500093.
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Study design: Assessment of posterior occipitocervical fusions, based on the post-operative (postop) follow-up radiographic findings. Objectives: To investigate an objective radiological evaluation method of the occipitocervical stabilization and fusion. Summary of Background data: For evaluation of the union of the non-instrumented or instrumented stabilization and bony fusion of the occipitocervical segments, only a few studies have been performed by some previous authors. Material and Methods: Occipitocervical fusions were performed in 20 patients from 1995 to 2007. The patients underwent occipitocervical fusions with 4 different surgical methods; autogenous iliac bone grafts and wire fixation (seven cases), loop and sublaminar wire fixation (five cases), Cotrel–Dubousse (CD) occipitocervical rod (two cases), and contoured reconstruction plate and screw systems (six cases). The stability and established union of the fused segment and the instrument failure or loosening were evaluated with flexion/extension lateral radiograms. The stability was evaluated by alignment change in degrees and distances between a point of the occiput and cervical vertebrae on the sagittal plane radiograms, taken at postop three months ago. Angular motion over 2[Formula: see text] and 2[Formula: see text]mm of displacement on radiograms were defined to be unstable and/or ununited. When there was no such motion of the fused segment and the instrument breakage or loosening, the fused segment was judged stable and fused. Results: Diagnosis of nonunion was made in three out of seven patients who have undergone fusion with autogenous bone grafts with wire fixation. In the other patients, we were unable to determine the presence of a solid fusion mass at the fusion site, because of overlapping of the instrument and graft bones. In all rigidly instrumented cases, stability was obtained. Conclusion: The occipitocervical fusion segments were judged clinically to be stabilized rather than fused, if the flexion/extension radiographs, taken at postop three and six months, did not demonstrate motion at the fusion site.
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Tian, Jing, Yanting Ai, Chengwei Fei, Ming Zhao, Fengling Zhang, and Zhi Wang. "Fault Diagnosis of Intershaft Bearings Using Fusion Information Exergy Distance Method." Shock and Vibration 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7546128.
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For the fault diagnosis of intershaft bearings, the fusion information exergy distance method (FIEDM) is proposed by fusing four information exergies, such as singular spectrum exergy, power spectrum exergy, wavelet energy spectrum exergy, and wavelet space spectrum exergy, which are extracted from acoustic emission (AE) signals under multiple rotational speeds and multimeasuring points. The theory of FIEDM is investigated based on four information exergy distances under multirotational speeds. As for rolling bearings, four faults and one normal condition are simulated on a birotor test rig to collect the AE signals, in which the four faults are inner ring fault, outer ring fault, rolling element fault, and inner race-rolling element coupling fault. The faults of the intershaft bearings are analyzed and diagnosed by using the FIEDM. From the investigation, it is demonstrated that the faults of the intershaft bearings are accurately diagnosed and identified, and the FIEDM is effective for the analysis and diagnosis of intershaft bearing faults. Furthermore, the fault diagnosis precision of intershaft bearings becomes higher with increasing rotational speed.
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Miller, R. J. "The effect of ingested alcohol on fusion latency at various viewing distances." Perception & Psychophysics 50, no. 6 (November 1991): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207543.
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Song, Xiang, Xu Li, Wencheng Tang, and Weigong Zhang. "RFID/ In-vehicle Sensors-Integrated Vehicle Positioning Strategy Utilising LSSVM and Federated UKF in a Tunnel." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 4 (December 23, 2015): 845–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000946.
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This paper proposes a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)/ in-vehicle sensors fusion strategy for vehicle positioning in completely Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments such as tunnels. The strategy employs a two-step approach, namely, the calculation of the distances between the RFID tags and the reader, and then the global fusion estimation of vehicle position. First, a Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) algorithm is developed to obtain distance. Next a novel Federated Unscented Kalman Filter (FUKF) is designed to realise the global fusion. The decentralised federated filter is adopted to combine the data from RFID and in-vehicle sensors, and the UKF is employed to design a local filter since it has better ability to deal with a nonlinear problem than an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Due to the optimised layout of RFID tags and the application of the decentralised filter, the number of tags is reduced. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are evaluated through experiments.
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Liu, Bao Jun. "Study on Multisensor Data Fusion of Ultrasonic Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.44.
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Aiming at data fusion of Autonomous car multisensors experiment at many times on distances, a novel fusion method is proposed based on the approach degree and weights. The method calculate mean and variance based on the measured sensors data, Using the maximum and minimum approach degree of this fuzzy set , the approach degree of the measured data from various sensors is processed quantitatively ,eliminating outlier data by Grubbs method, assigned the weights of data measured in the fusion process reasonably , so that the final expression of the data fusion is obtained, thus the data fusion of multisensor is realized.Test results demonstrate that this method can bring higher fusion precision, and more suitable for microcontroller and embedded systems applications.
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Watchman, Christopher J., Russell J. Hamilton, Baldassarre Stea, and Alan J. Mignault. "PATIENT POSITIONING USING IMPLANTED GOLD MARKERS WITH THE NOVALIS BODY SYSTEM IN THE THORACIC SPINE." Neurosurgery 62, suppl_5 (May 1, 2008): A62—A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000325938.08605.eb.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of implanted gold marker registration compared with bony fusion alignment for patient positioning using the Novalis Body system. METHODS Eighteen treatment fractions of stereotactic spinal radiotherapy were analyzed for three patients who each had three implanted gold seeds placed near their spinal lesions before radiotherapy. At each treatment session, the registration was first performed using bony fusion and then verified by another bony fusion, followed by registration with implanted markers. The software reported the calculated shifts for both methods. In addition, the actual three-dimensional coordinate positions of the markers were read using PTDReader software. Implanted marker positions were analyzed for variations in individual maker coordinate displacement, interseed distances, and area transcribed by them. Measured positional differences between the two fusion methods were applied to actual treatment plans to assess the resulting dosimetric differences in the treatment plans. RESULTS Both fusion algorithms were shown to localize the patient well, within 1.5 mm, but the implanted marker fusion consistently related less deviation from the planned isocenter, by approximately 0.5 mm, than did the bony fusion. Exceptions to this localization occurred when the average interseed distances were less than 3.0 cm and resulted in the two registration methods being equivalent. Implanted spine markers were also shown to have less than 0.7 mm deviation from the planned marker coordinates, indicating no migration of the seeds. Dose distributions were found to be highly dependant on differences in fusion method, with spinal cord doses up to 350% greater with bony fusion than with implanted markers. CONCLUSION Implanted markers used with the Novalis Body system have been shown to be more effective in patient positioning than the bony fusion method in the thoracic spine.
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Jaschinski, W. "Fixation Disparity as a Function of Viewing Distance and Prism Load." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96p0211.
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In binocular vision, fixation disparity is present when a fixation point falls within Panum's area, but not on corresponding retinal points. To investigate the effect of vergence load, fixation disparity was measured at viewing distances of 20, 30, 40, 60, and 100 cm (while the test subtended a constant angular size) by the psychophysical method of dichoptically presented nonius lines with a central fusion stimulus. As the viewing distance was shortened from 100 to 20 cm, mean fixation disparity changed monotonically from 1 min arc esophoria (ie the eyes converged in front of the target) to 3 min arc exophoria. The average standard deviation of the psychometric function, which is a measure of the temporal variability of vergence, was smallest at 100 cm (when fixation disparity was esophoric) and increased at shorter distances. Fixation disparity was also measured at a constant distance of 40 cm, but with prisms in front of the eyes that induced the same vergence angles as would be induced by viewing distances between 20 and 100 cm. The slope of these conventional ‘fixation disparity curves’ as a function of prism load correlated with the slope of fixation disparity as a function of viewing distance ( r=0.39, p=0.02, n=25). However, testing at different distances, as introduced here, has the advantage of preserving the natural interaction between vergence and accommodation. Since the change of fixation disparity with distance differed reliably among subjects (with a test — retest correlation of 0.65 in 34 subjects with good binocular vision) this measure may be useful for identifying subjects who are prone to near-vision complaints.
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Kim, Bum Joon, and Byeong Soo Lim. "Microstructure and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Heat Affected Zone in P92 Steel Weldment." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1185.
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Fatigue strength and life of weldment at high temperature is very important for high temperature materials used in power plants. In this study, fatigue crack growth tests were performed at high temperature to examine the effect of microstructure on the crack growth resistance in P92 steel weldment. Microhardness of the weldment was also investigated for better analysis. CT specimens were made from a welded plate with notches at different distances from the fusion line. High fatigue crack growth rates were found along the fusion line and fusion line+2mm line into the heat affected zone.
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Pollarolo, Giovanni. "Fusion Reactions as a Probe of the Nucleus-Nucleus Potential at Short Distances." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 154 (2004): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.154.201.
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Li, Caihong, Yong Song, Fengying Wang, Zhenying Liang, and Baoyan Zhu. "Chaotic Path Planner of Autonomous Mobile Robots Based on the Standard Map for Surveillance Missions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/263964.
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This paper proposes a fusion iterations strategy based on the Standard map to generate a chaotic path planner of the mobile robot for surveillance missions. The distances of the chaotic trajectories between the adjacent iteration points which are produced by the Standard map are too large for the robot to track. So a fusion iterations strategy combined with the large region iterations and the small grids region iterations is designed to resolve the problem. The small region iterations perform the iterations of the Standard map in the divided small grids, respectively. It can reduce the adjacent distances by dividing the whole surveillance workspace into small grids. The large region iterations combine all the small grids region iterations into a whole, switch automatically among the small grids, and maintain the chaotic characteristics of the robot to guarantee the surveillance missions. Compared to simply using the Standard map in the whole workspace, the proposed strategy can decrease the adjacent distances according to the divided size of the small grids and is convenient for the robot to track.
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Manchanda, Meenu, and Deepak Gambhir. "Improvement in CNN-Based Multifocus Image Fusion Algorithm with Triangulated Fuzzy Filter." International Journal of Image and Graphics 21, no. 02 (February 16, 2021): 2150020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467821500200.
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Multifocus image fusion is a demanding research field due to the utilization of modern imaging devices. Generally, the scene to be captured contains objects at different distances from these devices and so a set of multifocus images of the scene is captured with different objects in-focus. However, to improve the situational awareness of the captured scene, these sets of images are required to be fused together. Therefore, a multifocus image fusion algorithm based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and triangulated fuzzy filter is proposed. A CNN is used to extract information regarding focused pixels of input images and the same is used as fusion rule for fusing the input images. The focused information so extracted may still need to be refined near the boundaries. Therefore, asymmetrical triangular fuzzy filter with the median center (ATMED) is employed to correctly classify the pixels near the boundary. The advantage of using this filter is to rely on precise detection results since any misdetection may considerably degrade the fusion quality. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the state-of-art image fusion algorithms, both subjectively and objectively. Various parameters such as edge strength ([Formula: see text]), fusion loss (FL), fusion artifacts (FA), entropy ([Formula: see text]), standard deviation (SD), spatial frequency (SF), structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and feature similarity index measure (FSIM) are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results proved that the proposed fusion algorithm produces a fused image that contains all-in-one focused pixels and is better than those obtained using other popular and latest image fusion works.
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Feng, B., X. M. Fan, Z. W. Lu, D. Y. Lin, F. Yang, and Y. L. Wang. "Suppression of stimulated rotational Raman scattering over long air paths via controlling the polarization state." Laser and Particle Beams 33, no. 2 (March 20, 2015): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034615000245.
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AbstractStimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS) limits the effective transmission distances of the high-energy and high-power laser pulses in laser–fusion systems and other applications. A simple and practical method of suppressing SRRS process by controlling the polarization direction of Stokes light is proposed. For a narrowband, linearly polarized, flat-topped laser pulse of 351 nm with intensity of 2 GW/cm2 and width of 3 ns, the SRRS threshold distance in air is lengthened to 30.0 m from 16.2 m easily using the method. Simulation results demonstrate that the method is also applicable for broadband laser.
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Zhou, Hao, Ji Hua Gu, and Da Qing Chen. "Multi-Plane 3-D Holographic Image Fusion in DCT Domain." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.572.
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An improved multi-plane imaging fusion algorithm for 3-D digital holography is presented. Multiple reconstructed images at different distances from single off-axis Fresnel digital hologram are fused using discrete cosine transform (DCT) with different blocks. The zero order term is removed using a Laplacian operator while the conjugate image and dispersed images of defocused objects are eliminated by selecting a simple rectangular window before image fusion. Compared with those fused images obtained directly from the reconstructed images, the fused images qualities are greatly improved and all of the objects will be clearly in focus more quickly than discrete wavelet (DWT) based fusion method.
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Tseng, Chi-Ling, and Gwo-Chyuan Shaw. "Genetic Evidence for the Actin Homolog Gene mreBH and the Bacitracin Resistance Gene bcrC as Targets of the Alternative Sigma Factor SigI of Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 5 (December 21, 2007): 1561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01497-07.
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ABSTRACT The Bacillus subtilis sigI gene, which is a member of the class VI heat shock genes of the B. subtilis heat shock stimulon, encodes an alternative sigma factor whose regulon is poorly defined. In this study, by using a binary vector system, we showed that B. subtilis SigI could drive expression of a transcriptional fusion between the sigI regulatory region from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus sp. strain NRRL B-14911, B. subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis and the xylE reporter gene in B. subtilis. The transcriptional initiation sites of these fusions in B. subtilis were mapped by primer extension analyses. A putative consensus promoter sequence probably recognized by the B. subtilis SigI was thus deduced. Using a consensus sequence-based search procedure, we found putative σI promoters preceding the actin homolog gene mreBH and the bacitracin resistance gene bcrC of B. subtilis. Overexpression of the B. subtilis sigI gene could specifically stimulate expression of both an mreBH promoter region-bgaB fusion and a bcrC promoter region-bgaB fusion. Expression of these two fusions at the amyE locus of the B. subtilis chromosome was heat inducible and SigI dependent as revealed by sigI gene disruption experiments. Primer extension analysis showed that the identified mreBH and bcrC transcriptional start sites were at appropriate distances from their σI promoter elements. This further supports the notion that SigI can directly regulate mreBH and bcrC expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that mreBH and bcrC are new members of the SigI regulon.
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Su, Naiquang, Xiao Li, Qinghua Zhang, Zhiqiang Huo, and Xavier Chiementin. "Composite Fault Diagnosis for Rotating Machinery of Large Units Based on Evidence Theory and Multi-Information Fusion." Shock and Vibration 2019 (February 26, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1982317.
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Due to the complexity of the structure and process of large-scale petrochemical equipment, different fault characteristics are mixed and present multiple couplings and ambiguities, leading to the difficulty in identifying composite faults in rotating machinery. This paper proposes a composite faults diagnosis method for rotating machinery of the large unit based on evidence theory and multi-information fusion. The evidence theory and multi-information fusion method mainly deal with multisource information and conflict information, synthesize multiple uncertain information, and obtain synthetic information from multiple data sources. To detect faults in rotating machinery, the dimensionless index ranges of composite faults are first used to form a feature set as the reference. Then, a two-sample distribution test is applied to compare the known fault samples with the tested fault samples, and the maximum statistical distance is used. Finally, the multiple maximum statistical distances are fused by evidence theory and identifying fault types based on the fusion result. The proposed method was applied to the large petrochemical unit simulation experiment system, the results of which showed that our proposed method could accurately identify composite faults and provide maintenance guidance for composite fault diagnosis.
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Ye, Xuhui, Dong Wang, Daode Zhang, and Xinyu Hu. "Transmission Line Obstacle Detection Based on Structural Constraint and Feature Fusion." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030452.
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Accurate detection and identification of obstacles plays an important role in the navigation and behavior planning of the patrol robot. Aiming at the patrol robot with camera mounted symmetrically, an obstacle detection method based on structural constraint and feature fusion is proposed. Firstly, in order to discover the region of interest, the bounding box algorithm is used to propose the region. The location of the detected ground wire is used to constrain the region, and the image block of interest is clipped. Secondly, in order to accurately represent the multi-view and multi-scale obstacle images, the global shape features and the improved local corner features are fused by different weights. Then, the particle swarm-optimized support vector machine (PSO-SVM) is used for classifying and recognizing obstacles. On block data set B containing multi-view and multi-scale obstacle images, the recognition rate of this method can reach up to 86.2%, which shows the effectiveness of weighted fusion of global and local features. On data set A containing complete images of different distances, the detection success rate of long-distance obstacles can reach 80.2%. The validity of the proposed method based on structural constraints and feature fusion is verified.
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Bender, Christopher O., and René T. Boeré. "(5Z,7Z,9Z)-5,10-Dibromobenzo[8]annulene." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 69, no. 11 (October 16, 2013): o1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536813027797.
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In the structure of the title compound, C12H8Br2, the two bromine substituents are orientedexoto the boat-shaped cyclooctatetraene at the two ring sites that are β to the ring fusion positions. The average Br—C bond distance is 1.919 (2) Å, the average distance for C=C double bonds that are Br substituted is 1.328 (2) Å, while the other two double-bond distances are 1.327 (2) and 1.398 (2) Å for the non-fused and fused bonds, respectively. Each type of ring interatomic distance is within s.u. of the average values for the four known structures, including the title compound, of benzo-fused cycloocatatetraenes that are not coordinated to a metal atom. The crystal structure features short Br...Br [3.6620 (3) Å] and C...H [2.834 (2) and 2.841 (2) Å] contacts.
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Yao, Shouguang, Tao Huang, Kai Zhao, Jianbang Zeng, and Shuhua Wang. "Simulation of flow boiling of nanofluid in tube based on lattice Boltzmann model." Thermal Science 23, no. 1 (2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160817006y.
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In this study, a lattice Boltzmann model of bubble flow boiling in a tube is established. The bubble growth, integration, and departure of 3% Al2O3-water nanofluid in the process of flow boiling are selected to simulate. The effects of different bubble distances and lateral accelerations a on the bubble growth process and the effect of heat transfer are investigated. Results showed that with an increase in the bubble distance, the bubble coalescence and the effect of heat transfer become gradual. With an increase in lateral acceleration a, the bubble growth is different. When a = 0.5e?7 and a = 0.5e?6, the bubble growth includes the process of bubble growth, coalescence, detachment, and fusion with the top bubble and when a = 0.5e?5 and a = 0.5e?4, the bubbles only experience growth and fusion, and the bubbles do not merge with the top bubble directly to the right movement because the lateral acceleration is too large, resulting in the enhanced effect of heat transfer in the tube.
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Turner, Daniel J., and Matthew E. Hurles. "High-throughput haplotype determination over long distances by haplotype fusion PCR and ligation haplotyping." Nature Protocols 4, no. 12 (November 12, 2009): 1771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.184.
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Ulyat, Katie, Alison Y. Firth, and Helen J. Griffiths. "Quantifying the vertical fusion range at four distances of fixation in a normal population." British and Irish Orthoptic Journal 1 (January 1, 2004): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22599/bioj.244.
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Zare Chahooki, Mohammad Ali, and Hamid Kargar Shooroki. "Using manifold structure for automatic image annotation by fusion of multiple feature spaces." Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science 2 (November 21, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22385/jctecs.v2i0.5.
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Automatic image annotation has been an active research topic in recent years. Low level features like as color, texture, shape as well as object spatial relations are extracted to represent images in general. These syntaxes are further used to retrieve images from large image data sets. However, the similarity of images could not be found correctly by similarity measures such as Euclidean distance in many situations. On the other hand, graph models have been shown powerful in solving many machine learning problems in recent years. In this paper, we propose a graph-based learning approach, named Conceptual Manifold Structure (CMS), based on transition from conceptual to observation space. In the proposed method, a graph including both the trained and tested samples is constructed by fusion of multiple feature spaces. Conceptual transition in graph structure is found by altering the edge values in an innovative manner. This is caused to learn the manifold structure where the samples dissimilarity is closer to the conceptual distance. Furthermore, the continuity between the instances of a semantic in the conceptual space is kept in feature space. Keeping the continuity in manifold structure is the main idea to decrease the semantic gap in this study. The experiments on different image data sets indicated that the geometrical distances between the samples on the manifold space are closer to their conceptual distance. The proposed method has been compared to other well-known approaches. The results confirmed the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.
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Leme Godoy-Santos, Alexandre, Sierra Phillips, Lauren Roberts, Sameer Naranje, Ashish Shah, and Cesar De Cesar Netto. "TL 18104 - Ankle fusion percutaneous home run screw fixation." Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 13, Supl 1 (November 11, 2019): 83S. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2019.v13.1062.
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Introduction: During internal fixation of ankle fusions, in addition to the standard crossed screw fixation pattern, the use of a percutaneously placed augmenting screw, directed from the posterolateral tibial metaphysis proximally across the ankle into the talar neck (“home run screw”), is a widely used technique. The placement of this screw is technically demanding, and for the majority of surgeons, multiple attempts under fluoroscopy guidance are frequently needed to achieve perfect positioning of the implant. There is a risk of injury to local neurovascular and tendinous structures. Objective: To identify the number of attempts necessary for perfect positioning of the ankle fusion home run screw and the neurovascular and tendinous structures at risk. Methods: Eleven fresh-frozen cadaver limbs were used. Guide wires for cannulated screw placement were percutaneously placed into the distal posterolateral aspect of the leg under fluoroscopic guidance, with the ankle held in the neutral position. Malpositioned guidewires were not removed and served as guidance for the following pins. The number of guide wires needed to achieve acceptable positioning of the implant was noted. After a layered dissection from the skin to the tibia, we evaluated neurovascular and tendinous injuries and measured the shortest distance between the closest guidewire and the soft tissue structures using a precision digital caliper. Results: The mean number of guide wires needed to achieve an acceptable positioning of the implant was 2.34 (SD 0.81, range 2 – 4). The mean distances between the closest guide pin and soft tissue structures of interest were as follows: Achilles tendon 5.35 mm (SD 2.74 mm); peroneal tendons 9.65 mm (SD 5.19 mm); posteromedial neurovascular bundle 12.78 mm (SD 7.14 mm). The sural bundle was in contact with the guide pin in 5/11 specimens (45.5%) and impaled in 3/11 specimens (27.3%). In the remaining 3 specimens, the average distance from the sural nerve bundle was 3.58 mm (SD 2.16 mm). Conclusion: The placement of percutaneous ankle fusion home run screws is technically demanding, requiring multiple attempts to achieve acceptable placement. We have shown that important tendinous and neurovascular structures are in close proximity to the guidewires and that the sural bundle is injured in approximately 73% of cases.
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Mohamed Mostafa, Medhat Abdel Rahman, Miljan Vucetic, Nikola Stojkovic, Nikola Lekić, and Aleksej Makarov. "Fuzzy Functional Dependencies as a Method of Choice for Fusion of AIS and OTHR Data." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235166.
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Maritime situational awareness at over-the-horizon (OTH) distances in exclusive economic zones can be achieved by deploying networks of high-frequency OTH radars (HF-OTHR) in coastal countries along with exploiting automatic identification system (AIS) data. In some regions the reception of AIS messages can be unreliable and with high latency. This leads to difficulties in properly associating AIS data to OTHR tracks. Long history records about the previous whereabouts of vessels based on both OTHR tracks and AIS data can be maintained in order to increase the chances of fusion. If the quantity of data increases significantly, data cleaning can be done in order to minimize system requirements. This process is performed prior to fusing AIS data and observed OTHR tracks. In this paper, we use fuzzy functional dependencies (FFDs) in the context of data fusion from AIS and OTHR sources. The fuzzy logic approach has been shown to be a promising tool for handling data uncertainty from different sensors. The proposed method is experimentally evaluated for fusing AIS data and the target tracks provided by the OTHR installed in the Gulf of Guinea.
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de Cesar Netto, Cesar, Lauren Roberts, Jackson Staggers, Walter Smith, Sung Lee, Alexandre Godoy Dos Santos, Martim Pinto, Ibukunoluwa Araoye, Parke Hudson, and Ashish Shah. "Ankle Fusion Percutaneous Home Run Screw Fixation." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00207.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: During internal fixation of ankle fusions, besides the standard crossed screw fixation pattern, the use of a percutaneously placed augmenting screw, directed from the posterolateral tibial metaphysis proximally across the ankle into the talar neck (“ankle fusion home run screw”), is a widely used technique. The placement of this screw is technically demanding and multiple attempts under fluoroscopy guidance are frequently needed to achieve a perfect positioning of the implant. Injuries to local neurovascular and tendinous structures might happen. The objective of this cadaver study was to identify the number of attempts necessary for a perfect positioning of the ankle fusion home run screw and the neurovascular and tendinous structures at risk. Methods: Eleven fresh frozen cadaver limbs were used. Guide wires (3.2 mm) from the Stryker (Selzach, Switzerland) 7.0-mm headless cannulated set were percutaneously placed into the distal posterolateral aspect of the leg, under fluoroscopic guidance, with the ankle held in neutral position. Mal positioned pins were not removed and served as guidance for the following pins. The number of guide wires needed to achieve an acceptable positioning of the implant was noted. After a layered dissection from the skin to the tibia, we evaluated neurovascular and tendinous injuries, and measured the shortest distance between the closest guide pin and the soft tissue structures, using a precision digital caliper. Results: The mean number of guide wires needed to achieve and acceptable positioning of the implant was 2.09 (SD 0.83, range 1- 4). The mean distances between the closest guide pin and the soft tissue structures of interest were: Achilles tendon 6.90 mm (SD 3.74 mm); peroneal tendons 9.65 mm (SD 3.99 mm); sural neurovascular bundle 0.97 mm (SD 1.93 mm); posteromedial neurovascular bundle 14.26 mm (SD 4.56 mm). Sural bundle was in contact with the guide pin in 5/11 specimens (45.5%) and transected in 3/11 specimens (27.3%). Conclusion: The placement of percutaneous ankle fusion home run screws is technically demanding and multiple guide pins are needed. Our cadaveric study showed that important tendinous and neurovascular structures are in close proximity with the guide pins and that the sural bundle is injured in approximately 73% of the cases. Caution should be taken during percutaneous placing of screws and an appropriate approach and surgical dissection to bone is advised.
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Prelas, M. A., and E. J. Charlson. "Synergism in inertial confinement fusion: a total direct energy conversion package." Laser and Particle Beams 7, no. 3 (August 1989): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600007412.
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The products of fusion reactions have unique properties which can be used for direct energy conversion. These products are neutrons and ions. Neutrons can be transported very long distances through solid materials and can interact with certain elements which have a very high absorption cross section. Ions on the other hand have a very short transport length even in a gaseous medium. It is possible to utilize these products in an inertial confinement fusion reactor with two different direct energy conversion devices: a nuclear-pumped laser using neutrons from the fusion reaction; a photon generator material combined with a photovoltaic converter using the ionic fusion products.It will be argued that a nuclear-pumped laser can be more efficient than a conventional laser. It will also be shown that an advanced energy conversion concept based on photon production and photovoltaics can produce ICF system efficiencies of 56%.
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Römer, W., T. Hothorn, A. Pfahlberg, J. Hornegger, W. Bautz, T. Kuwert, and A. Nömayr. "Anatomical accuracy of lesion localization." Nuklearmedizin 44, no. 04 (2005): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625102.
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SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical accuracy and reproducibility of retrospective interactive rigid image registration (RIR) between routinely archived X-ray computer tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography performed with 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in oncological patients. Methods: Two observers registered PET and CT data obtained in 37 patients using a commercially available image fusion tool. RIR was performed separately for the thorax and the abdomen using physiological FDG uptake in several organs as a reference. One observer performed the procedure twice (O1a and O1b), another person once (O2). For 94 malignant lesions, clearly visible in CT and PET, the signed and absolute distances between their representation on PET and CT were measured in X-, Y-, and Z-direction with reference to a coordinate system centered in the CT representation of each lesion (X-, Y-, Z-distances). Results: The mean differences of the signed and absolute distances between O1a, O1b, and O2 did not exceed 3 mm in any dimension. The absolute X-, Y-, and Z-distances ranged between 0.57 ± 0.58 cm for O1a (X-direction) and 1.12 ± 1.28 cm for O2 (Z-direction). When averaging the absolute distances measured by O1a, O1b, and O2, the percentage of lesions misregistered by less than 1.5 cm was 91 % for the X-, 88 % for the Y-, and 77 % for the Z-direction. The larger error of fusion determined for the remaining lesions was caused by non-rigid body transformations due to differences in breathing, arm position, or bowel movements between the two examinations. Mixed effects analysis of the signed and absolute X-, Y-, and Z-distances disclosed a significantly greater misalignment in the thorax than in the abdomen as well as axially than transaxially. Conclusion: The anatomical inaccuracy of RIR can be expected to be <1.5 cm for the majority of neoplastic foci. Errors of alignment are bigger in the thorax and in Z-direction, due to non-rigid body transformations caused, e.g., by breathing.
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LIPOVETSKY, STAN. "DATA FUSION IN SEVERAL ALGORITHMS." Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis 05, no. 03 (July 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793536913500143.
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Data fusion consists of the process of integrating several datasets with some common variables, and other variables available only in partial datasets. The main problem of data fusion can be described as follows. From one source, having X0 and Y0 datasets (with N0 observations by multiple x and y variables, n and m of those, respectively), and from another source, having X1 data (with N1 observations by the same nx-variables), we need to estimate the missing portion of the Y1 data (of size N1 by m variables) in order to combine all the data into one set. Several algorithms are considered in this work, including estimation of weights proportional to the distances from each ith observation in the X1 "recipients" dataset to all observations in the X0 "donors" dataset. Or we can use a sample balancing technique with the maximum effective base performed by applying ridge-regression for the Gifi system of binaries obtained from the x-variables for the best fit of the "donors" X0 data to the margins defined by each respondent in the "recipients" X1 dataset. Then the weighted regressions of each y in the Y0 dataset by all variables in the X0 are constructed. For each ith observation in the dataset X0, these regressions are used for predicting the y-variables in the Y1 "recipients" dataset. If X and Y are the same n variables from different sources, the dual partial least squares technique and a special regression model with dummies defining each of the three available sets are used for prediction of the Y1 data.
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Hess, Bernhard J. M., and H. Misslisch. "Three-dimensional ocular kinematics underlying binocular single vision." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00596.2016.
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We have analyzed the binocular coordination of the eyes during far-to-near refixation saccades based on the evaluation of distance ratios and angular directions of the projected target images relative to the eyes' rotation centers. By defining the geometric point of binocular single vision, called Helmholtz point, we found that disparities during fixations of targets at near distances were limited in the subject's three-dimensional visual field to the vertical and forward directions. These disparities collapsed to simple vertical disparities in the projective binocular image plane. Subjects were able to perfectly fuse the vertically disparate target images with respect to the projected Helmholtz point of single binocular vision, independent of the particular location relative to the horizontal plane of regard. Target image fusion was achieved by binocular torsion combined with corrective modulations of the differential half-vergence angles of the eyes in the horizontal plane. Our findings support the notion that oculomotor control combines vergence in the horizontal plane of regard with active torsion in the frontal plane to achieve fusion of the dichoptic binocular target images.
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Hao, ZiQi, ZhenJiang Zhang, and Han-Chieh Chao. "A Cluster-Based Fuzzy Fusion Algorithm for Event Detection in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/641235.
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As limited energy is one of the tough challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN), energy saving becomes important in increasing the lifecycle of the network. Data fusion enables combining information from several sources thus to provide a unified scenario, which can significantly save sensor energy and enhance sensing data accuracy. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based data fusion algorithm for event detection. We usek-means algorithm to form the nodes into clusters, which can significantly reduce the energy consumption of intracluster communication. Distances between cluster heads and event and energy of clusters are fuzzified, thus to use a fuzzy logic to select the clusters that will participate in data uploading and fusion. Fuzzy logic method is also used by cluster heads for local decision, and then the local decision results are sent to the base station. Decision-level fusion for final decision of event is performed by base station according to the uploaded local decisions and fusion support degree of clusters calculated by fuzzy logic method. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated by simulation results.
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Divani, K., S. Selvadurai, and S. Molloy. "A novel use of cement as a salvage procedure in patients with complex spinal injuries with proximal junctional failure." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 100, no. 6 (July 2018): e154-e157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2018.0076.
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Long-construct fixations can be complicated by proximal junctional kyphosis. In elderly, high-risk patients with numerous comorbidities, lengthy surgical times and increased blood loss associated with revision osteotomies and extension of fusions are not often tolerated and pose serious life-threatening risks. We present a salvage technique used in a patient with proximal junctional failure and demonstrate its role in improving symptoms and functionality in those not deemed fit for major surgery. Pre- and postoperative pain scores in accordance with the visual analogue scale, walking distances and radiographs were reviewed in a patient who underwent the salvage technique to ascertain the subjective and objective difference in pain and functionality. The patient showed marked improvement in pain scores and walking distances postoperatively. Additionally, the degree of proximal junctional kyphosis was lower on postoperative radiographs. While holding risks of its own, our described technique can be performed in select cases and is a good salvage procedure in high-risk patients. It prevents their exposure to the risks that accompany large revision operations and fusion models with further potential to fail. We recommend that our technique is performed only at specialist centres.
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Niles, W. D., J. R. Silvius, and F. S. Cohen. "Resonance energy transfer imaging of phospholipid vesicle interaction with a planar phospholipid membrane: undulations and attachment sites in the region of calcium-mediated membrane--membrane adhesion." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.3.329.
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Membrane fusion of a phospholipid vesicle with a planar lipid bilayer is preceded by an initial prefusion stage in which a region of the vesicle membrane adheres to the planar membrane. A resonance energy transfer (RET) imaging microscope, with measured spectral transfer functions and a pair of radiometrically calibrated video cameras, was used to determine both the area of the contact region and the distances between the membranes within this zone. Large vesicles (5-20 microns diam) were labeled with the donor fluorophore coumarin-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), while the planar membrane was labeled with the acceptor rhodamine-PE. The donor was excited with 390 nm light, and separate images of donor and acceptor emission were formed by the microscope. Distances between the membranes at each location in the image were determined from the RET rate constant (kt) computed from the acceptor:donor emission intensity ratio. In the absence of an osmotic gradient, the vesicles stably adhered to the planar membrane, and the dyes did not migrate between membranes. The region of contact was detected as an area of planar membrane, coincident with the vesicle image, over which rhodamine fluorescence was sensitized by RET. The total area of the contact region depended biphasically on the Ca2+ concentration, but the distance between the bilayers in this zone decreased with increasing [Ca2+]. The changes in area and separation were probably related to divalent cation effects on electrostatic screening and binding to charged membranes. At each [Ca2+], the intermembrane separation varied between 1 and 6 nm within each contact region, indicating membrane undulation prior to adhesion. Intermembrane separation distances < or = 2 nm were localized to discrete sites that formed in an ordered arrangement throughout the contact region. The area of the contact region occupied by these punctate attachment sites was increased at high [Ca2+]. Membrane fusion may be initiated at these sites of closest membrane apposition.
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Peng, Xuesheng, Ruizhi Chen, Kegen Yu, Feng Ye, and Weixing Xue. "An Improved Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Indoor Localization." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122117.
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The weighted K-nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm is the most commonly used algorithm for indoor localization. Traditional WKNN algorithms adopt received signal strength (RSS) spatial distance (usually Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance) to select reference points (RPs) for position determination. It may lead to inaccurate position estimation because the relationship of received signal strength and distance is exponential. To improve the position accuracy, this paper proposes an improved weighted K-nearest neighbor algorithm. The spatial distance and physical distance of RSS are used for RP selection, and a fusion weighted algorithm based on these two distances is used for position calculation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms, such as K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Euclidean distance-based WKNN (E-WKNN), and physical distance-based WKNN (P-WKNN). Compared with the KNN, E-WKNN, and P-WKNN algorithms, the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is improved by about 29.4%, 23.5%, and 20.7%, respectively. Compared with some recently improved WKNN algorithms, our proposed algorithm can also obtain a better positioning performance.
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Farahnakian, Fahimeh, and Jukka Heikkonen. "Deep Learning Based Multi-Modal Fusion Architectures for Maritime Vessel Detection." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162509.
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Object detection is a fundamental computer vision task for many real-world applications. In the maritime environment, this task is challenging due to varying light, view distances, weather conditions, and sea waves. In addition, light reflection, camera motion and illumination changes may cause to false detections. To address this challenge, we present three fusion architectures to fuse two imaging modalities: visible and infrared. These architectures can provide complementary information from two modalities in different levels: pixel-level, feature-level, and decision-level. They employed deep learning for performing fusion and detection. We investigate the performance of the proposed architectures conducting a real marine image dataset, which is captured by color and infrared cameras on-board a vessel in the Finnish archipelago. The cameras are employed for developing autonomous ships, and collect data in a range of operation and climatic conditions. Experiments show that feature-level fusion architecture outperforms the state-of-the-art other fusion level architectures.
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Wu, Hsin-Chieh, and Toly Chen. "A Fuzzy-Neural Ensemble and Geometric Rule Fusion Approach for Scheduling a Wafer Fabrication Factory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/956978.
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In this study, the fuzzy-neural ensemble and geometric rule fusion approach is presented to optimize the performance of job dispatching in a wafer fabrication factory with an intelligent rule. The proposed methodology is a modification of a previous study by fusing two dispatching rules and diversifying the job slacks in novel ways. To this end, the geometric mean of the neighboring distances of slacks is maximized. In addition, the fuzzy c-means (FCM) and backpropagation network (BPN) ensemble approach was also proposed to estimate the remaining cycle time of a job, which is an important input to the new rule. A new aggregation mechanism was also designed to enhance the robustness of the FCM-BPN ensemble approach. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, some experiments have been conducted. The experimental results did support the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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Kim, Jongchan, and Sungho Kim. "Temperature Estimation Adaptive to Variables over Distance Using Infrared–LiDAR." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094063.
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Measuring accurate surface temperature using a long-wave infrared camera and a non-contact thermometer, is very difficult due to variables such as atmospheric transmittance, emissivity, and influences from the environment such as atmosphere, sun, and dust. Conventional approaches use geometric correction or atmospheric transmittance modeling for temperature correction. However, these approaches have limitations in finding an accurate temperature because it is difficult to fully model a physical phenomenon. In this paper, a new temperature estimation method using distance information of LiDAR and digital count of long-wave infrared camera is proposed. The proposed method estimates the temperature by redefining the mapping function between radiation and digital count by distance. Using the proposed method, if the digital count is measured at a specific distance, accurate temperature can be estimated through the redefined Radiation-Digital count mapping function at a specific distance. The most important property of proposed method is that complex physical modeling is complemented by mapping function of specific distances. In addition, digital counts that change according to the distance at the same temperature required for the mapping function are obtained through linear interpolation using digital count of specific distances. Experimental results using a blackbody, long-wave infrared camera and LiDAR verify that the proposed method estimates the precise temperature. In addition, through experiments on humans, it shows the possibility of accurate body temperature measurement through fusion of long-wave infrared cameras and LiDAR in the future. However, as a limitation, a new calibration is required when the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere change.
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Efatmaneshnik, Mahmoud, Allison Kealy, Asghar Tabatabei Balaei, and Andrew G. Dempster. "Information Fusion for Localization Within Vehicular Networks." Journal of Navigation 64, no. 3 (June 7, 2011): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463311000075.
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Cooperative positioning (CP) is a localization technique originally developed for use across wireless sensor networks. With the emergence of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) infrastructure for use in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), CP techniques can now be adapted for use in location determination across vehicular networks. In vehicular networks, the technique of CP fuses GPS positions with additional sensed information such as inter-vehicle distances between the moving vehicles to determine their location within a neighbourhood. This paper presents the results obtained from a research study undertaken to demonstrate the capabilities of DSRC for meeting the positioning accuracies of road safety applications. The results show that a CP algorithm that fully integrates both measured/sensed data as well as navigation information such as map data can meet the positioning requirements of safety related applications of DSRC (<0·5 m). This paper presents the results of a Cramer Rao Lower Bound analysis which is used to benchmark the performance of the CP algorithm developed. The Kalman Filter (KF) models used in the CP algorithm are detailed and results obtained from integrating GPS positions, inter-vehicular ranges and information derived from in-vehicle maps are then discussed along with typical results as determined through a variety of network simulation studies.
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Sokal, Robert R., Peter E. Smouse, and James V. Neel. "THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A TRIBAL POPULATION, THE YANOMAMA INDIANS. XV. PATTERNS INFERRED BY AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS." Genetics 114, no. 1 (September 1, 1986): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.1.259.
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ABSTRACT Fifteen allele frequencies have previously been determined for 50 villages of the Yanomama, an Amerindian tribe from southern Venezuela and northern Brazil. These frequencies were subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis to investigate their population structure. There are significant spatial patterns for most allele frequencies. Clinal patterns, investigated by one-dimensional and directional spatial correlograms, were relatively few in number and were moderate in strength. Overall, however, there is a marked decline in genetic similarity with geographic distance. The results are compatible with a hierarchic population structure superimposed on the geography, and generated by a stochastic fission-fusion model of village propagation, followed by localized gene flow. Strong temporal autocorrelations of allele frequencies based on linguistic-historical distances representing time since divergence were also found. There appears to be a stronger relation between geography and linguistic-historical hierarchic subdivisions than between either feature and genetic distances. These findings confirm by different approaches the results of earlier analyses concerning the important roles of both stochastic and social factors in determining village allele frequencies and the occurrence within this tribe of some allele frequency clines most likely due to the operation of chance historical processes.
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Baotic, Anton, Maxime Garcia, Markus Boeckle, and Angela Stoeger. "Field Propagation Experiments of Male African Savanna Elephant Rumbles: A Focus on the Transmission of Formant Frequencies." Animals 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8100167.
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African savanna elephants live in dynamic fission–fusion societies and exhibit a sophisticated vocal communication system. Their most frequent call-type is the ‘rumble’, with a fundamental frequency (which refers to the lowest vocal fold vibration rate when producing a vocalization) near or in the infrasonic range. Rumbles are used in a wide variety of behavioral contexts, for short- and long-distance communication, and convey contextual and physical information. For example, maturity (age and size) is encoded in male rumbles by formant frequencies (the resonance frequencies of the vocal tract), having the most informative power. As sound propagates, however, its spectral and temporal structures degrade progressively. Our study used manipulated and resynthesized male social rumbles to simulate large and small individuals (based on different formant values) to quantify whether this phenotypic information efficiently transmits over long distances. To examine transmission efficiency and the potential influences of ecological factors, we broadcasted and re-recorded rumbles at distances of up to 1.5 km in two different habitats at the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Our results show that rumbles were affected by spectral–temporal degradation over distance. Interestingly and unlike previous findings, the transmission of formants was better than that of the fundamental frequency. Our findings demonstrate the importance of formant frequencies for the efficiency of rumble propagation and the transmission of information content in a savanna elephant’s natural habitat.
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Xu, Yuan, Hamid Reza Karimi, Yueyang Li, Fengyu Zhou, and Lili Bu. "Real-time accurate pedestrian tracking using extended finite impulse response filter bank for tightly coupling recent inertial navigation system and ultra-wideband measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 232, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818754977.
Full textAbstract:
To satisfy the increasing demands of the accuracy for the human localization, in this work, we propose a pedestrian tracking method by tightly coupling recent inertial navigation system–based and ultra-wideband–based measurements. In this mode, the difference between the distances derived from the inertial navigation system–based and ultra-wideband–based system is used as the observation of the data fusion filter. Moreover, in order to improve the performance of the extended finite impulse response filter, which depends on the averaging horizon ([Formula: see text]) when the error state vector ([Formula: see text]) is determined due to the model, the extended finite impulse response filter bank is employed to be the fusion center for pedestrian tracking, which used the Mahalanobis distance to find the optimal [Formula: see text] at each time index [Formula: see text]. Test experiments illustrate that the extended finite impulse response filter bank–based tightly coupled inertial navigation system/ultra-wideband–integrated method is able to achieve real-time estimation, and its accuracy is similar to the extended finite impulse response with the ideal [Formula: see text] which is calculated off-line.
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Bera, Asish, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, and Mita Nasipuri. "Fusion-Based Hand Geometry Recognition Using Dempster–Shafer Theory." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 29, no. 05 (July 9, 2015): 1556005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001415560054.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a new technique for user identification and recognition based on the fusion of hand geometric features of both hands without any pose restrictions. All the features are extracted from normalized left and right hand images. Fusion is applied at feature and also at decision level. Two probability-based algorithms are proposed for classification. The first algorithm computes the maximum probability for nearest three neighbors. The second algorithm determines the maximum probability of the number of matched features with respect to a thresholding on distances. Based on these two highest probabilities initial decisions are made. The final decision is considered according to the highest probability as calculated by the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. Depending on the various combinations of the initial decisions, three schemes are experimented with 201 subjects for identification and verification. The correct identification rate is found to be 99.5%, and the false acceptance rate (FAR) of 0.625% has been found during verification.