Journal articles: 'Fusion-By-Diffusion'

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CAP, T., K. SIWEK-WILCZYŃSKA, and J. WILCZYŃSKI. "FUSION BY DIFFUSION MODEL REVISITED." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 02 (February 2011): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311017661.

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A complete set of 27 excitation functions for synthesis of superheavy nuclei produced in cold fusion reactions was analyzed in terms of the "Fusion by Diffusion Model" of Światecki et al., modified to account for the angular momentum dependence of the fusion hindrance factor. The data on cold fusion reactions originate from experiments carried out at GSI Darmstadt, RIKEN Tokyo and LBNL Berkeley in which 208 Pb and 209 Bi targets were bombarded with the variety of projectiles ranging from 48,50 Ti to 70 Zn .

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Tiwari, G. P., and R. S. Mehrotra. "Diffusion and Melting." Defect and Diffusion Forum 279 (August 2008): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.279.23.

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The paper reviews the correlation between the processes of diffusion and melting. It is shown that the entropy of fusion and the melting temperature have a governing influence on the self-diffusion rates in solids. The relationship between self-diffusion coefficient (D) in solids and the melting parameters can be expressed as follows: D = fa2ν exp (κSm / R) exp (– κSmTm / RT) , where f is the correlation factor, a the lattice parameter, ν the vibration frequency, Sm the entropy of fusion, Tm the melting temperature in degree K, κ a constant and R, T have their usual meaning. The above equation has been derived on the basis that the free energy of activation for diffusion is directly proportional to the free energy of liquid phase. The well known relationships of the activation energy for self-diffusion with the melting point and enthalpy of fusion can be derived on the basis of this assumption. The constant κ is a group constant for any class or group of solids having identical physical and chemical properties. The validity of the above equation is demonstrated by the fact that when the self-diffusion coefficients are plotted as a function of homologous temperature, they scale inversely with the magnitude of the entropy of fusion. The hierarchy of self-diffusion rates within any group of solids is governed by the magnitude of the entropy of fusion and the melting temperature. The paper also discusses some interesting fall out of the close relationship between the diffusion and the melting parameters concerning (a) the diffusion in elemental anisotropic lattices, (b) anomalous diffusion behavior in bcc transition metals, lanthanides and actinides and (c) congruently melting compounds.

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Lafon, S., Y. Keller, and R. R. Coifman. "Data Fusion and Multicue Data Matching by Diffusion Maps." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 28, no. 11 (November 2006): 1784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2006.223.

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Prasath, V. B. Surya. "Image denoising by anisotropic diffusion with inter-scale information fusion." Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis 27, no. 4 (October 2017): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054661817040174.

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Knoll, G., K. N. Burger, R. Bron, G. van Meer, and A. J. Verkleij. "Fusion of liposomes with the plasma membrane of epithelial cells: fate of incorporated lipids as followed by freeze fracture and autoradiography of plastic sections." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.6.2511.

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The fusion of liposomes with the plasma membrane of influenza virus-infected monolayers of an epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (van Meer et al., 1985. Biochemistry. 24:3593-3602), has been analyzed by morphological techniques. The distribution of liposomal lipids over the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains after fusion was assessed by autoradiography of liposomal [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine after rapid freezing or chemical fixation and further processing by freeze substitution and low temperature embedding. Before fusion, radioactivity was solely detected on the apical cell surface, indicating the absence of redistribution artifacts and demonstrating the reliability of lipid autoradiography on both a light and electron microscopical level. After induction of fusion by a low pH treatment, the basolateral plasma membrane domain became progressively labeled, indicative of rapid lateral diffusion of [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the plasma membrane. Analysis of individual fusion events by freeze fracture after rapid freezing confirmed the rapid diffusion of the liposomal lipids into the plasma membrane, as intramembrane particle-free lipid patches were never observed. After the induction of liposome-cell fusion, well-defined intramembrane particles were present on the otherwise smooth liposomal fracture faces and on the fracture faces of the plasma membrane. Morphological evidence thus was obtained in favor of a local point fusion mechanism with an intramembrane particle as a specific structural fusion intermediate.

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Nie, Baohua, Zihua Zhao, Dongchu Chen, Fangjun Liu, Jishi Zhao, and Lianyu Zhao. "Very high cycle fatigue behavior of dissimilar martensitic stainless-steel diffusion-bonded joints." Materials Express 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1590.

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Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of the diffusion bonded joints between 3Cr13 and 2Cr13 were investigated. Results showed that the diffusion bonded joints obtained a comparable fatigue property of 2Cr13, and the S–N curves exhibited a decreasing shape characteristic. However, fatigue life was dramatically decreased by occasional non-diffusion defects. Fatigue cracks in diffusion bonded joints occurred at specimen's surface in high cycle regimes, whereas VHCF cracks were originated from inclusions on the side of 2Cr13 based materials, in which the fine granular area (FGA) characteristics were observed around the internal inclusion. Furthermore, fatigue strength of the diffusion joints was interpreted based on the Murakami model. The crack propagation life estimated by Paris-Hertzberg-McClintock model mainly contributed for the fatigue life of the specimens with occasional non-fusion defects, in which non-fusion defects acted as pre-cracks.

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Wang, Pan-Pan, Ju-Xiang Shao, and Qi-Long Cao. "Melting properties of Pt and its transport coefficients in liquid states under high pressures." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 01 (January 10, 2016): 1550250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215502501.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the melting and transport properties in liquid states of platinum for the pressure range (50–200 GPa) are reported. The melting curve of platinum is consistent with previous ab initio MD simulation results and the first-principles melting curve. Calculated results for the pressure dependence of fusion entropy and fusion volume show that the fusion entropy and the fusion volume decrease with increasing pressure, and the ratio of the fusion volume to fusion entropy roughly reproduces the melting slope, which has a moderate decrease along the melting line. The Arrhenius law well describes the temperature dependence of self-diffusion coefficients and viscosity under high pressure, and the diffusion activation energy decreases with increasing pressure, while the viscosity activation energy increases with increasing pressure. In addition, the entropy-scaling law, proposed by Rosenfeld under ambient pressure, still holds well for liquid Pt under high pressure conditions.

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Woronowicz, Kamil, Nataliya Rozenvayn, and Robert Flaumenhaft. "Platelet-Platelet Fusion Results from Fusing of Plasma Membranes and Is Augmented by Stimulation through PAR1 or CCR4." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.137.137.

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Abstract Cell-cell fusion occurs between many cell types including hematopoietic stem cells and macrophages. Fusion between platelets has been proposed based on both early and more recent studies using light and electron microscopy, but these approaches have lead to conflicting conclusions. We addressed the question of whether or not mature platelets are capable of fusing with one another using videomicroscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and dye transfer studies. Studies using time-lapse DIC videomicroscopy revealed a process whereby lamellipodia of two adjacent platelets grow towards each other and develop contact points. Fusion of adjacent membranes subsequently occurs between contact points until the two platelets appear as one large platelet with two granulomeres. For studies using FRAP, DiO-labeled platelets were plated densely on coverslips and a laser was used to photobleach areas of approximately 6 x 4 μm2 within collections of large platelets with multiple granulomeres. Following photobleaching, recovery of fluorescence into the bleached areas and loss of fluorescence from areas outside the bleached portions was monitored. Fluorescence recovered within the photobleached areas to 90.4 ± 2.1% of baseline, along with a concomitant loss of fluorescence from adjacent areas. In contrast, FRAP was not observed following similar photobleaching of single platelets or of adjacent platelets without morphologic evidence of fusion. Dye transfer studies were used to determine whether cytosolic mixing occurred between platelets following fusion of membranes. Platelets were labeled with CMFDA, a thiol-reactive, cell-permeant dye that associates with cytosolic proteins. The diffusion of CMFDA from labeled platelets to unlabeled platelets was quantified using digital fluorescence microscopy. Plating of unlabeled platelets with CMFDA-labeled platelets resulted in a markedly increased radius of diffusion of fluorescence and a decrease in average mean fluorescence intensity in CMFDA-labeled platelets. In contrast, mean fluorescence intensity did not change over time when CMFDA-labeled platelets were plated in buffer alone or when CMFDA-labeled platelets were fixed with paraformaldehyde prior to incubation with unlabeled platelets. Diffusion of CMFDA increased in a linear fashion by 4.3 ± 0.9-fold as the density of unlabeled platelets increased from 5 x 103 to 8 x 104 platelets/mm2. The diffusion of CMFDA increased by 7.8 ± 1.4-fold when platelets were activated using SFLLRN, a peptide that stimulates platelets via the thrombin receptor PAR1. Diffusion of CMFDA to unlabeled platelets also increased following incubation of platelets with thrombin or macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), which stimulates through the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4. Time course studies using thrombin- and MDC-stimulated platelets showed that dye transfer to unlabeled platelets was detected 1 h after plating and increased in a linear manner for 6 h. No further diffusion of CMFDA occurred from 6 to 24 h incubation. These studies show that membrane fusion with mixing of cytosolic contents occurs between mature platelets. Platelet-platelet fusion is a relatively slow event and is significantly augmented by physiologic platelet agonists including thrombin and MDC. Platelet-platelet fusion may function in remodeling thrombi that form following vascular injury.

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Zhou, Peilei, Wensheng Wang, and Zhe Yu. "Analysis of Interface Fusion Effect between Old and New Asphalt under Plant Mixing and Cold Recycling Mode Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164637.

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Road construction consumes a lot of resources and produces a lot of waste and other pollutants. With the emergence of a resource and energy crisis, how to make efficient use of rap has become the research focus of scientific researchers. The interface fusion effect of old and new asphalt in plant mixing and cooling recycling mode is analyzed in order to improve the utilization rate of old asphalt in reclaimed asphalt pavement. In this paper, Materials Studio software was used to establish a bitumen model using the method of four components of bitumen, and then the rationality of the model was verified by density, solubility number and atomic radial distribution function, and the diffusion coefficient obtained from the mean square displacement (MSD) was taken as its evaluation index. The results showed that the diffusion model tends to be stable after 20 ps, and the degree of diffusion increases with the increase in temperature. The degree of diffusion of new asphalt to old asphalt and the degree of diffusion of old asphalt to new asphalt are basically very similar; however, there are some differences at different temperatures. Only a small part of the surface contact between old and new asphalt has been fused, which accords with the partial fusion theory. Compared with Panjin 90# asphalt, the diffusion coefficient of Zhonghaiyou asphalt increases faster with the increase in temperature. The diffusion coefficient increases by 64.3% with the increase of the content of rejuvenators after adding different rejuvenators into the new asphalt. Clarifying the interface fusion effect will be helpful to guide the optimization design of cold-mixing recycled asphalt mixture more scientifically and reasonably. Future research should focus on increasing the fusion effect of old and new asphalt, and explore its influence on the conventional road performance of asphalt mixture.

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Ji, Jingyu, Yuhua Zhang, Zhilong Lin, Yongke Li, Changlong Wang, Yongjiang Hu, and Jiangyi Yao. "Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Iterative Control of Anisotropic Diffusion and Regional Gradient Structure." Journal of Sensors 2022 (April 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7144991.

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To improve the fusion performance of infrared and visible images and effectively retain the edge structure information of the image, a fusion algorithm based on iterative control of anisotropic diffusion and regional gradient structure is proposed. First, the iterative control operator is introduced into the anisotropic diffusion model to effectively control the number of iterations. Then, the image is decomposed into a structure layer containing detail information and a base layer containing residual energy information. According to the characteristics of different layers, different fusion schemes are utilized. The structure layer is fused by combining the regional structure operator and the structure tensor matrix, and the base layer is fused through the Visual Saliency Map. Finally, the fusion image is obtained by reconstructing the structure layer and the energy layer. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can not only effectively deal with the fusion of infrared and visible images but also has high efficiency in calculation.

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Sun, Yi Bo, Yi Luo, Xiao Dong Wang, and Yu Qi Feng. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Diffusion Behavior for Thermalplastic Fusion Bonding." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.45.

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As a convenient way for the assembly of thermal plastic MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices fusion bonding was studied in molecular level. The diffusion behavior of polymer molecular chains was simulated by molecular dynamics. Amorphous PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate) layer were constructed. The interaction of PMMA layers in heating and cooling stages were simulated in NPT ensemble. In the simulation the PMMA molecular chains spread across the interface and entangled with the chains in the other layers. The factors including pressure and temperature which play important role in fusion bonding were analyzed in molecular level. System deformation was recorded in heating and cooling progress. Diffusion depth and binding energy in the model which had experienced heating and cooling simulation were obtained to investigate fusion degree. Deformation and fusion degree increase with larger pressure and higher temperature imposed to the system. It is concluded that only considering the diffusion of molecular chains parameters of relatively small pressure and high temperature are necessary to obtain precise bonding for micro joint, which is significant in guiding the precise bonding for micro assembly.

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Oku, Takeo. "Possible Applications of Nanomaterials for Nuclear Fusion Devices." Energy Harvesting and Systems 5, no. 1-2 (July 26, 2018): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2018-0007.

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Abstract Conditions of nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion devices were described, and some possible applications of nanomaterials for nuclear fusion devices were presented in the present article. Muon-catalyzed fusion is one of methods for nuclear fusion to cause even at room temperature or lower, and protons or heavy ions with huge energy are irradiated to metals such as beryllium or copper, which results in emission of negative or positive charged muons from the metals. An experiment using a pyroelectric power source using lithium tantalite crystal was also reported to achieve nuclear fusion in a desktop-like device. Hydrogen storage is also important for the fusion devices, and the possibility of hydrogen storage in hydrogen storage metallic alloys was studied by diffusion calculation and potential calculation of deuterium fusion. Enhancement of deuterium diffusion in the Pd alloys would be one of the key points for energy materials. Carbon(C)/copper(Cu)-based composite materials with high thermal conductivity and good stability at high temperatures were also developed by adding a small amount of titanium, which has a low enthalpy of alloy formation with C and Cu. These carbon-based materials could be a candidate material for the plasma facing components of fusion devices.

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Yamaguchi, Eiichi, and Takashi Nishioka. "Cold Nuclear Fusion Induced by Controlled Out-Diffusion of Deuterons in Palladium." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 2, No. 4 (April 20, 1990): L666—L669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.l666.

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Finnegan, Catherine M., Satinder S. Rawat, Edward H. Cho, Danielle L. Guiffre, Stephen Lockett, Alfred H. Merrill, and Robert Blumenthal. "Sphingomyelinase Restricts the Lateral Diffusion of CD4 and Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion." Journal of Virology 81, no. 10 (March 7, 2007): 5294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02553-06.

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ABSTRACT Previously, we reported that treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry. Here, we determined by measuring fluorescence recovery after photobleaching that the lateral diffusion of CD4 decreased 4-fold following sphingomyelinase treatment, while the effective diffusion rate of CCR5 remained unchanged. Notably, sphingomyelinase treatment of cells did not influence gp120 binding, HIV-1 attachment, or fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, sphingomyelinase treatment did not affect the membrane disposition of the HIV receptor proteins CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5, as determined by Triton X-100 extraction. Restriction of CD4 diffusion by antibody cross-linking also inhibited HIV infection. We therefore interpret the decrease in CD4 lateral mobility following sphingomyelinase treatment in terms of clustering of CD4 molecules. Examination of fusion intermediates indicated that sphingomyelinase treatment inhibited HIV at a step in the fusion process after CD4 engagement. Maximal inhibition of fusion was observed following short coculture times and with target cells that express low levels of CD4. As HIV entry into cells requires the sequential engagement of viral envelope protein with CD4 and coreceptor, we propose that sphingomyelinase inhibits HIV infection by inducing CD4 clustering that prevents coreceptor engagement and HIV fusion.

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Jian, Xingwen, Jing Huang, Zhenlei Cai, Yimin Zhang, Tao Liu, and Hong Liu. "Effect of alkaline fusion on muscovite decomposition and the vanadium release mechanism from vanadium shale." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 180700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180700.

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In order to figure out the decomposition of muscovite and the release mechanism of vanadium from vanadium shale in the alkaline fusion process, the process of vanadium release and roasting kinetics by alkaline fusion was studied. It was found that the addition of sodium hydroxide made the muscovite convert into the sodium silicate and gehlenite. This process promoted the dissolution of silicon and the destruction of muscovite, which could facilitate the release of vanadium. The kinetic analysis indicated that the controlling step of vanadium transformation reaction is changed from chemical reaction control to diffusion control with the increase of roasting time. Compared to the diffusion controlling step, the vanadium related chemical reaction was completed in the first period. The alkaline fusion reaction enhanced the decomposition of muscovite, which could accelerate the release of vanadium and reduce the dependence on high temperature and time in the roasting process. The apparent activation energies of chemical reaction control and diffusion control were 42.24 kJ mol −1 and −9.553 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The kinetic model of vanadium extraction from vanadium shale using alkaline fusion could be finally established.

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BŁOCKI, J., and J. WILCZYŃSKI. "INFLUENCE OF ENTRANCE-CHANNEL SHELL EFFECTS ON FUSION HINDRANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 01 (January 2008): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308009513.

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A study is presented to what extent a striking difference in the evaporation-residue cross sections for two reactions, 86 Kr + 130 Xe and 86 Kr + 136 Xe , originates from different shell effects in 130 Xe and 136 Xe nuclei. A classical dynamical model with one-body dissipation was used to calculate the injection point to the "diffusion" stage of the Fusion-by-Diffusion model of Światecki, Siwek-Wilczyńska and Wilczyński. Only a factor of 6 in the ratio of the fusion hindrance factors in these two reactions can be associated with the entrance-channel shell effects.

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Noh, Sanghoon, Ryuta Kasada, Naoko Oono, Takuya Nagasaka, and Akihiko Kimura. "Joining of ODS Steels and Tungsten for Fusion Applications." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2891.

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Liquid phase diffusion bonding between ODS steel and pure W was carried out and its joint strength was investigated for fusion applications. A block of high-Cr ODS ferritic steel and a W plate were diffusion bonded at 1240 °C for 1h with/without an insert material under an uni-axial compression load and a high vacuum atmosphere. Cross sectional microstructures of joint region were observed by scanning electron microscope and the mechanical properties of the joint region were evaluated by hardness test and torsion tests. Microstructure analysis revealed that high Cr ODS ferritic steel block and W plate with insert material was successfully diffusion bonded with free of voids. Shear strength of liquid phase diffusion bonded ODS steel and W was higher than that of directly solid state diffusion bonded ODS steel and W. This was attributed to residual strain which is resulted from the difference of thermal conductivity between the ODS steel and W.

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Bartoletti, Theodore M., Skyler L. Jackman, Norbert Babai, Aaron J. Mercer, Richard H. Kramer, and Wallace B. Thoreson. "Release from the cone ribbon synapse under bright light conditions can be controlled by the opening of only a few Ca2+ channels." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 6 (December 2011): 2922–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00634.2011.

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Light hyperpolarizes cone photoreceptors, causing synaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open infrequently. To understand neurotransmission under these conditions, we determined the number of L-type Ca2+ channel openings necessary for vesicle fusion at the cone ribbon synapse. Ca2+ currents ( ICa) were activated in voltage-clamped cones, and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from horizontal cells in the salamander retina slice preparation. Ca2+ channel number and single-channel current amplitude were calculated by mean-variance analysis of ICa. Two different comparisons—one comparing average numbers of release events to average ICa amplitude and the other involving deconvolution of both EPSCs and simultaneously recorded cone ICa—suggested that fewer than three Ca2+ channel openings accompanied fusion of each vesicle at the peak of release during the first few milliseconds of stimulation. Opening fewer Ca2+ channels did not enhance fusion efficiency, suggesting that few unnecessary channel openings occurred during strong depolarization. We simulated release at the cone synapse, using empirically determined synaptic dimensions, vesicle pool size, Ca2+ dependence of release, Ca2+ channel number, and Ca2+ channel properties. The model replicated observations when a barrier was added to slow Ca2+ diffusion. Consistent with the presence of a diffusion barrier, dialyzing cones with diffusible Ca2+ buffers did not affect release efficiency. The tight clustering of Ca2+ channels, along with a high-Ca2+ affinity release mechanism and diffusion barrier, promotes a linear coupling between Ca2+ influx and vesicle fusion. This may improve detection of small light decrements when cones are hyperpolarized by bright light.

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Seki, Kazuhiko, Tomomi Yoshida, Tomoaki Yago, Masanobu Wakasa, and Ryuzi Katoh. "Geminate Delayed Fluorescence by Anisotropic Diffusion-Mediated Reversible Singlet Fission and Triplet Fusion." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 6 (February 5, 2021): 3295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10582.

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Seki, Kazuhiko, Yoriko Sonoda, and Ryuzi Katoh. "Diffusion-Mediated Delayed Fluorescence by Singlet Fission and Geminate Fusion of Correlated Triplets." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 22 (May 3, 2018): 11659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02234.

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Hao, Shuai, Beiyi An, Hu Wen, Xu Ma, and Keping Yu. "A Heterogeneous Image Fusion Method Based on DCT and Anisotropic Diffusion for UAVs in Future 5G IoT Scenarios." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (June 27, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816818.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles, with their inherent fine attributes, such as flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, play an increasingly important role in the Internet of Things (IoT). Airborne infrared and visible image fusion, which constitutes an important data basis for the perception layer of IoT, has been widely used in various fields such as electric power inspection, military reconnaissance, emergency rescue, and traffic management. However, traditional infrared and visible image fusion methods suffer from weak detail resolution. In order to better preserve useful information from source images and produce a more informative image for human observation or unmanned aerial vehicle vision tasks, a novel fusion method based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and anisotropic diffusion is proposed. First, the infrared and visible images are denoised by using DCT. Second, anisotropic diffusion is applied to the denoised infrared and visible images to obtain the detail and base layers. Third, the base layers are fused by using weighted averaging, and the detail layers are fused by using the Karhunen–Loeve transform, respectively. Finally, the fused image is reconstructed through the linear superposition of the base layer and detail layer. Compared with six other typical fusion methods, the proposed approach shows better fusion performance in both objective and subjective evaluations.

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Wang, Yilin, and Zexi Huang. "Fuzz Growth under Fusion Reaction and Estimation of Blanket’s lifespan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1011, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012022.

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Abstract Tungsten has been regarded as a candidate of plasma facing material (PFM) in magnetic fusion reactor (MFR) due to its high strength, high thermal conductivity, and low erosion rates. Alpha particles, as the by-product of the D-T fusion reaction, will collide onto the Tungsten divertor and form nanotendril structures called “fuzz” with an estimation of 3.4 MeV energy. In this paper, we simulated by Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) to investigate the diffusing time and damage rate of the alpha particles on Tungsten. To describe the fuzz generation, the concepts in the diffusion model are utilized to describe the fuzz generation with corresponding techniques (e.g., Fick’s Migration Law). Through this diffusion model, we can derive an estimated lifespan for a divertor blanket that matches the design of general fusion reactors. These results pave a path to investigate the irradiation damage for Tungsten in divertor blankets.

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Narasimha, Sharada P., and Sanjeev C. Lingareddy. "Efficient fusion of spatio-temporal saliency for frame wise saliency identification." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2024): 3621. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i3.pp3621-3633.

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<p>Video saliency detection is a rapidly growing subject that has seen very few contributions. The most common technique used nowadays is to perform frame-by-frame saliency detection. The modified Spatio-temporal fusion method presented in this paper offers a novel approach to saliency detection and mapping. It uses frame-wise overall motion color saliency as well as pixel-based consistent Spatio-temporal diffusion for its temporal uniformity. Additionally, a variety of techniques is advocated as a way to increase the saliency maps' overall accuracy and precision. The video is divided into groups of frames, and each frame temporarily goes through diffusion and integration in order to compute the color saliency mapping, as covered in the proposed method section. Then, with the aid of a permutation matrix, the inter-group frame is used to format the pixel-based saliency fusion, after which the features, or the fusion of pixel saliency and color information, direct the diffusion of the spatiotemporal saliency. The result is tested using five publicly accessible global saliency evaluation metrics, and it is determined that the proposed algorithm outperforms numerous saliency detection techniques with an improvement in accuracy margin. The robustness, dependability, adaptability, and precision are all demonstrated by the results.</p>

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Wang, J. F., and G. Qin. "Study of Momentum Diffusion with the Effect of Adiabatic Focusing." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 257, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac1bb3.

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Abstract The momentum diffusion of charged energetic particles is an important mechanism of the transport process in astrophysics, the physics of fusion devices, and laboratory plasmas. In addition to the momentum diffusion term for a uniform field, we obtain an additional momentum diffusion term due to the focusing effect of the large-scale magnetic field. After evaluating the coefficient of the additional momentum diffusion term, we find that it is determined by the sign of the focusing characteristic length and the cross helicity of the turbulent magnetic field. Furthermore, by deriving the mean momentum change rate contributed from the additional momentum diffusion term, we identify that the focused field provides an additional momentum loss or gain process.

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Niles, W. D., and F. S. Cohen. "Fusion of influenza virions with a planar lipid membrane detected by video fluorescence microscopy." Journal of General Physiology 97, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.97.6.1101.

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The fusion of individual influenza virions with a planar phospholipid membrane was detected by fluorescence video microscopy. Virion envelopes were loaded with the lipophilic fluorescent marker octadecylrhodamine B (R18) to a density at which the fluorescence of the probe was self-quenched. Labeled virions were ejected toward the planar membrane from a micropipette in a custom-built video fluorescence microscope. Once a virion fused with the planar membrane, the marker was free to diffuse, and its fluorescence became dequenched, producing a flash of light. This flash was detected as a transient spot of light which increased and then diminished in brightness. The diffusion constants calculated from the brightness profiles for the flashes are consistent with fusion of virus to the membrane with consequent free diffusion of probe within the planar membrane. Under conditions known to be fusigenic for influenza virus (low pH and 37 degrees C), flashes appeared at a high rate and the planar membrane quickly became fluorescent. To further establish that these flashes were due to fusion, we showed that red blood cells, which normally do not attach to planar membranes, were able to bind to membranes that had been exposed to virus under fusigenic conditions. The amount of binding correlated with the amount of flashing. This indicates that flashes signaled the reconstitution of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of influenza virus, a well-known erythrocyte receptor, into the planar membrane, as would be expected in a fusion process. The flash rate on ganglioside-containing asolectin membranes increased as the pH was lowered. This is also consistent with the known fusion behavior of influenza virus with cell membranes and with phospholipid vesicles. We conclude that the flashes result from the fusion of individual virions to the planar membrane.

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Toivola, J., K. Ojala, P. O. Michel, M. Vuento, and C. Oker-Blom. "Properties of Baculovirus Particles Displaying GFP Analyzed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy." Biological Chemistry 383, no. 12 (December 9, 2002): 1941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2002.218.

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Abstract Recombinant baculovirus particles displaying green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the major envelope glycoprotein gp64 of the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) were characterized by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS detected Brownian motion of single, intact recombinant baculovirus display particles with a diffusion coefficient (D) of (2.89±0.74)10 8 cm2s 1 and an apparent hydrodynamic radius of 83.35±21.22 nm. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and octylglucoside, the diffusion time was reduced to the 0.2 ms range (D = 7.5710 7 cm2s 1), showing that the fusion proteins were anchored in the viral envelope. This allowed for a calculation of the number of single gp64 fusion proteins incorporated in the viral membrane. A mean value of 3.2 fluorescent proteins per virus particle was obtained. Our results show that FCS is the method of choice for studying enveloped viruses such as a display virus with one component being GFP.

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Melloy, Patricia, Shu Shen, Erin White, and Mark D. Rose. "Distinct Roles for Key Karyogamy Proteins during Yeast Nuclear Fusion." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 17 (September 2009): 3773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0163.

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During yeast mating, cell fusion is followed by the congression and fusion of the two nuclei. Proteins required for nuclear fusion are found at the surface (Prm3p) and within the lumen (Kar2p, Kar5p, and Kar8p) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Electron tomography (ET) of zygotes revealed that mutations in these proteins block nuclear fusion with different morphologies, suggesting that they act in different steps of fusion. Specifically, prm3 zygotes were blocked before formation of membrane bridges, whereas kar2, kar5, and kar8 zygotes frequently contained them. Membrane bridges were significantly larger and occurred more frequently in kar2 and kar8, than in kar5 mutant zygotes. The kinetics of NE fusion in prm3, kar5, and kar8 mutants, measured by live-cell fluorescence microscopy, were well correlated with the size and frequency of bridges observed by ET. However the kar2 mutant was defective for transfer of NE lumenal GFP, but not diffusion within the lumen, suggesting that transfer was blocked at the NE fusion junction. These observations suggest that Prm3p acts before initiation of outer NE fusion, Kar5p may help dilation of the initial fusion pore, and Kar2p and Kar8p act after outer NE fusion, during inner NE fusion.

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Calderón, Antonio, Rocío A. Hernández, José F. Ramírez, José L. Pérez, Alfredo Cruz Orea, and Feliciano Sinencio. "Heat diffusion in the two-layer system GaAs/GaSb joined by the fusion technique." High Temperatures-High Pressures 32, no. 3 (2000): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/htwu444.

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Wong, Ken C. L., Ronald M. Summers, Electron Kebebew, and Jianhua Yao. "Tumor growth prediction with reaction-diffusion and hyperelastic biomechanical model by physiological data fusion." Medical Image Analysis 25, no. 1 (October 2015): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2015.04.002.

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Wang, Yang, Wenjie Zhang, Lin Wu, Xuemin Lin, and Xiang Zhao. "Unsupervised Metric Fusion Over Multiview Data by Graph Random Walk-Based Cross-View Diffusion." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2498149.

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Xiong, Jiankun, Fuheng Nie, Haiyan Zhao, Liangliang Zheng, Jun Luo, Lin Yang, and Zhongbo Wen. "Microstructure Evolution and Failure Behavior of Stellite 6 Coating on Steel after Long-Time Service." Coatings 9, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090532.

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The microstructure evolution, elements diffusion and fracture behavior of the Stellite 6 weld overlay, deposited on 10Cr9Mo1VNbN (F91) steel by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding process, were investigated after long-time service. Obvious diffusion of Fe occurred from the steel and fusion zone to the Stellite overlay, resulting in the microstructure evolution and hardness increase in the coating, where hard Co–Fe phases, σ phases (Fe–Cr metallic compounds) and Cr-rich carbides (Cr18.93Fe4.07C6) were formed. Besides, the width of the light zone, combined with the fusion zone and diffusion zone, increased significantly to a maximum value of 2.5 mm. The fracture of the Stellite coating samples mainly occurred in the light zone, which was caused by the formation and growth of circumferential crack and radial crack under high temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the micro-hardness values in the light zone increased to the maximum (470–680 HV) due to the formation and growth of brittle Co–Fe phases. The formation of these cracks might be caused by formed brittle phases and changes of micro-hardness during service.

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BAO, JING-DONG. "NECK FORMATION IN FUSION DYNAMICS OF MASSIVE NUCLEI." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 07 (October 2006): 1625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306004910.

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Dynamics of fusion of massive nuclei is described by a simple diffusion model in terms of the two-center shape parameterizations {z, ε} and the fusion probability is calculated by a Brownian particle passing over the top of a parabolic potential along the elongation coordinate z. The neck variable ε at initial shape is supposed to be a Gaussian distribution after a transitive process, and the average initial kinetic energy of the fusing system is determined by energy conservation. The fusion probabilities of several symmetric or nearly symmetric systems in central collisions are calculated as functions of the center-of-mass energy and compared with the experimental data. Effects of energy loss and neck folding on the fusion hindrance are discussed.

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Zhao, Cai. "Research on Multiband Packet Fusion Algorithm for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0153.

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The data recorded by current algorithms contains more errors, which reduces the quality of hyperspectral remote sensing images and affects the fusion results. A fusion algorithm based on improved IHS transform is proposed. In order to avoid the noise and diffusion spread and the uniform distribution of gray level, the detail information is preserved and the image is geometric corrected, denoised and histogram equalized. Then the feature extraction, edge detection and feature matching are performed to the images. The weighted average fusion criterion is used to improve the fusion algorithm of IHS transform to improve the spectral distortion of fusion images. Through statistical and visual interpretation of evaluation results, the proposed fusion algorithm preserves the original spectral information and has good visual effects, which is more in line with human subjective evaluation criteria.

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Cai, Wei, Weijie Gao, Xinhao Jiang, Xin Wang, and Xingyu Di. "Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model for Camouflaged Object Detection." Electronics 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2024): 3690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183690.

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Camouflaged object detection (COD) is a challenging task that involves identifying objects that closely resemble their background. In order to detect camouflaged objects more accurately, we propose a diffusion model for the COD network called DMNet. DMNet formulates COD as a denoising diffusion process from noisy boxes to prediction boxes. During the training stage, random boxes diffuse from ground-truth boxes, and DMNet learns to reverse this process. In the sampling stage, DMNet progressively refines random boxes to prediction boxes. In addition, due to the camouflaged object’s blurred appearance and the low contrast between it and the background, the feature extraction stage of the network is challenging. Firstly, we proposed a parallel fusion module (PFM) to enhance the information extracted from the backbone. Then, we designed a progressive feature pyramid network (PFPN) for feature fusion, in which the upsample adaptive spatial fusion module (UAF) balances the different feature information by assigning weights to different layers. Finally, a location refinement module (LRM) is constructed to make DMNet pay attention to the boundary details. We compared DMNet with other classical object-detection models on the COD10K dataset. Experimental results indicated that DMNet outperformed others, achieving optimal effects across six evaluation metrics and significantly enhancing detection accuracy.

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Zhu, Danyao, Luhe Wan, and Wei Gao. "Fusion Method Evaluation and Classification Suitability Study of Wetland Satellite Imagery." Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n4.84350.

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Based on HJ-1A HSI data and Landsat-8 OLI data, RS image fusion experiments were carried out using three fusion methods: principal component (PC) transform, Gram Schimdt (GS) transform and nearest neighbor diffusion (NND) algorithm. Four evaluation indexes, namely mean, standard deviation, information entropy and average gradient, were selected to evaluate the fusion results from the aspects of image brightness, clarity and information content. Wetland vegetation was classified by spectral angle mapping (SAM) to find a suitable fusion method for wetland vegetation information extraction. The results show that PC fusion image contains the largest amount of information, GS fusion image has certain advantages in brightness and clarity maintenance, and NND fusion method can retain the spectral characteristics of the image to the maximum extent; Among the three fusion methods, PC transform is the most suitable for wetland information extraction. It can retain more spectral information while improving spatial resolution, with classification accuracy of 89.24% and Kappa coefficient of 0.86.

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ŚWIATECKI, W. J., K. SIWEK-WILCZYŃSKA, and J. WILCZYŃSKI. "CALCULATIONS OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI IN COLD FUSION REACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 13, no. 01 (February 2004): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830130400203x.

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The fusion cross sections are considered to be given by the product of three factors: the cross section to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the probability for the resulting system to reach the compound nucleus configuration by diffusion, and the probability for the compound nucleus to survive fission. The first and third factors are treated by more or less conventional equations, and the second by Brownian diffusion in one dimension. Adjusting one free parameter in the theory one can reproduce the twelve measured cross sections to within a factor of two.

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Sako, Yasushi, Akira Nagafuchi, Shoichiro Tsukita, Masatoshi Takeichi, and Akihiro Kusumi. "Cytoplasmic Regulation of the Movement of E-Cadherin on the Free Cell Surface as Studied by Optical Tweezers and Single Particle Tracking: Corralling and Tethering by the Membrane Skeleton." Journal of Cell Biology 140, no. 5 (March 9, 1998): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.140.5.1227.

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The translational movement of E-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion molecule in the plasma membrane in epithelial cells, and the mechanism of its regulation were studied using single particle tracking (SPT) and optical tweezers (OT). The wild type (Wild) and three types of artificial cytoplasmic mutants of E-cadherin were expressed in L-cells, and their movements were compared. Two mutants were E-cadherins that had deletions in the COOH terminus and lost the catenin-binding site(s) in the COOH terminus, with remaining 116 and 21 amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain (versus 152 amino acids for Wild); these are called Catenin-minus and Short-tailed in this paper, respectively. The third mutant, called Fusion, is a fusion protein between E-cadherin without the catenin-binding site and α-catenin without its NH2-terminal half. These cadherins were labeled with 40-nm φ colloidal gold or 210-nm φ latex particles via a monoclonal antibody to the extracellular domain of E-cadherin for SPT or OT experiments, respectively. E-cadherin on the dorsal cell surface (outside the cell–cell contact region) was investigated. Catenin-minus and Short-tailed could be dragged an average of 1.1 and 1.8 μm by OT (trapping force of 0.8 pN), and exhibited average microscopic diffusion coefficients (Dmicro) of 1.2 × 10−10 and 2.1 × 10−10 cm2/s, respectively. Approximately 40% of Wild, Catenin-minus, and Short-tailed exhibited confined-type diffusion. The confinement area was 0.13 μm2 for Wild and Catenin-minus, while that for Short-tailed was greater by a factor of four. In contrast, Fusion could be dragged an average of only 140 nm by OT. Average Dmicro for Fusion measured by SPT was small (0.2 × 10−10 cm2/s). These results suggest that Fusion was bound to the cytoskeleton. Wild consists of two populations; about half behaves like Catenin- minus, and the other half behaves like Fusion. It is concluded that the movements of the wild-type E-cadherin in the plasma membrane are regulated via the cytoplasmic domain by (a) tethering to actin filaments through catenin(s) (like Fusion) and (b) a corralling effect of the network of the membrane skeleton (like Catenin-minus). The effective spring constants of the membrane skeleton that contribute to the tethering and corralling effects as measured by the dragging experiments were 30 and 5 pN/μm, respectively, indicating a difference in the skeletal structures that produce these two effects.

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Li, Ouyang, Guirong Yang, Wenming Song, Dawen Gao, and Xianming Sun. "Microstructure and polarization behavior of Ni/WC+GO (graphene oxide) composite cladding fusion coating." International Journal of Materials Research 112, no. 4 (March 19, 2021): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-7765.

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Abstract Ni/WC/graphene oxide (GO) composite cladding fusion coatings were fabricated through the vacuum cladding technique on a medium carbon structure steel (45# steel) substrate whose carbon content was 0.45 ± 0.03%. The microstructural characteristics, phase composition, and electrochemical polarization characteristics of the composite cladding fusion coatings were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the electrochemical workstation CHI660E. Results show that the microstructure was compact and was micro-crack free, and without inclusions or other defects. It was comprised of four micro-zones, namely, the composite, transition, diffusion fusion, and diffusion-affected zones with thicknesses of approximately 4 mm, 1 mm, 20 μm, and 250 μm, respectively. The main phases of the composite coating were γ-Ni solid solution, WC, Cr7C3, Ni2.9Cr0.7Fe0.36, Cr23C6, Ni3Fe, Ni3Si, Ni3B, W2C, and C. The self-corrosion potential of the composite coatings had increased by 0.3269 V compared with that of the substrate, and the corrosion current density of the composite coatings had decreased by nearly two orders of magnitude. The Ni-based solid solution region with relatively high C and Cr contents was difficult to dissolve.

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Fichtman, Boris, Corinne Ramos, Beth Rasala, Amnon Harel, and Douglass J. Forbes. "Inner/Outer Nuclear Membrane Fusion in Nuclear Pore Assembly." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 23 (December 2010): 4197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0309.

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Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large proteinaceous channels embedded in double nuclear membranes, which carry out nucleocytoplasmic exchange. The mechanism of nuclear pore assembly involves a unique challenge, as it requires creation of a long-lived membrane-lined channel connecting the inner and outer nuclear membranes. This stabilized membrane channel has little evolutionary precedent. Here we mapped inner/outer nuclear membrane fusion in NPC assembly biochemically by using novel assembly intermediates and membrane fusion inhibitors. Incubation of a Xenopus in vitro nuclear assembly system at 14°C revealed an early pore intermediate where nucleoporin subunits POM121 and the Nup107-160 complex were organized in a punctate pattern on the inner nuclear membrane. With time, this intermediate progressed to diffusion channel formation and finally to complete nuclear pore assembly. Correct channel formation was blocked by the hemifusion inhibitor lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), but not if a complementary-shaped lipid, oleic acid (OA), was simultaneously added, as determined with a novel fluorescent dextran-quenching assay. Importantly, recruitment of the bulk of FG nucleoporins, characteristic of mature nuclear pores, was not observed before diffusion channel formation and was prevented by LPC or OA, but not by LPC+OA. These results map the crucial inner/outer nuclear membrane fusion event of NPC assembly downstream of POM121/Nup107-160 complex interaction and upstream or at the time of FG nucleoporin recruitment.

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Wang, Weiran, Minge Jing, Yibo Fan, and Wei Weng. "PixRevive: Latent Feature Diffusion Model for Compressed Video Quality Enhancement." Sensors 24, no. 6 (March 16, 2024): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061907.

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In recent years, the rapid prevalence of high-definition video in Internet of Things (IoT) systems has been directly facilitated by advances in imaging sensor technology. To adapt to limited uplink bandwidth, most media platforms opt to compress videos to bitrate streams for transmission. However, this compression often leads to significant texture loss and artifacts, which severely degrade the Quality of Experience (QoE). We propose a latent feature diffusion model (LFDM) for compressed video quality enhancement, which comprises a compact edge latent feature prior network (ELPN) and a conditional noise prediction network (CNPN). Specifically, we first pre-train ELPNet to construct a latent feature space that captures rich detail information for representing sharpness latent variables. Second, we incorporate these latent variables into the prediction network to iteratively guide the generation direction, thus resolving the problem that the direct application of diffusion models to temporal prediction disrupts inter-frame dependencies, thereby completing the modeling of temporal correlations. Lastly, we innovatively develop a Grouped Domain Fusion module that effectively addresses the challenges of diffusion distortion caused by naive cross-domain information fusion. Comparative experiments on the MFQEv2 benchmark validate our algorithm’s superior performance in terms of both objective and subjective metrics. By integrating with codecs and image sensors, our method can provide higher video quality.

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Barat, Vera, Artem Marchenkov, Vladimir Bardakov, Daria Zhgut, Marina Karpova, Timofey Balandin, and Sergey Elizarov. "Assessment of the Structural State of Dissimilar Welded Joints by the Acoustic Emission Method." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 7213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147213.

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In this study, we investigated defect detection in dissimilar welded joints by the acoustic emission (AE) method. The study objects were carbide and decarburized interlayers, which are formed at the fusion boundary between austenitic and pearlitic steels. Diffusion interlayers, as a structural defect, usually have microscopic dimensions and cannot be detected using conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. In this regard, the AE method is a promising approach to diagnose metal objects with a complex structure and to detect microscopic defects. In this paper, the AE signatures obtained from testing defect-free specimens and specimens with diffusion interlayers are analyzed. We found that the AE signature for defective and defect-free welded joints has significant differences, which makes it possible to identify descriptors corresponding to the presence of diffusion interlayers in dissimilar welded joints.

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SIWEK-WILCZYŃSKA, K., T. CAP, and J. WILCZYŃSKI. "HOW CAN ONE SYNTHESIZE THE ELEMENT Z = 120?" International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 04 (April 2010): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131001490x.

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Predictions based on the "Fusion by Diffusion" model in a version adapted for calculating xn channels, with the ground-state masses, shell effects and barrier heights as given by Muntian, Patyk and Sobiczewski are presented. Sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in determination of the theoretical fission barriers is discussed. Predictions concerning formation of the element Z = 120 include comparison of fusion of the most asymmetric systems, 50 Ti + 249 Cf and 54 Cr + 248 Cm , with less asymmetric combinations 58 Fe + 244 Pu and 64 Ni + 238 U .

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Guo, Xueqing, Yi Liu, Jianmin Zhang, Shengli Chen, Sunwei Li, and Zhenzhong Hu. "Simulation Analysis of the Dispersion of Typical Marine Pollutants by Fusion of Multiple Processes." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 4, 2023): 10547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310547.

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The rapid development of coastal economies has aggravated the problem of pollution in the coastal water bodies of various countries. Numerous incidents of massive-scale marine life deaths have been reported because of the excessive discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater. To investigate the diffusion of typical pollutants after discharge, in this study, a multi-process fusion simulation analysis model of pollutants under the action of ocean currents was established based on the concentration analysis method. Furthermore, key technologies involved, such as the parameter value, data selection, and visualization, were investigated. The iterative analysis and programming realization of three independent sub-processes, such as pollutant diffusion and transport, and the drift path and concentration distribution of pollutants after their discharge into the sea, were visualized. The case study revealed that the increase in the concentration of pollutants in the ocean was affected by the diffusion sub-process, and the transport sub-process plays a critical role in the long-distance transport of pollutants. The proposed method can provide technical support for marine environmental risk assessment and dynamic tracking of marine pollutants.

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Kolařík, Ladislav, Marie Kolaříková, and Petr Vondrouš. "Mechanical Properties of Interface of Heterogeneous Diffusion Welds of Titanium and Austenitic Steel." Key Engineering Materials 586 (September 2013): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.586.178.

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Titanium is material which is used in many areas of human activity. Therefore it is necessary to join it with other material. It is very difficult to welding Ti with other metals by conventional fusion welding methods. There exist special joining technologies of heterogeneous materials which is possible to use. This is usually a joining of materials in the solid state, as diffusion welding, friction welding or explosion welding. This contribution deals with diffusion welding of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and stainless austenitic steel 1.4301. There are described mechanical properties (as is reduced modulus Er and indentation hardness HIT) and changes of chemical composition of join due to diffusion of elements.

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Gao, Jianhao, Jie Li, and Menghui Jiang. "Hyperspectral and Multispectral Image Fusion by Deep Neural Network in a Self-Supervised Manner." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163226.

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Compared with multispectral sensors, hyperspectral sensors obtain images with high- spectral resolution at the cost of spatial resolution, which constrains the further and precise application of hyperspectral images. An intelligent idea to obtain high-resolution hyperspectral images is hyperspectral and multispectral image fusion. In recent years, many studies have found that deep learning-based fusion methods outperform the traditional fusion methods due to the strong non-linear fitting ability of convolution neural network. However, the function of deep learning-based methods heavily depends on the size and quality of training dataset, constraining the application of deep learning under the situation where training dataset is not available or of low quality. In this paper, we introduce a novel fusion method, which operates in a self-supervised manner, to the task of hyperspectral and multispectral image fusion without training datasets. Our method proposes two constraints constructed by low-resolution hyperspectral images and fake high-resolution hyperspectral images obtained from a simple diffusion method. Several simulation and real-data experiments are conducted with several popular remote sensing hyperspectral data under the condition where training datasets are unavailable. Quantitative and qualitative results indicate that the proposed method outperforms those traditional methods by a large extent.

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Nishigami, Misako, Yuki Uno, and Kanta Tsumoto. "Microscopic Observation of Membrane Fusion between Giant Liposomes and Baculovirus Budded Viruses Activated by the Release of a Caged Proton." Membranes 13, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050507.

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Baculovirus (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV) is an envelope virus possessing a fusogenic protein, GP64, which can be activated under weak acidic conditions close to those in endosomes. When the budded viruses (BVs) are bathed at pH 4.0 to 5.5, they can bind to liposome membranes with acidic phospholipids, and this results in membrane fusion. In the present study, using the caged-proton reagent 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl sulfate, sodium salt (NPE-caged-proton), which can be uncaged by irradiation with ultraviolet light, we triggered the activation of GP64 by lowering the pH and observed membrane fusion on giant liposomes (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) by visualizing the lateral diffusion of fluorescence emitted from a lipophilic fluorochrome (octadecyl rhodamine B chloride, R18) that stained viral envelopes of BVs. In this fusion, entrapped calcein did not leak from the target GUVs. The behavior of BVs prior to the triggering of membrane fusion by the uncaging reaction was closely monitored. BVs appeared to accumulate around a GUV with DOPS, implying that BVs preferred phosphatidylserine. The monitoring of viral fusion triggered by the uncaging reaction could be a valuable tool for revealing the delicate behavior of viruses affected by various chemical and biochemical environments.

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Zhang, Zhen, and Meyer B. Jackson. "Temperature Dependence of Fusion Kinetics and Fusion Pores in Ca2+-triggered Exocytosis from PC12 Cells." Journal of General Physiology 131, no. 2 (January 14, 2008): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709891.

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The temperature dependence of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis was studied using carbon fiber amperometry to record the release of norepinephrine from PC12 cells. Single-vesicle fusion events were examined at temperatures varying from 12 to 28°C, and with release elicited by depolarization. Measurements were made of the initial and maximum frequencies of exocytotic events, of fusion pore lifetime, flux through the open fusion pore, kiss-and-run versus full-fusion probability, and parameters associated with the shapes of amperometric spikes. The fusion pore open-state flux, and all parameters associated with spike shape, including area, rise time, and decay time, had weak temperature dependences and activation energies in the range expected for bulk diffusion in an aqueous solution. Kiss-and-run events also varied with temperature, with lower temperatures increasing the relative probability of kiss-and-run events by ∼50%. By contrast, kinetic parameters relating to the frequency of exocytotic events and fusion pore transitions depended much more strongly on temperature, suggesting that these processes entail structural rearrangements of proteins or lipids or both. The weak temperature dependence of spike shape suggests that after the fusion pore has started to expand, structural transitions of membrane components are no longer kinetically limiting. This indicates that the content of a vesicle is expelled completely after fusion pore expansion.

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Huang, Hui, Linlu Dong, Zhishuang Xue, Xiaofang Liu, and Caijian Hua. "Fusion algorithm of visible and infrared image based on anisotropic diffusion and image enhancement (capitalize only the first word in a title (or heading), the first word in a subtitle (or subheading), and any proper nouns)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0245563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245563.

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Aiming at the situation that the existing visible and infrared images fusion algorithms only focus on highlighting infrared targets and neglect the performance of image details, and cannot take into account the characteristics of infrared and visible images, this paper proposes an image enhancement fusion algorithm combining Karhunen-Loeve transform and Laplacian pyramid fusion. The detail layer of the source image is obtained by anisotropic diffusion to get more abundant texture information. The infrared images adopt adaptive histogram partition and brightness correction enhancement algorithm to highlight thermal radiation targets. A novel power function enhancement algorithm that simulates illumination is proposed for visible images to improve the contrast of visible images and facilitate human observation. In order to improve the fusion quality of images, the source image and the enhanced images are transformed by Karhunen-Loeve to form new visible and infrared images. Laplacian pyramid fusion is performed on the new visible and infrared images, and superimposed with the detail layer images to obtain the fusion result. Experimental results show that the method in this paper is superior to several representative image fusion algorithms in subjective visual effects on public data sets. In terms of objective evaluation, the fusion result performed well on the 8 evaluation indicators, and its own quality was high.

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Wang, YiZhe, Guo Liu, Bai Xue, Li Guo, and XueLi Zhang. "Evaluation of fusion methods for GF-6 aiming to water body observation." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129002009.

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Gaofen-6 (GF-6) has the advantages of wide coverage, multiple resolutions, and multiple bands, and can provide richer information for remote sensing interpretation. Image fusion method is the key process in high resolution remote sensing application. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area was selected as experiment area and four image fusion methods of HPF (High-Pass Fliter), NND (Nearest Neighbor Diffusion), GS (Gram-Schmidt) and Pansharp were employed to process panchromatic and multispectral imaging. In order to evaluate the result performances, firstly, four kinds of fusion results were evaluated by visual，and then established mean, standard deviation, entropy, average gradient, correlation coefficient and spectral distortion for quantitative evaluation of fusion results. The results demonstrated that The Pansharp algorithm and the GS algorithm have the best comprehensive evaluation of the GF-6 satellite fusion effect, taking into account the color effect of the image and the enhancement of spatial details, which can meet most fusion requirements. For land-based fusion areas, the Pansharp fusion method can be selected, and the GS fusion method can better reflect the water body information and is the most suitable fusion method for GF-6 satellite water body information enhancement among the four algorithms.

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Chen, Kai, Min Pan, and Zhi-Gang Feng. "Modeling of Drug Delivery by A Pump Driven Micro-Needle Array System." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701610010019.

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Background: Micro-needles were proposed as one of the alternatives to deliver drugs painlessly passing through stratum corneum in recent years. In this work, a mathematical model is presented to characterize the in fusion flow of a hollow micro-needle array driven by a micro-pump. Methods: By assuming the injection of each micro-needle undergoes a spherical expansion and diffusion, the model is able to calculate the time-varying expansion radius, and the diffusion boundary, provided that the material properties and the micro-needle system parameters are known. Results and Conclusion: The calculation results show that the expansion caused by the infusion of micro-needles stops and the flow rate drops to zero in a short time. However, the diffusion boundary is much bigger than the expansion and the infusion continues if the surrounding material is absorptive. The experimental results of jet infusion through a single needle in silicon rubber and polyacrylamide gel agree with the calculation results qualitatively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fusion-By-Diffusion'

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