Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fusion à arc

Academic literature on the topic 'Fusion à arc'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

Babazadeh, Sina, Ferraby Ling, Nhan B. Nguyen, Trieu H. Pham, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Kevin Eng, and Richard Page. "Functional Dart-Throwing Motion: A Clinical Comparison of Four-Corner Fusion to Radioscapholunate Fusion Using Inertial Motion Capture." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 04 (May 28, 2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710500.

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Abstract Background Dart-throwing motion (DTM) is an important functional arc of the wrist from radial extension to ulna flexion. An aim of partial fusion surgery of the wrist is to maintain maximal functional motion while addressing the pathology. The radioscapholunate (RSL) fusion, accompanied with partial resection of the distal scaphoid, is thought to allow better DTM than other partial wrist fusions such as the four-corner fusion (4CF). Question Does an RSL fusion allow better functional DTM than 4CF, and how does this range compare with healthy wrists and the patient's contralateral wrist? Patients and Methods Patients who have undergone an RSL fusion or 4CF at our tertiary center were identified and invited to present to have their DTM arc measured. To accurately measure DTM, a previously validated inertial measurement device was used. Patient's functional DTM arc was measured in both unrestrained (elbow and shoulder free to move) and restrained (elbow and shoulder immobilized) fashions. This was compared with their contralateral wrist and a group of healthy control volunteers. Results Overall five RSL fusions, 10 4CF and 24 control patients were enrolled in the study. There was no significant difference between functional DTM when 4CF and RSL fusion were compared. Both had significantly reduced functional DTM arc than control patients. There was no significant difference between the operated wrist compared with the patient's contralateral unoperated wrist. Conclusion RSL fusion is not significantly better at maintaining functional DTM when compared with 4CF. Both surgeries result in decreased functional DTM arc when compared with control patients. This is a cohort study and reflects a level of evidence IV. Level of Evidence This is a Leve IV, cohort study.
2

LI, Wei, Gaochong LV, Qiang WANG, and Songtao HUANG. "Arc Characteristics and Weld Bead Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy in Ultra-high Frequency Pulse Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (UHFP-GTAW) Process." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.22329.

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To resolve the problem of grain coarsening occurring in the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone during conventional gas tungsten arc welding(C-GTAW) welded titanium alloy, which severely restricts the improvement of weld mechanical properties, welding experiments on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by adopting ultra-high frequency pulse gas tungsten arc welding (UHFP-GTAW) technique were carried out to study arc characteristics and weld bead microstructure. Combined with image processing technique, arc shapes during welding process were observed by high-speed camera. Meanwhile the average arc pressure under various welding parameters were obtained by adopting pressure measuring equipment with high-precision. In addition, the metallographic samples of the weld cross section were prepared for observing weld bead geometry and microstructure of the fusion zone. The experimental results show that, compared with C-GTAW, UHFP-GTAW process provides larger arc energy density and higher proportion of arc core region to the whole arc area. Moreover, UHFP-GTAW process has the obviously effect on grain refinement, which can decrease the grain size of the fusion zone. The results also revealed that a significant increase of arc pressure while increasing pulse frequency of UHFP-GTAW, which could improve the depth-to-width ratio of weld beads.
3

Yang, Jian-hong, Huai-ying Fang, Ren-cheng Zhang, and Kai Yang. "An arc fault diagnosis algorithm using multiinformation fusion and support vector machines." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 9 (September 2018): 180160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180160.

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Arc faults in low-voltage electrical circuits are the main hidden cause of electric fires. Accurate identification of arc faults is essential for safe power consumption. In this paper, a detection algorithm for arc faults is tested in a low-voltage circuit. With capacitance coupling and a logarithmic detector, the high-frequency radiation characteristics of arc faults can be extracted. A rapid method for computing the current waveform slope characteristics of an arc fault provides another characteristic. Current waveform periodic integral characteristics can be extracted according to asymmetries of the arc faults. These three characteristics are used to develop a detection algorithm of arc faults based on multiinformation fusion and support vector machine learning models. The tests indicated that for series arc faults with single and combination loads and for parallel arc faults between metallic contacts and along carbonization paths, the recognition algorithm could effectively avoid the problems of crosstalk and signal loss during arc fault detection.
4

Qu, Na, Wenlong Wei, and Congqiang Hu. "Series Arc Fault Detection Based on Multimodal Feature Fusion." Sensors 23, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 7646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177646.

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In low-voltage distribution systems, the load types are complex, so traditional detection methods cannot effectively identify series arc faults. To address this problem, this paper proposes an arc fault detection method based on multimodal feature fusion. Firstly, the different mode features of the current signal are extracted by mathematical statistics, Fourier transform, wavelet packet transform, and continuous wavelet transform. The different modal features include one-dimensional features, such as time-domain features, frequency-domain features, and wavelet packet energy features, and two-dimensional features of time-spectrum images. Secondly, the extracted features are preprocessed and prioritized for importance based on different machine learning algorithms to improve the feature data quality. The features of higher importance are input into an arc fault detection model. Finally, an arc fault detection model is constructed based on a one-dimensional convolutional network and a deep residual shrinkage network to achieve high accuracy. The proposed detection method has higher detection accuracy and better performance compared with the arc fault detection method based on single-mode features.
5

Marques, Paulo Villani, and Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan. "Arc fusion of self-fluxed nickel alloys." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences 22, no. 3 (2000): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-73862000000300001.

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Koseeyaporn, P., G. E. Cook, and A. M. Strauss. "Adaptive voltage control in fusion arc welding." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 36, no. 5 (2000): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.871278.

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7

Sidorov, Vladimir P. "Calculation of Modes of Arc Welding under the Flux of Double-Sided Butt Joints." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.889.

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This paper gives the analysis of energy costs for arc automatic welding under the flux of double-sided butt joint without edge preparation according to the thickness of welding sheets. The coefficients for a linear dependence of specific energy from plate thickness are obtained. From this, a calculation method of effective power, current and arc voltage is proposed according to the joint formation speed. To calculate a fusion area of a weld section, a model of a surficial normal-circular heat source with an average heat flow in a heating spot 14−16 kW/cm2is used. Acceptable convergence of target and experimental cross-section areas of a weld is achieved for an arc reverse polarity. Calculation method let take into account the influence of arc polarity on a fusion area of a base metal. Main efficiency factors of a double-sided welding are defined. Possible reasons of augmentation of fusion effectiveness of a base metal in comparison with the electrode metal are noted.
8

Cao, Yu, Xiaofei Wang, Xu Yan, Chuanbao Jia, and Jinqiang Gao. "Prediction of Fusion Hole Perforation Based on Arc Characteristics of Front Image in Backing Welding." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214706.

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In one-side welding with back-formation, the weld is penetrated after the fusion hole is perforated. Therefore, judging whether the fusion hole is perforated is very important to realize autocontrol of penetration in one-side welding with back-formation process. Previous researches mainly focused on the morphological characteristics of the molten pool and fusion hole to judge the weld penetration state. Sometimes it is difficult to obtain the morphological characteristics of the molten pool, keyhole and fusion hole and image processing is complex. In this paper, a visual detection system of fusion holes based on visual sensing is constructed to obtain the real-time fusion hole images in backing welding. It is found that the arc characteristics in the front images contain abundant information about the perforation of fusion hole. An image processing program is developed based on MATLAB software, and the arc characteristic parameters in front images are obtained. Taking the arc characteristic parameters as the input, obtaining the penalty function and the kernel function parameters through the cross validation and grid search method, a prediction model of fusion hole perforation based on the support vector machine is put forward. The accuracy for prediction samples is 88%. By analyzing the misidentified samples, it is found that some of the newly perforated images are predicted as nonperforated ones, which has little influence on the penetration control of the weld.
9

Liu, Hongsheng, Ruilei Xue, Jianping Zhou, Yang Bao, and Yan Xu. "Effects of Oscillation Width on Arc Characteristics and Droplet Transfer in Vertical Oscillation Arc Narrow-Gap P-GMAW of X80 Steel." Metals 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13061057.

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In fields, such as oil and gas pipelines and nuclear power, narrow-gap welding has often been used for the connection of thick and medium-thick plates. During the welding process, a lack of fusion was prone to occur due to groove size limitations, seriously affecting the service safety of large structures. The vertical oscillation arc pulsed gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) method was adopted for narrow-gap welding in this study. The influence of the oscillation width on arc morphology, droplet transfer behavior and weld formation during narrow-gap welding was studied. Oscillation widths from 0 to 4 mm were used to weld narrow-gap grooves with a bottom width of 6 mm. The results show that, in non-oscillation arc welding, the arc always presented a bell cover shape, and the droplet transfer was in the form of one droplet per pulse, while the sidewall penetration of the weld was relatively small, making it prone to a lack of fusion. With an increase in the oscillation width, the arc gradually shifted to the sidewall. The droplet transfer mode was a mixed transfer of large and small droplets, and the sidewall penetration continued to increase, which was conducive to the fusion of the sidewall. However, when the oscillation width was wider than 3 mm, it led to the phenomenon of the arc climbing to the sidewall, and the weld was prone to porosity, undercutting and other welding defects. The oscillation width has a major impact on the stability of the welding process in vertical oscillation arc narrow-gap welding.
10

HANSEN, JIM, and DENNIS D. HARWIG. "Impact of Electrode Rotation on Aluminum GMAW Bead Shape." Welding Journal 102, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.010.

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Aluminum gas metal arc welding (GMAW) uses inert shielding gas to minimize weld pool oxidation and reduce susceptibility to porosity and incomplete fusion defects. For aluminum shipbuilding, naval welding requirements highly recommend the use of helium-argon mixtures or pure helium shielding gas to provide a broader heat field and better weld toe fusion. Pure argon shielding gas can be used but has been susceptible to incomplete fusion and porosity defects, where argon’s lower thermal conductivity promotes a narrower arc heat field and shallow weld fusion depth. Using helium is a concern because it is a finite resource that costs approximately five times more than argon. The rotating electrode pulsed GMAW process was investigated to improve argon shielding fusion characteristics and reduce helium usage. Argon-shielded bead-on-plate tests were used to evaluate the relationship between ER5183 electrode rotation parameters and arc power on constant deposit area bead shape. These tests were compared to stringer beads (no oscillation) that were made with argon, helium, and helium-argon shielding gases. Electrode rotation improved underbead fusion depth width and toe fusion. With preferred rotation parameters, the bead width and incomplete fusion at weld toes were equivalent to helium-based welds. For weld reinforcement, electrode rotation promoted a nonsymmetric profile with deposit bias on the bead side, where rotation direction was aligned with travel direction. The bead-side deposit bias is an advantage based on preliminary horizontal V-groove welding procedures using ceramic backing. Electrode rotation can offset the effects of gravity, promoting a smoother bead and fusion profile.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

Geneste, Gilles. "Une application de l'arc électrique : les fours à arcs de fusion en courant alternatif." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P106.

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2

Iordache, Luminita. "Analyse tribo-métallurgique des rechargements base cobalt par fusion soudage d'outillages à chaud." Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENAM0065.

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3

Cerqueira, Nuno. "Fusion de résidus minéraux par arc électrique : Comportement des métaux lourds." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0053.

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Ce mémoire concerne l'étude du comportement des métaux lourds lors de la vitrification des résidus d'épuration des fumées issues de l'incinération des ordures ménagères (REFIOM) par arc électrique. Dans le premier chapitre sont présentés la problématique du devenir des métaux lourds lors de l'incinération des déchets ménagers, les caractéristiques des REFIOM ainsi que les procédés permettant leur stabilisation/solidification et en particulier les procédés de vitrification. Dans le deuxième chapitre on trouve la déscription d'une part du dispositif expérimental, fondé sur un creuset, rempli d'un REFIOM synthétique, placé dans la zone de couplage des jets d'un plasma à arc transféré entre deux torches jumelées bipolaires, d'autre part d' une méthode de mesure, par spectroscopie d'émission, des teneurs en vapeurs métalliques au voisinage immédiat de la surface du bain. Dans le troisième chapitre, l'auteur développe un code de calcul permettant de simuler l'évaporation non congruente des métaux lourds; les effets de la teneur en chlore dans le matériau à vitrifier et de la pression partielle d'oxygène dans l'atmosphère sont étudiés; une simulation de l'échauffement progressif du bain permettant de situer dans l'histoire thermique du processus le départ des métaux, du chlore et du soufre est présentée. Ce chapitre se termine par la présentation des résultats obtenus. Le quatrième chapitre rassemble les résultats expérimentaux qui sont ensuite confrontés à ceux du modèle: les influences de la pression partielle d'oxygène dans la phase gazeuse, de la température, de la composition de la fonte sur la vitesse d'évaporation des différents éléments étudiés- Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr- sont mises en évidence
This work is devoted to the study of heavy metals behavior during arc plasma vitrification of fly ash. In the first part, the fate of heavy metals during incineration of domestic wastes is followed; physicochemical properties of fly-ash and the process - especially vitrification - to stabilize and to solidify this hazardous waste are presented with special attention to long-term containment quality. In the second part, the experimental set-up is described: a crucible, filled with synthetic fly-ash in which metallic salts and oxides are added, is set in the coupling zone of plasma arc transferred between two bipolar electrodes. Metallic vapours densities in the gaseous phase above the melt surface are measured by optical emission spectroscopy. In this chapter, is also briefly presented the mass spectrometric analysis of the exhaust gases. In the third chapter, a model to predict the evaporation of some heavy metals, of chlorine and of sulfur, from the melt is presented: the influence of the chlorine content in the chemical mixture to be vitrified and also the influence of the oxygen partial pressure in the gaseous phase are studied; finally the progressive heating of the system is considered. In the last chapter, for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr, the experimental results are gathered in front of the modeling ones. The influences of the oxygen partial pressure in the gaseous phase and of chlorine content of the melt are enlightened
4

Shen, Hao. "Seam position detection in pulsed gas metal arc welding." Access electronically, 2003. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20040823.125740/index.html.

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5

Dean, Gary. "Optimization of metal transfer and fusion using current control in dip transfer GMAW." Access electronically, 2003. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20041029.140918/index.html.

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6

Le, Guen Émilie. "Étude du procédé de soudage hybride laser/MAG : caractérisation de la géométrie et de l’hydrodynamique du bain de fusion et développement d’un modèle 3D thermique." Lorient, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546986.

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Le soudage hybride laser/MIG-MAG présente des avantages très intéressants par rapport au soudage laser ou au soudage à l'arc MIG-MAG utilisés séparément. Il permet notamment une productivité plus élevée grâce à des vitesses de soudage plus grandes, une plus grande tolérance d’accostage et la possibilité d’améliorer la métallurgie du cordon de soudage. Par contre, il nécessite d’ajuster un grand nombre de paramètres opératoires pour obtenir un procédé optimal. Afin d'utiliser efficacement ces techniques pour la production industrielle, il est donc nécessaire de comprendre précisément les phénomènes physiques complexes qui régissent ce procédé de soudage. Cette compréhension est également nécessaire pour l’élaboration de simulations numériques adaptées à ce procédé. Dans un premier temps, une étude expérimentale a été réalisée sur les procédés de soudage MAG, laser et hybride laser/MAG hybride sur l’acier S355. L’influence des paramètres opératoires est analysée à l’aide des observations obtenues par caméra rapide ainsi que les macrographies des cordons de soudure. La déformation de la surface du bain de fusion induite par la pression d’arc, la longueur du bain de fusion, le détachement des gouttes et les vitesses en surface du bain de fusion ont été analysés plus en détail. Dans un deuxième temps, un modèle numérique a été développé à l’aide du logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics® pour les procédés de soudage MAG, laser et hybride laser/MAG. Ceux-ci permettent de calculer le champ de température au sein du métal à partir d’un modèle 3D quasistationnaire. L’originalité du modèle MAG et hybride réside dans la prédiction du profil de la surface du bain fondu pour déterminer la géométrie 3D en prenant en compte l’apport de matière. L'influence de divers paramètres tels que la puissance d’arc et la vitesse de soudage sur le rendement et le rayon de distribution de la puissance d’arc ainsi que sur la pression d’arc est analysée par le biais de validation avec plusieurs résultats expérimentaux et différents cas de calculs
Hybrid laser/MIG-MAG welding shows high advantages compared to laser welding or GMAW arc welding used separately. Thanks to this process, higher productivity can be gained through higher welding speed, higher squeeze tolerance moreover possible improvement of the metallurgical properties of the weld seam can be obtained. However, many operating parameters have to be set up in order to achieve optimal process. The complex physical phenomena, which govern welding process, have to be understood in order to use efficiently this technique in mass production. Understanding of these phenomena is also necessary to program numerical simulations which fit to this process. In the first step, experimental studies have been carried out with GMAW, laser and hybrid welding on samples of S355 steel. Influence of operating parameters has been analyzed through films performed with speed camera and macrographies of weld seam cross section. Surface deformations of the melt pool, induced by the arc pressure, weld pool length, droplet detachment and welding speed, have been analyzed precisely from images of the surface melt pool. In a second step, a numerical model was developed using the COMSOL Multiphysics® software for MAG, laser and hybrid laser/MAG welding processes. A 3D quasi-stationary model has been calculated from the temperature field within the metal. The originality of the MAG and hybrid model lies in the prediction of the melt pool surface profile used to determine the 3D geometry, by taking into account the material input The influence of different parameters such as arc power and speed welding on the efficiency as well as the distribution radius of the arc power and the arc pressure are analyzed through validations with different experimental results and different calculation configurations
7

Li, Peigang. "Cold lap formation in Gas Metal Arc Welding of steel : An experimental study of micro-lack of fusion defects." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för maskinteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5596.

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Cold laps are defined as micro-lack of fusion defects at the weld toe more or less parallel to the surface of the parent plate. These defects are known to negatively influence the fatigue properties of weldments. Previous studies suggest that cold lap formation can not be avoided completely in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Therefore, a better understanding of formation mechanisms is imperative to be able to minimize the number and size of these defects. The main objective of this work has been to provide a more comprehensive understanding of cold laps, including categorising, characterisation and defining the most significant factors for formation. GMAW was used to produce welds that were investigated by metallographic methods using light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. A novel classification of cold laps was introduced and three types of cold laps were identified: spatter cold laps, overlap cold laps and spatter-overlap cold laps. It was shown that cold laps are partially or fully filled by oxides. The most common oxides are manganese silicon oxides which were concluded to be formed primarily by oxidation of droplets. The presence of oxides was found to significantly increase the tendency to form spatter cold laps as well as overlap cold laps. Particularly for overlap cold laps, it was found that the depth (in transverse direction of weld) is reduced when welding in a non-oxidising environment. Welding on blasted surfaces increased the cold lap formation by entrapment of gas. The droplet and base metal temperatures were also found to be significant factors in cold lap formation. For overlap cold laps the occurrence frequency decreased with increased preheating temperature of the base metal. Mechanisms of overflowing resulting in overlap cold laps were discussed based on an extensive literature review. Several phenomena are believed to contribute to overflow including Rayleigh instability, the balance of forces, transfer of lateral momentum by droplets and an outward Marangoni fluid flow of the weld pool. The present studies suggest that cold lap formation can be suppressed by ensuring that the welding process (arc) is as stable as possible and by welding on a preheated work piece in a non-oxidising environment.
8

Ola, Oyedele. "A study of laser-arc hybrid weldability of nickel-base INCONEL 738 LC superalloy." Materials Science and Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22076.

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Precipitation strengthened nickel-base superalloys, such as IN 738, are very difficult to weld by fusion welding techniques due to their high susceptibility to heat-affected zone (HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking. An improvement in weldability could be realized by the deployment of innovative welding processes and/or the modification of the materials’ microstructural characteristics. Laser-arc hybrid welding is a relatively new welding process that appears to possess great potentials for joining the difficult-to-weld nickel-base superalloys. The research described in this Ph.D. dissertation was initiated to perform a systematic and comprehensive study of the cracking susceptibility of nickel-base IN 738 superalloy welds made by laser-arc hybrid welding process, and how to minimize it by using a combination of pre-weld microstructural modification and the application of various welding filler alloys. Laser-arc hybrid welding produced a desirable weld geometry in IN 738 Superalloy. Cracking did not occur exclusively in the fusion zone. Analysis of the fusion zone material using EPMA, SEM, TEM and EBSD revealed elemental partitioning pattern, the presence of secondary solidification reaction constituents and the grain structure of the fusion zone. Non-equilibrium liquation of various second phases that were present in the alloy prior to welding contributed to intergranular liquation in the HAZ that consequently resulted in extensive HAZ intergranular cracking. A very significant reduction in HAZ intergranular liquation cracking was achieved by the use of an industrially deployable and effective pre-weld thermal processing procedure developed during this research work. This novel procedure, designated as FUMT, was developed on the basis of the control of both boride formation and intergranular boron segregation in the pre-weld material. Propensity for HAZ intergranular liquation cracking in the weldments was also observed to vary depending on the Al+Ti+Nb+Ta concentration of the weld metal produced by different filler alloys, which can be attributed to variation in the extent of precipitation hardening in the weld metals. The newly developed FUMT treatment procedure, coupled with the selection of an appropriate type of filler alloy, is effective in reducing HAZ intergranular cracking both during laser-arc hybrid welding and during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of the laser-arc hybrid welded IN 738 superalloy.
9

Pereira, Luiz Alberto Tavares. "Desenvolvimento de processos de reciclagem de cavacos de Zircaloy via refusão em forno elétrico a arco e metalurgia do pó." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-27052014-090225/.

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Reatores PWR empregam, como combustível nuclear, pastilhas de UO2 acondicionadas em tubos de ligas de zircônio, chamados de encamisamento. Na sua fabricação são gerados cavacos de usinagem que não podem ser descartados, pois a reciclagem deste material é estratégica quanto aos aspectos de tecnologia nuclear, econômicos e ambientais. As ligas nucleares têm altíssimo custo e não são produzidas no Brasil, sendo importadas para a fabricação do combustível nuclear. Neste trabalho são abordados dois métodos para reciclar os cavacos de Zircaloy. No primeiro, os cavacos foram fundidos utilizando um forno elétrico a arco para obter lingotes. O segundo usa a técnica da metalurgia do pó, onde os cavacos foram submetidos à hidretação e o pó resultante foi moído e isostaticamente prensado e, a seguir, sinterizado a vácuo. A composição química, as fases presentes e a dureza no material foram determinadas. Os lingotes foram tratados termicamente e laminados, sendo que as microestruturas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados para ambos os métodos mostraram que a composição do Zircaloy reciclado cumpre as especificações químicas e apresentaram microestrutura adequada para uso nuclear. Os bons resultados do método de metalurgia do pó sugerem a possibilidade de produzir pequenas peças, como as tampas do encamisamento - end-caps, usando a sinterização no formato quase final (near net shape).
PWR reactors employ, as nuclear fuel, UO2 pellets with Zircaloy clad. In the fabrication of fuel element parts, machining chips from the alloys are generated. As the Zircaloy chips cannot be discarded as ordinary metallic waste, the recycling of this material is important for the Brazilian Nuclear Policy, which targets the reprocess of Zircaloy residues for economic and environmental aspects. This work presents two methods developed in order to recycle Zircaloy chips. In one of the methods, Zircaloy machining chips were refused using an electric-arc furnace to obtain small laboratory ingots. The second one uses powder metallurgy techniques, where the chips were submitted to hydriding process and the resulting material was milled, isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered. The ingots were heat-treated by vacuum annealing. The microstructures resulting from both processing methods were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Chemical composition, crystal phases and hardness were also determined. The results showed that the composition of recycled Zircaloy comply with the chemical specifications and presented adequate microstructure for nuclear use. The good results of the powder metallurgy method suggest the possibility of producing small parts, like cladding end-caps, using near net shape sintering.
10

Wang, Fei. "Study of radiative properties : application to fast determination of temperature and iron concentration for MAG-P Arc (Ar-CO2-Fe mixtures) and to estimation of photobiological hazards for argon GTAW Arc." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30121/document.

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La première partie de ce travail présente une nouvelle méthode qui permet de détermination rapidement de la température et de la concentration en fer d'un plasma d'arc MAG utilisé dans la technologie de soudage par plasma. Le plasma est un mélange [Ar-CO2] en présence de fer, avec un rapport molaire entre Ar et CO2 constant de 82%-18%. La seconde partie s'intéresse au rayonnement d'un plasma d'argon utilisé dans la technologie soudage GTAW et pouvant conduire à des dangers photobiologique. Dans le chapitre 1, le contexte et la motivation de ce travail sont présentés. Les travaux déjà effectués et publiés dans ces deux axes scientifiques sont passés en revue. Dans le chapitre 2, les compositions à l'équilibre sont calculées par la méthode de la minimisation de l'énergie libre de Gibbs. Les densités et fonctions de partitions obtenues pour chaque espèces présente dans le plasma sont ensuite utilisées pour déterminer les pertes radiatives des plasmas [Ar-CO2]-Fe via la méthode du coefficient d'émission net (CEN). Cette estimation des pertes ne peut se faire sans le calcul préalable du coefficient d'absorption spectral que nous avons réalisé finement par la méthode " raie par raie ". Tous les mécanismes radiatifs prédominants dans le plasma ont été pris en compte: continua atomique et moléculaire, raies atomiques et moléculaires. Cette partie constitue la base de cette étude sur laquelle se fonde notre nouvelle méthode de diagnostic destinée à déterminer à la fois la température et la concentration en fer d'un plasma d'arc de soudage. Le chapitre 3 est dédié à l'étude expérimentale d'un plasma d'arc MAG constituée d'une analyse spectroscopique permettant de remonter au profil de température et tester l'hypothèse de l'Équilibre Thermodynamique Local. La température d'excitation est obtenue par la méthode de Boltzmann tandis que la mesure d'élargissement de Stark pour les raies de fer et d'argon permet de remonter à la température et la densité des électrons
This PhD thesis introduces a method that allows the fast determination of temperature and iron concentration for MAG-P Arc. The MAG-P Arc is in fact [Ar-CO2]-Fe mixtures, with a constant molar ratio between Ar and CO2 [82%Ar-18%CO2]. In a second time, this thesis presents a study of the optical radiation associated to photobiological hazards for argon GTAW Arc. In chapter 1, the background and motivation of this work is introduced. The previous works published in this field are reviewed. In chapter 2, the equilibrium compositions are calculated firstly using the minimization of Gibbs free energy. Then the radiative properties of [Ar-CO2]-Fe plasmas are obtained in the frame of the net emission coefficient (NEC) approach, using the accurate "line by line" method. All significant radiative contribution mechanisms are taken into account in the calculation. This study will constitute a groundwork to build the diagnostic method that allows determination of temperature and iron concentration profiles in welding arc. In chapter 3, spectroscopic investigation of the LTE hypothesis across the MAG-P Arc is made. Excitation temperature is obtained with Boltzmann plot method while iron and argon lines Stark broadening measurements are used to get electron temperature and electron density. LTE hypothesis validity across the arc is discussed considering the agreement between the two temperatures, the electron density and iron content. Results show supporting evidence for the main part of the plasma, along radial and axial directions. Discrepancies occur only at the fringe of the arc, where the two temperatures differ by more than 2000 K. In chapter 4, a method allowing a fast determination of space- and time-resolved plasma temperature and iron concentration in MAG arcs during the high-current phase is introduced. This method consists in measuring the plasma spectral radiation of the arc with iron vapours using a high-speed camera filtered by narrow band filters in the spectral intervals of 570-590 nm and 606-627 nm respectively; calculating theoretically the dependence of the absolute emissivity e570-590 nm and relative emissivity e570-590 nm/e607-627 nm versus the plasma temperature and the iron concentration. This method has also been validated for a layer of plasma by adopting other existing diagnostics such as Stark broadening, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this new method. In chapter 5, a theoretical investigation of the UV (180-400 nm), UVA (315-400 nm) and blue light (300-700 nm) radiation associated with the photobiological hazards to workers for argon GTAW arcs is presented. The radiative properties of argon plasma are calculated for the three spectral regions, and a two-dimensional model of a GTAW arc is then developed to determine the local emissions in the arc, the total radiation escaping from the arc and corresponding effective irradiances. This study clearly supports the importance of undertaking an effective protection strategy for workers, particularly for skin and eyes, in the welding environment. Finally, a general conculsion is given in chapter 6
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Books on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

R, Held P., Wilkowski G. M, Battelle Memorial Institute, and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research., eds. Stainless steel submerged arc weld fusion line toughness. Washington, D.C: Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.

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Siewert, T. A. Fusion line shape versus toughness in HY-80 GMA welds. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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Birza, Rob. Cold fusion. Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 2000.

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Ueli, Fuchser, Graber Ewald, and Museum Moderner Kunst (Austria), eds. Global-Art-Fusion. Bern: Art-Fusion-Edition, 1986.

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Spark, Benjamin. Benjamin Spark: Pulp fusion. Paris: Cercle d'art, 2016.

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Srivastava, Ranjana. Kathaka, the tradition: Fusion and diffusion. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 2008.

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Botha, Wim. Cold fusion: Gods, heroes and martyrs. Cape Town: Michael Stephenson, 2005.

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Fusion of Neo-Classical Principles: Scholars, Artists, Architects, Builders and Designers in the Neo-Classical Period (Conference) (2009 National Gallery of Ireland). The fusion of neo-classical principals. Leopardstown, Dublin: Wordwell, 2011.

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Bouchier, Martine. L' art n'est pas l'architecture: Hiérarchie, fusion, destruction. Paris: Archibooks, 2006.

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Schmidt, Sabine Maria. Fusion - confusion: Zbyněk Baladrán ... : [zur Kunst der Referenz]. Edited by Museum Folkwang Essen. Nürnberg: Verlag für Moderne Kunst, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

Elwell, Dennis. "Arc-Fusion Method." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch35.

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Lv, Na, and Shanben Chen. "Multi-source Information Fusion Between Welding Arc Sound and Other Welding Dynamic Processes." In Key Technologies of Intelligentized Welding Manufacturing, 123–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2002-0_9.

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Wurst, Johanna, Timon Steinhoff, Iryna Mozgova, Thomas Hassel, and Roland Lachmayer. "Aspects of a Sustainability Focused Comparison of the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) and the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Process." In Sustainable Design and Manufacturing, 88–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9205-6_9.

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Vaithiyanathan, V., M. Mahaveer Sree Jayan, R. Gopal, and M. Anusuya. "Prediction and Optimization of Interpulse Tungsten Inert Gas (IPTIG) Arc Welding Process Parameters to Attain Minimum Fusion Zone Area in Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Sheets Used in Energy Storage Devices." In Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage at the Nanoscale, 1–11. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003355755-1.

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Oussalah, Mourad. "Notes on Fusion of Uncertain Information." In The State of the Art in Computational Intelligence, 83–88. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1844-4_15.

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Tan, Rui, and Guoliang Xing. "Spatiotemporal Coverage in Fusion-Based Sensor Networks." In The Art of Wireless Sensor Networks, 117–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40066-7_4.

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Ding, Wen, Kui Zhang, Ronghua Chen, Wenxi Tian, Jing Zhang, Suizheng Qiu, and G. H. Su. "Thermo-Physical Property Database of Fusion Materials and Thermo-Hydraulic Database of Breeder Blankets for CFETR." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 511–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_45.

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AbstractThe Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a fusion engineering reactor independently designed and developed by China, and the design of the blanket is one of the key points during the design of CFETR. The configurations of CFETR, the detailed designs of the three types of blankets and typical blanket module, and the coolant flowing schemes in blanket module are introduced in paper. Besides, the work about Thermo-physical Property Database of Fusion Material and Thermo-hydraulic Database of Models established for the three types of blankets is presented. The fusion material involves Plasma Facing Materials (PFM), structural materials, coolant and breeding materials, and the peak temperature and the peak pressure in both steady-state and transient conditions are covered for property of materials. The thermo-hydraulic database includes the heat transfer models, the pressure drop models, and some special models for the fluid flow in blanket. In addition, the tests and verification for the database are performed, and the shortages and deficiencies of current database are analyzed.
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Martin, Piero. "The Roadmap to Fusion: Science and International Cooperation for Sustainable Energy." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 159–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29708-3_18.

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AbstractThe transition to non-fossil energy sources is gaining a rapidly increasing attention in the international agenda. The global disruptions caused by the pandemic and more recently by the Ukrainian crisis add to the growing concern about the consequences of climate changes. All situations that have highlighted how crucial energy is for sustainable development and for international relations, and the extreme vulnerability of a world still largely depending on fossil sources. In this framework research on nuclear fusion energy is attracting a growing interest. It is an extremely attractive potential source of electricity for a future CO2-free energy basket. It uses widely available fuel, does not produce high-level radioactive waste and its plants are inherently safe. For its practical applicability, high-level research is still required. As the science progresses and the realization of fusion comes closer, it also necessitates a debate about non-technical issues, including diverse social and ethical implications. This requires a multi-disciplinary approach, which includes conversation outside the traditional technical borders of fusion research. Questions like the following need to be addressed: what are the ethical implications of sourcing electricity from fusion? What kinds of evaluations (financial, environmental, ethical) are at play here? How would the costs and benefits associated with fusion technology be distributed? What factors may affect availability of fusion energy? How to deal with public acceptance of an energy source that, despite being very different from fission, has a nuclear nature? And, ultimately, considered in a broader environmental, social, and geopolitical context—would this form of energy deliver a better energy future for all?
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Hara, Takayuki, and Masanori Yoshino. "Surgical Simulation with Three-Dimensional Fusion Images in Patients with Arteriovenous Malformation." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 83–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63453-7_12.

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AbstractIn arteriovenous malformation (AVM) surgery, vessel structures should be well evaluated with angiography. However, with conventional angiography, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish each feeder and its feeding territory in the nidus. In this study, we used two software systems to create three-dimensional (3D) fusion images using multiple imaging modalities and evaluated their clinical use. In the AVM patient, data were obtained from 3D rotational angiography, rotational venography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and superimposed into 3D fusion images using imaging software (iPLAN and Avizo). Virtual surgical fields that were quite similar to the real ones were also created with these software programs. Compared with fusion images by iPLAN, those by Avizo have higher resolution and can demarcate not only each feeder but also its supplying territory in the nidus with different colors.In conclusion, 3D fusion images in AVM surgery are helpful for simulation, even though it takes time and requires special skill to create them.
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Zhang, Yi, Zhexue Ge, and Qiang Li. "Research on Virtual and Real Fusion Maintainability Test Scene Construction Technology." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 576–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_59.

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AbstractThe construction of maintenance test scenes is the premise of accurate assessment of equipment maintenance. In order to reduce the cost and simulate the actual maintenance scene of the product with high fidelity, the construction method of virtual and real fusion maintainability test scene based on partial physical devices is studied in depth. The position and posture of the physical equipment are recognized by binocular vision, and the virtual environment is registered around the physical equipment. Firstly, the ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF) feature extraction of the physical product is carried out and compared, the ICP (iterative closest point) method is then used to perform the matching of physical product features and digital prototype features. Secondly, the virtual maintenance environment is register accurately. Thirdly, the experimental evaluation method of qualitative and quantitative indexes of virtual and real fusion maintainability is formulated. Finally, a case study of a virtual and real fusion maintainability test is carried out with an engine as an example, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the maintenance evaluation based on the virtual and real fusion test scene.

Conference papers on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

Krause, John T., and Dimitrios Stroumbakis. "Factors affecting arc fusion splice strengths." In Photonics East '95, edited by Hakan H. Yuce, Dilip K. Paul, and Roger A. Greenwell. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.230098.

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Camp, R. "Electrical Safety and Arc Flash Protection." In 21st IEEE/NPS Symposium on Fusion Engineering SOFE 05. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fusion.2005.252995.

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Lu, Poyan, Changfan Huo, Wangwang Duan, Jianyong Ai, Haifeng Jin, and Lijun Jin. "Information Fusion and Image Processing Based Arc Detection and Localization in Pantograph-Catenary Systems." In 2019 22th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fusion43075.2019.9011333.

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Frost, Walter, Paul Ruffin, Wayne Long, and Xiaoling Fan. "ANALYTICAL MODEL OF FIBER ARC FUSION SPLICING." In International Heat Transfer Conference 9. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc9.1440.

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FROST, WALTER, PAUL RUFFIN, and R. TURNER. "Analytical model of fiber arc fusion splicing." In 5th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-1776.

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Kowar, Julian, Krzysztof Borzycki, and Andrzej Zielinski. "Optimization Of Optical Fiber Arc Fusion Splicing Process." In Optical Fibres and Their Applications, edited by Ryszard S. Romaniuk and Mieczyslaw Szustakowski. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938993.

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Schor, Clifton M. "Spatial factors influencing stereopsis and fusion." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.mb3.

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Absolute distance from the fixation point in the sagittal depth plane is the primary stimulus for fusion whereas relative disparities within and slightly beyond this range stimulate stereoscopic depth. Stereothreshold increases markedly with sagittal distance from the fixation plane. The Weber fraction describing the ratio of stereothreshold (sec of arc)/overall disparity pedestal (min of arc) increases at a rate of 0.125 with pedestal amplitudes up to 1.5°. Beyond this absolute disparity, targets appear diplopic at an unspecific distance. Stereothreshold and sensory fusion limits both increase with coarseness of fusion stimuli. The variations of stereo and diplopia thresholds with spatial frequency account for the simultaneous perception of diplopia and stereopsis in random dot stereograms. In contrast, both stereosensitivity and Panum’s fusional limit remain uniformly high at eccentric locations along the frontoparallel plane in comparison to monocular hyperacuity tasks such as Vernier acuity. Both stereosensitivity and the limits of fusion are influenced by relative position of disparate targets. As target separation decreases, stereothreshold and the fusion limit decrease according to a constant disparity/ separation gradient. At separations less than 1/4 degree, a crowding or depth averaging effect reduces stereosensitivity. Depth sensitivity appears to be enhanced at the optimal separation of 1/4 degree by a perceived depth repulsion between neighboring disparate targets. In addition to crowding and repulsion effects there is a third global interaction, in which ambiguous disparity features take on a depth appearance that is similar to or continuous with the depth stimulated by less ambiguous neighboring targets. The role that variations in binocular retinal correspondence may play in these global interactions is discussed.
8

Wachtler, William R. "Micro Arc and Liqui Fusion by the Metafuse Process." In Airframe Finishing, Maintenance & Repair Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/931053.

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Frost, Walter, Paul Ruffin, and Wayne Long. "Computational Model Of Fiber Optic, Arc Fusion Splicing; Analysis." In O-E/Fiber LASE '88, edited by Roger A. Greenwell, Dilip K. Paul, and Shekhar G. Wadekar. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.960058.

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Aimetta, Alex, Nicolò Abrate, Sandra Dulla, and Antonio Froio. "Nuclear Data Uncertainty Quantification in the ARC Fusion Reactor." In International Conference on Physics of Reactors 2022. Illinois: American Nuclear Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/physor22-37861.

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Reports on the topic "Fusion à arc":

1

Rosenfield, A. R., P. R. Held, and G. M. Wilkowski. Stainless steel submerged arc weld fusion line toughness. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/50934.

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Choe, W. H., and K. Kim. Variational analysis of railgun plasma-arc-armature for acceleration of solid hydrogen pellets for fusion reactor refueling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6313133.

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Heinola, K. Summary Report of the First Research Coordination Meeting on Hydrogen Permeation in Fusion-relevant Materials. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.4e83-3whw.

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The First Research Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Project on Hydrogen Permeation in Fusion-relevant Materials was held on 23 – 27 November 2020 as a virtual meeting due to the global SARS-CoV2 pandemic. 22 Chief Scientific Investigators representing 16 Member States presented their Research Proposals and corresponding activities in the field of nuclear fusion fuel permeation through reactor materials and components. Meeting was attended in total by 51 participants, which comprised of project CSIs, meeting observers and IAEA staff. Open issues related to fusion fuel permeation, retention, solubility, trapping and diffusion were discussed and plans for coordinated research activities to be performed during the project were made. Proceedings of the meeting are summarized in this report.
4

Hill, C. Summary Report of the Third Research Coordination Meeting on Data for Atomic Processes of Neutral Beams in Fusion Plasma. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.twqe-92hz.

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10 experts in the field of atomic collisional physics and neutral beam modelling for magnetic confinement fusion devices, together with IAEA Staff met online from 24 – 26 November 2021 for the Third Research Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) F43023: Data for Atomic Processes of Neutral Beams in Fusion Plasma. They described progress since the previous project meeting in February 2019, discussed open issues and reviewed the coordinated research and code comparison activities conducted as part of the CRP. The proceedings of the meeting are summarized in this report.
5

Hill, Christian. Data for Atomic Processes of Neutral Beams in Fusion Plasma. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.19hv-wzn5.

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12 experts in the field of atomic collisional physics and neutral beam modelling for magnetic confinement fusion devices, together with IAEA staff met at IAEA Headquarters 19 – 21 February 2019 for the Second Research Coordination Meeting of an IAEA Coordinated Research Project on Data for Atomic Processes of Neutral Beams in Fusion Plasma. They described progress with their research since the previous project meeting in June 2017, discussed open issues and made plans for continued coordinated research and code comparison during the remaining years of the project. The proceedings of the meeting are summarized in this report.
6

Koning, Arjan, and Roberto Capote Noy, eds. Report of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section to the International Nuclear Data Committee for the period January 2016 - December 2017. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.0mqz-qj78.

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This report contains details of the main activities of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section (NDS) during 2016 and 2017, and is provided as information to the International Nuclear Data Committee (INDC). NDS staff and affiliated consultants have focused their work on analysing and fulfilling data development needs and ensuring adequate, trouble-free services to all users in Member States. The present information is complemented with descriptions of other related activities in the reporting period, including meetings and publications. The atomic and molecular data projects are presented to the INDC for information only, since these specific activities are reviewed in depth by the Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion Subcommittee of the International Fusion Research Council.
7

Baader, Franz, Silvio Ghilardi, and Cesare Tinelli. A New Combination Procedure for the Word Problem that Generalizes Fusion Decidability Results in Modal Logics. Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.130.

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Previous results for combining decision procedures for the word problem in the non-disjoint case do not apply to equational theories induced by modal logics - which are not disjoint for sharing the theory of Boolean algebras. Conversely, decidability results for the fusion of modal logics are strongly tailored towards the special theories at hand, and thus do not generalize to other types of equational theories. In this paper, we present a new approach for combining decision procedures for the word problem in the non-disjoint case that applies to equational theories induced by modal logics, but is not restricted to them. The known fusion decidability results for modal logics are instances of our approach. However, even for equational theories induced by modal logics our results are more general since they are not restricted to so-called normal modal logics.
8

Bäumler, Maximilian, Günther Prokop, Matthias Lehmann, and Linda Dziuba-Kaiser. Use Information You Have Never Observed Together: Data Fusion as a Major Step Towards Realistic Test Scenarios. TU Dresden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2024.3.

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Scenario-based testing is a major pillar in the development and effectiveness assessment of automated driving systems. Thereby, test scenarios address different information layers and situations (normal driving, critical situations and accidents) by using different databases. However, the systematic combination of accident and / or normal driving databases into new synthetic databases can help to obtain scenarios that are as realistic as possible. This paper shows how statistical matching (SM) can be applied to fuse different categorical accident and traffic observation databases. Hereby, the fusion is demonstrated in two use cases, each featuring several fusion methods. In use case 1, a synthetic database was generated out of two accident data samples, whereby 78.7% of the original values could be estimated correctly by a random forest classifier. The same fusion using distance-hot-deck reproduced only 67% of the original values, but better preserved the marginal distributions. A real-world application is illustrated in use case 2, where accident data was fused with over 23,000 car trajectories at one intersection in Germany. We could show that SM is applicable to fuse categorical traffic databases. In future research, the combination of hotdeck- methods and machine learning classifiers needs to be further investigated.
9

Sansum, Andrew J. PR-248-9513-R01 Evaluation of Different Field Joint Coating Materials for Existing FBE Coated Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012045.

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The selection of girth weld coatings for pipe coated with fusion bonded epoxy is usually determined by specific criteria related to the particular project. Other than the actual long-term performance of the coating there are other factors that are generally considered such as field application criteria, production rates, and other economic considerations. It has been found that coatings applied to the girth weld areas of pipe are not performing to anticipated life expectancy. Some are failing in as little as five years resulting in corrosion of the steel under the joint coating material. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the selected coatings from a performance standpoint only to be compared with fusion-bonded epoxies in order to predict the life expectancy relative to the parent pipe coating. Laboratory testing using accelerated test conditions can give a good indication of the expected life of coating material.
10

Salter and Weston. L51534 A Study of New Joining Processes for Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010083.

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Over many decades it has been accepted that the most economical way to produce a pipeline is to join together the standard lengths of pipe as quickly as possible, using a highly mobile task force of welders and other technicians, leaving tie-ins, crossings, etc. to smaller specialist crews. The work pattern which evolved almost invariably involved several crews of welders strung out along the pipelines, progress being controlled by the rate at which the leading pair could complete the weld root. The spread from this first crew to final inspection could be a considerable distance, acceptable on land but not acceptable offshore (a rapidly increasing need which reached a peak in the 1970's). This operation, involving costly lay barges, demanded even higher throughput rates to be achieved from a more compact working spread. In common with most manufacturing technologies, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with a system which relied entirely on the skill of a limited number of highly paid men who had little incentive to change their working practices. Increasingly there came reports of the development of new approaches to joining line-pipe, ranging from the mechanization of arc welding to entirely different forms of joining, for example, electron beam welding or mechanical joining. The investment in some of these developments is reported to be several million dollars. The review of present pipelining practice shows that only a handful has been put to practical use, and in the western world, probably only one, an arc welding variant, has been used to produce more than a few hundred miles of pipeline. The information available on these developments is sparse and is scattered amongst a range of companies and research agencies. A literature review and research study to collect together as much of this information as is available, assemble it into a coherent and useable form and identify those developments which show the most promise to fulfill future needs. The main body of the report, which reviews development of the welding processes has been divided into three main joining categories, Fusion Welding, Forge Welding and Mechanical Interference Joining. Within each category each process is considered separately in terms of process principles, general applications, application to pipeline welding, equipment for pipe welding, consumables, process tolerance and skill requirements, weld quality and inspection, process economics, limitations and future developments. This study and comprehensive report compares the economics of the various alternatives. For each process an estimate has been made of the procedural and development costs involved as well as personnel needs and likely production rates.

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