Academic literature on the topic 'Fusicoccine-A (FC-A)'

To obtain the structural diversity of bioactive compounds similar to cotylenins and fusicoccins that modulate 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions in eukaryotes, screening tests were carried out using the lettuce seed dormancy breaking-assay. An acetone extract of the liverwort Plagiochila sciophila exhibited significant activity against the seeds in the presence of the plant hormone abscisic acid. Activity-guided fractionation of the extract afforded the isolation of seven novel fusicoccane-type diterpenoids, named fusicosciophins A-E (1–5), 8-deacetyl (6) and 9-deacetyl fusicosciophin E (7). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analyses. All the pure isolated compounds (1–7) exhibited moderate lettuce seed dormancy breaking activity. In addition, the differentiation-inducing activity and cytotoxicity of these isolates, together with fusicoccin A (FC-A) and all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA), were evaluated in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and human mouth epidermal carcinoma KB cells, respectively. Fusicosciophins (2 and 4) and FC-A exhibited moderate differentiation-inducing activity (EC50 31.2~59.1μM) compared with ATRA (EC50 0.3μM), while 2, 4 and ATRA exhibited higher selectivity indices (IC50/EC50 >3.38~667) than FC-A (IC50/EC50 1.05). This is the first report on the isolation of fusicoccane-type diterpenoids from liverworts having seed dormancy breaking activity and differentiation-inducing activity in mammal cells.

The sucrose exchange characteristics at the level of contact between a host, Pelargonium zonale (L.) Aiton, and a parasite, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., were investigated by studying the effects of fusicoccin (FC). With isolated haustoria of Cuscuta, FC stimulated the activity of the plasma membrane ATPase. This action was established by FC-increased proton extrusion. FC-increased O2 consumption and FC-increased 86Rb uptake. Nevertheless, FC strongly inhibited (by 30-50%) sucrose uptake and strongly enhanced (by 42-47%) sucrose release. These results, which are discussed in relation to the physiology of the association between host and parasite, outline the very special properties of the haustorium of Cuscuta.

Fusicoccin (FC), a natural diterpene glucoside able to stimulate electrogenic H+ extrusion in higher plants, has been shown to stimulate the phosphorylation of a polypeptide of molecular mass approx. 33 kDa in intact cultured cells of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). The effect is specific, rapid and insensitive to cycloheximide. The presence of the 33 kDa polypeptide and the stimulation by FC have been observed in SDS-containing cell homogenates and in the microsomal and soluble fractions after cell fractionation.

Abstract The rate and total emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Empire’) seedlings incubated at 33°C for 10 hr, alternating with 23° for 14 hr, was markedly increased by seed treatment with 0.5 mM fusicoccin (FC). Neither gibberellic acid (GA) nor kinetin (K) were effective in improving emergence when used alone. The combination of FC with GA or K appeared to give a synergistic enhancement of emergence rate. The radicle elongation of seedlings was reduced by seed treatment with FC, K, or combinations of FC, GA, and K in tests at 20°. The greatest reductions were caused by combinations that included FC. The inhibiting effect of FC on radicle growth was reduced by using a concentration of 0.05 mm. Treatment with 0.05 mm FC resulted in slower emergence but gave the same total emergence as 0.5 mm FC at high temperature. Both FC and GA stimulated hypocotyl elongation.

Fusicoccin (FC) is a well-known phytotoxin able to induce in Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) cultured cells, a set of responses similar to those induced by stress conditions. In this work, the possible involvement of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in FC-induced stress responses was studied measuring both in the presence and in the absence of 2,6,8-trihydroxypurine (urate), a specific ONOO− scavenger: (1) cell death; (2) specific DNA fragmentation; (3) lipid peroxidation; (4) production of RNS and ROS; (5) activity of caspase-3-like proteases; and (6) release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, variations in the levels of molecular chaperones Hsp90 in the mitochondria and Hsp70 BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and of regulatory 14-3-3 proteins in the cytosol. The obtained results indicate a role for ONOO− in the FC-induced responses. In particular, ONOO− seems involved in a PCD form showing apoptotic features such as specific DNA fragmentation, caspase-3-like protease activity, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria.

By using pharmacological approaches and laser scanning confocal microscopy based on 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA), the relationship between the inhibition of dark-induced stomatal closure caused by fusicoccin (FC) and the changes of nitric oxide (NO) levels in guard cells in broad bean was studied. The results show that, like 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO), a NO scavenger and NG-nitro-L-Arg-methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), FC inhibited stomatal closure induced by darkness, and reduced the levels of NO in guard cells in darkness, indicating that FC inhibits dark-induced stomatal closure through lessening NO levels in guard cells. In addition, similar to c-PTIO, both FC and butyric acid not only suppressed sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced stomatal closure and DAF-2DA fluorescence in guard cells, but also reopened the closed stomata induced by dark and removed NO that had been generated by dark. The results show that both FC and butyric acid cause NO removal in guard cells, and also suggest that FC-caused NO removal is probably associated with cytosolic acidification in guard cells. Taken together, our results show that FC perhaps causes cytosolic acidification in guard cells, consequently induces NO removal and reduces NO levels in guard cells, and finally inhibits stomatal closure induced by dark.

AbstractAbstract In isolated embryos from dormant barley grains, synergistic effects of fusicoccin (FC) and gibberellic acid (GA3) were observed on the induction of α-amylase mRNA expression. However, no α-amylase mRNA expression could be induced by both agents in embryos from non-dormant grains. Both light- and electron-microscopy studies demonstrated that there were large numbers of starch granules present in mature embryos (mainly in scutellum) from dormant barley grains but none or almost none in embryos from non-dormant grains. Furthermore, the content of reducing sugars in embryos from dormant grains was about half of that from non-dormant grains. In contrast to GA3, FC was able to induce a strong acidification of extracellular pH (pHe). Clamping the pHe to prevent FC-induced acidification, by using 50 mM MES buffer (pH 5.6), caused an inhibition of GA3- or FC-induced α-amylase mRNA expression but did not affect the germination of embryos from dormant grains. In addition, in MES buffer, addition of FC or a combination of FC and GA3increased the germination rate of embryos isolated from dormant grains, though large numbers of starch granules were still present in these embryos. Based on these observations, the presence of starch granules and a low reducing sugar level in embryos from dormant grains is not a factor for control of grain dormancy and germination.

Fusicoccin is the α glucoside of a carbotricyclic diterpene, produced by the fungus Phomopsis amygdali (previously classified as Fusicoccum amygdali), the causal agent of almond and peach canker disease. A great interest in this molecule started when it was discovered that it brought about an irreversible stomata opening of higher plants, thereby inducing the wilting of their leaves. Since then, several studies were carried out to elucidate its biological activity, biosynthesis, structure, structure-activity relationships and mode of action. After sixty years of research and more than 1800 published articles, FC is still the most studied phytotoxin and one of the few whose mechanism of action has been elucidated in detail. The ability of FC to stimulate several fundamental plant processes depends on its ability to activate the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, induced by eliciting the association of 14-3-3 proteins, a class of regulatory molecules widespread in eukaryotes. This discovery renewed interest in FC and prompted more recent studies aimed to ascertain the ability of the toxin to influence the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and their numerous client proteins in animals, involved in the regulation of basic cellular processes and in the etiology of different diseases, including cancer. This review covers the different aspects of FC research partially treated in different previous reviews, starting from its discovery in 1964, with the aim to outline the extraordinary pathway which led this very uncommon diterpenoid to evolve from a phytotoxin into a tool in plant physiology and eventually into a 14-3-3-targeted drug.

Sweet corn roots colonized with the T-22 strain of the common rhizosphere fungus grow substantially faster than roots of plants not so colonized. We tested whether this growth enhancement was a consequence of the fungus affecting auxin regulation of cell elongation. In corn roots, auxin acts an inhibitor of growth, maintaining the rate below its short-term maximum potential. The first hypothesis was that the fungus secretes an auxin inhibitor, and thereby reduces the auxin limitation of growth. Apical segments (5 cm) were incubated in media conducive to elongation, supplemented with 0.1 μm indole acetic acid (IAA), a T-22 culture filtrate (5%), or both. IAA inhibited growth by 69%, and the culture filtrate inhibited by 16% with no interaction. The action of T-22, therefore, is not through a secreted antiauxin. The second hypothesis was that the fungus metabolizes or otherwise reduces the effectiveness of auxin, which was tested by measuring growth of colonized and uncolonized seedlings after a half-hour incubation of the root tips in 0.1 μm IAA. Auxin inhibited growth by 42%, whereas colonization increased growth by 27%. Again, there was no interaction, a result inconsistent with the antiauxin model. The third experiment further tested the antiauxin hypothesis by maximizing acid growth (normally regulated by auxin) by incubating the root tips in 1 μm fusicoccin (FC). Colonization increased growth by 10% without FC but by 42% with it. FC alone increased growth by 11%. The significant positive interaction is not consistent with a change in the auxin sensitivity but is consistent with an increase in the maximum sustainable growth rate.

Pathogens often induce cell death for their successful proliferation in the host plant. Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) are targeted by either pathogens or plant immune receptors in immune response regulation. Although PMAs play pivotal roles in host cell death, the molecular mechanism of effector-mediated regulation of PMA activity has not been described. Here, we report that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector PITG06478 can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana but the induced cell death is inhibited by fusicoccin (FC), an irreversible PMA activator. PITG06478, which is localized at the plasma membrane, is not directly associated with the PMA but is associated with Nb14-3-3s, a PMA activator. Immunoblot analyses revealed that the interaction between PITG06478 and Nb14-3-3s was disrupted by FC. PMA activity in PITG06478-expressing plants was eventually inhibited, and cell death likely occurred because the 14-3-3 protein was hijacked. Our results further confirm the significance of PMA activity in host cell death and provide new insight into how pathogens utilize essential host components to sustain their life cycle.

Les interactions protéine – protéine (IPP) sont essentielles à la régulation des phénomènes cellulaires. Elles impliquent deux partenaires : une protéine adaptatrice et une protéine effectrice, cette dernière étant régulée positivement ou négativement. Bien que l’inhibition des IPPs constitue une approche thérapeutique solide, la stabilisation reste encore peu étudiée, mais pourrait mener à de nouvelles modalités prometteuses. Ce projet se concentre sur la famille de protéines adaptatrices 14-3-3 qui interagit avec plus de 200 partenaires. Parmi eux, la protéine p53 est l’objet de multiples recherches dû à sa fonction régulatrice clé de nombreux processus biologiques (réparation de l’ADN, apoptose). Ces fonctions majeures sont cependant altérées dans la moitié des cancers, favorisant ainsi le développement tumoral. Des études préliminaires ont montré que la stabilisation de l’interaction entre p53 et 14-3-3 à l’aide d’une colle moléculaire permettait de restaurer l’activité antitumorale de p53. Parmi ces colles moléculaires, la fusicoccine-A (FC-A) se localise dans la vallée formée par 14-3-3 et permet d’augmenter la stabilisation du complexe protéique. Dans ce contexte, ce projet se concentre sur l’accès à des analogues simplifiés de la FC-A à travers la synthèse de squelettes tricycliques afin d’élargir la librairie de colles moléculaires. Des analogues [6-8-5] à partir d’un substrat aromatique sont envisagés, ainsi que des analogues [5-8-5] à partir d’un dérivé cyclopentane, plus proches de la structure cible. Différentes stratégies de synthèse ont été explorées afin d’accéder à ces analogues
In biological media, protein-protein interactions (PPI) are of huge importance, as they allow the regulation of many cellular events. PPI classically involve two partners: an adapter protein and its effector protein(s) regulated either in a positive or a negative manner. Inhibition of PPI has thus been considered as a solid therapeutic approach. On the other hand, stabilization of PPI remains scarcely investigated, but may lead to new promising approaches. This project focuses on the 14-3-3 family adapter protein which interacts with more than 200 protein partners. Among them, p53 protein is subjected to a lot of studies as this tumor suppressor protein regulates multiple biological processes (DNA repair, apoptosis). However, those major functions appear to be silenced in most cancer cases, thus allowing tumor cells proliferation. Some studies have shown that stabilization of the 14-3-3/p53 pair with the help of a molecular glue permitted to restore tumor suppressor activity of p53. Among the examined molecular glues, the fusicoccin-A (FC-A) natural product is shown to lodge in the valley formed by 14-3-3 and increases stabilization of the 14-3-3/p53 interaction. In this context, to enlarge the p53/14-3-3 molecular glue library, this project focuses on the access to simplified FC-A analogs through the synthesis of tricyclic scaffold. [6-8-5] analogs from an aromatic substrate are envisaged, as well as [5-8-5] analogs from a cyclopentane derivative, closer to the target structure. Various strategies have been explored in order to access these analogs