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1
Sharma, Lav, and Guilhermina Marques. "Fusarium, an Entomopathogen—A Myth or Reality?" Pathogens 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7040093.
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The Fusarium species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive insects. However, research on fusaria-insect associations is very limited as fusaria are generalized as opportunistic insect-pathogens. Additionally, their phytopathogenicity raises concerns in their use as commercial biopesticides. Insect biocontrol potential of Fusarium is favored by their excellent soil survivability as saprophytes, and sometimes, insect-pathogenic strains do not exhibit phytopathogenicity. In addition, a small group of fusaria, those belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex, act as insect mutualists assisting in host growth and fecundity. In this review, we summarize mutualism and pathogenicity among fusaria and insects. Furthermore, we assert on Fusarium entomopathogenicity by analyzing previous studies clearly demonstrating their natural insect-pathogenicity in fields, and their presence in soils. We also review the presence and/or production of a well-known insecticidal metabolite beauvericin by different Fusarium species. Lastly, some proof-of-concept studies are also summarized, which demonstrate the histological as well as immunological changes that a larva undergoes during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. These reports highlight the insecticidal properties of some Fusarium spp., and emphasize the need of robust techniques, which can distinguish phytopathogenic, mutualistic and entomopathogenic fusaria.
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Abd Murad, Nur Baiti, Muskhazli Mustafa, Khozirah Shaari, and Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin. "Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Plant Extracts and Effects on Morphological and Germination of Fusarium Fruit Rot Pathogens." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-07.
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Fusarium fruit rot caused by fusarium species pathogens can be considered a threat to economic loss. The use of synthetic antifungals to control the pathogens has failed to the development of resistance of pathogens. Previous studies reported that plant extracts may contain various bioactive constituents that are able to control pathogen growth. Hence, the aims of this study are to examine the inhibition activity of some plant fresh extracts on mycelial growth and morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and f. solani, causal agents of Fusarium fruit rot. Aqueous extract of selected plants was evaluated for their inhibition activity against all the three fusarium pathogens under in vitro condition using poisoned food bioassay. Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract demonstrated a highly significant effect against mycelial growth of the pathogens with fungal inhibition percentage of 80.51% for F. oxysporum, 61.28% for F. proliferatum and 58.97% for f. solani. The results showed that the highest formation of 100% extract has lowered the conidia concentration and germination percentage of F. oxysporum (35.43%), F. proliferatum (47.61%), and f. solani (38.67%) compared to the control. Significant shriveled mycelia were observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the pathogens treated with a. bilimbi extract, indicating morphological changes occurred in the cell membrane compared to the control in which the mycelia were in normal form. This innovation, which can be prepared and applied at home, has the potential as an eco-friendly and a benign approach to control fruit rot pathogen.
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Dawood, Mahamed K. "Seed-borne fungi, especially pathogens, of spring wheat." Acta Mycologica 18, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1982.005.
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The present investigations were carried out on seeds of the spring wheat var. 'Kolibri'. Storage was at either 12 or 15% moisture seed content, and temperature degrees of labile, 0°C, 25-30°C for a periods extended to 18 months. Seeds remained -healthy at 12% M. C., and 15% and 0°C. Mycological analysis of frosh and stored seeds revealed great difference among their fungal flora. Sporadic amounts of certain fungal pathogens, from the <i>Fusarium</i> genus, were isolated from seeds. In relation of seed-borne fungi to the health stale of plants developing, results of pot experiments showed the possibility of spread certain pathogens of <i>Fusarium</i> from seed to stem of the developing plant. The fungal communities of seeds or plants does not limit, in general, the development of these pathogens <i>Fusartum culmorum, F. poae, F. equiseti. Fusarium culmorum</i> was found, under the present work, to be a most severe infectous agent of foot rot disease of wheat crop var. 'Kolibri'.
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Grzanka, Monika, Łukasz Sobiech, Jakub Danielewicz, Joanna Horoszkiewicz-Janka, Grzegorz Skrzypczak, Zuzanna Sawinska, Dominika Radzikowska, and Stanisław Świtek. "Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops." Open Chemistry 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0079.
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Abstract Fungal pathogens can significantly reduce the potential yield of agricultural crops, especially cereals. One of the most dangerous are pathogens of the Fusarium genus. They contribute to the infestation of plants, reduction of yields, and contamination of agricultural crops with mycotoxins, which are harmful to human beings and animal health. The absence of active substances, the problem of pathogen resistance to fungicides, and the pressure of society to limit the use of chemical plant protection products are the most important issues in agriculture. This has resulted in research aimed at finding natural methods to control plant pathogens gaining importance. One of them is the use of essential oils. In laboratory experiments, clove essential oil and pine essential oil were used. The influence of different concentrations of the above-mentioned substances on the development of the mycelium of Fusarium species (F. equiseti, F. poae, F. culmorum, and F. avenaceum) was analyzed and the germination of wheat and maize seeds infected with the pathogens of the genus Fusarium was assessed. Clove oil significantly inhibited the growth of mycelium of the Fusarium species and reduced germination parameters than pine oil.
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Meyer, Susan E., Julie Beckstead, and Phil S. Allen. "Niche specialization in Bromus tectorum seed bank pathogens." Seed Science Research 28, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000193.
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AbstractNiche theory predicts that when two species exhibit major niche overlap, one will eventually be eliminated through competitive exclusion. Thus, some degree of niche specialization is required to facilitate coexistence. We examined whether two important seed bank pathogens on the invasive winter annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass, downy brome) exhibit niche specialization. These pathogens utilize seed resources in complementary ways. Pyrenophora semeniperda is specialized to attack dormant seeds. It penetrates directly through the seed coverings. Hyphae ramify first through the endosperm and then throughout the seed. Seed death results as the embryo is consumed. In contrast, the Fusarium seed rot pathogen (Fusarium sp.) is specialized to attack non-dormant seeds in the early stages of germination. It cannot penetrate seed coverings directly. Instead, it responds to a cue emanating from the radicle end with directional hyphal growth and subsequent penetration at the point of radicle emergence, causing seed death. Non-dormant seeds usually escape P. semeniperda through germination even if infected because it develops more slowly than Fusarium. When water stress slows non-dormant seed germination, both P. semeniperda and Fusarium can attack and cause seed mortality more effectively. The Fusarium seed rot pathogen can sometimes reach epidemic levels and may result in B. tectorum stand failure (‘die-off’). Stands usually re-establish from the persistent seed bank, but if P. semeniperda has also reached high levels and eliminated the seed bank, a die-off can persist indefinitely.
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Porteous-Álvarez, Alejandra J., Sara Mayo-Prieto, Samuel Álvarez-García, Bonifacio Reinoso, and Pedro A. Casquero. "Genetic Response of Common Bean to the Inoculation with Indigenous Fusarium Isolates." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (October 16, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040228.
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Fungal species from the genus Fusarium are important soil-borne pathogens worldwide, causing significant economic losses in diverse crops. The need to find sustainable solutions against this disease has led to the development of new strategies—for instance, the use of biocontrol agents. In this regard, non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates have demonstrated their ability to help other plants withstand subsequent pathogen attacks. In the present work, several Fusarium isolates were evaluated in climatic chambers to identify those presenting low or non-pathogenic behavior. The inoculation with a low-pathogenic isolate of the fungus did not affect the development of the plant, contrary to the results observed in plants inoculated with pathogenic isolates. The expression of defense-related genes was evaluated and compared between plants inoculated with pathogenic and low-pathogenic Fusarium isolates. Low-pathogenic isolates caused a general downregulation of several plant defense-related genes, while pathogenic ones produced an upregulation of these genes. This kind of response to low-pathogenic fungal isolates has been already described for other plant species and fungal pathogens, being related to enhanced tolerance to later pathogen attacks. The results here presented suggest that low-pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates may have potential biocontrol activity against bean pathogens via induced and systemic responses in the plant.
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Zitnick-Anderson, Kimberly, Luis E. del Río Mendoza, Shana Forster, and Julie S. Pasche. "Associations among the communities of soil-borne pathogens, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence in the field pea root rot complex." Plant and Soil 457, no. 1-2 (October 22, 2020): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04745-4.
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Abstract Background and aims Field pea production is greatly impacted by multiple soil-borne fungal and oomycete pathogens in a complex. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify the soil-borne pathogens associated with field pea in North Dakota and; 2) develop prediction models incorporating the occurrence of the soil-borne pathogen communities, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence. Methods Soil and plants were sampled from 60 field pea fields in North Dakota during 2014 and 2015. Plants (1500 across two years) were rated for both root rot and soil-borne pathogens isolated from roots. Soils were analyzed for edaphic properties. Indicator species analysis was used to identify soil-borne pathogen communities. Logistic regression was used to determine associations and develop prediction models. Results Survey results from 2014 and 2015 indicated that the most prevalent soil-borne pathogens identified in field pea fields were Fusarium spp. and Aphanomyces euteiches. Five soil-borne pathogen communities were identified; three of which had statistically significant associations characterized by (1) Fusarium acuminatum, (3) A. euteiches, and (4) Fusarium sporotrichioides. The occurrence of the three communities were associated with clay content, soil pH, Fe2+, and K+. Disease incidence was associated with the presence of either community 1 or 3 and K+. Conclusions The results generated from this research will contribute to the development of management strategies by providing a soil-borne pathogen community prediction tool.
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Tewoldemedhin, Yared T., Sandra C. Lamprecht, Martha M. Vaughan, Gail Doehring, and Kerry O’Donnell. "Soybean SDS in South Africa is Caused by Fusarium brasiliense and a Novel Undescribed Fusarium sp." Plant Disease 101, no. 1 (January 2017): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0729-re.
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Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) was detected in South Africa for the first time during pathogen surveys conducted in 2013 to 2014. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the 16 slow-growing Fusarium strains that were isolated from the roots of symptomatic plants. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (IGS rDNA) indicated that the etiological agents were Fusarium brasiliense and a novel, undescribed Fusarium sp. This is the first report of F. brasiliense outside of Brazil and Argentina and the novel Fusarium sp. causing soybean SDS. Koch’s postulates were completed for both fusaria on seven soybean cultivars that are commercially available in South Africa. Results of the pathogenicity experiment revealed that the strains of F. brasiliense and Fusarium sp. differed in aggressiveness to soybean, as reflected in differences in foliar symptoms, root rot, and reduction in shoot length. Cell-free culture filtrates of the two soybean SDS pathogens from South Africa and two positive control strains of F. virguliforme from the United States induced typical SDS symptoms on susceptible soybean cultivars in a whole-seedling assay, indicating that they contained phytotoxins.
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Timmusk, Salme, Eviatar Nevo, Fantaye Ayele, Steffen Noe, and Ülo Niinemets. "Fighting Fusarium Pathogens in the Era of Climate Change: A Conceptual Approach." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060419.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium pathogens is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of small grain cereals worldwide, substantially reducing yield quality and food safety. Its severity is increasing due to the climate change caused by weather fluctuations. Intensive research on FHB control methods has been initiated more than a decade ago. Since then, the environment has been rapidly changing at regional to global scales due to increasing anthropogenic emissions enhanced fertilizer application and substantial changes in land use. It is known that environmental factors affect both the pathogen virulence as well as plant resistance mechanisms. Changes in CO2 concentration, temperature, and water availability can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on pathogen spread depending on the environmental optima of the pathosystem. Hence, there is a need for studies of plant–pathogen interactions in current and future environmental context. Long-term monitoring data are needed in order to understand the complex nature of plants and its microbiome interactions. We suggest an holobiotic approach, integrating plant phyllosphere microbiome research on the ecological background. This will enable the development of efficient strategies based on ecological know-how to fight Fusarium pathogens and maintain sustainable agricultural systems.
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Joshua, Jacqueline, and Margaret T. Mmbaga. "Potential Biological Control Agents for Soilborne Fungal Pathogens in Tennessee Snap Bean Farms." HortScience 55, no. 7 (July 2020): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14081-19.
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Fungi isolated from snap bean roots and rhizosphere soil where fungicides are not used included Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium camptoceras, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium solani, Peyronellaea pinodella, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Glomerella guttata. Only P. pinodella, M. phaseolina, and F. oxysporum were isolated on symptomatic plants. These soilborne fungi are common pathogens of diverse host plants. Pathogenicity tests under controlled environment demonstrated that these fungi were pathogenic on snap beans. Subsequently, bacterial endophytes isolated from snap bean roots, papaya roots and stems, and dogwood stems were evaluated as potential biological control agents against these diverse fungi. All bacteria isolated, including Bacillus vallismortis (PS), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Psl), Bacillus subtilis (Prt), Bacillus thuringiensis (Y and IMC8), Enterobacter sp. (E), Stenotrophomonas sp. (B17A), and Serratia sp. (B17B) suppressed growth of the fungal pathogens in vitro and formed clear inhibition zones in petri dish dual cultures. Growth media taken from the inhibition zones suppressed growth of the fungal pathogens in the absence of the bacterial cells, suggesting that the bacteria released unidentified antagonistic biochemical substances into the media. This study constitutes an initial screening of endophytes as biological control agents against diverse fungal pathogens and forms a basis for the discovery of novel strains that can be further developed and integrated into disease management systems for diverse fungal pathogens. Isolates B. vallismortis (PS), B. amyloliquefaciens (Psl), B. subtilis (Prt), and B. thuringiensis (Y IMC8) exhibited the best performance as potential biological control agents paving the way for larger-scale in vivo studies and characterization of their interactions with fungal pathogens.
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Li, He-Ping, Jing-Bo Zhang, Run-Ping Shi, Tao Huang, Rainer Fischer, and Yu-Cai Liao. "Engineering Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat by Expression of a Fusion Protein Containing a Fusarium-Specific Antibody and an Antifungal Peptide." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 9 (September 2008): 1242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-9-1242.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab of wheat is a devastating disease in warm and humid regions at wheat-flowering periods worldwide. Natural resistance against FHB pathogens is inadequate and the development of FHB-resistant wheat cultivars has been a challenge. Expression of pathogen-specific antibodies in plants has been proposed as a strategy for crop protection. In this study, an antibody fusion protein comprising a Fusarium-specific recombinant antibody derived from chicken and an antifungal peptide from Aspergillus giganteus was expressed in wheat as a method for protecting plants against FHB pathogens. Plants expressing the antibody fusion displayed a very significantly enhanced resistance in T2 and T3 generations upon single-floret inoculation with the macroconidia of Fusarium asiaticum, the predominant species causing FHB in China, indicating a type II resistance. Spraying inoculation further revealed an enhanced type I resistance in the transgenic wheat plants. Remarkably, more grains were produced in the transgenic plants than the nontransgenic controls. Our results demonstrated that the antibody fusion protein may be used as an effective tool for the protection of crops against FHB pathogens.
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Dawidziuk, A., G. Koczyk, and D. Popiel. "Adaptation and response to mycotoxin presence in pathogen-pathogen interactions within the Fusarium genus." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2015.2010.
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The ability of fungal plant pathogens to exude bioactive compounds is an important element of competition in a changing environment. The filamentous fungi usually retain a number of adaptations related not only to the production of toxic compounds by themselves but also to the mitigation of exogenous influences by toxins present in the environment. We examined a distinct effect of toxins on morphology, growth patterns and gene expression after stimulation in mycotoxin-producing and nonproducing isolates representing four evolutionarily divergent species (and chemotypes) within the Fusarium genus (Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides). The aim of our work was to investigate the influence of mycotoxins present in the environment on fungal isolates belonging to evolutionarily divergent complexes within Fusarium genus. The results point to retention of resistance mechanisms in non-producer isolates (F. oxysporum) and specific dose-dependent differences in response to other mycotoxins. In particular, the growth of Fusarium graminearum (confirmed zearalenone and trichothecene producer) was shown to be significantly inhibited by fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol. Conversely, spread of Fusarium verticillioides was accelerated by low concentrations (0.5 mg/l) of nivalenol and zearalenone and deoxynivalenol addition resulted in upregulation of the fumonisin poliketyde synthase (FUM1). The basics of competition between divergent fusaria can be described by ‘rock-paper-scissors’ theory, but some of the effects can be explained by other interactions, e.g. autotoxicity of deoxynivalenol and the potential role of low doses of trichothecenes and zearalenone acting as a ‘warning signal’ for competing species.
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Crespo, M., F. M. Cazorla, A. de Vicente, E. Arrebola, J. A. Torés, M. Maymon, S. Freeman, T. Aoki, and K. O’Donnell. "Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Fusarium tupiense, the Main Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Disease in Southern Spain." Plant Disease 100, no. 2 (February 2016): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-15-0153-re.
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Mango malformation disease (MMD) has become an important global disease affecting this crop. The aim of this study was to identify the main causal agents of MMD in the Axarquía region of southern Spain and determine their genetic diversity. Fusarium mangiferae was previously described in the Axarquía region but it represented only one-third of the fusaria recovered from malformed trees. In the present work, fusaria associated with MMD were analyzed by arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG), a PCR screen for mating type idiomorph, and phylogenetic analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data to identify and characterize the genetic diversity of the MMD pathogens. These analyses confirmed that 92 of the isolates were F. tupiense, which was previously only known from Brazil and Senegal. In addition, two isolates of a putatively novel MMD pathogen were discovered, nested within the African clade of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. The F. tupiense isolates all belonged to VCG I, which was first described in Brazil, and the 11 isolates tested showed pathogenicity on mango seedlings. Including the prior discovery of F. mangiferae, three exotic MMD pathogenic species have been found in southern Spain, which suggests multiple independent introductions of MMD pathogens in the Axarquía region.
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Shashko, Yu K., A. L. Dolgova, and M. N. Shashko. "Direct and indirect losses determining the harmfulness of mushrooms p. Fusarium – fusariosis causes wheat speak and grain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 58, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2020-58-1-55-67.
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Fungi p. Fusarium is one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p. Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.
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Blanco, R., and T. A. S. Aveling. "Seed-borne Fusarium pathogens in agricultural crops." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1204 (June 2018): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1204.21.
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Tunali, Berna, Friday Obanor, Gul Erginbaş, Rhyannyn A. Westecott, Julie Nicol, and Sukumar Chakraborty. "Fitness of three Fusarium pathogens of wheat." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 81, no. 3 (May 3, 2012): 596–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01388.x.
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BACON, CHARLES W., and PAUL E. NELSON. "Fumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.6.514.
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The fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg produce a series of toxins on corn which include the fumonisins of which fumonisin B1 and B2 are considered to have cancer promoting activity. Both fungi produce similar ratios of the fumonisins B1 to B2. Other mycotoxins produced include moniliformin, fusarin C and fusaric acid. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be responsible for most of the toxicological affects observed from ingesting corn infected by toxigenic isolates of these fungi. The distribution of the two fungi is generally similar, although F. proliferatum is isolated more frequently from sorghum than corn. They occur worldwide on other food crops, such as rice, sorghum, millet, several fruits and vegetables. Both fungi are ear rot pathogens of corn, thus, mycotoxin production occurs under field conditions, although it also may occur in storage. One or both fungi may have a frequency of occurrence of 90% or higher in corn; 90% of the F. moniliforme isolates produce the fumonisins. On corn and corn products the range of concentrations reported is 0.3 to 330 μg/g of corn-based product. These concentrations include both corn-based animal feed and human foods.
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Popiel, Delfina, Hanna Kwaśny, Jerzy Chełkowski, Łukasz Stępień, and Magdalena Laskowska. "Impact of selected antagonistic fungi on Fusarium species – toxigenic cereal pathogens." Acta Mycologica 43, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2008.004.
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<em>Fusarium</em>-ear blight is a destructive disease in various cereal-growing regions and leads to significant yield and quality losses for farmers and to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol and derivatives, zearalenone and moniliformin. <em>Fusarium</em> pathogens grow well and produce significant inoculum on crop resiudues. Reduction of mycotoxins production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungi, exhibiting antagonistic effect. Dual culture bioassays were used to examine the impact of 92 isolates (belonging to 29 fungal species) against three toxigenic species, i.e. <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em> (Corda) Saccardo, <em>F. culmorum</em> (W.G.Smith) Saccardo and <em>F. graminearum</em> Schwabe. Both <em>F.culmorum</em> and <em>F. graminearum</em> isolates produce trichothecene mycotoxins and mycohormone zearalenone and are considered to be the most important cereal pathogens worldwide. Infection with those pathogens leads to accumulation of mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in grains. <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em> isolates are producers of moniliformin (MON) and enniatins. Isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. were found to be the most effective ones to control the growth of examined <em>Fusarium</em> species. The response of <em>Fusarium</em> isolates to antagonistic activity of <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates varied and also the isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> differed in their antagonistic activity against <em>Fusarium</em> isolates. The production of MON by two isolates of F. avenaceum in dual culture on rice was reduced by 95% to 100% by <em>T. atroviride</em> isolate AN 35. The same antagonist reduced the amount of moniliformin from 100 μg/g to 6.5 μg/g when inoculated to rice culture contaminated with MON, which suggests the possible decomposition of this mycotoxin.
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Tundo, Silvio, Michela Janni, Ilaria Moscetti, Giulia Mandalà, Daniel Savatin, Ann Blechl, Francesco Favaron, and Renato D’Ovidio. "PvPGIP2 Accumulation in Specific Floral Tissues But Not in the Endosperm Limits Fusarium graminearum Infection in Wheat." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 10 (October 2016): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-16-0148-r.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. The pathogen infects the spike at flowering time and causes severe yield losses, deterioration of grain quality, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The understanding of the precise means of pathogen entry and colonization of floral tissue is crucial to providing effective protection against FHB. Polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are cell-wall proteins that inhibit the activity of PGs, a class of pectin-depolymerizing enzymes secreted by microbial pathogens, including Fusarium spp. The constitutive expression of a bean PGIP (PvPGIP2) limits FHB symptoms and reduces mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grain. To better understand which spike tissues play major roles in limiting F. graminearum infection, we explored the use of PvPGIP2 to defend specific spike tissues. We show here that the simultaneous expression of PvPGIP2 in lemma, palea, rachis, and anthers reduced FHB symptoms caused by F. graminearum compared with symptoms in infected nontransgenic plants. However, the expression of PvPGIP2 only in the endosperm did not affect FHB symptom development, indicating that once the pathogen has reached the endosperm, inhibition of the pathogen’s PG activity is not effective in preventing its further spread.
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Saad, Ahmed, Bethany Macdonald, Anke Martin, Noel L. Knight, and Cassandra Percy. "Comparison of disease severity caused by four soil-borne pathogens in winter cereal seedlings." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 5 (2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20245.
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In Australia, crown rot of cereals is predominantly caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum and Fusarium culmorum, and common root rot by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen causing Fusarium head blight worldwide and has also been reported to cause crown rot of wheat. The comparative ability of F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum and B. sorokiniana to cause crown rot and common root rot across a range of winter cereal species requires investigation. In glasshouse trials, we inoculated one cultivar each of barley, bread wheat, durum wheat, oat and triticale with two strains of each of the four pathogens. At 21 days after inoculation, the sub-crown internode and leaf sheaths of each plant were visually rated for brown discoloration. Shoot length and dry weight of inoculated plants were compared with those of non-inoculated controls. Barley and bread wheat had the highest disease severity ratings on leaf sheaths and sub-crown internode (64.7–99.6%), whereas oat had the lowest disease severity ratings across all pathogens (<5%). The shoot length of all cultivars was significantly reduced (by 12.2–55%, P < 0.05) when exposed to F. pseudograminearum. This study provides a comparison of pathogenicity of crown rot and common root rot pathogens and demonstrates significant variation in visual discoloration and host response across a range of winter cereals.
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Sarmiento-Ramirez, Jullie M., Jolene Sim, Pieter Van West, and Javier Dieguez-Uribeondo. "Isolation of fungal pathogens from eggs of the endangered sea turtle species Chelonia mydas in Ascension Island." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001478.
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Fungal emerging pathogens are one of the main threats for global biodiversity. Sea turtles do not seem to be an exemption, and recent studies on important nesting areas worldwide have shown that two fungal pathogens, i.e. Fusarium falciforme and Fusarium keratoplasticum, are involved in low hatching success in nests of sea turtle species. Although the presence of these pathogens has been detected in Ascension Island, there are no investigations on the distribution of these two pathogens in main nesting beaches in the island. In this study, we analysed 109 eggshells of the species Chelonia mydas from four nesting areas in Ascension Island. We have isolated and identified a total of 46 fungal isolates. A phylogenetic analysis, of the ITS nrDNA region, with a number of reference sequences of the Fusarium solani species complex, showed that 23 of these isolates corresponded to the pathogen F. keratoplasticum. The analyses on isolation frequency, that included other previously obtained isolates, i.e. 11 F. keratoplasticum and one F. falciforme, showed that F. keratoplasticum was the species most frequently isolated in Ascension Island and it was found in all nesting beaches, while F. falciforme was only isolated from Pan Am beach. When compared with other nesting areas worldwide, the abundance of F. keratoplasticum over F. falciforme was higher than any other nesting region tested. These findings are important in order to evaluate the potential threat of this pathogen to nests of the sea turtle population of Ascension Island, and to develop future control strategies.
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Pastrana, Ana María, María José Basallote-Ureba, Ana Aguado, and Nieves Capote. "Potential Inoculum Sources and Incidence of Strawberry Soilborne Pathogens in Spain." Plant Disease 101, no. 5 (May 2017): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-16-1177-re.
Full textAbstract:
The decline and death of strawberry plants in Spanish fruit production fields have mainly been attributed to the soilborne pathogens Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora cactorum, and Fusarium spp. Inoculum sources of M. phaseolina and P. cactorum, and the incidence all three genera, were investigated in nurseries and fruit production fields over three consecutive seasons. M. phaseolina inoculum sources consisted of fumigated preplant fruit production soils (50%) and fumigated nursery soils (47%), although the pathogen could not be detected in nursery mother and runner plants. P. cactorum inoculum sources included nursery (20%) and preplant fruit production (17%) fumigated soils, and nursery runner plants (up to 15%). In fruit production plants, the average incidence of M. phaseolina and P. cactorum were 4.2 and 3.7%, respectively. Fusarium spp. inoculum sources could not be accessed extensively due to the lack of effective quantitative real-time PCR assays. Limited testing of nursery plants showed that Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) was absent. In field production plants and soil, F. solani was the main pathogenic Fusarium spp., with Fof only identified once in a fruit production plant. Ineffectively fumigated soils in nurseries and production fields, along with infected runner plants, can be inoculum sources of soilborne strawberry pathogens in Spain.
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Rekah, Y., D. Shtienberg, and J. Katan. "Disease Development Following Infection of Tomato and Basil Foliage by Airborne Conidia of the Soilborne Pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici." Phytopathology® 90, no. 12 (December 2000): 1322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.12.1322.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato, and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in basil, are soilborne pathogens capable of producing conspicuous masses of macroconidia along the stem. The role of the airborne propagules in the epidemics of the disease in tomato plants was studied. In the field, airborne propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici were trapped with a selective medium and their prevalence was determined. Plants grown in both covered and uncovered pots, detached from the field soil, and exposed to natural aerial inoculum developed typical symptoms (82 to 87% diseased plants). The distribution of inoculum in the growth medium in the pots also indicated the occurrence of foliage infection. In greenhouse, foliage and root inoculations were carried out with both tomato and basil and their respective pathogens. Temperature and duration of high relative humidity affected rate of colonization of tomato, but not of basil, by the respective pathogens. Disease incidence in foliage-inoculated plants reached 75 to 100%. In these plants, downward movement of the pathogens from the foliage to the crown and roots was observed. Wounding enhanced pathogen invasion and establishment in the foliage-inoculated plants. The sporulation of the two pathogens on stems, aerial dissemination, and foliage infection raise the need for foliage protection in addition to soil disinfestation, in the framework of an integrated disease management program.
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Fernandez, M. R., W. E. May, and G. P. Lafond. "Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09172.
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It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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puia, Zothan, W. Carrie, V. V. Leo, A. K. Passari, R. Lalmuanpuii Lalmuanpuii, and B. P. Singh. "In-vitro Evaluation of Actinobacteria for its Potential in Bio-control of Fungal Plant Pathogens." Science & Technology Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2019.07.01.11.
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Infections caused by fungal plant pathogens are recently recognized as a threat to food security worldwide and its control strategies need to be taken care where naturally synthesized fungicides such as those obtained from actinobacteria are becoming an area of great interest. A total of 68 isolates of actinobacteria were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against four fungal plant pathogens viz., Fusarium oxysporum CABI-293942, Fusarium udum MTCC-2755, Fusarium proliferatum MTCC-286 and Fusarium graminearum MTCC-1893 by dual culture assay. It was found that 83.8% of the isolates showed inhibitory activity against at least one of the tested plant pathogens with the percentage of inhibition ranging from 20–87.2. Thirteen Streptomyces isolates and one Nocardiposis isolate exhibited inhibition activity against all the tested pathogens. Overall, this study gives a basic understanding of the potential aspect of freshwater sediments derived actinobacteria against fungal phytopathogens.
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Goredema, N., T. Ndowora, R. Shoko, and E. Ngadze. "In vitro suppression of pathogenic fungi by Streptomyces spp." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.1.
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The use of living organisms or natural enemies of pathogens to control their populations is called biological disease control. It involves harnessing and introduction of exotic species of microorganism in a natural form, with the intention of controlling pathogens that may exist naturally in the same ecosystem. Prospects for biological control of Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium italicum were investigated using Streptomyces spp. isolated from Chinhoyi University of Technology Farm soils in Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Twenty seven Streptomyces spp were obtained from the soil, and screened for antimicrobial activity and antagonism in in vitro pathogen inhibition assays, replicated thrice. Although majority of the isolates tested elicited no effect on test pathogens, 22% of the Streptomyces isolates were able to effectively suppress A. flavus, F. oxysporum and P. italicum by at least 55%. There was a significant interaction between Streptomyces isolates and pathogen (A. flavus, F. oxysporum and P. italicum) (P<0.05) on fungal radial growth at days 7, 10 and 14 after pathogen-Streptomyces incubation. Antimicrobial potential against individual and multiple test pathogens was observed, with CUT-Streptomyces 4, CUT-Streptomyces 10, CUT-Streptomyces 11, CUT-Streptomyces 20 and CUT-Streptomyces 23 showing the greatest antimicrobial activity. CUT-Streptomyces isolates have the potential to suppress A. flavus, F. oxysporum and P. italicum in vitro.
Key words: Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium italicum
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Jevcsák, I., Bálint Oldal, and L. Ködöböcz. "Testing Methods Affecting the Antagonistic Ability of Pseudomonas Biocontrol Strains." Agrokémia és Talajtan 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2002): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.13.
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The antagonistic effect of thirteen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and thirteen strains of other Pseudomonas species was studied on the soil-borne phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani fungi. The inhibition of pathogen colony growth was tested with two different in vitro techniques using the same type of culture media. In case of the spread slant technique the antagonists induced a significantly stronger inhibition on the growth of pathogens than in case of spot transfer. Among the 26 investigated Pseudomonas strains, P. aeruginosa strains were generally more effective against the fungal pathogens. Rhizoctonia solani proved to be affected to a greater extent by the bacterial strains studied than the Fusarium solani representative. The possibility of in vitro strain selection of biocontrol microbes is being further discussed .
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Assefa, Mekonnen, Woubit Dawit, Alemu Lencho, and Tariku Hunduma. "Assessment of Wilt Intensity and Identification of Causal Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens on Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Bako Tibbe and Nonno Districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia." International Journal of Phytopathology 4, no. 1 (May 2, 2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.004.01.0972.
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Pepper wilt disease intensity was assessed on-farm in Bako Tibbe and Nonno districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia during the main cropping season of October 2012. The wilt causing pathogens were identified from 50 diseased samples collected from the two districts. Of the 120 hot pepper fields surveyed, 116 fields were found to be infected with wilt disease. The overall percent prevalence and incidence of wilt disease was 96.7 and 86.4%, respectively. Identification and pathogenicity tests revealed that Ralstonia solanacearum and four fungal wilt pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp.) were detected in the surveyed fields. The percentage of occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp. were 45.0, 17.48, 12.59 and 11.89%, respectively; whereas, the frequency of R. solanacearum was 100%. Wilt disease in pepper in these two districts was caused by more than one wilt causing pathogen, thus management strategies should focus on these complex pathogens.
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Stępień, Łukasz. "Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091404.
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It has been over 200 years since Fusarium pathogens were described for the first time, and they are still in the spotlight of researchers worldwide, mostly due to their mycotoxigenic abilities and subsequent introduction of harmful metabolites into the food chain [...]
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Nayak, Shubhransu. "Potential Bacterial Antagonists from Cowshed Air for the Management of Fusarium Pathogens in Stored Rice." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 5, no. 5 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000178.
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Rice is the principal staple food for more than half population of earth which is infested by many pathogens including Fusarium . Numbers of Fusarium species are responsible for causing pathogenic implications in rice like bakanae, rot, blight, etc. Majority of them produce mycotoxins which are responsible for human and animal toxicity and the cause of cancer disease. Adoption of biological control methods utilizing microbial antagonists might be an eco-friendly option. Bacterial species including Bacillus species have been isolated from various sources for utilisation as biocontrol agents to combat crop pathogens. Cow dung and the cow shed air have been a good source of such antagonistic bacteria. Hence, in the current study eighteen bacteria (BC1 to BC18) including Bacillus species have been isolated from cow shed air and paddy seeds stored in cowshed of Odisha, India. Bacteria isolated from domestic cowshed showed excellent inhibitory capacity than those of commercial cowshed against pathogenic Fusarium F90 and pathogenic as well as fumonisin producing Fusarium F55. Non-fumonisin producer Fusarium F90 was inhibited relatively with higher degree by all the antagonistic bacteria even it was completely suppressed by BC6 after three days of interaction. Paddy seeds stored in cowshed were found to be saturated with cowshed antagonistic bacteria. These bacterial antagonists hold potential to be utilized as Biological Control Agents (BCA) for safeguarding rice production. Investigation on more number of bacterial species from more cowsheds will definitely give more insights in the pattern and mode of inhibition.
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Pujiarto, Djoko, Bonny Poernomo Wahyu Soekarno, and Akhiruddin Maddu. "Deteksi Cepat Fusarium sp. pada Benih Kedelai Menggunakan Metode Spektroskopi Fluoresens." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 14, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.14.3.97.
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Rapid Detection Method for Fusarium sp. on Soybean Seed Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy MethodSeed borne pathogens play an important role as source of inoculum for disease in the field. Seed health testing is applied in order to prevent risks caused by seed borne pathogen. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a potential technology to be used as detection method for seed borne pathogen. Research was conducted to develop rapid detection protocol for seed borne pathogenic fungus by fluorescence spectroscopy method. The result showed that fluorescence spectroscopy could detect fluorescence emission of metabolite of Fusarium sp. after soybean seeds were incubated for 24 hr. Metabolite of Fusarium sp. produced cyan fluorescent at peak wavelength emission 504 nm when excited to violet light (405 nm). Fusarium sp. displayed typical fluorescence emission spectra which differ from fluorescence emission spectra of growth medium potato dextrose broth (PDB) (502 nm). It was evidenced that fluorescence spectroscopy method can be used to detect pathogenic seed borne fungi.
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María I, Dinolfo, Castañares Eliana, and Stenglein Sebastián A. "Fusarium–plant interaction: state of the art – a review." Plant Protection Science 53, No. 2 (February 10, 2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-pps.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most important genera able to develop diseases in cereals is Fusarium which not only produces losses by the fungal presence but also mycotoxin production harmful to human and animal consumers. In the environment, plants are continuously threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the latter, pathogens gained importance mainly due to their ability to affect the plant fitness. To protect against potential attacks, plants have developed strategies in which phytohormones have an essential role. In plant–pathogen interactions, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates are the most important, but there are also auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and peptide hormones involved in plant defence. The interaction between Fusarium species and plants used as models has been developed to allow understanding the plant behaviour against this kind of pathogen with the aim to develop several strategies to decrease the Fusarium disease effects.
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László, E., B. Varga, and O. Veisz. "Composition of Fusarium species causing natural spike infection in wheat." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.59.2011.3.9.
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Numerous Fusarium species have been associated with the Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of wheat, barley and other small-grain cereals, reducing worldwide cereal crop yields and, as a consequence of their mycotoxin production in the cereal grain, having an impact on both human and animal health.The year 2010 was extremely favourable for Fusarium head blight pathogens. Over a hundred symptomatic wheat heads were collected from various locations in Hungary. The aim was to determine the diversity of the Fusarium species infecting winter wheat ears. A total of 86 Fusarium spp. were morphologically identified from diseased kernels. F. sambucinum was found to be present in two of the Martonvásár samples. This pathogen had only previously been detected extremely sporadically. The species F. culmorum and F. verticillioides were found at a much lower rate than expected, while none of the isolates were identified as F. poae. On the basis of the results, 95% of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium graminearum species complex.
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Mohamed Zubi, Wafa S., Masratul Hawa Mohd, Nik Mohd Izham Mohamed Nor, and Latiffah Zakaria. "Fusarium Species in Mangrove Soil in Northern Peninsular Malaysia and the Soil Physico-Chemical Properties." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030497.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium genus comprises important saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungi and is widespread in nature. The present study reports the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in soils from two mangrove forests in northern Peninsular Malaysia and analyzed physico-chemical properties of the mangrove soil. Based on TEF-1α sequences, nine Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) (n = 77), Fusarium verticillioides (n = 20), Fusarium incarnatum (n = 10), Fusarium proliferatum (n = 7), Fusarium lateritium (n = 4), Fusarium oxysporum (n = 3), Fusarium rigidiuscula (n = 2), Fusarium chlamydosporum (n = 1), and Fusarium camptoceras (n = 1); FSSC isolates were the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined TEF-1α and ITS sequences revealed diverse phylogenetic affinities among the FSSC isolates and potentially new phylogenetic clades of FSSC. Soil analysis showed varied carbon content, pH, soil moisture, and salinity, but not nitrogen content, between sampling locations. Regardless of the physico-chemical properties, various Fusarium species were recovered from the mangrove soils. These were likely saprophytes; however, some were well-known plant pathogens and opportunistic human pathogens. Thus, mangrove soils might serve as inoculum sources for plant and human pathogenic Fusarium species. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of various Fusarium species in the extreme environment of mangrove soil, thereby contributing to the knowledge on species diversity in Fusarium.
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Wang, Bo, Curt L. Brubaker, and Jeremy J. Burdon. "Fusarium species and Fusarium wilt pathogens associated with native Gossypium populations in Australia." Mycological Research 108, no. 1 (January 2004): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203008803.
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Perincherry, Lakshmipriya, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, and Łukasz Stępień. "Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions." Toxins 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110664.
Full textAbstract:
Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection.
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Mariana, Mariana, and Ismed Setya Budi. "RESISTANCE OF LOCAL BANANA VARIETIES TO FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v3i1.44.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium wilt is one of the important banana diseases that lead to low quality and quantity of banana production. The objective of this study was to examine and study the resistance of some local banana varieties to fusarium wilt. Pathogens were isolated from the weevil of kepok banana (saba banana) that showed severe symptoms of Fusarium wilt. The inoculum was prepared by propagating the pathogens on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Inoculation was carried out using mycelium fragment suspension (12 mg hyphae mL-1 tween 20 0.05%). The roots of the two-week Ambon banana were injured and immersed in the suspension. Pathogens were determined using Koch's postulates. The varieties tested were seven (7) local banana varieties grown in South Kalimantan. Levels of resistance were determined based on the scale of Leaf Symptom Index (LSI). The pathogens were identified as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. The results showed that there were differences in the levels of resistance; Kepok banana (highly susceptible); yellow Ambon, Awa, Susu, Mahuli and Talas bananas (susceptible), and Manggala banana (tolerant).
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Thompson, Michelle, and Manish Raizada. "Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road." Pathogens 7, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7040081.
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Silks are the long threads at the tips of maize ears onto which pollen land and sperm nuclei travel long distances to fertilize egg cells, giving rise to embryos and seeds; however fungal pathogens also use this route to invade developing grain, causing damaging ear rots with dangerous mycotoxins. This review highlights the importance of silks as the direct highways by which globally important fungal pathogens enter maize kernels. First, the most important silk-entering fungal pathogens in maize are reviewed, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, and their mycotoxins. Next, we compare the different modes used by each fungal pathogen to invade the silks, including susceptible time intervals and the effects of pollination. Innate silk defences and current strategies to protect silks from ear rot pathogens are reviewed, and future protective strategies and silk-based research are proposed. There is a particular gap in knowledge of how to improve silk health and defences around the time of pollination, and a need for protective silk sprays or other technologies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate innovations in breeding, inputs, and techniques to help growers protect silks, which are expected to become more vulnerable to pathogens due to climate change.
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Kanapin, Alexander, Anastasia Samsonova, Tatyana Rozhmina, Michael Bankin, Anton Logachev, and Maria Samsonova. "The Genome Sequence of Five Highly Pathogenic Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 9 (September 2020): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0130-sc.
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Fusarium wilt is the most destructive fungal disease in flax, limiting flax cultivation in all the main flax and linseed growing countries. The causative agent is seedborne and soilborne fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. Here, we report, for the first time, genome assemblies of five highly pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, namely monoisolate 39 and strains F329, F324, F282, F287. In addition, syntenic analysis provided a powerful approach to distinguish between core and lineage-specific parts of the genome. These results lay a solid foundation for comparative genomics studies of plant fungal pathogens, evolution of pathogenicity, and virulence factors underlying the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, thus eventually offering solutions to Fusarium disease control.
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Brandler, Daiani, Luan Junior Divensi, Rodrigo José Tonin, Thalita Pedrozo Pilla, Ines Rezendes, and Paola Mendes Milanesi. "Evaluation of biological control of fusarium wilt in gerbera with Trichoderma asperellum." Ornamental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (September 12, 2017): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i3.1047.
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The increase in flower cultivation in recent years has been reflecting the higher incidence of soil pathogens that can cause serious problems. This study aimed to evaluate the biological control of Fusarium wilt in gerbera with Trichoderma asperellum. The evaluated treatments were: T1) Control, only sterile substrate; T2) Substrate + Fusarium oxysporum; T3) Substrate + Fusarium oxysporum + Trichoderma asperellum; and T4) Substrate + Trichoderma asperellum. For this, the pathogen was isolated from gerbera with disease symptoms and, subsequently, it was identified according to morphological characters. Furthermore, the degree of antagonism of T. asperellum against F. oxysporum was evaluated through the culture pairing test. For greenhouse evaluations, commercial autoclaved substrate was used and infested with corn grains infected by the pathogen. Morphological identification confirmed the pathogen species as Fusarium oxysporum. In the culture pairing test, it was found that T. asperellum did not present a high degree of antagonism. The plants cultivated on substrate infested by the pathogen had no visible symptoms of wilt, but the substrate infestation with the pathogen provided lower values of fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots. The treatment with T. asperellum obtained higher values of fresh and dry mass of both shoots and roots, and also more vigorous inflorescences in relation to the plants treated with the pathogen
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Janni, Michela, Luca Sella, Francesco Favaron, Ann E. Blechl, Giulia De Lorenzo, and Renato D'Ovidio. "The Expression of a Bean PGIP in Transgenic Wheat Confers Increased Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 2 (February 2008): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0171.
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A possible strategy to control plant pathogens is the improvement of natural plant defense mechanisms against the tools that pathogens commonly use to penetrate and colonize the host tissue. One of these mechanisms is represented by the host plant's ability to inhibit the pathogen's capacity to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIP) are plant defense cell wall glycoproteins that inhibit the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases (endo-PGs). To assess the effectiveness of these proteins in protecting wheat from fungal pathogens, we produced a number of transgenic wheat lines expressing a bean PGIP (PvPGIP2) having a wide spectrum of specificities against fungal PGs. Three independent transgenic lines were characterized in detail, including determination of the levels of PvPGIP2 accumulation and its subcellular localization and inhibitory activity. Results show that the transgene-encoded protein is correctly secreted into the apoplast, maintains its characteristic recognition specificities, and endows the transgenic wheat with new PG recognition capabilities. As a consequence, transgenic wheat tissue showed increased resistance to digestion by the PG of Fusarium moniliforme. These new properties also were confirmed at the plant level during interactions with the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. All three lines showed significant reductions in symptom progression (46 to 50%) through the leaves following infection with this pathogen. Our results illustrate the feasibility of improving wheat's defenses against pathogens by expression of proteins with new capabilities to counteract those produced by the pathogens.
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Moya-Elizondo, Ernesto A., Barry J. Jacobsen, Andrew C. Hogg, and Alan T. Dyer. "Population Dynamics Between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Wheat Stems Using Real-Time qPCR." Plant Disease 95, no. 9 (September 2011): 1089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0794.
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Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana are causal agents of Fusarium crown rot and common root rot, respectively, of wheat and cause significant losses worldwide. Understanding the population dynamics between these two pathogens at late stages of wheat development is needed. The effect of F. pseudograminearum and B. sorokiniana inocula applied singly or in mixtures at seeding to spring wheat ‘Hank’ was measured using seedling stand, grain yield, and pathogen populations in the first internode at heading, milk, and harvest stage of wheat development using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. High and low rates of F. pseudograminearum inoculum reduced B. sorokiniana populations in field trials but B. sorokiniana inoculations did not affect F. pseudograminearum populations. Populations of both pathogens increased from heading until harvest, with F. pseudograminearum colonizing lower internodes earlier than B. sorokiniana. Neither pathogen prevented infection by the other in the first internode of wheat stems. Inoculations increased incidence of infection and co-infection relative to natural settings observed for both pathogens. At the seedling stage, both fungi, individually or combined, reduced the seedling stands when compared with a noninoculated control for the three location–years. Grain yield and F. pseudograminearum populations were inversely correlated, while B. sorokiniana populations were not correlated with yield.
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Gherbawy, Y., M. El-Tayeb, T. Maghraby, Y. Shebany, and B. El-Deeb. "Response of antioxidant enzymes and some metabolic activities in wheat to Fusarium spp. Infections." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.60.2012.4.3.
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Inoculating wheat (cv. Giza 164) with various Fusarium species had different effects on the catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in different plant tissues. The CAT activity induced in the shoots of wheat plants by some pathogens (F. merismoides, F. moniliforme, F. poae and F. sambucinum) was relatively higher than that induced by other pathogens. The results showed an increase in POX activity in infected shoots except those inoculated with F. sambucinum, where the POX activity decreased. Inoculating wheat plants with individual Fusarium species or with a mixture of pathogens caused an increase in APX in the shoots, except for those treated with F. poae, where the APX activity decreased. The activity of these antioxidant enzymes thus increased in most cases in the shoot system of wheat plants under Fusarium infection. Investigations on the metabolic activity of wheat plants inouculated with individual Fusarium species or with a mixture of pathogens showed higher contents of all the protein fractions, soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. The K+ and Ca2+ concentrations decreased to various extents in different cases. The Na+ content increased in wheat shoots, especially after inoculation with F. merismoides. The results signify that the most serious infection was caused by F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. oxysporum and by a mixture of all the Fusarium species.
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Schiwek, Simon, Lukas Beule, Maria Vinas, Annette Pfordt, Andreas von Tiedemann, and Petr Karlovsky. "High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Curve Assay for the Identification of Eight Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot in Maize." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040270.
Full textAbstract:
Maize plants are often infected with fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium. Taxonomic characterization of these species by microscopic examination of pure cultures or assignment to mating populations is time-consuming and requires specific expertise. Reliable taxonomic assignment may be strengthened by the analysis of DNA sequences. Species-specific PCR assays are available for most Fusarium pathogens, but the number of species that infect maize increases the labor and costs required for analysis. In this work, a diagnostic assay for major Fusarium pathogens of maize based on the analysis of melting curves of PCR amplicons was established. Short segments of genes RPB2 and TEF-1α, which have been widely used in molecular taxonomy of Fusarium, were amplified with universal primers in a real-time thermocycler and high-resolution melting (HRM) curves of the products were recorded. Among major Fusarium pathogens of maize ears, F. cerealis, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. poae, F. temperatum, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides, all species except for the pair F. culmorum/F. graminearum could be distinguished by HRM analysis of a 304 bp segment of the RPB2 gene. The latter two species could be differentiated by HRM analysis of a 247 bp segment of the TEF-1α gene. The assay was validated with DNA extracted from pure cultures of fungal strains, successfully applied to total DNA extracted from infected maize ears and also to fungal mycelium that was added directly to the PCR master mix (“colony PCR”). HRM analysis thus offers a cost-efficient method suitable for the diagnosis of multiple fungal pathogens.
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Downer, A. James, Janice Y. Uchida, Donald R. Hodel, and Monica L. Elliott. "Lethal Palm Diseases Common in the United States." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.710.
Full textAbstract:
Palms (Arecaceae) are affected by a variety of pathogens, most of which are fungi. We detail pathogens, host ranges, disease description, diagnosis and epidemiology as well as management for the significant, usually fatal, diseases affecting palms grown in the continental United States and Hawaii. These include fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis) of canary island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), diamond scale (Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae), ganoderma butt rot (Ganoderma zonatum), lethal yellowing (Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae subgroup 16SrIV-A), and diseases caused by Nalanthamala (Gliocladium), Phytophthora, and Thielaviopsis. We have omitted the leaf spot and minor blight diseases that often affect palms but pose no long-term consequence to their health and survival. Visual symptoms of lethal palm diseases are often similar, necessitating the isolation or detection of the pathogen with cultural, microscopic, or molecular methods. Management of palm diseases is varied, often requiring in-depth knowledge of the biology of the pathogen and its' infection process. Quarantine, eradication, sanitation, and proper species selection and culture are necessary practices to limit the spread of new and existing diseases of palms in landscapes and nurseries.
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Nelson, Amy J., Karol S. Elias, E. Arévalo G., Lee C. Darlington, and Bryan A. Bailey. "Genetic Characterization by RAPD Analysis of Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli Associated with an Emerging Epidemic in Peru." Phytopathology® 87, no. 12 (December 1997): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.12.1220.
Full textAbstract:
An epidemic of vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli is currently occurring on Erythroxylum coca var. coca in the coca-growing regions of the Huallaga Valley in Peru. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of isolates of the pathogen was undertaken to elucidate its genetic complexity, as well as to identify a specific DNA fingerprint for the pathogen. Two hundred isolates of Fusarium were collected from 10 coca-growing regions in Peru. Of these, 187 were confirmed to be F. oxysporum, and 143 of the F. oxysporum were shown to be pathogens of coca by a root-dip pathogenicity test. The pathogens could be grouped into two subpopulations based on RAPD analysis, and no polymorphism in RAPD pattern was observed among isolates of either subpopulation. Both subpopulations were present in the central Huallaga Valley, where earliest reports of the epidemic occurred. RAPD analysis could easily distinguish the isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli from the nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum from E. coca var. coca, indicating its utility in DNA fingerprinting.
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Fernandez, M. R., P. Basnyat, and R. P. Zentner. "Response of wheat root pathogens to crop management in eastern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07005.
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A survey of common root rot in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) crops was conducted in eastern Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2001 to investigate the association of agronomic practices with disease and fungal populations, in particular Fusarium species associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a disease of increasing importance in this region. Spring wheat preceded by summerfallow, or grown after a sequence that included summerfallow and a cereal crop, had increased levels of Cochliobolus sativus and lower levels of most Fusarium spp. in discoloured subcrown internodes. Cropping sequences that included at least one noncereal crop in the previous 2 yr resulted in higher percentage isolations of F. avenaceum and F. graminearum than sequences which did not include noncereal crops. Highest levels of F. avenaceum, the most common FHB pathogen in the province, were observed when the previous crop was a pulse. Tillage system effects depended on the previous crop. When wheat was preceded by an oilseed crop, C. sativus decreased as the number of tillage operations decreased, whereas F. avenaceum and M icrodochium bolleyi increased with a reduction in tillage. Associations of fungal isolations with previous glyphosate use were negative for C. sativus and positive for F. avenaceum and M. bolleyi, although these effects varied depending on tillage system. Increased levels of important Fusarium pathogens were thus associated with current trends in production practices, namely continuously cropped diversified rotations and less reliance on mechanical soil tillage. Further investigation into the relative role of tillage intensity and glyphosate use versus cropping sequence on Fusarium populations in underground wheat tissue is needed. Key words: Common root rot, wheat, Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium, tillage, glyphosate, crop rotation, nitrogen
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Ploetz, Randy C. "Fusarium-Induced Diseases of Tropical, Perennial Crops." Phytopathology® 96, no. 6 (June 2006): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0648.
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The world's oldest ecosystems are found in the tropics. They are diverse, highly evolved, but barely understood. This and subsequent papers describe diseases of tropical, perennial plants that are caused by Fusarium spp. Many of these are economically significant, difficult to manage, and of scientific interest. Some represent coevolved patho-systems (e.g., Panama disease, tracheomycosis of coffee, fusariosis of pineapple, and Fusarium wilt of oil palm), whereas others may be new-encounter diseases or are caused by generalist pathogens (cushion gall of cacao). New vector relationships are evident in other pathosystems (e.g., mango malformation), and two or more pathogens have been shown to cause some of the diseases (Panama disease and tracheomycosis of coffee). More work on these pathosystems is warranted as they could reveal much about the evolution of plant pathogens and the important diseases they cause.
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Machado Wood, Ana K., Vinay Panwar, Mike Grimwade-Mann, Tom Ashfield, Kim E. Hammond-Kosack, and Kostya Kanyuka. "The vesicular trafficking system component MIN7 is required for minimizing Fusarium graminearum infection." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 13 (April 20, 2021): 5010–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab170.
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Abstract Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms, referred to as innate immunity, to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens. Plants often respond rapidly to pathogen attack by the synthesis and delivery to the primary infection sites of various antimicrobial compounds, proteins, and small RNA in membrane vesicles. Much of the evidence regarding the importance of vesicular trafficking in plant–pathogen interactions comes from studies involving model plants whereas this process is relatively understudied in crop plants. Here we assessed whether the vesicular trafficking system components previously implicated in immunity in Arabidopsis play a role in the interaction with Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen well-known for its ability to cause Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. Among the analysed vesicular trafficking mutants, two independent T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtMin7 gene displayed a markedly enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Earlier studies identified this gene, encoding an ARF-GEF protein, as a target for the HopM1 effector of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which destabilizes MIN7 leading to its degradation and weakening host defenses. To test whether this key vesicular trafficking component may also contribute to defense in crop plants, we identified the candidate TaMin7 genes in wheat and knocked-down their expression through virus-induced gene silencing. Wheat plants in which TaMin7 genes were silenced displayed significantly more Fusarium head blight disease. This suggests that disruption of MIN7 function in both model and crop plants compromises the trafficking of innate immunity signals or products resulting in hypersusceptibility to various pathogens.
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Ambar, Ambar susanti, Nur Afifah, and Ruri Febrianti. "THE SUPPRESSION OF TWO ENDOFIT FUNGUS AGAINST PATHOGEN IN GONDANG MANIS JAMAICAN APPLE." VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian 15, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v15i1.1282.
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This study aims to determine the ability of two endophytic fungi in Gondang Manis jamaican apple to inhibit the development of indigenous pathogenic fungi on these plants. The isolates of Trichoderma sp and Metarhizium sp were obtained from the exploration of endophytic fungi on the tissue of the Gondang Manis jamaican apple plant, while Fusarium sp was the result of exploration on the rhizosphere soil of the plant. Tests were carried out in vitro with a dual culture method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with FT (Fusarium - Trichoderma) and FM (Fusarium - Metarhizium) treatments, each with 5 replications. Determination of the resistance level based on PIRG and Bell Rating. Analysis using ANOVA p (˂0.05) and LSD test (p˃ 0.05). The results showed that Trichoderma sp has a high inhibiting ability (PIRG = 70%; Bell Rating = 2) against Fusarium sp, while Metarhizium sp is considered low (PIRG = 20.5%; Bell rating = 4). This shows that Trichoderma sp. Isolate has a better ability than Metarhizium sp in inhibiting the development of Fusarium sp. The mechanism of inhibition of the pathogen Fusarium sp by Trichoderma sp is to seize nutrients from pathogens
Key word : Inhibition, Fusarium sp, Metarhizium sp, Trichoderma sp.