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1
Nyawakira, Bernard 1955. "Evaluation of two furrow infiltration measuring methods and furrow spacings." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277171.
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The effect of furrow spacing on infiltration should be determined in order to properly design an irrigation system. The blocked furrow infiltrometer (BFI) and the flowing furrow infiltrometer (FFI) methods were investigated for this purpose in two areas upon a precision field furrow. Three irrigations were performed in each method. The initial and final soil moisture contents (before and after irrigation), the furrow cross-section (before and after irrigation), the inflow volume and the furrow water surface elevations (during irrigation) were measured in each test furrow. Cumulative infiltration and infiltration rates were determined for each irrigation. The results indicate that the FFI test furrows infiltrated more water than did the BFI test furrows for the same infiltration time. The infiltration rates were higher in the FFI test furrows than in the BFI test furrows until they approach the basic intake rate. The infiltration rates were also higher during the 0.90 m spacing tests than during the 1.80 m spacing tests. The 0.90 m spacing test furrows infiltrated more water than did the 1.80 m spacing test furrows.
2
Silva, Euzebio Medrado da. "Analysis of furrow irrigation uniformity as affected by furrow spacing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185190.
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This research examines the effects of furrow spacing on irrigation uniformity and efficiency. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to obtain information on soil physical characteristics, furrow infiltration and water advance data in order to validate the theoretical results. A furrow infiltration model based on Richards' equation and a finite element technique is developed and used to predict infiltrated depths in the transverse and longitudinal directions relative to the furrow centerline and furrow inlet, respectively. The model predicted measured furrow infiltration in the field from the third irrigation but failed to do so for the first and second irrigations. Simulations of furrow irrigation in a hypothetical soil with various furrow spacings showed that cumulative infiltration is not affected by furrow spacing until the lateral wetting front reaches the imaginary vertical boundary located midway between two furrows. An analysis of uniformity and efficiency from predicted water distribution profiles from field irrigated furrows are conclusive in that the use of longitudinal water distribution profile alone is not enough to assess the performance of furrow irrigation. The transverse distribution of infiltrated depths which is a function of furrow spacing must be included in the analysis.
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Thaemert, David Karl 1967. "Kostiakov infiltration functions for level furrow design." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277841.
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More efficient water application is generally achieved when the design parameters match actual field conditions. On four sites, Kostiakov infiltration functions were derived from cylinder and blocked furrow infiltrometers and SCS (Soil Conservation Service) intake families according to soil type. An infiltration function was also developed using a hydrodynamic computer model to adjust equation parameters to fit field data. Computer simulations of level furrow irrigation, using each Kostiakov infiltration function, were compared to actual field data. Excluding those functions fit to the field data, Kostiakov infiltration functions obtained from blocked furrow infiltrometers generally provided the most consistent input for level furrow irrigation design and evaluation.
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Manning, Charles Roger 1956. "Infiltration parameters for mathematical models of furrow irrigation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278286.
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The effort to improve furrow irrigation design and management by use of mathematical models is hampered by the difficulty of obtaining infiltration parameters that adequately describe the infiltration process in furrows. This difficulty is related to the effect on infiltration of the variability of wetted width of a furrow with depth. Detailed field measurements of twelve furrow irrigations were used to develop infiltration parameters based on three different assumptions regarding the variation of wetted width with depth. These infiltration parameters were used as input into a mathematical model of furrow irrigation, SRFR. Comparison of measured advance times, water surface elevations and volume of water infiltrated with these values computed by SRFR indicates that SRFR gives consistent results based on the input parameters.
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Esfandiari, Baiat Mansour, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Agriculture Faculty, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Evaluation of furrow irrigation models for south-east Australia." THESIS_FSTA_ARD_EsfandiariBaiat_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/739.
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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of selected furrow irrigation models for field conditions in south-east Australia. The other important aspects which were examined during this study include: developing a methodology for estimating of infiltrating characteristics, assessing the applicability of the Manning and other similar equations for flows in furrow irrigation, investigating the variation of shape factor during irrigation developing methodology for estimation of recession time and exploring the sensitivity of the models to the input parameters. Field experiments were conducted at Walla Park in northern N.S.W. and on two selected paddocks at the University Farm, Richmond, in western Sydney,Australia, over a period of three years. The validity of the assumption that the shape factor of advancing water front during furrow irrigation varies between 0.7 and 0.8 was investigated using field data collected from irrigation events monitored in the study. It was found that the average values of the shape factor varied from 0.96 to 1.80 at Walla Park site, from 0.56 to 0.80 at Field Services unit paddock site and from 0.78 to 0.84 at Horticulture Farm paddock site. The value of shape factor was affected by uniformity of furrow cross section along the length, the value and uniformity of furrow slope, furrow length and infiltration characteristics of soil. This means it is difficult to recommend a typical value for the shape factor for a given field situation.The performance of the models for prediction of advance and recession characteristics and runoff were evaluated using different indices of performance. In general, it was found that the Walker-HD and ZI model was the most satisfactory for the field conditions encountered in this study. This finding can provide a basis for initiating work on developing design criteria and management strategies for furrow irrigation in south-east Australia.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Thompson, Tassy Ellen. "Furrow: a multi-media journey in improvisation and performance." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1318957826.
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Norton, E. R., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Evaluation of a Drip Vs. Furrow Irrigated Cotton Production System." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211297.
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A newly installed subsurface drip system was compared to a conventional furrow-irrigated cotton production system in the Marana Valley in 2000. Regular measurements included soil moisture, flower tagging, general plant growth and development measurements, and lint yield. Results indicate that an increase in lint yield of approximately 250 lbs. lint/acre was obtained under the drip irrigation system. Approximately 1/3 less irrigation water was used under the drip irrigation system. Pounds of lint produced per acre-inch of water applied provide the most dramatic results. In the furrow-irrigated system approximately 25 lbs. of lint was produced per inch of water applied while the drip system ranged from 70-80.
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Chernicky, J. P., and K. C. Hamilton. "Application of Herbicides in Cotton Through Gravity Flow Furrow Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219728.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the potential of applying herbicides in the irrigation water during a furrow irrigation as an alternate method of herbicide application in cotton. Further research is needed to study this method of applying herbicides. If a program could be designed for the Arizona cotton grower, it would help reduce production costs. However before this method can be recommended the environmental impact of such a treatment must be investigated to prevent jeopardizing currently labelled herbicides in cotton.
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Su, K. C. "Control of cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis in human cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1382591/.
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Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle. It partitions sister genomes and separates the cytoplasm of nascent daughter cells. Cytokinesis is initiated by the formation of a cleavage furrow whose ingression is powered by an actomyosin network known as the contractile ring. Following furrow ingression, the process of cell separation is completed by a membrane scission reaction. For the accurate inheritance of genetic information, it is crucial that furrow formation is initiated at the cell equator between segregating chromosomes and that this occurs after chromatin has cleared the cleavage plane. In animal cells, the mitotic spindle plays a pivotal role in the formation and placement of the cleavage furrow. The coupling of cytokinesis and chromosome segregation to the mitotic spindle ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic division are tightly coordinated. The spindle midzone, a structure that is formed at anaphase onset between segregating sister genomes, is thought to play an important instructive role during cleavage furrow formation. How the mitotic spindle controls cytokinetic events at the cell envelope is a key challenge in cell division research. Formation of the cytokinetic furrow in animal cells requires activation of the GTPase RhoA by the conserved guanine nucleotide exchange factor Ect2. How Ect2, which is associated with the spindle midzone, controls RhoA activity at the equatorial cell periphery during anaphase is not understood. Using a genetic complementation system, I have been able to replace the endogenous Ect2 protein with a fluorescently-tagged transgene to study its dynamic localization during cytokinesis. Using live-cell time-lapse microscopy, I found that Ect2 concentrates not only at the spindle midzone but also accumulates at equatorial plasma membrane during cytokinesis. The association of Ect2 with the plasma membrane in vivo involves a pleckstrin homology domain and a polybasic cluster that bind to phosphoinositide lipids in vitro. I further demonstrated that both guanine nucleotide exchange activity and the membrane targeting domains of Ect2 are essential for RhoA activation, contractile ring formation and cleavage furrow ingression in human cells. Membrane localization of Ect2 is spatially confined to the equator by centralspindlin, Ect2’s spindle midzone anchor complex, and is also temporally coordinated with chromosome segregation through the activation state of Cdk1. My results suggest that targeting of Ect2 to the equatorial membrane may represent a key step in the delivery of the cytokinetic signal to the cortex.
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Xie, Shicong Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Coordination of cellular force-generation during Drosophila ventral furrow formation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103272.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computational and Systems Biology Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 107-115).
Spatiotemporally coordinated cell behavior is observed during morphogenesis, in both embryonic development as well as tissue regeneration. An open question is how individual cells collectively generate force to achieve the correct tissue architecture. This thesis examines how the apical forces generated by Drosophila ventral furrow cells undergoing collective apical constriction are coordinated to fold the tissue. In Chapter 2, I investigate how discrete actomyosin contraction events are coordinated in time and between neighboring cells to yield tissue contraction and folding. I developed a computational pipeline to identify and classify contraction events from live images of ventral furrow formation. Using this framework, I found heterogeneity in contraction events, both in terms of contraction intensity as well as apical area behavior. I found that apical constricting cells transition in contractile behavior over time, from undergoing reversible contractions into a ratcheted state where contractions are irreversible. High expression of the transcription factor Twist is required for the transition into this irreversible, ratcheted state, which is associated with more neighboring contractions as well as cooperative interactions between neighbors. In Chapter 3, I examined how contractility is buffered against heterogeneity in cell apical area. I found that Cta-signaling is required to robustly maintain apical Factin cortex that can support contracting over larger apical distances. Without this buffering, apically larger cells progressively lose apical F-actin and exhibit delayed initiation of actomyosin contractions, leading to a lack of coordinated constriction.
by Shicong Xie.
Ph. D.
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McClymont, David Jeffrey. "Development of a decision support system for furrow and border irrigation." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2007. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004083/.
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[Abstract]: Furrow and border irrigation practices in Australia and around the world are typically inefficient. Recent advances in computer-based surface irrigationdecision support technology have the potential to improve performance, but have had little uptake. Despite considerable academic achievements with individualcomponents of the technology, the implementation of this knowledge into usable tools has been immature, hindering adoption. In particular, there has been littleprogress in encapsulating the different decision support components into a standalone system for surface irrigation. Therefore, the research problem addressed in this dissertation aims to develop a new decision support system for furrow and border irrigation aimed at increasing the usability of the technology, and improving decision making capabilities. Specifically the research hypothesis is:“That calibration, optimisation, and parameter analysis capabilities can be developed and integrated with an accurate and robust simulation model into a decision support system to improve furrow and border irrigation performance.”Six research objectives have been identified to support the hypothesis including: (RO1) investigate existing surface irrigation modelling technology to determine amodel and solution technique structure suitable for incorporating into a decision support system; (RO2) develop a robust reliable simulation engine for furrow andborder irrigation for automation within a decision support system under optimisation and systematic response evaluation; (RO3) investigate and develop parameter estimation (calibration) capabilities for the decision support system; (RO4) investigate and develop optimisation capabilities for the decision support system; (RO5) investigate and develop parameter response (design charts)capabilities for the decision support system; and (RO6) develop an objectoriented framework to combine the components developed in Research Objectives 2 to 5 with data management facilities and a graphical user interface.Successful completion of these objectives has resulted in the development of a decision support system for furrow and border irrigation featuring an automationcapablehydrodynamic simulation engine, automated full-hydrodynamic inverse solution, automated optimisation of design and management variables, and automated user-definable real-time generation of system response. This wascombined with a highly flexible object-oriented program structure and webbrowser-like graphical user interface. Each of these components represents a unique implementation of the required functionalities, differing from the established software packages (such as SIRMOD and WinSRFR) that use alternate technologies with no automation or optimisation capabilities.Development of the hydrodynamic simulation engine has involved the refinement of the commonly used implicit double-sweep methodology with the objectives ofachieving robustness and reliability under automation. It was subsequently found that only subtle changes and manipulations were required in much of thenumerical methodology, including derivation of simplified solution equations. The main focus of this research has targeted the computational algorithms that drivethe numerical solution process. Key factors effecting robustness and reliability were identified in a study of simulation operation, and treated through thesealgorithms. Validation was undertaken against output from the SIRMOD simulation engine, with robustness and reliability tested through tens of thousands of simulations under optimisation and automated system response evaluation.The calibration facilities demonstrated that the inverse-solution using the fullhydrodynamic model is a viable and robust methodology for the unique identification of up to three infiltration/roughness parameters. Two optimisationmethods were investigated during this research with objective-functions based upon either a volume-balance time-of-advance equation, or complete simulationsof the hydrodynamic model. A simple but robust optimisation algorithm was designed for this purpose. While the volume-balance method proved fast andreliable, its accuracy is reduced due to the underlying assumptions and simplistic model structure. The hydrodynamic method was shown to be accurate, althoughit suffered slow execution times. It was therefore decided to use the two methods in tandem during the solution process where the faster volume-balance method is used to provide starting estimates for the more accuratehydrodynamic method. Response-surface investigation for the advance-based objective function identified a unique solution when solving for three parameters.It was found that the automated unconstrained optimisation of design and management practices is limited to the selection of one solution variable (time to cut-off) due to non-unique multi-variable solutions. Nevertheless, the developed facilities provide a unique benchmarking of irrigation performance potential. This research has used the earlier-developed optimisation algorithm to automatesimulations using a prototype objective-function based upon user-defined weightings of key performance measures. A study of the response-surfaces ofdifferent configurations of the objective-function identified parabolic ridges of alternate solutions, so, in practice, the optimisation process simplifies down tooptimising only one parameter: time-to-cutoff. It was also recognized that the performance-based objective functions are highly sensitive to numerical discretisation inconsistencies that occur between simulations, which impede solution convergence.The highly customisable, automated, system response evaluation facilities developed in this research offer potential as both a research and practitionertool, capable of multidimensional analysis of irrigation systems subject to temporal and spatial infiltration variations. A preliminary study demonstrated theimportance of infiltration variation on irrigation decision-making, and provided initial guideline layout designs that combined the effects of variable infiltrationand three decision variables using a fixed management strategy of minimising runoff. A limited range of response outputs for a fixed management objectivenegated the potential benefit of visualising a large number of dimensions. Nevertheless, this study provided direction for the subsequent software development with recommendations including: representing system outputs ascontours and iso-curves, rather than by the chart axes; representing different infiltration conditions in separate design charts; allowing the user to assignvariables to each chart axis; and representing only two decision variables in each chart.Finally, the simulation, calibration, optimisation and parameter analysis components were combined with a database and graphical user interface todevelop the FIDO (Furrow Irrigation Decision Optimiser) decision support system. There were three focus areas during this marriage of components; firstly, anobject-oriented structure was developed to accommodate program elements concentrating on separating the graphical user interface components from other task related objects for flexible future development; secondly, a database wasdeveloped using XML-based technologies to store property, paddock, event and model information; and thirdly, a user-friendly graphical user interface was created with web-browser-like functionality. The software design evolved through many different prototypes with its current design being heavily influenced from the successes and mistakes of the previous attempts.This work represents the first coordinated attempt to develop a decision support system for furrow irrigation linking a database, simulation engine, calibrationfacilities, optimisation facilities, and parameter analysis capabilities. A major feature of this work is that all components of the system have been developedfrom first principles using an object-oriented structure, with the primary goal of implementation into a decision support system. This research has contributed tothe development of a professional-quality software package to improve the decision-making capabilities of researchers, irrigation consultants, and irrigators.
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Assoumou, Ebo Etienne 1956. "Comparison of field furrow data to predictions made with a hydrodynamic model." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277317.
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Field data were taken on furrow irrigations and compared with a hydrodynamic model (SRFR) which was used to predict irrigation performance. The field data were the furrow shape and slope, the infiltration characteristics of the furrow, the initial and final moisture content of the furrow, the rate and time of inflow, and the advance and recession trajectories. The hydrodynamic model predicted well the advance trajectories. It predicted recession trajectories which coincided with those of the field measurements for the upper end of the furrow but varied from the field measurements for the lower end. On the average, the uniformities calculated from observed data were higher than those predicted by the model. On the average, irrigation efficiencies calculated from field measurements were higher than those calculated with the model. Storage efficiencies for the observed data were all 100 percent because all irrigations completely met the requirement.
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Elkhidir, A. M. "Furrow irrigation in cracking clay soils : with special reference to the Sudan." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356537.
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Heer, Natalie C. (Natalie Claire). "Taking shape : the path to myosin activation in the Drosophila ventral furrow." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115678.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Creating biological form requires the generation of forces to rearrange tissues, as well as the patterning and organizational control of those forces to create the correct shapes. Force generation by actomyosin networks is a major driver of morphogenesis across many systems. The organization of actomyosin networks across multiple length scales is critical in generating biological form, including the Drosophila melanogaster ventral furrow. Using quantitative microscopy to measure the pattern of transcription, signaling, myosin activation, and cell shape in the Drosophila mesoderm, I found that cells within the ventral domain accumulate different amounts of active apical non-muscle myosin 2 depending on their distance from the ventral midline. This gradient in active myosin depends on a newly quantified gradient in upstream signaling proteins, including the transcription factor Twist. Experimental broadening of the myosin domain in vivo disrupts tissue curvature where active myosin is uniform. From this data, I argue that apical contractility gradients are important for tissue folding. Finally, I found that the gradient in active myosin is shaped by inhibitors of RhoA signaling downstream of the Twist gradient. This work improves our of understanding how actomyosin activity at the tissue level in the Drosophila ventral furrow is organized and how that organization impacts biological form.
by Natalie C. Heer.
Ph. D.
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Tyrrell, Sean R. "Microtopographic enhancement of land-based wastewater treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11311.
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There is a regulatory tension within wastewater treatment, between the requirement to meet tightening consents and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of treatment processes. With 75% of wastewater treatment works serving populations of less than 2,000, low-energy tertiary treatment options suitable to small rural works need to be developed. One option that lends itself particularly well to small works is land-based wastewater treatment (LBWWT). The aim of this research was to evaluate the role of LBWWT in the UK water industry and investigate the impact ridge-and-furrow enhanced microtopography (MT) may have upon a particular type of LBWWT - slow-rate (SR) infiltration. This was achieved through meeting three objectives. Firstly, the use of LBWWT was reviewed and assessed. Secondly, the impact of ridge-and-furrow enhanced MT upon the vegetation diversity and nutrient removal of a SR- LBWWT was established by means of a three year field trial. Finally, the cost- effectiveness of SR-LBWWT and the impact of ridging and furrow irrigation upon cost-effectiveness were evaluated using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). The first objective comprised of a review of the historical and current use of LBWWT, a review of the relevant changing legislation to identify what may be required of LBWWT and an assessment of LBWWT’s potential to meet these requirements. The result of the evaluation found that, based upon the literature, SR-LBWWT is ‘fit-for-purpose’ as tertiary treatment for small treatment works. To meet the second objective, a SR-LBWWT system trial was established at a small wastewater treatment works in Knowle, Hampshire. The trial consisted of three clay-loam grass plots irrigated with secondary treated effluent. There were two configurations of trial plot - flat and ridge-and-furrowed. Effluent (sub- surface soil water) nutrient concentrations were monitored as was vegetation diversity. In addition a number of physical, hydrological and biogeochemical parameters were monitored and hydrological modelling carried out. Mean nutrient removal performances of 90% for ammonia, 72% for nitrate, and 91% for phosphate were observed with the ridge-and-furrowed plot. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to not have a significantly detrimental effect upon the trial plots’ removal performance for ammonia, nitrate or phosphate. Extrapolation modelling suggested, however, that this would not be the case for LBWWT systems on predominantly clay or sand soils. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to have a statistically significant positive effect upon the vegetation diversity of the LBWWT trial plots; with mean final year Shannon-Wiener values of 0.96 and 0.69, for the ridge-and-furrowed and non-ridged plots, respectively. For the final objective, analysis found that SR-LBWWT are cost-effective when compared to horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW), an established low-energy treatment option. Mean cost-effectiveness ratio values of £208.5 and £262.7 per % effectiveness were observed for LBWWT and HSSFCW, respectively. Following the field trial CEA was extended to include ridge-and-furrowed SR-LBWWT systems. This found that ridging and furrow irrigation improves the cost-effectiveness of SR-LBWWT serving small populations, reducing the mid cost-effectiveness ratio to £193 per % effectiveness. This is a result of the cost-reducing effect of ridge-and-furrowing over laser-level grading; and based upon the findings of the trial that ridging and furrow irrigation can be achieved (in clay-loam soil slow-rate systems) without significant detriment to the water treatment effectiveness of LBWWT. The main conclusions of this thesis are: that SR-LBWWT has a role to play in the UK water industry, as tertiary treatment for small wastewater treatment works. That SR-LBWWT is cost-effective in relation to HSSFCW. That ridging and furrow irrigation increases that cost-effectiveness by reducing the construction and operational costs. That ridging and furrow irrigation can be employed without significant detriment to a SR-LBWWT system’s water treatment performance. And finally, that ridging and furrow irrigation can have a positive impact upon the establishment vegetation diversity of a SR-LBWWT system.
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Tagseth, Mattias. "Studies of the waterscape of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Water management in hill furrow irrigation." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11085.
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The present study analyses the waters of Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, conceptualised as a waterscape constituted by material, institutional and ideational aspects. It draws on studies of the water management and the historical geography of hill furrow irrigation systems, based on 16 months of fieldwork. Hill furrow irrigation systems are operated by groups of farmers who continue to use and develop long-standing traditions. Their practices and technology are of relevance to debates about indigenous intensive agricultural systems in Africa, concerning their emergence, sustainability and prospects for development. Groups of self-organised irrigators and their practices are targeted by several development initiatives, in water management seeking to control their water use, and in irrigation redevelopment aiming to replace existing technology and organisation. These concerns define the need for improved knowledge of the hill furrow irrigation systems of Kilimanjaro. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute knowledge of water management and water use in hill furrow irrigation in Kilimanjaro Region. In order to achieve this objective, research proceeds along two lines of enquiry. The first concerns water management, where the study seeks to analyse and describe the operation, water use, tenure and management in hill furrow irrigation schemes by groups of farmers. The study seeks to analyse the ideas and implementation of initiatives in water management for the Pangani River Basin targeting these systems. The second line of inquiry is the historical geography of irrigation and changes in water use. Here, the study seeks to develop methods drawing on written and oral sources in order to examine changes in irrigation from a regional and long-term perspective. This will permit testing and reconsideration of dominant perceptions of hill furrow irrigation and its water history, and form the basis for a discussion of the explanation of change in irrigated agriculture. I maintain that the approaches to water issues employed in this thesis and elsewhere can be analysed through different conceptualisations of the waterscape, encompassing not only the perception and representation of water issues, but also the material and institutional aspects of the waterscape. Aridity or water shortage does not speak for itself; water problems and their prescribed solutions are situated knowledges of the waterscape, and are socially constructed within specific contexts. Material aspects are addressed as a question of how and why these systems have changed from a regional and historical perspective. This is relevant not only as a contribution to the study of the development of intensive agriculture, but also in order to test dominant perceptions of the hill furrow and its water history that are used to guide policy and interventions in hill furrow irrigation. Institutional aspects are examined as a question of the local organisation of these systems in terms of their operation, water use and tenure arrangements. Further, these aspects are addressed through the analysis of ideas, implementation and experience with water policy and institutional reform targeting hill furrow irrigation systems, influenced by global water discourse and actors. The thesis consists of five research papers and a synthesis. The latter describes the methodological approach, which combines qualitative and some quantitative analysis of various forms of interview data with participant observation from fieldwork in rural Kilimanjaro and engagement with actors in the water sector through interviews, conversations and workshops as well as written sources. Approaches to the explanation of change in irrigation are reviewed and some implications for irrigation in the region discussed. Approaches to the organisation of irrigation are reviewed, demonstrating that this is an enduring theme in social science, related to broader debates about the institutions of society. Working with an inclusive conception of institutions (and hydraulic tenure), the study describes how hill furrow schemes are organised, either through more formal groups, often with elected leadership, or through a neighbourhood and lineage-based model under the leadership of a furrow elder. The local organisation of water use according the latter type is examined through a case study, which describes it as embedded rather than a strong single-purpose organisation. Theoretical and methodological triangulation is applied, and the organisation studied at a normativeinstitutional level, but also in terms of interaction and access to water for different social groups. A series of initiatives in water management for the Pangani River Basin came in the wake of a hydropower redevelopment project completed in 1995 led by the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD). The initiatives were related to a wider water policy process in Tanzania. They drew inspirations from a global water management discourse, which is analysed in terms of the influence of ‘state-centred’, ‘market-based’ and ‘community-based’ approaches to improved water management, related to development ideologies. A strategy of river basin management was developed from the 1990s, seeking to establish water licences under statutory law as the only legitimate basis for access to water, to introduce volumetric water pricing as an instrument of demand management, and to curtail water use by the construction of ‘control gates’ in furrow intakes. The process of implementation is analysed as a meeting between a ‘modern’ water management system and an ‘indigenous’ water management system. It was characterised by non-cooperation and conflict, not only over water as a resource, but over norms of proper water management, such as over the issues of water pricing and custom as a basis for legitimate water use. Change in irrigation as water use (and land use) change is addressed as a methodological and empirical question. Oral political history indicates the practice of irrigation in late 17th century Marangu, while the history of sedentary patrilineages as the central institution in irrigation management shows the expansion of the system in upland Marangu in the 19th century. The establishment of irrigation schemes in the 19th century can be related to dry season cultivation of finger millet, a crop that was phased out with the increase in agroforestry in the highlands and expansion of arable cultivation of maize in the foothills in the early to mid-20th century. Surveys made for administrative purposes and contemporary reports are analysed to test two hypotheses about changes in irrigation. The results show that the dominant understanding – that the extent of irrigation is a result of late 20th century increases in population – is false and needs to be moderated. A competing thesis of decline in irrigation fits the development only in limited areas and underestimates the dynamic vitality of the system. On the basis of this regional and long-term diachronic analysis, a hypothesis of restructuring is put forward, where a decline in the number of schemes in the densely settled highland areas since the 1930s has been offset partly by an increase in irrigation in new areas in the foothills and lowlands and partly by an increase in scale. It is argued that change in irrigation is not determined by a single factor such as population, but that technological change and the intensification process and changes in political economy (in terms of market, economic policies, and development planning) have to be considered. Ideas of water are explored in terms of ideas of improvement in water management and local perceptions of water relevant to the operation of irrigation. The analysis suggests that the water management reform process is influenced by development ideologies in the global water management discourse as well as a national tradition that can be described as technocratic. Its implementation was guided by notions and interpretations of a water crisis. Local ideas of water management differ from those associated with the initiative, which in turn influenced how water management was contested.
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Reed, Matthew. "Rebels for the soil : the lonely furrow of the Soil Association 1943-2002." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407278.
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Eda, Masatoshi. "Rho-dependent Transfer of Citron-Kinase to the Cleavage Furrow of Dividing Cells." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150183.
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Tola, El-Kamil Hamed Mohamed. "Performance of various no-till furrow openers under different soil and crop residue conditions /." Beuren : Grauer, 2002. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863979.
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Rademacher, William Hale. "Effects of prometryn applied in irrigation water on furrow irrigated cotton and residue persistence." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_193_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Silvertooth, J. C., J. C. Navarro, E. R. Norton, and C. A. Sanchez. "Evaluation of a Nitrogen-15 Microplot Design in a Furrow Irrigated Row Crop System." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210393.
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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in at two locations, Maricopa in 1991 (Casa Grande sandy loam) and Marana (Pima clay loam) in 1995. The purposes of the experiments were to evaluate the dimensions of an ¹⁵N microplot design used in a furrow irrigated row crop system. The experiments each utilized ammonium sulfate fertilizer with 5 atom % ¹⁵N enrichment applied at a rate of 56 kg N/ha in simulated side-dress band application during the early bloom stage of development of Upland cotton (Gossvpium barbadense L). At each location, microplots were 4, 1.02 m rows wide and 1.00 m in length. Whole plant samples were collected at specific locations within and near the microplots. Uptake of ¹⁵N by plants was uniform within microplots but declined symmetrically in relation to microplot borders. Collection of plant materials within 25 cm of microplot borders provided uniform ¹⁵N enrichment levels for determining fertilizer N uptake and recovery. Use of microplots with the dimensions of those used in this study are sufficient for collecting plant materials from a 1 m² area; consisting of two, 50 cm segments from the interior two rows of the four row microplot. This also allows for sufficient distance from the perimeter of the microplot to account for border effects.
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Camp, Spencer Chad. "Improving Perennial Bunchgrass Seeding Success in Annual Grass Invaded Areas Using Pre-Emergent Herbicide and Furrowing Techniques." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8881.
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Exotic annual weeds have transformed western North America, particularly in sagebrush-steppe systems. Restoration of these invaded sites has been met with low levels of success. Pre-emergent herbicide provides a means to control annual weeds, but typically, this treatment does not allow for the concurrent seeding of desired species. Seeding within a deep, U-shaped furrow following herbicide application may be a method to reduce pre-emergent herbicide effects by transferring the herbicide away from the seed at the time of planting. We tested this potential planting technique by spraying plots with or without the pre-emergent herbicide imazapic, and planting bunchgrass seeds either with or without a deep furrow. Treatments (i.e. spraying and furrowing) were applied using mechanical equipment within a single pass, at six sites. In plots without imazapic, we found that deep furrows generally had higher seedling emergence, density of juvenile plants, and above-ground biomass when compared to no furrows. For plots with imazapic, deep furrows also generally improved measured plant metrics for the seeded species compared to plots without furrows. For example, the density of juvenile plants in deep furrows ranged, by study site, between 62% – 97% and 41% – 89% higher than the no furrow treatment, for plots with and without imazapic, respectively. Plots with imazapic and deep furrows was not always as effective as plots without imazapic and deep furrows. Deep furrows also reduced exotic annual weeds in the first year after planting, but weed reduction was generally more effective when this treatment was applied with imazapic. Overall, this research provides evidence that in most instances, the use of deep furrows alone is sufficient to improve seeding success. However, in areas with high weed cover, the application of herbicide followed by the creation of deep furrows in a one-pass system should be considered.
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Senay, Aras Betul. "Investigation of Some Cell Morphology Using Phase Field Method." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503067908468122.
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Lemos, Evandro Freire [UNESP]. "Dose e modos de aplicação de fósforo no estado nutricional e produtividade da cultura do milho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144660.
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A adubação fosfatada a lanço em relação às aplicações localizadas pode ser viável na cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido, em solo com menor capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de fósforo e modos de aplicação na nutrição e na produtividade da cultura do milho, em duas safras. O experimento foi desenvolvido com a cultura do milho cultivado no município de Passos, Estado Minas Gerais, Brasil, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o plantio em faixas com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas referentes aos modos de aplicação P, sulco duplo, sulco simples e a lanço, e nas subparcelas as doses de 0,0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de monoamônio fosfato (MAP) granulado e quatro repetições. O nitrogênio contido no MAP foi equilibrado entre os tratamentos. As doses de P foram reaplicadas no segundo ano de cultivo apenas para os tratamentos localizados (sulco simples e duplo). Avaliaram-se o teor de P no solo e na folha, o acúmulo do nutriente na planta e a produtividade do milho em duas safras. O modo de adubação de fósforo a lanço, aplicado apenas no primeiro ano, na dose estimada de 319 kg ha-1 de P2O5 é viável para a cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido e em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, pois proporcionou maior produtividade acumulada nas duas safras.
The broadcast spread phosphate regarding to in loco ones may be feasible on corn crop planted in narrowed spacing in lower P adsorption capacity soil. This study aimed at to evaluate phosphate doses and spread methods on corn plant nutrition and grain yield, in two growing season. The experiment was developed on corn crop grown in Passos city, Minas Gerais state - Brazil, in an Oxisol medium texture. The experimental design was stripes with split plots, having as plots the spread methods double furrow, simple furrow and broadcast spread; as subplots the doses of 0.0; 50; 100; 200 and 400 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as granulated monoammonium phosphate (MAP), with four replications. The P doses were reapplied in the second cultivation year only for localized treatments (single and double furrow). The nitrogen in the MAP was balanced among treatments. The corn grain yield in both years was dependent on phosphate doses and spread methods; specially simple furrow and broadcast spread, although it has not presented interaction with nutritional status and nutrient accumulation by the crop in the second year. The phosphate fertilizer broadcast spread method applied just in the first year at a dose of 319 kg ha-1 of P2O5 is feasible for the corn grown in reduced spacing in medium texture Oxisol, since it provided greater accumulated grain yield the two seasons.
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Lemos, Evandro Freire. "Dose e modos de aplicação de fósforo no estado nutricional e produtividade da cultura do milho /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144660.
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Orientador: Renato de Mello PradoResumo: A adubação fosfatada a lanço em relação às aplicações localizadas pode ser viável na cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido, em solo com menor capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de fósforo e modos de aplicação na nutrição e na produtividade da cultura do milho, em duas safras. O experimento foi desenvolvido com a cultura do milho cultivado no município de Passos, Estado Minas Gerais, Brasil, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o plantio em faixas com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas referentes aos modos de aplicação P, sulco duplo, sulco simples e a lanço, e nas subparcelas as doses de 0,0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de monoamônio fosfato (MAP) granulado e quatro repetições. O nitrogênio contido no MAP foi equilibrado entre os tratamentos. As doses de P foram reaplicadas no segundo ano de cultivo apenas para os tratamentos localizados (sulco simples e duplo). Avaliaram-se o teor de P no solo e na folha, o acúmulo do nutriente na planta e a produtividade do milho em duas safras. O modo de adubação de fósforo a lanço, aplicado apenas no primeiro ano, na dose estimada de 319 kg ha-1 de P2O5 é viável para a cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido e em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, pois proporcionou maior produtividade acumulada nas duas safras.
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Doerge, Thomas A., and T. Curt Tucker. "The Effect of Nitrification Inhibitors on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Drip and Furrow Irrigated Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204469.
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The use of nitrification inhibitors delays the conversion of ammonium fertilizers to the nitrate form and has the potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Two field experiments were conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1986 to evaluate the effect of two nitrification inhibitors (N-Serve and an experimental compound, ACP) on the growth, yield, nitrogen uptake, and fertilizer use efficiency obtained by growing cotton using buried-drip and furrow irrigation. ¹⁵N labeled ammonium sulfate was applied with and without nitrification inhibitors at the beginning of the season. Whole plant samples were taken at the end of the season to determine N uptake efficiency. No significant differences in growth, lint yield or N uptake efficiency were detected due to the application of either inhibitor. The conditions where nitrification inhibitors might improve nitrogen use efficiency in furrow irrigated cotton production are discussed.
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Baillie, Craig Peter. "Strategies for maximising sugarcane yield with limited water in the Bundaberg district." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2004. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001406/.
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[Abstract]: Sugarcane farmers in Bundaberg have had limited access to irrigation water over the last ten years. The district has the potential of growing 3.8 million tonnes of sugarcane. However, a series of dry seasons saw this reduce to 2.1 million tonnes in 2002. Compounding the effects of both dry seasons and limited water supplies has been a 30% reduction in the sugar price over this period. The irrigation requirement of sugarcane in the Bundaberg area is 8 ML/ha. The original allocated volume for sugarcane production in this area was 4.5 ML/ha (based on 1970 production areas). However, as the area under production has increased and announced allocations in each year has reduced, this allocation is now equivalent to an application volume of about 2 ML/ha A change from the traditional practice of full irrigation is required as water supplies become depleted. As there were no clear guidelines on how growers could respond to diminishing water supplies, this research investigated opportunities to fine tune irrigation practices and the performance of irrigation systems (ie. low cost solutions) that would assist growers to maximise sugarcane yield. A grower survey was initially conducted to identify current practice and opportunities for change. Field investigations focused on the performance of water winch and furrow irrigation systems, which make up 91% of the irrigated area in the district. As most of these application systems have insufficient capacity to meet crop demands opportunities to schedule irrigations were limited to start up after rain. Improvements in irrigation system performance were found to provide the greatest potential to increase sugarcane yield under conditions of limited water. Investigations identified that irrigation performance could be significantly improved through relatively minor adjustment. Field trials found that wind speed and direction significantly influenced the performance of travelling gun irrigators. Although growers were generally aware of the effects of wind, meteorological data suggested that the opportunity to operate water winches in low wind conditions is limited. Changing to a taper nozzle under moderate to high wind conditions will reduce the effect of wind on performance. This practice was found to improve the uniformity (measured by Christiansen’s Uniformity Coefficient, CU) by 16%. The grower survey indicated that there was no preference towards the use of taper nozzles in windy conditions. Additional trial work developed a relationship between the variation in water applied to the field through non uniformity and sugarcane yield. An 8% reduction in yield was determined for a 10% reduction in CU. This indicated that changing to a taper nozzle could potentially increase sugarcane yield by 15% in high wind conditions. Other settings, which also influenced uniformity, included lane spacing and gun arc angle Simple changes to the operation of furrow irrigation systems were also found to dramatically improve irrigation performance. Field measurements in combination with simulation modelling of irrigation events using SIRMOD II identified that current irrigation performance ranged in application efficiency from 45 to 99% (mean of 79%) and a distribution uniformity from 71 to 93% (mean of 82%). Both application efficiency and distribution uniformity were increased to greater than 90% and 84% respectively, except on a cracking clay soil. Improvements in application efficiency and distribution uniformity were achieved by adjusting furrow flow rate (cup size), turning the irrigation off at the right time (ie. just as it reached the end of the field) and banking the end of the field. Growers had a good understanding of the correct cut off time and were attentive to reducing run off through either banking ends or tail water return. However, growers had a poor understanding of the significance of furrow flow rate. Other opportunities to improve irrigation performance on high infiltration soils included alternate furrow irrigation and shallow cultivation practices which maintained compaction in the interspace and reduced infiltration. Soil moisture and crop growth measurements indicated that sugarcane yield could be maximised by starting the irrigation rotation earlier after rainfall (ie. at a deficit equal to the irrigation amount). These observations were modelled using the crop simulation model APSIM sugar to assess the strategy over a longer time interval and the influence of seasonal variation. Simulation modelling showed that final sugarcane yields were not sensitive to irrigation start-up strategies. Yields for the start-up strategies modelled varied by less than 5 tc/ha. This minor difference occurred as the crop yield was driven by the total amount of water available to the plant. The limited amount of irrigation water available to the plant (2 to 3 ML/ha) had only a minor effect on the water balance and no significant change to effective rainfall between strategies. The greatest difference in yield occurred between irrigation treatments when water was left over at the end of the season (9.2 tc/ha). Starting irrigation earlier after rainfall events (on a 14 day rotation) provided the greatest opportunity to use all of the available irrigation supply. By comparison, delaying the application of the first irrigation after rainfall resulted in some of the irrigation water not being applied in 30% of years.
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Nava, Leon Jose Angel 1956. "CHLORIDE AND NITRATE DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOIL WITH FURROW AND BURIED DRIP IRRIGATION (SALINITY, SANDY LOAM)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276671.
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Bhide, Sourabh [Verfasser], and Maria [Akademischer Betreuer] Leptin. "Co-ordination of cell shape changes during ventral furrow formation in Drosophila embryo / Sourabh Bhide ; Betreuer: Maria Leptin." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1181856515/34.
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Sunday, Sabbath. "Adaptation, Resilience, and Transformability: A Historical Ecology of Traditional Furrow Irrigation System on the Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Antikens kultur och samhällsliv, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-279861.
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This thesis is about the Chagga traditional furrow irrigation system locally known as mfongo, practiced on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. This is one of the Africa’s pre-colonial islands of intensive agricultural practicing areas. The study traces the relationships between communities and water irrigation from the late pre-colonial era (c. AD 1750) to the present day. This assessment was carried out within the framework of historical ecology with the purpose of understanding the historical trajectories of patterns and processes on this specific ecosystem and landscape, and how these have helped to building lasting socio-ecological resilience. The reserch questions are based on: the mfongo irrigation management and practice, strategies in the past and present responsible for the coping and adaptation capacities, how water management relates to the physical landscape transformation, cultural practices, livelihoods and heritage, and how the system can help to enhance transformation. Written sources, interviews and participatory observation were used to collect information to address the questions. The analysis shows that coping, adaptive and transformative responses have long been characteristic of dealing with vulnerabilities. I argue that coping capacities inherited from the long term historical knowledge and practices will continue to be essential in sustaining resilience in social ecological systems as communities endeavours to minimise vulnerabilities. I hope that these analyses of vulnerability and resilience in the Chagga mfongo water management system will help inform and influence policy makers when it comes to ecosystem and landscape management and rural development in the Kilimanjaro region. Furrow irrigation, indigenous knowledge, social-ecological system, coping capacity, adaptive capacity, resilience, transformation.
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Terry, Tyson Jeffrey. "Using Herbicide and Planting Techniques to Restore a Native Bunchgrass to Cheatgrass Invaded Systems." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8890.
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This thesis explores potential seeding techiniques to limit harmful effects of preemergent herbicide on a seeded species while simultaneously reducing abudance of annual invasive grasses. The first chapter examines the use of activated carbon seed coatings and furrows to limit herbicide effect on seeds of a perrenial bunchgrass. We found that both carbon coatings and furrows mitigated some of the herbicide effects, but that only when the two techniques were combined did we observe unaffected seedling emergence, plant density, and aboveground growth. Therefore, we suggest to management that use of carbon coatings and furrows after herbicide application can likely be used to reduce invasive annual grasses while simultaneously establishing a native bunchgrass. In chapter 2, we examine the effects of a novel preemergent herbicide indaziflam, on native seeds and compare it against a common preemergent herbicide, imazapic. We found that indaziflam provides superior long-term control of annual invasive grasses than imazapic, but that it is also more detrimental to native seeds. Our results suggest that indaziflam is best suited for control purposes only, and is hard to incorporate in restoration seeding efforts due to its strong effects on native seed.
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Hurst, Susan Marie. "Fire or furrow : an inquiry into the environmental implications of disposing of human remains in the Adelaide metropolitan area /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh966.pdf.
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Watanabe, Hiroshi. "Psychosine-triggered endomitosis is modulated by membrane sphingolipids through regulation of phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate production at the cleavage furrow." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225518.
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Gonfa, Ashinie Bogale [Verfasser]. "Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on physiological response, agronomic performance and physio-chemical quality of tomato cultivars / Ashinie Bogale Gonfa." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1159836981/34.
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Darmopilová, Jana. "GPS měření na polygonu Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227118.
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This thesis deals with periodical measurements at the Tetčice polygon to confirm geological activity caused by geological shift that pass through the center of the village. This work was focused on the third phase of measurement by long static GNSS observation in summer 2013 to monitor horizontal shifts on both edges of Boskovice furrow. Points are stabilized on pillars with forced centring. Part of the thesis is summary of present results, the differences between the various stages and graphical representations of shifts. The theoretical part deals with the geological conditions in the area and description of GNSS technology.
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Spahn, Philipp [Verfasser], and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Reuter. "Analysis of Ventral Furrow Formation in the Drosophila Embryo using Developmental Genetics in Combination with Computational Modelling / Philipp Spahn ; Betreuer: Rolf Reuter." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1162896957/34.
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Perea-Estrada, Hugo. "Development, Verification, and Evaluation of a Solute Transport Model in Surface Irrigation." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1322%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Mancin, Gleber Rodrigo. "Manejo de modos e fontes de fósforo na produção e qualidade da cana planta (Saccharum spp.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-25052018-152500/.
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Sendo a cana-de-açúcar uma das culturas mais importantes hoje no contexto de agroindústria, sua expansão cresce de acordo com o aumento de consumo de açúcar e etanol no Brasil e no mundo. Muitas vezes, estas expansões são realizadas em área de baixa fertilidade e/ou degradadas, tendo pouca disponibilidade de fósforo. De maneira geral, os solos no Brasil apresentam baixos teores de fósforo. A cultura da cana-de-açúcar considerada semi perene, a aplicação principal de fósforo é realizada na reforma ou implantação do canavial, como fosfatagem e/ou localizado dentro do sulco do plantio. O fósforo é crucial no metabolismo das plantas, em que as limitações na disponibilidade de P no início do ciclo vegetativo podem resultar em restrições no desenvolvimento, das quais a planta não se recupera posteriormente, mesmo aumentando o suprimento de P a níveis adequados. Com a mecanização da colheita, a produtividade passou a andar na contramão da pesquisa, reduzindo a produtividade dos canaviais mesmo com altos potenciais genéticos e técnicas avançadas para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Foram surgindo novas fontes de fósforo (P) como opção para utilização na cana-de-açúcar. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar qual a melhor forma de aplicação de fósforo no plantio da cana-de-açúcar e o melhor resultado em diferentes fontes de fósforo, auxiliando assim em expansões na instalação do canavial em áreas com baixo teor de fósforo (P). Utilizando a variedade CTC 4, conduzimos em São João da Boa Vista/SP, o trabalho de pesquisa com 25 tratamentos, divididos em parcelas e sub parcelas, sendo as parcelas aplicação de 150 kg de P2O5 de fosfatagem em área total: Controle; MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triplo; Termofosfato; e as sub parcelas adubação de 150 kg de P2O5 no sulco: Controle, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; MAP 100%;. As aplicações das parcelas foram realizadas antes do preparo do solo e as aplicações das sub parcelas na sulcação do plantio. Foram realizadas avaliações de perfilhos, retirado amostra de folhas e solo aos 284 dias após plantio e na colheita , aos 13 meses após plantio, avaliando perfilho, peso de colmo, produtividade, e qualidade tecnológica. Verificou-se que o Termofosfato Magnesiano em área total obteve melhores resultados para fertilidade do solo em todos os elementos na análise de solo, análise foliar e para produtividade. Para a qualidade tecnológica, não houve diferenciação dos tipos e formas de aplicação de adubação com fósforo. Para implantação do canavial (cana planta) é essencial a aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado.Since sugarcane is one of the most important crops pre4sent by in the context of agribusiness, its expansion grows according to the increase of consumption of sugar and ethanol in Brazil and in the world. Often, these expansions are execute in an area of low fertility and / or degraded, having less availability of phosphorus. In general, soils in Brazil have low levels of phosphorus. On sugarcane crops, considered semi-perennial, the main application of phosphorus is execute in the reforestation or implantation of the sugarcane, as phosphatic and / or located within the furrow\'s plantation. Phosphorus is crucial in plant\'s metabolism, where the limitations on the availability of P at the beginning of the vegetative cycle can result limitation in the development, from which the plant does not recover later, even increasing the P supply at appropriate levels. With the harvest\'s mechanization, the productivity started to move against the research, reducing the productivity of sugarcane\'s plantations even with high genetic potential and advanced for sugarcane\'s plantation. New sources of phosphorus (P) have been as an option for use in sugarcane. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the best way of applying phosphorus in sugarcane plantation and the best result in different sources of phosphorus, then helping in the expansion of sugarcane\'s plantation in areas with low phosphorus content (P). Using the CTC 4 variety, we conducted the research work with 25 treatments, divided into plots and subplots, in the plots of 150 kg of P2O5 in total area: Control, MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triple; Thermophosphate; and the sub plots fertilization of 150 kg of P2O5 in the furrow: Control, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; 100% MAP . The plots applications were executed before the soil preparation and the subplot\'s application in the furrow. Tiller evaluations were performed, leaves and soil samples were collected at 284 days after plantation and harvest, 13 months after the plantation, evaluating tiller, stem weight, productivity, and technological quality. It was verified that the Magnesian Termophosphate in total area obtained better results for soil fertility in all the elements in the soil analysis, leaf analysis and for productivity. For the technological quality, there was no differentiation of the types and forms of application of fertilization with phosphorus. For implantation of the sugarcane (cane plant) is essential the application of phosphate fertilizer.
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Staněk, Antonín. "Měření přesné opakované nivelace na polygonu Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226599.
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The diploma thesis deals with monitoring vertical shifts in the village Tetčice, located at the contact of two geological units in Boskovice furrow. The theoretical part describes the geological structure of the site and the technology high-precision levelling. It also includes measuring and graphic processing, including follow-up on results of previous stages.
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Aljoumani, Basem. "Soil water management: evaluation of infiltration in furrow irrigarion systems, assessing water and salt content spatially and temporally in the Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat area." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119730.
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Sustainability of irrigated agriculture is a growing concern in the Baix Llobregat area. Although irrigated land accounts for a substantial proportion of food supply to the local market, it has been, and still is increasingly degraded by poor agricultural management. This dissertation focuses on ways to evaluate furrow irrigation and to assess soil water content and soil salinity (temporally and spatially) under usual farmers's management practices.
This dissertation meets these goals through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out with a case study on representative fields of the area. Empirical and stochastic models were applied to evaluate furrow irrigation as well as to monitor water flow and solute transport in the root zone. This research produced a number of key findings: first, evaluating furrow irrigation confirmed that 40-43 % of the applied water would have been saved in the study fields if irrigation was stopped as soon as soil water deficit was fully recharge taking the amount of water needed for salt leaching into account, and that the application efficiency (AE) would increase from 48% to 84% and from 41% to 68% (Field 1 and Field 2, respectively). Second, the predictions of soil water content using ARIMA models were logical, and the next irrigation time and its effect on soil water content at the depth of interest were correctly estimated. Third, considering the linear relationship eb-sb, by transforming the Hilhorst (2000) model, which is based on the deterministic linear relationship eb-sb, into a time- varying Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) enabled us to validate this relationship under field conditions. An offset esb=0 value was derived that would ensure the accurate prediction of sp from measurements of sb. It was shown that the offset esb=0 varied for each depth in the same soil profile. A reason for this might be changes in soil temperature along the soil profile. The sp was then calculated for each depth in the root zone. Fourth, by using a (multiple input--single output) transfer function model, the results showed that soil water content and soil temperature had a significant impact on soil salinity, and soil salinity, predicted as a function of soil water and soil temperature, was correctly estimated. Finally, applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results showed that the irrigation frequency, according to the farmer's usual management practice, had statistically significant effects on soil salinity behaviour, depending on soil depth and position (furrow, ridge). Moreover, it was shown that at the end of the crop's cycle the farmers left the field with less soil salinity, for each depth, than at the beginning of the crop's agricultural cycle.
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Petrlík, Karel. "Opakovaná GPS měření na polygonu Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390235.
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This diploma thesis deals with epoch GNSS measurement by static method at Tetčice polygon. The main purpose is to confirm the geological activity of the Earth's surface on the territory of the village, caused by a tectonic fault. As part of the thesis, the fourth phase of observation was carried out in June 2016 to detect horizontal shifts on four concrete pillars with depth stabilization and forced centering equipment. Results are velocity vector maps obtained by processing the measured data from all the measurement phases that have been performed so far. The thesis also contains the theoretical basis of geological conditions in the area and a description of technology of global navigation satellite systems.
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Gomes, Eder Pereira. "Viabilidade de mudanças tecnologicas na irrigação da tomaticultura de mesa." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257165.
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Orientador: Roberto TestezlafTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A irrigação, na forma que vem sendo realizada na tomaticultura da região de Campinas, SP, tem proporcionado sérias restrições ambientais. O presente trabalho avaliou alternativas de mudanças tecnológicas na irrigação da tomaticultura da região de Campinas, buscando uma solução sustentável, viável economicamente e com eficiente uso da água, instalando em uma área experimental, diferentes sistemas de irrigação empregados na tomaticultura da região (sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento). As parcelas experimentais foram dispostas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Comparou-se no experimento, a eficiência de uso da água, os parâmetros de eficiência e de uniformidade de irrigação, a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos de tomate e o efeito de cada sistema de irrigação no valor da cobrança da água e no custo de produção. A irrigação por sulcos, por ser o sistema predominante na região, foi utilizada como testemunha (sem interferência no manejo de irrigação), enquanto os outros sistemas, foram avaliados como alternativas tecnológicas. Mediante os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que não houve diferenças significativas de produtividade entre os tratamentos, pois todos ofereceram condições ideais de umidade no solo. Entretanto, as eficiências de uso da água foram distintas, sendo iguais a 24,1 kg.m-3, 71,5 kg.m-3 e 112,8 kg.m-3, respectivamente para sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento. A irrigação por sulcos obteve baixa eficiência de aplicação, em torno de 28%, com perda por percolação profunda superior a 70%. Na irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento, os valores de eficiência de aplicação foram superiores, sendo iguais a 85% e 87,8%, respectivamente, com perdas por percolação menores, 15% e 12,2%, respectivamente. Em todos os sistemas de irrigação, a cobrança da água exerceu pouca influência no custo de produção, com valores iguais a 0,14% (R$40,80), 0,04% (R$13,32) e 0,03% (R$8,25), respectivamente para sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento. A irrigação por gotejamento elevou o custo de produção em 3,5% (+R$1041,89), enquanto a irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira reduziu o custo de produção em 1,1%(-R$330,08). Diante dos resultados, chegou-se à conclusão que a irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira é opção mais sustentável de mudança tecnológica, pois demandou menor investimento, diminuiu o custo de produção e o consumo de água, enquanto a irrigação por gotejamento contemplou somente o último aspecto, a redução do consumo de água
Abstract: Searching for a sustainable yield, economically viable and water efficient use, the objective of this study was to evaluate changes in irrigation technologies used in fresh-market-tomatoes crop. Three different irrigation systems (furrow, furrow supplied by hose and drip) were installed in the same farm to compare water application uniformity and efficiency, to estimate crop yield and fruits quality and to analyze its effects on water and production costs. The irrigation systems were select based upon the facts that furrow is a most utilized system in the region, the furrow supplied by hose and drip irrigation are recent alternatives market technologies for the farmers. The results showed no significant differences in yields and fruits qualities among the evaluated irrigation systems. The drip irrigation system showed higher water use efficiency. The furrow irrigation system showed application efficiency of around 28%, with deep percolation losses of 70%. The furrow supplied for hose and drip irrigations systems had applications efficiencies of 85% and 87.8%, respectively with deep percolation losses of 15% and 12.2%, respectively. In all the irrigation systems, the water cost had no significant effect the total production cost, representing only 0.14%, 0.05% and 0.03%, for furrow, furrow supplied by hose and drip irrigations systems, respectively. The change to drip irrigation system increased the production cost yield in 3.5%, while furrow supplied by hose reduced it in 1.1%. The furrow irrigation system supplied by hose showed the most sustainable technical option to change from the traditional furrow irrigation for the farmers, being able to reduce the production cost and the amount of water with less investment
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Mahl, Denise [UNESP]. "Desempenho operacional de semeadora em função de mecanismos de corte, velocidade e solos, no sistema plantio direto do milho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101735.
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mahl_d_dr_botfca.pdf: 815471 bytes, checksum: be15fff752262a6a07097824be496849 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The success of no tillage system is directly related to the selection and efficiency of the seeders components as well as of the suitability of the forward speed and soil and vegetable covering characteristics. This research was carried out in a corn (Zea mays L.) field aiming to evaluate the operational and energetic performance of a no-tillage seeder in two soil types with different vegetable covering and with different forward speeds, furrow opener and cut elements. The performance were evaluated through parameters of seeds longitudinal uniformity distribution, seeding depth, soil mobilized area, tractor and seeder tractive wheel slips, draw bar pull and power requirements, fuel consumption, plantules emergency, culture growing and productivity. The experiments were carried out in two different farms. One at Lageado Experimental Farm, which the soil is classified as Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico covered with 7 t.ha-1 of dry matter of corn, lupine and weed residues. The other experiment was carried out at São Manuel Experimental Farm, wich soil is classified as Latossolo Vermelho covered with 20 t.ha-1 of dry matter of Brachiaria spp and corn residues. Both experiments designs were 2x3x3 factorial in randomized blocks with four replications. The factors examined were: two furrow opener mechanisms (doubledisk and chisel opener); three tractor-seeder forward speeds (5.5; 7.9 and 10.1 km.h-1); and three covering cut mechanisms (smoothly, fluted and notched cut disks). The soil type and vegetable coverage interfered in the global seeder 4 performance and their cut and furrow opener components. Comparing with the experiment carried in Botucatu, the experiment carried in São Manuel provided larger values of: seeding depth, tractor wheel slip, percentage of soil covering, draw bar pull and power requirements, hourly... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Soulas, Nicolas. "Pouvoir(s), conflits et recompositions sociopolitiques : L'exemple du couloir rhodanien (1750-1820)." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG1177/document.
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Cette thèse d'histoire politique, à cheval sur le XVIIIe siècle et le XIXe siècle vise à mettre en évidence les mutations de la vie politique locale et les ruptures opérées par la Révolution française dans la vallée du Rhône, un espace de forte conflictualité politique ayant une longue tradition municipale. L’objectif principal de notre travail est d’observer à différentes échelles géographiques les bouleversements sociopolitiques rhodaniens à l’aune de la Révolution française et leurs ramifications au cours du premier XIXe siècle. Il s’agit de comprendre comment l’élargissement de la sphère politique et la nationalisation de la vie politique locale changent considérablement les règles des jeux politiques au village ou dans la petite ville en intégrant de nouveaux protagonistes tout en relançant les conflits politiques anciens qui trouvent une nouvelle caisse de résonnance à partir de 1789, ou en créant de nouveaux. L’intérêt majeur du sujet réside dans la démarche adoptée, mêlant à la fois micro-histoire, prosopographie et jeux d’échelles. En menant nos investigations au ras du sol, au plus proche des acteurs politiques, notre enquête ambitionne également d’appréhender, à l’aune des mutations de la conflictualité politique locale, les mécanismes qui conduisent les populations rhodaniennes à adapter des pratiques politiques d’Ancien Régime, avec ses codes et ses gestes, aux nouveaux contextes institutionnels se succédant à partir de 1789This thesis of political history, astride the XVIII and the XIX centuries, aims to study the mutations of the local politics and the consequences of the Frenc revolution in the rhodanian furrow, an area with a great municipal tradition plagued by political conflicts. The main objective is to follow the political evolution of the rhodanian furrow from the Old regime to the first decades of the XIX century by multiplying geographical scales. It’s important to understand how widening the political sphere and nationalizing the local political life considerably changes the rules of the political games in villages or small towns by accepting new protagonists while reopening old political conflicts that find a new echo from 1789, or by creating aboves. The main interest of the subject resides in its approach, intertwining micro-history, prosopography and geographical scales. While conducting our local investigations, closer as can to political actors, we aim to study, in the light of the changes of the local political conflicts, the mecanics that lead the populations to adapt political culture of the Old regime, with its codes and gestures, to the new institutional contexts that take over from 1789
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Čáp, Pavel. "Opakovaná nivelace na vodním zdroji Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225585.
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This master’s thesis deals with the vertical movements of foundation soil in village Tetčice. In the first part describes geological structures and problems in locality. A next chapter deals with surveying vertical movements, measurements and evaluation. As addition is measurement actually groundwater level depending on the line levelling.
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Matos, Luís Simão Duarte de. "Estudo do efeito da subsolagem num solo mediterrâneo regado por sulcos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13321.
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O solo Mediterrâneo caracteriza-se por possuir, entre cerca de 35 e de 75 cm de profundidade, um horizonte B compacto, resultante da argila ai acumulada, vinda das camadas superiores do perfil. Esta característica limita a infiltração e condiciona o processo de rega, ao mesmo tempo que reduz a permeabilidade ao ar e à água e a capacidade de penetração das raízes e, dai, a capacidade utilizável do solo. A baixa permeabilidade do horizonte B resulta facilmente em excesso de água nos horizontes superficiais, aumentando a instabilidade estrutural e a susceptibilidade do solo à erosão. A subsolagem pode produzir uma alteração significativa nas condições fisicas do solo, pela criação de fracturas na camada compactada, proporcionando condições que permitam melhorar a circulação do ar e da água no perfil do solo e facilitar o aprofundamento radical das plantas, resultando isto num aumento da fertilidade potencial do solo. Pode ser bastante importante introduzir esta operação no esquema de mobilizações praticado em solos Mediterrâneos do Alentejo, onde 40% dos solos são desta natureza. A importância será ainda maior nas zonas de regadio, onde a subsolagem pode contribuir substancialmente para um sistema de uso do solo sustentável, quer do ponto de vista económico, quer do ambiental. Fez-se um ensaio de subsolagem num campo organizado em terraços de contorno, forma organizativa adequada ás condições de terreno ondulado, que são as habituais nos solos mediterrâneos do Alentejo. Estabeleceram-se duas modalidades de subsolagem: uma profunda, SP, feita com subsolador-vibrador actuando a 75 cm de profundidade e passando a intervalos de 1,5 m; outra ligeira, SL, feita com o "ripper" de um tractor de rasto contínuo, actuando a 40 cm de profundidade e passando a intervalos de 0,75 m.
Cada uma das modalidades foi praticada em um dos terraços, com cerca de 260 m de comprimento e 30 m de largura mínima. As modalidades foram comparadas entre si e com uma modalidade testemunha, estabelecida em outro dos terraços, onde se praticou o sistema tradicional de mobilização do solo. Instalou-se uma variedade para grão da cultura de milho e fez-se a rega por sulcos, utilizando-se um sistema de cabo-rega automatizado, processo bem adequado ao terreno organizado em terraços de contorno. Os parâmetros pedológicos avaliados foram: densidade aparente, condutividade hidráulica, resistência à penetração, desenvolvimento das raizes (técnicas do mini-rizotrão e do mapeamento radical) e evolução do perfil de humidade com as regas. Avaliaram-se algumas regas, tendo-se determinado para cada uma a equação de infiltração pertinente e as qualidades (eficiência e uniformidade). No fim do ciclo cultural, determinou-se a produção, em termos de grão e da parte aérea da biomassa. Os resultados evidenciam uma acção muito significativa da subsolagem profunda sobre as propriedades fisicas do solo, que se reflectem em diferenças, também muito si-gnificativas, da infiltração, das qualidades da rega e da produção, relativamente quer à modalidade testemunha, quer à de subsolagem ligeira. As diferenças entre esta e a testemunha foram menos significativas, sugerindo menor interesse desta modalidade de subsolagem, apesar do seu menor custo de execução, relativamente à de subsolagem profunda.
### Abstract - The Mediterranean soil is a Luvisol soil with a compact B horizon located at a depth of about 35 to 75 cm, made up by the accumulation of clay that migrated from the upper layers. This compact layer limits the movement of water, air, and roots into deeper layers of the soil profile. Therefore, the water holding capacity is reduced, and a weak structure and high erodibility occur along with poor drainage in the surface layers, conditioning the irrigation process. Subsoiling is expected to change significantly such harsh physical conditions. Especially under irrigation, subsoiled soils can be made more productive and less susceptible to erosion than those under normal tillage, thus better supporting a sustainable irrigated agriculture. An experiment was carried out on a contour terraced field, with two subsoiling treatments: deep subsoiling, SP, and light subsoiling, SL. For the SP treatment, a vibrating subsoil plough worked at a depth of 0.75 m with 1.5 m within plough passages; for the SL treatment a tractor ripper was used as a subsoil plough, working at a depth of 0.4 m and a 0.75 m width between plough passages. Each treatment was applied to a contour terrace of about 260 m in length and 30 m in widh. The two treatments were compared to each other and also to a standard conventional tillage, carried out on another terrace. A grain maize crop was sown and furrow irrigated by a cable-irrigation system. For comparison between treatments, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, resistance to penetration, root growth, and soil water content patterns were obtained. Three irrigation events were evaluated, and the infiltration equation pertinent to each irrigation event was determined, as well as the parameters of efficiency and uniformity. At the end of the crop cycle, aerial biomass and grain yields were also evaluated.
soiling.
Compared to both the standard and the SL treatments, the results of deep subsoiling treatment (SP) show a very significant effect on improving the soil physical properties and root growth, as well as on infiltration and the irrigation evaluation pa-rameters. The SL and the standard treatment differences were sometimes not significant, which suggests that light subsoiling is not an interesting technique, despite its low cost and ease of doing.
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Bitalová, Katarína. "Gravimetrická měření a opakovaná nivelace na polygonu Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227127.
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This master's thesis deals with measurements of highs and gravity of points polygon located in village Tetčice, through which is crossing a eastern fault of Boskovice furrow. With repeated measurement should be proved effect to high levels of groundwater. Repeated measurements are realized in the range 2 stages. In thesis is in detail described calculation complete Bouguer gravity anomaly and their quantitative interpretation. From the gravimetric of dates is created map of complete Bouguer gravity anomaly and interpretative profile through Boskovice furrow. Interpretative profile has localized fault, whose tectonic activity belong to possible factors level movement in the village. Level measurements meets the requirement of precise levelling. The results of the measurements are compared and discussed with the previous stages of the research.
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Zajíčková, Katarína. "Gravimetrická měření a opakovaná nivelace na polygonu Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390234.
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The object of this master´s thesis was levelling and weight measurement of the Tetčice polygon through which passes the fault of the Boskovice furrow. This is the 10th period of levelling and the second period of gravimetric measurement. The theoretical part describes the geological structure of the site, technology of high-precision levelling and technology of gravimetric measurement. The first part of the practical part deals with my own levelling measurement, the calculation of the resulting cambers and heights, consequential comparasion of the results with previous periods and, especially, with evaluation of the vertical movement tendecies. The second part of the practical part deals with my own gravimetric measurement, the calculation of the complete Bouguer gravity anomaly, creation map of complete Bouguer gravity anomaly and as well as evaluation of gravimetric measurement in relation to the results of the previous periods.
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Tvedt, Chryseis Theresa. "Efficacy of Seed Treatments and In-Furrow Fungicides for Management of Dry Bean Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia Solani and Fusarium Solani, and Field Pea Root Rot Caused by Fusarium Avenaceum and Fusarium Solani." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28366.
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Dry bean and field pea root rots have resulted in substantial yield losses in North Dakota. Root rot symptoms range from small lesions to complete root destruction. Traditional management practices such as seed treatment fungicides and crop rotation have proven insufficient under high disease pressure. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of in-furrow fungicide applications for management of dry bean and field pea root rot under field and greenhouse conditions. Fungicides were applied in-furrow at planting on dry beans and field peas. In most trials, the inoculated/non-treated control displayed significantly higher levels of root rot than the non-inoculated/non-treated control. In-furrow fungicides generally reduced root rot severity, sometimes significantly over the seed treatment; however, the level of control varied among hosts and pathogens. The results of these studies indicate that the use of in-furrow fungicides, along with cultural practices, may improve the overall management of root rot.
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Campos, Murilo Avary de. "Custo da cobrança de agua na produção do tomate de mesa sob irrigação por sulcos." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257200.
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Orientador: Roberto TestezlafDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A utilização do sistema de irrigação por sulcos por tomaticultores, vem determinando um consumo excessivo de água na exploração da cultura e tornando uma preocupação financeira para os produtores do tomate de mesa com a criação de uma legislação onde se prevê a cobrança pela captação e uso da água. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi proceder a avaliação da demanda de recursos hídricos na produção do tomate de mesa pelo sistema de irrigação por sulcos, simulando o impacto da cobrança de água no custo de produção do tomate de mesa. Os eventos de irrigação de uma propriedade produtora de tomate de mesa localizada no Município de Estiva Gerbi/SP, foram monitorados durante a safra de 2003. A lâmina de irrigação aplicada pelo produtor foi estimada a partir da vazão do sistema e do tempo de irrigação, sendo a umidade do solo monitorada através de três baterias de tensiômetros e os valores da evapotranspiração de referência, determinados pelos dados coletados em uma estação meteorológica automática instalada na propriedade. A determinação do custo de produção foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo proposto pelo Instituto de Economia Agrícola/SP, que permitiu, também, a simulação do custo para diferentes valores de eficiência de irrigação. A lâmina total de água aplicada pela irrigação foi de 1.326 mm, o que resultou em uma baixa eficiência de uso de água (EUA) de 4 Kg/m3 e uma eficiência de aplicação da água (EA) de 32%. O custo da cobrança da água representou 0,4% do custo de produção, considerado pouco significativo para o valor total de produção. Portanto, com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a política de cobrança pelo uso da água certamente não inibirá a continuidade do uso excessivo dos recursos hídricos dessa atividade agrícola. Entretanto, a demonstração ao produtor do custo associado ao bombeamento poderá contribuir para a sua conscientização e a recomendação do uso do tensiômetro como uma ferramenta prática e útil, auxiliaria a realização do manejo apropriado da irrigação por sulcos e obtenção da redução no seu custo de produção
Abstract: The use of furrow irrigation system by tomato farmers determined an excessive water use in the crop production. As a result of a state legislation proposal to tax the water use the tomato growers being to have a new financial concern. The objective of the present work consisted to evaluate the water demand in the production of fresh market tomato irrigated by furrow system and to simulate the impact of the water taxation in its production. The irrigation events of a fresh market tomato farm located in the City of Estiva Gerbi, SP, were monitored during the 2003 harvest. The depth of irrigation applied by the farmer was estimated from the outflow of the pump system and the time of irrigation. The soil moisture were monitored through three batteries of tensiometer and the values of the reference evapotranspiration were determined using the data collected in an automatic meteorological station installed in the property. The determination of the production cost was made by using the model proposed for the Agribusiness Economic Institute/SP, which also allowed the simulation of the production cost for different values of irrigation efficiency. The total irrigation depth used in the production was 1,326 mm, which resulted in a low water use efficiency (WUE) of 4 Kg/m3 and water application efficiency (AE) of 32%. The water tax payment represented only 0.4% of the total production cost, considered not significant for the total value of production. Therefore, based in the results, it can be concluded that the taxation policy of the irrigation water usage certainly will not restrain the continuation of the excessive use of the water resources in this agricultural activity. However, the demonstration to the growers of the values associated to the pumped cost can contribute to the problem awareness and the recommendation of tensiometer use as practical and useful tool to the irrigation water management in furrow irrigation would help to obtain a reduction in production cost. Key words: production cost, water taxation, water demand, application efficiency
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola