Academic literature on the topic 'Furin site'
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Journal articles on the topic "Furin site"
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Tian, Sun. "A 20 Residues Motif Delineates the Furin Cleavage Site and its Physical Properties May Influence Viral Fusion." Biochemistry Insights 2 (January 2009): BCI.S2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s2049.
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Furin is a proprotein convertase that proteolytically cleaves protein precursors to yield functional proteins. Efficient cleavage depends on the presence of a specific sequence motif on the substrate. Currently, the cleavage site motif is described as a four amino acid pattern: R-X-[K/R]-R⇓. However, not all furin cleavage recognition sites can be described by this pattern and not all R-X-[K/R]-R⇓ sites are cleaved by furin. Since many furin substrates are involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection and human diseases, it is important to accurately characterize the furin cleavage site motif. In this study, the furin cleavage site motif was characterized using statistical analysis. The data were interpreted within the 3D crystal structure of the furin catalytic domain. The results indicate that the furin cleavage site motif is comprised of about 20 residues, P14-P6′. Specific physical properties such as volume, charge, and hydrophilicity are required at specific positions. The furin cleavage site motif is divided into two parts: 1) one core region (8 amino acids, positions P6-P2′) packed inside the furin binding pocket; 2) two polar regions (8 amino acids, positions P7–P14; and 4 amino acids, positions P3′-P6′) located outside the furin binding pocket. The physical properties of the core region contribute to the binding strength of the furin substrate, while the polar regions provide a solvent accessible environment and facilitate the accessibility of the core region to the furin binding pocket. This furin cleavage site motif also revealed a dynamic relationship linking the evolution of physical properties in region P1′-P6′ of viral fusion peptides, furin cleavage efficacy, and viral infectivity.
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Yamada, Yoshiyuki, and Ding Xiang Liu. "Proteolytic Activation of the Spike Protein at a Novel RRRR/S Motif Is Implicated in Furin-Dependent Entry, Syncytium Formation, and Infectivity of Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Cultured Cells." Journal of Virology 83, no. 17 (June 24, 2009): 8744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00613-09.
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ABSTRACT The spike (S) protein of the coronavirus (CoV) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits at the furin consensus motif RRFRR537/S in virus-infected cells. In this study, we observe that the S2 subunit of the IBV Beaudette strain is additionally cleaved at the second furin site (RRRR690/S) in cells expressing S constructs and in virus-infected cells. Detailed time course experiments showed that a peptide furin inhibitor, decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethylketone, blocked both viral entry and syncytium formation. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that the S1/S2 cleavage by furin was not necessary for, but could promote, syncytium formation by and infectivity of IBV in Vero cells. In contrast, the second site is involved in the furin dependence of viral entry and syncytium formation. Mutations of the second site from furin-cleavable RRRR/S to non-furin-cleavable PRRRS and AAARS, respectively, abrogated the furin dependence of IBV entry. Instead, a yet-to-be-identified serine protease(s) was involved, as revealed by protease inhibitor studies. Furthermore, sequence analysis of CoV S proteins by multiple alignments showed conservation of an XXXR/S motif, cleavable by either furin or other trypsin-like proteases, at a position equivalent to the second IBV furin site. Taken together, these results suggest that proteolysis at a novel XXXR/S motif in the S2 subunit might be a common mechanism for the entry of CoV into cells.
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Cheng, Jinlong, Ye Zhao, Gang Xu, Keran Zhang, Wenfeng Jia, Yali Sun, Jing Zhao, Jia Xue, Yanxin Hu, and Guozhong Zhang. "The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100972.
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Some coronaviruses (CoVs) have an extra furin cleavage site (RRKR/S, furin-S2′ site) upstream of the fusion peptide in the spike protein, which plays roles in virion adsorption and fusion. Mutation of the S2′ site of QX genotype (QX-type) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike protein (S) in a recombinant virus background results in higher pathogenicity, pronounced neural symptoms and neurotropism when compared with conditions in wild-type IBV (WT-IBV) infected chickens. In this study, we present evidence suggesting that recombinant IBV with a mutant S2′ site (furin-S2′ site) leads to higher mortality. Infection with mutant IBV induces severe encephalitis and breaks the blood–brain barrier. The results of a neutralization test and immunoprotection experiment show that an original serum and vaccine can still provide effective protection in vivo and in vitro. This is the first demonstration of IBV-induced neural symptoms in chickens with encephalitis and the furin-S2′ site as a determinant of neurotropism.
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Siner, Joshua I., Julie M. Crudele, Courtney T. Connolly, Shangzhen Zhou, Elizabeth P. Merricks, Timothy C. Nichols, Rodney M. Camire, and Valder R. Arruda. "Unexpected Role of PACE/Furin Cleavage Site in FVIII Biology: Implications for Hemophilia a Therapy." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.105.105.
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Abstract The paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme (PACE)/Furin is a protein convertase system that plays a vital role in several biological processes, including coagulation. The propeptide processing of human FIX by PACE/Furin is a critical posttranslational modification, so cells co-expressing PACE/Furin and FIX are used for production of clinical recombinant protein. In the development of recombinant B-domain deleted (BDD) FVIII for hemophilia A (HA), a 14 amino acid B-domain sequence containing a putative cleavage site for PACE/Furin was retained because it was believed to be critical for intracellular processing and secretion. In contrast to FIX, we report here a surprising detrimental effect of PACE/Furin in FVIII activity and intracellular processing and secretion. We engineered a human FVIII variant where the PACE/Furin site at residues 1645-1648 was deleted from FVIII-BDD (FVIII-ΔP/F). Notably, FVIII-ΔP/F exhibits a 3-fold increased activity over FVIII-BDD (p=0.0004) in a 2-stage APTT assay. Moreover, the A2-domain dissociation of activated FVIII-ΔP/F was also 3-fold longer compared to FVIII-BDD, suggesting a more stable activated FVIII molecule. The amount of FVIII secreted from stably transduced BHK cells was about 3-fold higher for FVIII-ΔP/F than for FVIII-BDD. Conversely, the amount of intracellular FVIII antigen was lower for FVIII-ΔP/F than for FVIII-BDD. To confirm that PACE/Furin was implicated in the underlying mechanisms for the observed differences in FVIII secretion, we inhibited PACE/Furin in FVIII-BDD producing BHKs by transducing them with vectors expressing an engineered α1-antitrypsin variant (haat-PDX) that specifically inhibits PACE/Furin. This resulted in a 40% increase in FVIII secretion (p=0.017) and a decrease in intracellular FVIII-BDD, whereas transduction with the haat-wild type control, which does not inhibit PACE/Furin, did not significantly change the amount of FVIII secreted (p=0.32). Importantly, the secretion and intracellular levels of FVIII-ΔP/F were not affected by the inhibition of PACE/Furin by haat-PDX, indicating that the secretion of this FVIII variant does not benefit from further inhibition of PACE/Furin cleavage. Together these data suggest that the increased secretion of FVIII-ΔP/F compared to FVIII-BDD is due to the former circumventing PACE/Furin. Furin is ubiquitously expressed in mammal tissues. In a stringent cellular model, we used LoVo, a unique human cell line that lacks functional Furin to determine whether expression of FVIII-ΔP/F and FVIII-BDD would differ, as we have observed in cells expressing Furin. Interestingly, the secretion of FVIII-ΔP/F and FVIII-BDD were comparable. This result confirms that FVIII-BDD is secreted better in the absence of Furin. In summary, our novel variant FVIII-ΔP/F exhibits enhanced secretion primarily by bypassing PACE/Furin cleavage; inhibiting this cellular process also enhances the secretion of FVIII. Futhermore in vivo experiments also demonstrated a beneficial effect of FVIII-ΔP/F: HA mice (n=4-7/dose) given adeno-associated viral 8 (AAV8) vectors for liver gene expression of FVIII-ΔP/F resulted in a 3-fold higher circulating FVIII levels than FVIII-BDD-expressing mice (p=0.025). These exciting results from human FVIII-ΔP/F prompt us to test this variant HA canine model. First we found that recombinant canine FVIII with the entire PACE/Furin site deleted (cFVIII-ΔP/F) had increased activity in a 2-stage aPTT assay compared to wild-type cFVIII-BDD. Injection of cFVIII-ΔP/F effectively corrects the hemophilia coagulopathy in two HA dogs. Further, AAV8 liver gene therapy with cFVIII-ΔP/F in additional two HA dogs at doses of ~6 x 1012 vg/kg, a log lower than previously used for canine FVIII-BDD AAV8 gene therapy, resulted in therapeutic levels of cFVIII and shortening of clotting times. Preliminary data on injection of cFVIII-BDD protein was well tolerated in cFVIII-ΔP/F-expressing dogs. In conclusion, these data suggest that PACE/Furin cleavage of FVIII hampers protein biological activity. FVIII variants lacking PACE/Furin recognition sequences are secreted more efficiently and exhibit improved hemostatic effects in both protein- and gene-based strategies. Inhibition of PACE/Furin in manufacturing systems for recombinant human FVIII may increase the yields of protein production. Thus these strategies have a strong rationale for translation to HA therapy. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Papa, Guido, Donna L. Mallery, Anna Albecka, Lawrence G. Welch, Jérôme Cattin-Ortolá, Jakub Luptak, David Paul, et al. "Furin cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 Spike promotes but is not essential for infection and cell-cell fusion." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e1009246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009246.
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells by binding to the host cell receptor ACE2 and undergoing virus-host membrane fusion. Fusion is triggered by the protease TMPRSS2, which processes the viral Spike (S) protein to reveal the fusion peptide. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved a multibasic site at the S1-S2 boundary, which is thought to be cleaved by furin in order to prime S protein for TMPRSS2 processing. Here we show that CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of furin reduces, but does not prevent, the production of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. Comparing S processing in furin knockout cells to multibasic site mutants reveals that while loss of furin substantially reduces S1-S2 cleavage it does not prevent it. SARS-CoV-2 S protein also mediates cell-cell fusion, potentially allowing virus to spread virion-independently. We show that loss of furin in either donor or acceptor cells reduces, but does not prevent, TMPRSS2-dependent cell-cell fusion, unlike mutation of the multibasic site that completely prevents syncytia formation. Our results show that while furin promotes both SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and cell-cell spread it is not essential, suggesting furin inhibitors may reduce but not abolish viral spread.
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Wanyiri, Jane W., Roberta O'Connor, Geneve Allison, Kami Kim, Anne Kane, Jiazhou Qiu, Andrew G. Plaut, and Honorine D. Ward. "Proteolytic Processing of the Cryptosporidium Glycoprotein gp40/15 by Human Furin and by a Parasite-Derived Furin-Like Protease Activity." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 1 (October 16, 2006): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00944-06.
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ABSTRACT The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Proteolytic processing of proteins plays a significant role in host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites. In previous studies, we described gp40/15, a Cryptosporidium sp. glycoprotein that is proteolytically cleaved to yield two surface glycopeptides (gp40 and gp15), which are implicated in mediating infection of host cells. In the present study, we showed that biosynthetically labeled gp40/15 is processed in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected HCT-8 cells. We identified a putative furin cleavage site RSRR↓ in the deduced amino acid sequence of gp40/15 from C. parvum and from all Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes except subtype 1e. Both human furin and a protease activity present in a C. parvum lysate cleaved recombinant C. parvum gp40/15 protein into 2 peptides, identified as gp40 and gp15 by size and by immunoreactivity with specific antibodies. C. hominis gp40/15 subtype 1e, in which the RSRR sequence is replaced by ISKR, has an alternative furin cleavage site (KSISKR↓) and was also cleaved by both furin and the C. parvum lysate. Site-directed mutagenesis of the C. parvum RSRR sequence to ASRR resulted in inhibition of cleavage by furin and the C. parvum lysate. Cleavage of recombinant gp40/15 and a synthetic furin substrate by the C. parvum lysate was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, by the specific furin inhibitor decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethylketone (Dec-RVKR-cmk), and by calcium chelators, suggesting that the parasite expresses a Ca2+ dependent, furin-like protease activity. The furin inhibitor Dec-RVKR-cmk decreased C. parvum infection of HCT-8 cells, suggesting that a furin-like protease activity may be involved in mediating host-parasite interactions.
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Geiselhart, Verena, Patrizia Bastone, Tore Kempf, Martina Schnölzer, and Martin Löchelt. "Furin-Mediated Cleavage of the Feline Foamy Virus Env Leader Protein." Journal of Virology 78, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 13573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.24.13573-13581.2004.
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ABSTRACT The molecular biology of spuma or foamy retroviruses is different from that of the other members of the Retroviridae. Among the distinguishing features, the N-terminal domain of the foamy virus Env glycoprotein, the 16-kDa Env leader protein Elp, is a component of released, infectious virions and is required for particle budding. The transmembrane protein Elp specifically interacts with N-terminal Gag sequences during morphogenesis. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of Elp release from the Env precursor protein. By a combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical methods, we show that the feline foamy virus (FFV) Elp is released by a cellular furin-like protease, most likely furin itself, generating an Elp protein consisting of 127 amino acid residues. The cleavage site fully conforms to the rules for an optimal furin site. Proteolytic processing at the furin cleavage site is required for full infectivity of FFV. However, utilization of other furin proteases and/or cleavage at a suboptimal signal peptidase cleavage site can partially rescue virus viability. In addition, we show that FFV Elp carries an N-linked oligosaccharide that is not conserved among the known foamy viruses.
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Cui, Yanzhen, Renee Hackenmiller, Linnea Berg, François Jean, Takuya Nakayama, Gary Thomas, and Jan L. Christian. "The activity and signaling range of mature BMP-4 is regulated by sequential cleavage at two sites within the prodomain of the precursor." Genes & Development 15, no. 21 (November 1, 2001): 2797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.940001.
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Proteolytic maturation of proBMP-4 is required to generate an active signaling molecule. We show that proBMP-4 is cleaved by furin in a sequential manner. Cleavage at a consensus furin site adjacent to the mature ligand domain allows for subsequent cleavage at an upstream nonconsensus furin site within the prodomain. BMP-4 synthesized from precursor in which the upstream site is noncleavable is less active, signals at a shorter range, and accumulates at lower levels than does BMP-4 cleaved from native precursor. Conversely, BMP-4 cleaved from precursor in which both sites are rapidly cleaved is more active and signals over a greater range. Differential use of the upstream cleavage site could provide for tissue-specific regulation of BMP-4 activity and signaling range.
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Gendron, Fernand-Pierre, Sébastien Mongrain, Patrick Laprise, Stéphanie McMahon, Claire M. Dubois, Mylène Blais, Claude Asselin, and Nathalie Rivard. "The CDX2 transcription factor regulates furin expression during intestinal epithelial cell differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 290, no. 2 (February 2006): G310—G318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2005.
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CDX2, a member of the caudal family of transcription factors, is involved in enterocyte lineage specification. CDX2 activates many intestine-specific genes, such as sucrase-isomaltase and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), and adhesion proteins, namely, LI-cadherin and claudin-2. In this study, we show that the proprotein convertase furin, involved in proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates including LPH and cell surface proteins, is a CDX2 target. Indeed, expression of the rat furin homolog was induced 1.5-fold, as determined by microarray experiments that compared control with CDX2-expressing intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). As determined by transient transfection assays in Caco-2/15 cells, the furin P1 promoter 1.3-kb fragment between SacI and NheI was essential for CDX2 transcriptional activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift/supershift assays followed by site-specific mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified the CDX DNA-binding site (CBS)2 sequence from nt −1827 to −1821 as the major CBS involved in furin P1 promoter activation. Increased furin mRNA and protein expression correlated with both CDX2 expression and intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. In addition, furin mRNAs were detected predominantly in differentiated epithelial cells of the villus, as determined by in situ hybridization. Treatment of Caco-2/15 cells with a furin inhibitor led to inhibition of LPH activity. Morphological differentiation of enterocyte-like features in Caco-2/15 such as epithelial cell polarity and brush-border formation were strongly attenuated by furin inhibition. These results suggest that CDX2 regulates furin expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Furin may be important in modulating the maturation and/or activation of key factors involved in enterocyte differentiation.
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Mjokane, Nozethu, Maphori Maliehe, Olufemi S. Folorunso, Adepemi O. Ogundeji, Onele M. N. Gcilitshana, Jacobus Albertyn, Carolina H. Pohl, and Olihile M. Sebolai. "Cryptococcal Protease(s) and the Activation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein." Cells 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11030437.
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In this contribution, we report on the possibility that cryptococcal protease(s) could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The S protein is documented to have a unique four-amino-acid sequence (underlined, SPRRAR↓S) at the interface between the S1 and S2 sites, that serves as a cleavage site for the human protease, furin. We compared the biochemical efficiency of cryptococcal protease(s) and furin to mediate the proteolytic cleavage of the S1/S2 site in a fluorogenic peptide. We show that cryptococcal protease(s) processes this site in a manner comparable to the efficiency of furin (p > 0.581). We conclude the paper by discussing the impact of these findings in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 disease manifesting while there is an underlying cryptococcal infection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Furin site"
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Gross, Andrew Jacob. "Discovery of an Allosteric Site on Furin, contributing to Potent Inhibition: A Promising Therapeutic for the Anemia of Chronic Inflammation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6537.
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Anemia of chronic inflammation (ACI) is a condition that develops in a setting of chronic immune activation. ACI is characterized and triggered by inflammatory cytokines and the disruption of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin, a small peptide hormone, is the master regulator of iron homeostasis, and rapidly responds to iron supply and demand. Under conditions of chronic inflammation, hepcidin is elevated, and alters the way that iron is absorbed and disrupted throughout the body, resulting in disrupted iron homeostasis through inhibition of the iron exporter protein ferroportin. Anemia arises when insufficient erythropoietic activity combined with inadequate iron supply abrogates the healthy development of mature red blood cells (RBCs). The proprotein convertase (PC) known as furin is a serine protease capable of cleaving peptide precursors into their active state. Furin is critical for normal activation of proteins and enzymes but recently, furin has been implicated in critical roles within cancers, viral and pathogenic infections, and arthritis through activating precursors novel to the disease type. Furin has previously been identified as being the sole PC responsible for generating active hepcidin. Hepcidin is initially synthesized as a larger precursor protein, before undergoing furin cleavage. Furin is known to form mature, bioactive hepcidin, with the removal of this pro-region. Our discovery of a novel regulatory site on Furin has led to potent inhibition using small molecules. This inhibition is shown with the use of in vitro fluorogenic assays, in vivo cell tissue cultures, and within an animal model of ACI. Our results demonstrate that in using these small molecules we can decrease hepcidin levels even in the presence of potent inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of hepcidin by these small molecules causes an increase in stably expressed ferroportin on cell surfaces and the restoration of the ability to mobilize iron from storage tissues and absorption from the diet. The ability to "fine-tune" inhibition of furin in targeting its allosteric site along with its catalytic domain designates these small-molecule inhibitors as promising therapeutics for treatment of diseases ranging from Alzheimer's and cancer to anthrax and Ebola fever.
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Oltmann, Meredith Leigh. "Disruption of the furin cleavage site in mouse Notch 1 results in cardiovascular malformations due to hypomorphic Notch 1 signaling." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872078271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kobertz, William Rudolf 1968. "Total synthesis of a Furan-side psoralen-thymidine monoadduct and its biochemical applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50343.
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Hickey, Ashley N. "Expression of CTB-proinsulin in transgenic chloroplasts." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1088.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences
Molecular and Microbiology
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Nelson, Steevenson. "Characterization of furin protease sensitive site processing and it's effects on sindbis virus assembly and buddingcharacterization of furin protease sensitive site processing and it's effects on sindbis virus assembly and budding." 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11172005-133503/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Chen, Yu-Jou, and 陳語柔. "Recombinant Zika virus-like particles containing a multiple furin cleavage site for vaccine design." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r8d3x3.
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Jheng, Jyun-Fong, and 鄭竣丰. "Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymers Based on 5,6-difluoro-benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole Acceptor and Thiophene, Furan and Selenophene Donor Units and Their Copolymers Containing Porphyrin Side Chain Units for Photovoltaics Applications." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aqcw28.
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碩士國立交通大學
應用化學系碩博士班
101
This research is aimed to enhance the performances of low band gap (LBG) polymer in the optoelectronic applications, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic polymer photovoltaics (OPVs). Two strategies were used to design high performance LBG polymers, including promoting of the intermolecular non-covalent interaction strength and effect of congeners of the state-of-art LBG polymers. In the first part of this study, 5,6-difluoro-benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole acceptor unit was copolymerized with quaterthiophene donor unit (PTh4FBT). This fluorinated unit was used to enhance the non-covalent interaction and the packing order of polymer chains in the aggregation state. The best OPV device based on this obtained polymer shows the power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 6.82% and its OFET mobility of 0.29 cm2v-1s-1. In the second part of this study, furan and selenophene units were used to replace two thiophene units in the copolymers to study the effect of congeners. Other two copolymers (PTh2OFBT and PTH2SeFBT) were synthesized. Reduction of the bandgap and increase of crystallinity were observed in the selenophene containing polymer. Therefore, the device performances of PTh2SeFBT were the highest among the three polymers. The OPV and OFET devices based on PTh2SeFBT reveals the PCE value of 7.34% and 0.36 cm2v-1s-1. However, PTh2OFBT shows increase of the bandgap and reduction of crystallinity. So the OPV and OFET devices based on PTh2OFBT shows PCE value of 0.21% and mobility of 10-3 cm2v-1s-1.
Books on the topic "Furin site"
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Dalmau, Antoni. Siete días de furia: Barcelona y la Semana Trágica (julio de 1909). Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2009.
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Siete días de furia: Barcelona y la Semana Trágica (julio de 1909). Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2009.
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RUNCAN, PATRICIA. Consiliere și mentorare cu impact. Seria AUTENTIC. Vol. 2. EDITURA DE VEST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51820/autentic.2021.vol.2.
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"Prefață: Consiliere și mentorare cu impact Călăuzirea spirituală: de la „avva” Antichității la mentorul de azi Sfântul apostol Pavel le scria romanilor: „Dar cum vor chema pe Acela în care n-au crezut? Și cum vor crede în Acela despre care n-au auzit? Și cum vor auzi despre El, fără ca cineva să predice? Și cum vor predica, dacă n-au fost trimiși? Astfel, credința vine din cele auzite, iar cele auzite, prin Cuvântul Lui Dumnezeu.” (Romani 10: 14-15). Nimeni n-a plecat la propovăduire de capul lui. 1. Inițial, Isus „a chemat pe cine a vrut” (chemarea; vocația divină: gr. kaleo; lat. voco/are = a chema); 2. apoi, „ei au venit la El și a rânduit dintre ei 12, ca să-i aibă cu Sine” (răspunsul personal: voluntar și prompt [lat. protinus = îndată]; asumarea vocației apostolice și „ucenicia” alături de Isus timp de trei ani; gr. mathitevo = a fi discipol; a învăța; lat. discipulus); și 3. în final, Isus „i-a trimis să predice” (misiunea apostolică; gr. apo/stello; lat. mitto/ere = a trimite; missio/onis = trimitere; gr. kirysso = a propovădui; „a face o proclamație în calitate de herald”; un „mesager al Domnului”; gr. kyr = domn) [Marcu 3:13-14]. Chemare, ucenicie, trimitere..., toate acestea s-au petrecut „la împlinirea timpului” (Galateni 4:4), într-un moment de cumpănă al omenirii, cum ar zice E. Cioran: „Pe culmile disperării”, când „Poporul care stătea în întuneric, a văzut o mare Lumină și, celor care zăceau în ținutul și în umbra morții, le-a răsărit Lumina” (Matei 4:16) „transfigurării cosmice” (Cioran) mesianice. Isus n-a venit într-o lume pregătită să-L primească, ci într-o lume bulversată, disperată și în așteptare... Nu era o lume mai dreaptă, mai bună, mai credincioasă, mai morală, mai cultă, mai catehizată, mai primitoare decât cea de azi. Dar Isus n-a ținut cont de nimic din toate astea, ci pur și simplu a venit să-și îndeplinească „misiunea”: a învățat, a vindecat boli incurabile, a înviat persoane trecute în „viața de apoi”, a iertat, a exorcizat „demonii” multor patimi, a dat sens multor vieți, a provocat, a contestat formalismele Templului, cărturarilor și fariseilor, a declanșat furia mai marilor vremii și nu a fugit de supliciul și „rușinea” crucii. Într-un fel, la (răs)crucea vremurilor de azi, lucrurile par a se suprapune cu cele din timpul lui Isus. Trăim într-o lume complet debusolată, secularizată, nihilistă, agnostică, sceptică, indiferentă, relativistă, dezumanizată, lacomă și nesătulă, buimacă, parcă „fără istorie spirituală și fără viitor”, ostilă Celui de Sus și refractară oricărei morale, o epocă a indiscreției și lipsei de pudoare, a pornografiei, traficului de carne vie, vânzărilor de armament, droguri etc., fără sentimentul păcatului (Morale sans péché, dr. Hesnard, 1954), fără pic de rușine, fără valori, direcție, sens și destinație spirituală. Dumnezeu ne-a adus de la haos (abis, „tohu wa bohu” = o lume „fără formă și goală”; „fără cap și fără coadă”) la kosmos (ordine, viață, „căpătâi”), dar noi, parcă tributari „vocației entropiei”, mergem ireversibil către neant, nonsens și autodistrugere. Dumnezeu ne-a dăruit Viața, dar noi, incapabili să-i descifrăm farmecul, bucuria, valoarea și sensul, ne-o suprimăm sau ne-o irosim în nimicnicie. Ne-a dăruit Iubirea, dar ura, intoleranța și resentimentele ne stăpânesc. „Lumina a venit în lume, dar oamenii au iubit mai mult întunericul decât lumina, pentru că faptele lor erau rele.” (Ioan 3:19). Nu suntem cu nimic mai buni peste 2000 de ani decât atunci, dimpotrivă! Dar, în loc să stăm și să ne lamentăm continuu, mai bine căutăm soluții. Omul sfințește locul! Tuturor acestor provocări vor trebui să le facă față duhovnicii, mentorii, cateheţii și toți învățătorii spirituali de azi. O teologie de manual, scolastică, teoretică, stearpă și polemicile noastre confesionaliste sunt de mult depășite. Cum „imputa” ironic un student profesorului de dogmatică: „Dom’ profesor, cred că nici Dumnezeu nu știe despre El atâtea câte ați scris dumneavoastră în manualul acesta!” Termeni, dogme, erezii, speculații filosofice, dispute – la ce servesc toate astea? „Nimic nu e mai sărac decât cugetarea care, stând afară de Dumnezeu, filosofează despre Dumnezeu.” (Diadoh, episcop al Foticeei, sec. V). Azi, e nevoie de creștini autentici și mărturisitori adevărați (gr. martirevo = a mărturisi; de aici și termenul de „martir”) într-o relație vie cu Dumnezeu, „din interiorul Lui”, în Duhul Lui, nu doar de niște transmițători de cunoștințe teologice exterioare, mereu puși pe harță pentru monopolul (exclusivismul) și „drepturile de autor” asupra „adevărului” divin. Vremea polemicilor sterile a apus. Lumea nu mai are nevoie să afle „sexul îngerilor”! E nevoie de o Întâlnire adevărată cu Dumnezeu, nu doar la nivelul minții și speculațiilor teologice, ci și la nivelul inimii și al spiritului. Un consilier sau mentor spiritual asta va trebui să facă, să-l conducă pe omul zilelor de azi la Marea Întâlnire existențială și spirituală cu Dumnezeu. „Oare poate un orb să călăuzească pe un alt orb? Nu vor cădea amândoi în groapă?” (Luca 6:39). Avem nevoie de duhovnici adevărați, de consilieri adevărați, de mentori spirituali adevărați, cu pregătire umană, teologică și viață spirituală pe măsură, care să înțeleagă omul de azi cu toate problemele, slăbiciunile și ezitările lui, nu de triumfaliști „îmbelferiţi ai spiritului”, de legaliști, formaliști, moraliști de mucava care să te trateze de pe poziții de superioritate, suficiență și omnisciență. Avem nevoie de călăuze spirituale umane, calde, autentice, vii care să „nu ne dea lecții de morală ieftină” și de „auto-izbutită soteriologie”. Nu e nevoie de „experți” care să ni se insinueze drept „modele” și „păstori” ai unei turme paraplegice și oarbe, ci de oameni adevărați cu inimă caldă și mare, cu care să putem intra într-un dialog real, de la om la om, de la suflet la suflet, cu Dumnezeul cel Viu prezent în mijlocul nostru. Predica publică e una, relația de îndrumare spirituală, de consiliere sau de mentorat este alta. Este o relație particulară, de la om la om, cu o forță de impact soteriologic imensă: o adevărată „chirurgie spirituală” în care omul își oferă mentorului spiritual inima deschisă ca „pe tavă” cu toată încrederea. De măiestria și responsabilitatea duhovnicului, consilierului sau mentorului spiritual depinde „reușita operației” și felul în care este „suturată” incizia. Din păcate, mulți au rămas profund dezamăgiți și debusolați după „întâlnirea” cu unele „pseudo-călăuze” sau „mercenari” implicați în acest câmp psihologic și spiritual extrem de fragil. Predica te poate atinge parțial, dar cuvântul adresat direct, de la inimă la inimă, n-are cum să nu-ţi trezească sentimente, întrebări, idei, aspirații puternice. Aceasta și era relația directă dintre avva (maestrul spiritual) și ucenic, încă din antichitatea creștină, și către asta tindem și acum, spre o neo-evanghelizare sau re-încreştinare autentică (nu îndoctrinare sau prozelitism) a omului, prin comunicarea față în față cu mentorul, un om mai experimentat, pregătit (psihologic și spiritual), cu învățăcelul, în curs de formare, pentru a-l smulge din marasmul și pericolele societății atee despre care vorbeam mai sus. Mai trebuie doar să înțelegem că, azi, această relație spirituală de călăuzire este cumva „pe picior de egalitate”. Nimeni nu se consideră superior nimănui, doar „maestrul” spiritual este dispus și disponibil să (se) investească în „discipol”, în beneficiul orientării lui existențiale și mântuirii. Aceasta înseamnă „artă” și autenticitate spirituală! Volumul de față, Consiliere și mentorare cu impact, ca, de altfel, întreaga colecție Autentic, urmăreşte obținerea unor mărturii adevărate ale unor persoane autentice, care să le fie de folos în orientarea și formarea oamenilor dispuși să-și caute calea și rostul lor spiritual. Așa cum, deja, ne-a obișnuit apariția primului volum, Copilărie și parentalitate cu impact, structura celui de față este la fel de coerentă, variată și interesantă cum, nu mă îndoiesc nicio clipă, vor fi și cele ce vor urma. Coordonatoarea volumului și a colecției, doamna conf. univ. dr. Patricia Runcan, un manager cultural excelent și, la rându-i, un om spiritual autentic, nu se dezice, nici de această dată, de stilul ei „nemțesc”, precis, pedant și de chemarea/menirea pe care i-a dat-o Dumnezeu: de a învăța în școală, de a mărturisi în/prin Biserică și de a scrie mesajul divin celor dispuși să-l asculte. Susțin și încurajez, cu tot sufletul, această minunată inițiativă a colecției Autentic și sper să dea roade cât mai bogate și îndelungate! Conf. univ. dr. Eugen Jurca "
Book chapters on the topic "Furin site"
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Sriram, Anitha, Yojana Bhor, Srushti Mahajan, Rahul Kumar, Saurabh Srivastava, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh, and Pankaj Kumar Singh. "SARS-COV-2 Ingress - Triggering COVID-19 Infection." In An Update on SARS-CoV-2: Damage-response Framework, Potential Therapeutic Avenues and the Impact of Nanotechnology on COVID-19 Therapy Volume 1, 43–66. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815039863122010006.
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An important keynote that should be kept in mind is that to curb the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, one should understand how it enters host cells. This review provides deep insights into mechanistic intervention approaches of 2019- nCoV that target its host cell entry mechanisms. Majorly, there are three entryways for 2019-nCoV to target and infect the host cell, which is highly expressed with ACE2. The ‘S’- priming of TMPRSS2 associated cleavage is the primary entryway for a virus to access the targeted host cell via mediating the fusion process. The second way for virus entry is through the endocytosis phenomenon. The third way for virus entry is S pre-priming or S pre-cleaving of furin mediated fusion. Recent studies have proved that S1/S2' is a proteolytic cleavage site responsible for mediating viral entry. Hence, several protease inhibitors could be the potential targets to block proteolytic cleavage of the spike protein. This review describes the different entryways of 2019-nCoV and the impactful role of TMPRSS2 and furin host enzymes for a virus to get access into the targeted host cell; pre-fusion and post-fusion conformational states of 2019-nCoV spike protein; the role of viral suppressors of RNA in host immune evasion and the role of SPs, NSPs, and Orfs of 2019-nCoV in host immune evasion (host IFN response). Mutations of 2019-nCoVand its variants are reviewed in this article.
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Kumar, Vijay. "Learning from Bats to Escape from Potent or Severe Viral Infections." In Origin and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Originating From SARS-CoV-2 Infection Across the Globe [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98916.
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The COVID-19 pandemic that started in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China has created chaos all over the world with over 185 million infection cases and 4 million deaths world-wide. The pathogen behind COVID-19 has been identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is more close to the previous SARS-CoV responsible for SARS epidemic 2002–2003. Although, SARS-CoV-2 also differs from SARS-CoV in many aspects as indicated by genetic studies. For example, SARS-CoV does not have a furin binding domain or site, whereas its presence in SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein increases its potential for infectivity. The horseshoe bats (Rhinolphus species) from China are considered as primary animal reservoirs for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. However, along with CoVs, bats also harbor many other viral pathogens (Ebola, Nipah, and Hendra viruses) without having serious infections. The bat physiology plays a crucial role in harboring these viruses along with adaptations to longevity and slow aging process. The immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance or establishment of the infection. Present chapter discusses different immunological aspects (innate immune response comprising the virus recognizing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), type 1 interferon production, pro- and anti-inflammatory immune response, and adaptive immune response) that help bats to control viral infection without getting a severe infection as compared to other mammals, including humans.
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Ngusale, George. "Pyrolysis of Furfural Residues and Possible Utilization Pathway." In Furans and Furan Derivatives - Recent Advances and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98734.
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The manuscript attempts to understand the evolution of NOx precursors: NH3 and HCN from Pyrolysis of furfural residue (FR). The pyrolysis process was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled to Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The combination revealed insightful information on the evolution of NH3 and HCN. This could help us better understand the characteristics of FR derived from furfural production especially with regard to NH3 and HCN. Nitrogen is considered a minor component in biomass wastes; in this study nitrogen content is about 0.57%. However, the pollution potential poised by low nitrogen content is huge through both direct and indirect processes. Thus, this study presents results that were found with regard to FR pyrolysis in pure nitrogen environment. At the heating rate of 40°C/min−1, the only NOx precursor detected was HCN at 713 cm−1 as per the database provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NH3 was not detected. The particle size of FR used ranged between 0.15–0.25 mm.
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Hussain, Athar, Ayushman Bhattacharya, and Arfat Ahmed. "Plastic Waste Pollution and Its Management in India." In Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater, 62–73. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch005.
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Plastic, one of the most preferred materials in today's industrial world, is posing a serious threat to the environment and consumer health in many direct and indirect ways. The global plastic production increased over years due to the vast applications of plastics in many sectors. More than 50% of the plastic waste generated in the country is recycled and used in the manufacture of various plastic products. The remaining half is disposed of at landfill sites or simply burned in incinerators. The burning of plastics, especially PVC, releases this dioxin and also furan into the atmosphere. In this chapter, the authors examine the environmental and health effects and harm caused by the burning of plastics in detail. It focuses on the current status of plastic waste management in India and industries working under the extended producer responsibility. Therefore, an attempt has been made to review the current practices prevalent in India to deal with this plastic waste and problems associated with it.
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Taber, Douglass. "Protection of Organic Functional Groups." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0011.
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Several noteworthy new developments in the protection and deprotection of alcohols have been reported. Andrea Biffis of the Università di Padova has developed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 2485) a Rh catalyst that effected silylation of alcohols such as 1 to the TES ether 2 at just 0.01% loading. Joshua Rokach of the Florida Institute of Technology has observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5289) that the reverse reaction, Rh-catalyzed desilylation of 3, was highly selective for the less congested site, even removing the usually less reactive TBS ether of 3 and leaving the more hindered TES ether. Hirokazu Tsukamoto of Tohoku University has devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8438) an improved procedure for the deprotection of allyl ethers such as 5. Filtration of the reaction mixture through polymer- bound diethanolamine removed > 95% of the Pd from the product. Patrick Pale of the Université Louis Pasteur has established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8895) improved con- ditions for preparing diphenylmethyl ethers such as 10. The protecting group was removed with the Pd catalyst and ethanol. Amines can be activated for alkylation by N-formylation. Subsequent deformylation of the alkylated formamide 11 has been a challenge. Longqin Hu of Rutgers University has developed (Tetrahedron Lett . 2007, 48, 4585) microwave conditions that work well. Carbamates are stable, but esters are not. Protection of amides can also be important. Michael J. Zacuto of Merck Process in Rahway, NJ has optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6298) the Rh-catalyzed deallylation of 13 to give 14. Carbonyl protection and deprotection is also important. Yoshihisa Kobayashi of the University of California, San Diego has devised (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3913) the isonitrile 15. Usually, the product 16 after Ugi condensation would be very difficult to hydrolyze. In the case of 16, mild acid effected cyclization to the acyl indole 17, which was easy to hydrolyze. In a different approach, Francesco Naso of the Università di Bari has shown (Chem. Commun. 2007, 3756) that acid chlorides such as 18 condensed with 19 to give the furan 20. Such furans are easily oxidized, liberating the starting acid.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Development of Flow Reactions." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0015.
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For a review of a monograph by C. Wiles and P. Watts on applications of flow reactors in organic synthesis, see Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 947. For a review by Klavs S. Jensen of MIT of flow approaches, see Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 7502. Hans-René Bjørsvik of the University of Bergen described (Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 997) a multijet oscillating disc microreactor, and Andreas Schmid of the Technische Universität Dortmund (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2511) and László Poppe of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics discussed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2481) continuous flow reactors for biotransformations. Gases are readily handled in a flow apparatus. S. Chandrasekhar of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad demonstrated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 3865) partial deuteration of 1 to 2, using D2O as the deuterium source. Peter H. Seeberger of the Max Planck Institute, Potsdam oxidized (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 5008) 3 to 4 with singlet oxygen. Dong-Pyo Kim of Chungnam National University and Robert H. Grubbs of Caltech effected (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2398) ethenolysis of 5 to give 6 and 7. Takashi Takahashi of the Tokyo Institute of Technology showed (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12661) that even phosgene could be handled in a flow system, using it to activate 8 for condensation with benzylamine to give 9. In the liquid phase, Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8900) 11 by the fluorination of 10. Jesús Alcázar of Janssen Pharmaceutical, Toledo, showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 6058) that a nitrile 12 could be reduced in a flow system to the aldehyde 13. Mark York of CSIRO prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 6267) the furan 16 by condensation of 14 with 15. Floris P.J.T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen used (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 783) the careful controls of a flow reactor to optimize the exothermic combination of 17 with 18 to give 19. Professor Buchwald demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10665) a flow protocol for the lithiation of 20 with in situ borylation and Pd-catalyzed coupling with 21 to give 22.
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Taber, Douglass. "Stereocontrolled Alkaloid Construction: Rhazinicine (Gaunt), 9-epi-Pentazocine (Zhai and Li), Fawcettidine (Dake), Strychnine (Padwa), and Yohimbine (Jacobsen)." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0059.
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The power of catalytic C-H functionalization is illustrated by the elegant synthesis of rhazinicine 3 devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3004) by Matthew J. Gaunt of the University of Cambridge. The key step in the synthesis was the oxidative cyclization of 1 to 2. Although 1 has many C-H sites, the Pd catalyst selected for the α position of the pyrrole, leading, after intramolecular Heck addition and β-hydride elimination, to the alkene 2. Reduction and macrolactamization completed the synthesis of 3. Hongbin Zhai of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and Zhong Li of East China University of Science and Technology prepared (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2457) the analgesic (-)-9- epi -pentazocine 8 from the amino ester 4, itself available from D-tyrosine. In the conversion of 5 to 6, the (i -PrO)2 Ti formed a ring, leading to 6 as a single diastereomer and geometric isomer. HBr then effected both deprotection of the methyl ether and cyclization, to give 7, which was carried on to 8. The Pt-catalyzed cyclization of 9 to 10 set the stage for the synthesis of ( + )-fawcettidine 15 by Gregory R. Dake of the University of British Columbia (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4221). This synthesis also illustrated the power of the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction for the assembly of medium rings. The thiolate liberated from 12 readily added to the enone, to give 13. Oxidation to the sulfone followed by the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction (halogenation, intramolecular displacement, chelotropic elimination of SO2 ) then delivered 14, which was selectively reduced, leading to 15. Albert Padwa of Emory University has developed (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 3539) a general route to the Strychnos alkaloids, based on the facile cyclization of the furan 16 to the tetracyclic ketone 17. This project culminated in the synthesis of the heptacyclic strychnine 20. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University has devised a family of catalysts for the enantioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamine 21. He has now (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 745) used this approach to prepare the triene 22 in 94 % ee.
Conference papers on the topic "Furin site"
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Klonos, Panagiotis, Lazaros Papadopoulos, Zoi Terzopoulou, Apostolos Kyritsis, George Papageorgiou, and Dimitris Bikiaris. "Tuning the Crystallizability of Renewable Poly(alkylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate)s by In-Situ Adding Various Nanosized Nucleation Agents." In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cgpm2020-07224.
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Warrener, Ronald, Douglas Butler, Shudong Wang, and Edward Tiekink. "Site and Stereoselectivities in the High Pressure Reactionof Furan with Dimethyl 7-isopropylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate and Tetramethyl7-isopropylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylate." In The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-3-01728.
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Maslakci, Neslihan Nohut, and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz. "RF rotating plasma modified of chitosan with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, thiophene and furan: Investigation of nanofibers in-situ with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrospinning system." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2015.7179748.
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Balakrishnan, Anandh, and Mrinal C. Saha. "Effect of Ultrasound and Strain Rate on Tensile Behavior of Neat Thermoplastic Polyurethane Thin Films." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39197.
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Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) thin films have many applications in engineering and biomedical fields. Examples include moisture sensors, load cells, optical element and biocompatible stens. The TPU is a block copolymer naturally phase segregates into thermodynamically incompatible hard- and soft-segments. The size of the segments and their spatial distribution can significantly affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TPU. In this paper, we propose to investigate the effect of ultrasound energy on mechanical properties of TPU thin films fabricated via a solution route utilizing Tetra Hydro Furan (THF) as a solvent. The times of sonication was fixed at 60 minutes whilst all films were fabricated at average thickness of 20+/-5 um. The primary objective of the study was to understand the influence of ultrasound and strain rates on the material microstructure and the resulting mechanical properties. Mechanical tests have been conducted at two different displacement rates, namely 5 and 10 mm/min. Our preliminary results indicate that ultrasound improves the strength of the neat TPU films. We also see that strain hardening is displacement or strain rate dependent. We attribute these results to changes in the hard (H) and soft (S) domain structure. To further understand these microstructural variations, we propose to conduct Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The data has been interpreted in conjunction with our mechanical test data.
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Iino, Kenji, and Masayuki Nakao. "A Fatal Accident Case and Lessons for Entertainment Engineering." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12133.
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On May 5th, 2007, a six-car stand-up roller coaster Fujin-Raijin II, during a ride, dropped one of its two wheel assemblies from the second car. Losing its balance, the second car tilted to the left by about 45 degrees. The rider in the left side of the front row jammed her head between the passenger support structure and the handrail of the maintenance walkway and was killed instantly. The next day, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) instructed a nationwide inspection of similar attractions. Investigations revealed that the main axle had a crack caused by metal fatigue and the owner of the amusement park, bankrupt in 2009, had been running the coaster for 15 years without changing the axle and reporting “in good condition” upon visual inspection only. The applicable law required, and still does, annual testing with magnetic particles, ultrasound, or liquid penetrant. The axle, at the time of its failure, had only about 25% of cross-sectional area remaining intact where the crack had grown. A maintenance worker later reported looseness with the axle fit in the pressure-receiving hole. The fit was originally designed tight to receive the bending force. People pay and wait in long lines for the excitement of unusual thrill from short amusement rides. The rides take passengers through unusual movements and G-forces to make them scream and laugh. Mechanical parts of the vehicles thus are subjected to unusual loading conditions. Machine design for such rides requires serious design reviews, failure analysis, frequent inspection, and thorough maintenance. Engineering ethics call for amusement park owners’ and workers’ awareness of design and operations for an unusual environment.
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Lei, Hanwu, Shoujie Ren, James Julson, Lu Wang, Quan Bu, and Roger Ruan. "Microwave Torrefaction of Corn Stover and Tech-Economic Analysis." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50230.
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Microwave torrefaction of corn stover with particle size of 4 mm was investigated and the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of volatile, bio-oil and torrefied biomass were determined. The response surface analysis of the central composite design (CCD) showed that the yields of volatile, bio-oil and torrefied biomass were significantly affected by the reaction temperature and time. Three linear models were developed to predict the yields of conversion products as a function of temperature and time. A first order reaction kinetics was also developed to model the corn stover torrefaction. Ph values of torrefaction bio-oils ranged from 2.3 to 2.76 which were similar to those of bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis. GC/MS analysis for torrefaction bio-oils showed that the organic acid was about 2.16% to 12.00%. The torrefaction bio-oils also contain valuable chemical compounds such as phenols, furan derivatives and aliphatic hydrocarbons determined by a GC/MS. There are no aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in the torrefaction bio-oils. The torrefaction biogas was mainly consisted of ch4, c2h6, c3h8, which was about 56 wt% of the total bio-gas. The biogas can be used for chemical synthesis or electricity generation. The heating values of torrefied biomass were from 18.64–22.22 MJ/kg depending on the process conditions. The heating values of torrefied biomass were significantly greater than those of raw biomass and similar to those of coals. The energy yields of torrefied biomass from 87.03–97.87% implied that most energy was retained in the torrefied biomass. Economic analysis indicated that the biomass microwave torrefaction plant located in a farm is profitable.
Reports on the topic "Furin site"
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Allcock, Harry R., Jeffrey A. Dodge, Leon S. Van Dyke, and Charles R. Martin. Polyphosphazenes Bearing Polymerizable Pyrrole, Thiophene and Furan Side Groups: Synthesis and Chemical Oxidation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249747.
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