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Journal articles on the topic 'Furfuryl ethers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 June 2023

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1

Velea, Sanda, Mihaela Bombos, Gabriel Vasilievici, Rami Doukeh, and Dorin Bombos. "Component for Gasoline by Hydroconversion of Furfural Derivates in Presence of Methanol." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 7 (August 15, 2017): 1512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.7.5706.

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Hydrotreating of furfural in order to obtain furan derivatives, components for gasoline was studied on two catalysts Ni-Co-Mo /g-Al2O3 promoted with Ba and respectively Pt-Pd/g-Al2O3. Catalysts characterization where performed by determining the acid strength and textural characteristics. For both catalysts the main reaction products identified are tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, methyl tetrahydrofurfuryl ether, furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl methyl ether, the most valuable component for gasoline from the resulting mixture being tetrahydrofurfuryl methyl ether. Catalyst Pt-Pd/g-Al2O3 showed higher activity than catalyst Ni-Co-Mo-Ba /g-Al2O3 on the ranges of parameters studied. The yield in ethers was higher than the yield in alcohols for both catalysts for the parameters range studied and the yield in tetrahydrofurfuryl methyl ether was higher in the case of Pd-Pt catalyst than for Ni-Co-Mo-Ba catalyst.

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2

López-Asensio, Raquel, Carmen Jiménez Gómez, Cristina García Sancho, Ramón Moreno-Tost, Juan Cecilia, and Pedro Maireles-Torres. "Influence of Structure-modifying Agents in the Synthesis of Zr-doped SBA-15 Silica and Their Use as Catalysts in the Furfural Hydrogenation to Obtain High Value-added Products through the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040828.

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Zr-doped mesoporous silicas with different textural parameters have been synthesized in the presence of structure-modifying agents, and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption-desorption at −196 °C, NH3 thermoprogrammed desorption (NH3–TPD), CO2 thermoprogrammed desorption (CO2–TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These porous materials were evaluated in the furfural hydrogenation through the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reaction. The catalytic results indicate that the catalyst synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and adding a pore expander agent is more active and selective to furfuryl alcohol. However, the Zr-doped porous silica catalysts that were synthesized at room temperature, which possess narrow pore sizes, tend to form i-propyl furfuryl and difurfuryl ethers, coming from etherification between furfuryl alcohol (FOL) and isopropanol molecules (used as H-donor) by a SN2 mechanism.

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3

Chiyonobu, Kazuhiko, Gen-ichi Konishi, Yohtaro Inoue, and Kazuhiko Mizuno. "Intramolecular (4π+4π) Photocycloaddition via Naphthalene-Furan Exciplex." Journal of Chemical Research 2001, no. 4 (April 2001): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823401103169432.

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Irradiation of benzene solutions containing 4-cyano- and 4-methoxycarbonyl-1-naphthylmethyl furfuryl ethers afforded the (4π+4π) photocycloadducts via intramolecular singlet exciplexes as reactive intermediates in excellent yields.

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4

Oparina, L. A., O. V. Vysotskaya, A. V. Stepanov, I. A. Ushakov, K. A. Apartsin, N. K. Gusarova, and B. A. Trofimov. "Furfuryl vinyl ethers in [4+2]-cycloaddition reactions." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 53, no. 2 (February 2017): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070428017020105.

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5

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Teruyoshi Kamata, Michiyu Nakatani, Keiko Yamazaki, Tomomi Matsui, and Toshio Honda. "Asymmetric [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of crotyl furfuryl ethers." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 11, no. 23 (December 2000): 4725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00467-5.

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6

Rusakov, Yu Yu, L. B. Krivdin, L. M. Sinegovskaya, N. V. Istomina, L. A. Oparina, A. V. Stepanov, and B. A. Trofimov. "Synthesis and conformational analysis of furfuryl vinyl ethers." Russian Chemical Bulletin 57, no. 10 (October 2008): 2132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-008-0289-z.

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7

Cao, Quan, Wei Zhang, Shengjun Luo, Rongbo Guo, and Dongyan Xu. "Synthesis of Furanic Ethers from Furfuryl Alcohol for Biofuel Production." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 15 (July 12, 2021): 12725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01061.

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8

Oparina, L. A., O. V. Vysotskaya, A. V. Stepanov, N. K. Gusarova, and B. A. Trofimov. "Chemo- and regioselective reaction of vinyl furfuryl ethers with alcohols." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 48, no. 9 (September 2012): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070428012090023.

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9

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Teruyoshi Kamata, Michiyu Nakatani, Keiko Yamazaki, Tomomi Matsui, and Toshio Honda. "ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric [2,3] Wittig Rearrangement of Crotyl Furfuryl Ethers." ChemInform 32, no. 19 (May 8, 2001): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200119099.

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10

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Akira Ohinata, Tomoaki Tanaka, Kazunori Takahashi, and Toshio Honda. "Studies on Wittig rearrangement of furfuryl ethers in steroidal side chain synthesis." Tetrahedron 61, no. 5 (January 2005): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.055.

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11

Oparina, L. A., O. V. Vysotskaya, A. V. Stepanov, N. K. Gusarova, and B. A. Trofimov. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemo- and Regioselective Reaction of Vinyl Furfuryl Ethers with Alcohols." ChemInform 44, no. 10 (March 5, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201310113.

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12

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Teruyoshi Kamata, Hiroyuki Okita, Mayumi Arai, Atsushi Shigihara, and Toshio Honda. "Wittig rearrangement of allyl and propargyl furfuryl ethers leading to 2-furylmethanol derivatives." Chemical Communications, no. 22 (1999): 2263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a907312d.

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13

Anisimov, A. V., L. V. Mozhaeva, N. B. Kazennova, S. V. Kuznetsova, and E. A. Viktorova. "Wittig rearrangement of allyl furfuryl and allyl thienyl ethers and sulfides and their benzo-derivatives." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 23, no. 7 (July 1987): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00475634.

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14

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Teruyoshi Kamata, Hiroyuki Okita, Mayumi Arai, Atsushi Shigihara, and Toshio Honda. "ChemInform Abstract: Wittig Rearrangement of Allyl and Propargyl Furfuryl Ethers Leading to 2-Furylmethanol Derivatives." ChemInform 31, no. 23 (June 8, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200023110.

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15

Zhu, Xuhai, Bardo Bruijnaers, Tainise V. Lourençon, and Mikhail Balakshin. "Structural Analysis of Lignin-Based Furan Resin." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010350.

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The global “carbon emission peak” and “carbon neutrality” strategic goals promote us to replace current petroleum-based resin products with biomass-based resins. The use of technical lignins and hemicellulose-derived furfuryl alcohol in the production of biomass-based resins are among the most promising ways. Deep understanding of the resulting resin structure is a prerequisite for the optimization of biomass-based resins. Herein, a semiquantitative 2D HSQC NMR technique supplemented by the quantitative 31P NMR and methoxyl group wet chemistry analysis were employed for the structural elucidation of softwood kraft lignin-based furfuryl alcohol resin (LFA). The LFA was fractionated into water-insoluble (LFA-I) and soluble (LFA-S) parts. The analysis of methoxyl groups showed that the amount of lignin was 85 wt% and 44 wt% in LFA-I and LFA-S fractions, respectively. The HSQC spectra revealed the high diversity of linkages formed between lignin and poly FA (pFA). The HSQC and 31P results indicated the formation of new condensed structures, particularly at the 5-position of the aromatic ring. Esterification reactions between carboxyl groups of lignin and hydroxyl groups of pFA could also occur. Furthermore, it was suggested that lignin phenolic hydroxyl oxygen could attack an opened furan ring to form several aryl ethers structures. Therefore, the LFA resin was produced through crosslinking between lignin fragments and pFA chains.

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16

Wang, Yun, Qianqian Cui, Yejun Guan, and Peng Wu. "Facile synthesis of furfuryl ethyl ether in high yield via the reductive etherification of furfural in ethanol over Pd/C under mild conditions." Green Chemistry 20, no. 9 (2018): 2110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc03887a.

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17

Tarabanko, Valery E., Irina L. Simakova, Marina A. Smirnova, and Konstantin L. Kaygorodov. "Catalytic Hydrogenation of Furfural Diethyl Acetal to Ethyl Furfuryl Ether." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Chemistry 14, no. 3 (September 2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-0237.

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The process of catalytic hydrogenation of furfural diethyl acetal to ethyl furfuryl ether on the different catalysts (palladium, palladium-rhenium and copper-ruthenium on Sibunit in reduced forms) was studied. It was found that hydrogenation of the furan ring with the formation of THF diethyl acetal occurs on all the catalysts. Ethyl furfuryl ether becomes the main product while carrying on the second hydrogenation cycle on spent palladium catalyst (yield and selectivity up to 55 % and 85 %, respectively)

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18

Wu, Hsien-Jen, Fu-Hsing Ying, and Wei-Dar Shao. "Study on the reaction mechanism of the base-catalyzed intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of furfuryl propargyl ethers." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 19 (September 1995): 6168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00124a033.

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19

Spillman, Philip J., Alan P. Pollnitz, Dimitra Liacopoulos, Kevin H. Pardon, and Mark A. Sefton. "Formation and Degradation of Furfuryl Alcohol, 5-Methylfurfuryl Alcohol, Vanillyl Alcohol, and Their Ethyl Ethers in Barrel-Aged Wines." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, no. 2 (February 1998): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970559r.

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20

WU, H. J., F. H. YING, and W. D. SHAO. "ChemInform Abstract: Study on the Reaction Mechanism of the Base-Catalyzed Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Furfuryl Propargyl Ethers." ChemInform 27, no. 6 (August 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199606081.

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21

Guella, Graziano, Ines Mancini, Aysel Öztunç, and Francesco Pietra. "Conformational Bias in Macrocyclic Ethers and Observation of High Solvolytic Reactivity at a Masked Furfuryl (=2-Furylmethyl) C-Atom." Helvetica Chimica Acta 83, no. 2 (February 16, 2000): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2675(20000216)83:2<336::aid-hlca336>3.0.co;2-r.

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22

Aldureid, Abdulaziz, Francisco Medina, Gregory S. Patience, and Daniel Montané. "Ni-Cu/Al2O3 from Layered Double Hydroxides Hydrogenates Furfural to Alcohols." Catalysts 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12040390.

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The hydrogenation of furfural is an important process in the synthesis of bio-based chemicals. Copper-based catalysts favor the hydrogenation of furfural to alcohols. Catalytic activity and stability were higher at a Ni-to-Cu atomic ratio of 1:1 and 1.5:0.5 compared to 0.5:1.5. Here, we prepared Ni-Cu/Al2O3 hydrogenation catalysts derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Catalysts calcined at 673 K and reduced at 773 K with nominal Ni/Cu atomic ratios y/x = 1.5/0.5, 1/1 and 0.5/1.5 were characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDX, H2-TPR, XPS, FAA and BET. Their activity was tested at 463 K and in a 0.05 g g−1 furfural solution in ethanol, and the space velocity in a packed-bed reactor (PBR) was 2.85 gFF gcat−1 h−1. In a slurry reactor (SSR) at 5 MPa H2 and a contact time of 4 h, conversion was complete, while it varied from 91 to 99% in the PBR. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (TFA) was the main product in the SSR, with a selectivity of 32%, 63% and 56% for Ni0.5Cu1.5Al1, Ni1Cu1Al1 and Ni1.5Cu0.5Al1, respectively. The main product in the atmospheric PBR was furfuryl alcohol (FA), with a selectivity of 57% (Ni0.5Cu1.5Al1), 61% (Ni1Cu1Al1) and 58% (Ni1.5Cu0.5Al1). Other products included furan, methylfuran, 1-butanol and 1,2-pentanediol. Ethyl tetrahydrofurfuryl ether and difurfuryl ether were also formed via the nucleophilic addition of furfural with ethanol and furfuryl alcohol.

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23

Iglesias, Jose, Juan Melero, Gabriel Morales, Jovita Moreno, Yolanda Segura, Marta Paniagua, Alberto Cambra, and Blanca Hernández. "Zr-SBA-15 Lewis Acid Catalyst: Activity in Meerwein Ponndorf Verley Reduction." Catalysts 5, no. 4 (November 12, 2015): 1911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal5041911.

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Zr-SBA-15 Lewis acid catalyst has demonstrated an outstanding catalytic activity in the reduction of several carbonyl compounds by means of Meerwein Ponndorf Verley (MPV) reaction, using several secondary alcohols, and showing a very high selectivity towards the desired products. Special focus was addressed in the catalytic activity of Zr-SBA-15 material in the production of furfuryl alcohol from furfural, which is an important reaction for the lignocellulosic biomass valorization. In this transformation, both the reaction temperature and the i-PrOH:Furfural molar ratio exert a positive influence on the rate of the MPV transformation, with the influence of the former being much higher. i-propyl-furfuryl ether, a by-product resulting from the etherification of the target product with the sacrificing alcohol, is also found together with the main product. The production of this side-product is highly influenced by the reaction temperature, so that low temperatures and high sacrificing alcohol to substrate molar ratios have to be applied to keep its production at low levels.

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24

Saotta, Anna, Alessandro Allegri, Francesca Liuzzi, Giuseppe Fornasari, Nikolaos Dimitratos, and Stefania Albonetti. "Ti/Zr/O Mixed Oxides for the Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Furfural to GVL in a Liquid-Phase Continuous-Flow Reactor." ChemEngineering 7, no. 2 (March 14, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7020023.

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This work aims to develop an efficient catalyst for the cascade reaction from furfural to γ-valerolactone in a liquid-phase continuous reactor. This process requires both Lewis and Brønsted acidity; hence, a bifunctional catalyst is necessary to complete the one-pot reaction. Ti/Zr/O mixed oxide-based catalysts were chosen to this end as balancing metal oxide composition allows the acidity characteristics of the overall material to be modulated. Oxides with different compositions were then synthesized using the co-precipitation method. After characterization via porosimetry and NH3-TPD, the catalyst with equimolar quantities of the two components was demonstrated to be the best one in terms of superficial area (279 m2/g) and acid site density (0.67 mmol/g). The synthesized materials were then tested using a plug flow reactor at 180 °C, with a 10 min contact time. Ti/Zr/O (1:1) was demonstrated to be the most promising catalyst during the recycling tests as it allowed obtaining the highest selectivities in the desired products (about 45% in furfuryl isopropyl ether and 20% in γ-valerolactone) contemporaneously with 100% furfural conversion.

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25

Tsubuki, Masayoshi, Kazunori Takahashi, and Toshio Honda. "Stereoselective Construction of a β-Isopropenyl Alcohol Moiety at the C(2) and (3) of Kallolide A and Pinnatin A Using a [2,3] Wittig Rearrangement of Cyclic Furfuryl Ethers." Journal of Organic Chemistry 68, no. 26 (December 2003): 10183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo035244r.

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26

Aldureid, Abdulaziz, Daniel Montané, Jordi Llorca, and Francesc Medina. "Ni-Mg/Al Mixed Oxides Prepared from Double Layered Hydroxides as Catalysts for the Conversion of Furfural to Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol." Chemistry 5, no. 1 (March 9, 2023): 571–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010041.

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Ni-Mg/Al mixed oxide catalysts (Ni2Al, Ni2Mg1Al, and Ni1Mg1Al) obtained from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were tested on the one-pot production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (TFA) from furfural (FF). Upon calcination at 400 °C and reduction at 500 °C, the LDHs gave catalysts containing small nickel crystallites (<4 nm) dispersed on mixtures of metal oxides and spinel structures. Complete conversion of FF (>99.5%) was achieved on all the catalysts after 4 h at 190 °C and 5.0 MPa of H2 using 5 wt.% FF in ethanol and a furfural-to-catalyst mass ratio of 7.44 g/g. TFA evolved from the sequential hydrogenation of FF to furfuryl alcohol (FA) to TFA. Competing reaction routes involved decarbonylation of FF to furan (FUR) followed by hydrogenation to tetrahydrofuran (THF) or hydrogenolysis to n-butane (BU) and the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group in FF to form 2-methyl furan (mFUR) and its hydrogenation to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (mTHF). A third competing route consisted of the nucleophilic addition of FF with ethanol and with FA to form acetals (such as 2-(diethoxymethyl)furan, FDA), which were later converted to difurfuryl ether (DFE) and tetrahydrofurfuryl ethyl ether (TFEE) as final products. Hydrogen pressure favored the production of TFA and diminished the formation of acetals, while temperature reduced the capacity of the catalyst to hydrogenate the furan ring, thus reducing TFA and increasing FA and FUR. An 80% yield to TFA was achieved with the Ni2Mg1Al catalysts after 6 h at 190 °C and 50 bar H2, but a variety of coproducts were present at low concentration. Testing of the catalysts in gas-phase hydrogenation conditions at atmospheric pressure revealed a poorer performance, with FA as the main product.

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27

Zaccheria, Federica, Nicola Scotti, and Nicoletta Ravasio. "Solid Acids for the Reaction of Bioderived Alcohols into Ethers for Fuel Applications." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020172.

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The use of solids acids in the synthesis of ethers suitable to be used as fuels or fuel additives were reviewed in a critical way. In particular, the role of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was highlighted to focus on the pivotal role of the acidity nature on the product distribution. Particular emphasis is given to the recently proposed ethers prepared starting from furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. Thus, they are very promising products that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass and bioalcohols and possess very interesting chemical and physical properties for their use in the diesel sector.

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28

Roos, Kévin, Elena Dolci, Stéphane Carlotti, and Sylvain Caillol. "Activated anionic ring-opening polymerization for the synthesis of reversibly cross-linkable poly(propylene oxide) based on furan/maleimide chemistry." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 8 (2016): 1612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01778e.

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29

Zaccheria, Federica, Filippo Bossola, Nicola Scotti, Claudio Evangelisti, Vladimiro Dal Santo, and Nicoletta Ravasio. "On demand production of ethers or alcohols from furfural and HMF by selecting the composition of a Zr/Si catalyst." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 22 (2020): 7502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy01427c.

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30

Ziemczonek, Piotr, Monika Gosecka, Mateusz Gosecki, Monika Marcinkowska, Anna Janaszewska, and Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz. "Star-Shaped Poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-Block-Poly(glyceryl glycerol ether) as an Efficient Agent for the Enhancement of Nifuratel Solubility and for the Formation of Injectable and Self-Healable Hydrogel Platforms for the Gynaecological Therapies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168386.

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In this paper, we present novel well-defined unimolecular micelles constructed a on poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether) core and highly hydrophilic poly(glyceryl glycerol ether) shell, PFGE-b-PGGE. The copolymer was synthesized via anionic ring-opening polymerization of furfuryl glycidyl ether and (1,2-isopropylidene glyceryl) glycidyl ether, respectively. MTT assay revealed that the copolymer is non-cytotoxic against human cervical cancer endothelial (HeLa) cells. The copolymer thanks to furan moieties in its core is capable of encapsulation of nifuratel, a hydrophobic nitrofuran derivative, which is a drug applied in the gynaecology therapies that shows a broad antimicroorganism spectrum. The study shows high loading capacity of the copolymer, i.e., 146 mg of nifuratel per 1 g of copolymer. The load unimolecular micelles were characterized using DLS and TEM microscopy and compared with the reference glyceryl glycerol ether homopolymer sample. The presence of numerous 1,2-diol moieties in the shell of PFGE-b-PGG macromolecules enabled the formation of reversible cross-links with 2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid-based polyacrylamide. The obtained hydrogels were both injectable and self-healable, which was confirmed with a rheological study.

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31

Adatia, Karishma K., Alexander Holm, Alexander Southan, Curtis W. Frank, and Günter E. M. Tovar. "Structure–property relations of amphiphilic poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomers at the air–water interface." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 35 (2020): 5659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00697a.

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32

Mikova, Nadezhda Mikhailovna, Elena Valentinovna Mazurova, Ivan Petrovich Ivanov, and Boris Nikolayevich Kuznetsov. "SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC GELS BASED ON LARCH BARK TANNINS AND HY-DROLYSIS LIGNIN." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021029635.

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For the first time, tannin-lignin-formaldehyde and tannin-lignin-furfuryl organic gels were obtained on the basis of larch bark tannins and hydrolysis lignin by sol-gel condensation with formaldehyde and furfuryl alcohol. Their physico-chemical properties were studied by varying the content of lignin (from 5 to 30 wt%) and a fixed mass ratio of polyphenolic substances to the crosslinking reagent (1 : 1.5). With an increase in the lignin content the density of tannin-lignin formaldehyde gels decreases from 0.83 to 0.53 g/ cm3, and that of tannin-lignin-furfuryl gels is from 0.32 to 0.14 g / cm3. According to the FTIR data, the structures of tannin-lignin-formaldehyde and tannin-lignin-furfuryl gels are formed by aromatic fragments cross-linked with methylene and methylene-ether bridges. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the addition of appropriate amounts of lignin to tannins (up to 10 wt% when using formaldehyde and up to 20 wt% when using furfuryl alcohol) promotes the formation of gels with a more developed porous structure. In the case of tannin-lignin-formaldehyde gel, the specific surface area and sorption of methylene blue are 12 m2 / g and 43 mg / g and for tannin-lignin-furfuryl gel – 72 m2 / g and 114.5 mg/g, respectively. It was found that an increase in the lignin content in the gel composition over 20 wt.% is accompanied by the phase localization of lignin (precipitation), which reduces the strength of the resulting gel and reduces its specific surface area.

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33

HOU, Jiqiang, Lijun QIAO, Jun WEI, Yuxi HU, Xianhong WANG, Xiaojiang ZHAO, and Fosong WANG. "COPOLYMERIZATION OF FURFURYL GLYCIDYL ETHER AND CARBON DIOXIDE." Acta Polymerica Sinica 009, no. 10 (November 6, 2009): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2009.01007.

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34

Mendonça, C. R., N. M. Barbosa Neto, P. S. Batista, M. F. de Souza, and S. C. Zilio. "Dynamic optical nonlinearities in di-furfuryl ether solution." Chemical Physics Letters 361, no. 5-6 (August 2002): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00998-3.

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35

Antunes, Margarida M., Andreia F. Silva, Carolina D. Bernardino, Auguste Fernandes, Filipa Ribeiro, and Anabela A. Valente. "Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation and Acid Reactions of Furfural and 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural over Hf-TUD-1 Type Catalysts." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 7203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237203.

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Heterogeneous catalysis, which has served well the petrochemical industry, may valuably contribute towards a bio-based economy by sustainably enabling selective reactions to renewable chemicals. Carbohydrate-containing matter may be obtained from various widespread sources and selectively converted to furanic platform chemicals: furfural (Fur) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (Hmf). Valuable bioproducts may be obtained from these aldehydes via catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using alcohols as H-donors under relatively moderate reaction conditions. Hafnium-containing TUD-1 type catalysts were the first of ordered mesoporous silicates explored for the conversion of Fur and Hmf via CTH/alcohol strategies. The materials promoted CTH and acid reactions leading to the furanic ethers. The bioproducts spectrum was broader for the reaction of Fur than of Hmf. A Fur reaction mechanism based on literature data was discussed and supported by kinetic modelling. The influence of the Hf loading and reaction conditions (catalyst load, type of alcohol H-donor, temperature, initial substrate concentration) on the reaction kinetics was studied. The reaction conditions were optimized to maximize the yields of 2-(alkoxymethyl)furan ethers formed from Fur; up to 63% yield was reached at 88% Fur conversion, 4 h/150 °C, using Hf-TUD-1(75), which was a stable catalyst. The Hf-TUD-1(x) catalysts promoted the selective conversion of Hmf to bis(2-alkoxymethyl)furan; e.g., 96% selectivity at 98% Hmf conversion, 3 h/170 °C for Hf-TUD-1(50).

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36

Adatia, Karishma K., Silke Keller, Tobias Götz, Günter E. M. Tovar, and Alexander Southan. "Hydrogels with multiple clickable anchor points: synthesis and characterization of poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomers." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 32 (2019): 4485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00755e.

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37

Chen, Han, Sisi Zhang, Yuting Zhuang, Juan Zhao, Qiong Xu, and Dulin Yin. "Zirconia and Phosphotungstic Acid Supported on TS-1 as An Active Catalyst for One-Pot Selective Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to γ-Valerolactone." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3973.

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Gamma-valerolactone (GVL) has been identified as a sustainable high-value platform molecular for the production of fuels and carbon-based chemicals. In this work, a novel bifunctional Zr-P/TS-1 catalyst with Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites that enables an efficient one-pot conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FAL) into GVL has been developed by loading ZrO2 and phosphotungstic acid on TS-1. A GVL selectivity of 85.2% at FAL conversion of 100% could be achieved at 170 °C in 24 h over 30Zr-10P/TS-1 using 2-propanol as the hydrogen donor and solvent. Through XRD, TG-DTG, NH3-TPD, SEM, EDS and XPS analysis, the synergistic effect of multiple functional sites is responsible for the good catalytic activity of the catalyst. Based on products distribution, reasonable reaction pathways and mechanisms have been proposed. Brønstedacidic sites of phosphotungstic acid promotes the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to isopropyl levulinate via intermediate isopropyl furfuryl ether in the reaction, and the Lewis acidic sites of ZrO2 effectively catalyzes the transfer hydrogenation of isopropyl levulinate to GVL. Moreover, the 30Zr-10P/TS-1 catalyst was reused for four cycles and exhibited good stability.

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38

Sofiya, K., K. Anbalagan, A. Richa Elson, I. Fazal Fathima, and M. Vignesh Kumar. "Effect of solvents on the composition of Rosa x damascena concrete oil in multistage solvent extraction." Journal of Applied Horticulture 24, no. 01 (August 17, 2022): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.18.

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Four different solvents, ethyl acetate, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane, were used for the multistage solvent extraction of rose concrete oil from the aromatic plant species of Rosa x damascena. The components present in the concrete oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. After the multistage solvent extraction process, the solvent was removed by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Methyl alpha d-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, 2,3-butanediol, and ethyl-d glucopyranoside were the major components identified using ethyl acetate ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as a solvent, respectively. The phenyl ethyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were identified as the repeated components in all four solvents. The solvent ethanol showed a different composition when compared to the other three solvents. A high yield was obtained when ethanol was used as a solvent. The type of solvent used significantly impacts the compositions of the concrete oil of Rosa x damascena.

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HU, Yuxi, Lijun QIAO, Yusheng QIN, Xianhong WANG, Xiaojiang ZHAO, and Fosong WANG. "DIELS-ALDER REACTION OF FURFURYL GLYCIDYL ETHER/CARBON DIOXIDE COPOLYMER." Acta Polymerica Sinica 011, no. 11 (November 21, 2011): 1336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2011.11059.

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40

Petrova, T. V., I. V. Tretyakov, and V. I. Solodilov. "Technological Parameters of Epoxypolysulphone Binders Modified with Furfuryl Glycidyl Ether." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 17, no. 1 (February 2023): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990793123010086.

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41

Tarabanko, V. E., M. A. Smirnova, and E. G. Zhizhina. "Processes for the synthesis of γ-acetopropyl alcohol." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 22, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2022-2-5-17.

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The literature on the existing processes for the synthesis of γ-acetopropyl alcohol (acetopropanol, 5-hydroxypentan-2-one, APA) is reviewed. This substance is used to produce vitamin B1, antimalarial drugs and polymers. The promising methods for APA production are the hydrogenation-hydration of sylvan (2-methylfuran), hydrogenation of furfural, and syntheses based on allyl acetate, sodium acetoacetic ether, and γ-butyrolactone.

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42

Valadares, Deborah S., Maria Clara H. Clemente, Elon F. de Freitas, Gesley Alex V. Martins, José A. Dias, and Sílvia C. L. Dias. "Niobium on BEA Dealuminated Zeolite for High Selectivity Dehydration Reactions of Ethanol and Xylose into Diethyl Ether and Furfural." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071269.

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In this work, we investigated the role of solid-state dealumination by (NH4)2SiF6 (25% Al removal and 13% Si insertion), the impregnation of niobium (10, 18, and 25 wt. %) on dealuminated *BEA (DB) zeolite and their catalytic properties in ethanol and xylose transformations. Among all the studied catalysts, 18%Nb-DB showed increased mesoporosity and external areas. A leveling effect in the number and strength of the proposed two sites (Brønsted and Lewis) present in the catalyst (n1 = 0.24 mmol g−1, −ΔH1 = 49 kJ mol−1, and n2 = 0.20 mmol g−1, –ΔH2 = 42 kJ mol−1) in the catalyst 18%Nb-DB, might be responsible for its good activity. This catalyst presented the highest selectivity for diethyl ether, DEE (97%) with 61% conversion after 50 ethanol pulses at 230 °C (turnover number, TON DEE = 1.15). These features allowed catalytically fruitful bonding of the ethanol molecules to the neighboring sites on the channels, facilitating bimolecular ether formation through a possible SN2 mechanism. The same catalyst was active and selective for transformation of xylose at 180 °C, showing 64% conversion and 51% selectivity for furfural (TON Furfural = 24.7) using water as a green solvent.

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Mulik, Nagesh L., Prashant S. Niphadkar, and Vijay V. Bokade. "Synthesis of ethyl furfuryl ether (potential biofuel) by etherification of furfuryl alcohol with ethanol over heterogenized reusable H1Cs2PW12O40 catalyst." Research on Chemical Intermediates 46, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 2309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-020-04093-z.

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44

Mendonça, C. R., P. S. Batista, M. F. de Souza, and S. C. Zilio. "Chemical dynamics and reverse saturable absorption in di-furfuryl ether solutions." Chemical Physics Letters 343, no. 5-6 (August 2001): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00760-6.

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Cao, Quan, Jing Guan, Gongming Peng, Tonggang Hou, Jianwei Zhou, and Xindong Mu. "Solid acid-catalyzed conversion of furfuryl alcohol to alkyl tetrahydrofurfuryl ether." Catalysis Communications 58 (January 2015): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2014.08.030.

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46

Bornosuz, Natalia V., Roman F. Korotkov, Vyacheslav V. Shutov, Igor S. Sirotin, and Irina Yu Gorbunova. "Benzoxazine Copolymers with Mono- and Difunctional Epoxy Active Diluents with Enhanced Tackiness and Reduced Viscosity." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5090250.

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The influence of epoxy active diluents, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BD) and furfuryl glycidyl ether (FUR), in the mixtures with benzoxazine monomer based on bisphenol A, formaldehyde and m-toluidine (BA-mt), on the properties of a matrix was disclosed in this work. Resins were modified to achieve good tackiness at room temperature and reduced viscosity. The influence of mono- and difunctional modifiers on the process of curing was studied by way of differential scanning calorimetry and oscillatory rheology. The addition of BD and FUR shifted the curing peak to higher temperatures and significantly reduced viscosity. Preferable tackiness at ambient temperature was achieved with 10 phr of epoxy components in mixtures. However, cured blends with difunctional epoxy BD had an advantage over monofunctional FUR in enhanced tensile strength with remaining glass transition temperature at the level of neat benzoxazine (217 °C).

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47

Nakagawa, Yasuhiro, Kotaro Ushidome, Keita Masuda, Kazunori Igarashi, Yu Matsumoto, Tatsuya Yamasoba, Yasutaka Anraku, Madoka Takai, and Horacio Cabral. "Multi-Armed Star-Shaped Block Copolymers of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(furfuryl glycidol) as Long Circulating Nanocarriers." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 9, 2023): 2626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122626.

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Multi-arm star-shaped block copolymers with precisely tuned nano-architectures are promising candidates for drug delivery. Herein, we developed 4- and 6-arm star-shaped block copolymers consisting of poly(furfuryl glycidol) (PFG) as the core-forming segments and biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the shell-forming blocks. The polymerization degree of each block was controlled by adjusting the feeding ratio of a furfuryl glycidyl ether and ethylene oxide. The size of the series of block copolymers was found to be less than 10 nm in DMF. In water, the polymers showed sizes larger than 20 nm, which can be related to the association of the polymers. The star-shaped block copolymers effectively loaded maleimide-bearing model drugs in their core-forming segment with the Diels–Alder reaction. These drugs were rapidly released upon heating via a retro Diels–Alder step. When the star-shaped block copolymers were injected intravenously in mice, they showed prolonged blood circulation, with more than 80% of the injected dose remaining in the bloodstream at 6 h after intravenous injection. These results indicate the potential of the star-shaped PFG-PEG block copolymers as long-circulating nanocarriers.

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Chaffey, Dawn R., Thomas E. Davies, Stuart H. Taylor, and Andrew E. Graham. "Etherification Reactions of Furfuryl Alcohol in the Presence of Orthoesters and Ketals: Application to the Synthesis of Furfuryl Ether Biofuels." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 4 (March 8, 2018): 4996–5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04636.

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Kawabata, Tomoaki, Yoshie Tanaka, Asako Horinishi, Megumi Mori, Asao Hosoda, Nami Yamamoto, and Takahiko Mitani. "Subcritical Methanol Extraction of the Stone of Japanese Apricot Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071047.

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The pits of Japanese apricot, Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., which are composed of stones, husks, kernels, and seeds, are unused by-products of the processing industry in Japan. The processing of Japanese apricot fruits generates huge amounts of waste pits, which are disposed of in landfills or, to a lesser extent, burned to form charcoal. Mume stones mainly consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Herein, we attempted to solubilize the wood-like carapace (stone) encasing the pit by subcritical fluid extraction with the aim of extracting useful chemicals. The characteristics of the main phenolic constituents were elucidated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The degrees of solubility for various treatments (190 °C; 3 h) were determined as follows: subcritical water (54.9%), subcritical 50% methanol (65.5%), subcritical 90% methanol (37.6%), subcritical methanol (23.6%), and subcritical isopropyl alcohol (14.4%). Syringaldehyde, sinapyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol methyl ether, sinapyl alcohol methyl ether, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, and furfural were present in the subcritical 90% methanol extract. Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols (monolignols) are source materials for the biosynthesis of lignin, and syringaldehyde occur in trace amounts in wood. Our current findings provide a solubilization method that allows the main phenolic constituents of the pits to be extracted under mild conditions. This technique for obtaining subcritical extracts shows great potential for further applications.

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Zhang, Chi, and Xing Ping Liu. "Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil of Se-Enriched Selenium Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. GC-MS." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1572.

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Objective : Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.is a kind of traditional Chinese medicinal materials high medicinal purposes value and wide application.It had important meanding to analyze its volatile oil consitituent on expanding its utilization and increasing the added value.Methods:The volatile compounds of Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. were isolated with steam distillation,and identified by capillary GC／MS and the relative contents of the constitons were detemined by area normalization method. Rusults: 60 volatile components were identified and determined，accounting for98.51％ of the total area of the peaks.Conclusion: The main volatile compounds are :Decanoic acid 2-monoglyceride,Furfural,Isopentyl alcohol,Palmitic acid,eugenol methyl ether,Di-sec-butyl ether,Hydroperoxide, 1-methylhexyl,Hexanoic acid ,2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-Dioxolane ,Propasol solvent P,Hexyl alcohol ,cis-Isosafrole ,2-Hexenal ,Cajeputol.

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