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Journal articles on the topic 'Furans Conversion'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Rivas, Sandra, María Jesús González-Muñoz, Valentín Santos, and Juan Carlos Parajó. "Production of furans from hemicellulosic saccharides in biphasic reaction systems." Holzforschung 67, no. 8 (December 1, 2013): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0017.

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Abstract Furans (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural) are the results of dehydration of monosaccharides, which can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of wood or other lignocellulosic materials. In this work, Pinus pinaster wood was subjected to aqueous autohydrolysis processing to obtain dissolved hemicellulose-derived polymeric or oligomeric saccharides made up of mannosyl, glucosyl, galactosyl, xylosyl, and arabinosyl structural units. The aqueous liquors were then heated in the presence of sulfuric acid and methyl isobutyl ketone to obtain furans. The effects of selected operational variables, such as the ratio of organic to aqueous phase, temperature, and reaction time, were assessed by empirical modeling in terms of the conversion into furans and levulinic acid. The maximum furfural conversion (71.4%) was predicted to occur operating at 165°C and a ratio of organic to aqueous phase of 2 for 68.5 min. In additional experiments, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or 1-butanol were added to the aqueous phase and the change in furan conversion rates was observed.

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2

Yuliati, Frita, Peter J. Deuss, Hero J. Heeres, and Francesco Picchioni. "Towards Thermally Reversible Networks Based on Furan-Functionalization of Jatropha Oil." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 3641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163641.

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A novel biobased monomer for the preparation of thermally reversible networks based on the Diels-Alder reaction was synthesized from jatropha oil. The oil was epoxidized and subsequently reacted with furfurylamine to attach furan groups via an epoxide ring opening reaction. However, furfurylamine also reacted with the ester groups of the triglycerides via aminolysis, thus resulting in short-chain molecules that ultimately yielded brittle thermally reversible polymers upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction. A full-factorial experimental design was used in finding the optimum conditions to minimize ester aminolysis and to maximize the epoxide ring opening reaction as well as the number of furans attached to the modified oil. The optimum conditions were determined experimentally and were found to be 80 °C, 24 h, 1:1 molar ratio, with 50 mol % of LiBr with respect to the modified oil, resulting in 35% of ester conversion, 99% of epoxide conversion, and an average of 1.32 furans/triglyceride. Ultimately, further optimization by a statistical approach led to an average of 2.19 furans per triglyceride, which eventually yielded a flexible network upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction instead of the brittle one obtained when the furan-functionalization reaction was not optimized.

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3

Yang, Yanliang, Dongsheng Deng, Dong Sui, Yanfu Xie, Dongmi Li, and Ying Duan. "Facile Preparation of Pd/UiO-66-v for the Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol under Mild Conditions in Water." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121698.

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The hydrogenation of furan ring in the biomass-derived furans is of great importance for the conversion of biomass to valuable chemicals. Fabrication of high activity and selectivity catalyst for this hydrogenation under mild conditions was one of the focuses of this research. In this manuscript, UiO-66-v, in which vinyl bonded to the benzene ring, was first prepared. Then, the uniformly distributed vinyl was used as the reductant for the preparation of Pd/UiO-66-v. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, N2 physical adsorption/desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer elemental mappings, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to find the Pd/UiO-66-v had a narrow palladium nanoparticles size of 3–5 nm and maintained the structure and thermal stability of UiO-66-v. The Pd/UiO-66-v was used for the hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in water. 99% conversion of furfuryl alcohol was obtained with 90% selectivity to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol after reacted at 0.5 MPa H2, 303 K for 12 h. The Pd/UiO-66-v was proved to be effective for the hydrogenation of furan ring in furans and could be used for at least five times.

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4

Mao, Yanli, and François Mathey. "The Conversion of Furans into Phosphinines." Chemistry – A European Journal 17, no. 38 (August 11, 2011): 10745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100834.

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5

Kumar, Hemant, and Marco Fraaije. "Conversion of Furans by Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases." Catalysts 7, no. 6 (June 7, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal7060179.

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6

Hu, Xun, Roel J. M. Westerhof, Liping Wu, Dehua Dong, and Chun-Zhu Li. "Upgrading biomass-derived furans via acid-catalysis/hydrogenation: the remarkable difference between water and methanol as the solvent." Green Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2015): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01826e.

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7

Wang, Ting, Xianming Guo, Tao Chen, and Juan Li. "The Pd(0) and Pd(ii) cocatalyzed isomerization of alkynyl epoxides to furans: a mechanistic investigation using DFT calculations." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 27 (2020): 9223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00965b.

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8

Guillard, Jér̂ome, Otto Meth-Cohn, Charles W. Rees, Andrew J. P. White, and David J. Williams. "Direct conversion of macrocyclic furans into macrocyclic isothiazoles." Chemical Communications, no. 3 (January 17, 2002): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b110287g.

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9

Pelter, Andrew, and Martin Rowlands. "The conversion of furans to 2(3H)-butenolides." Tetrahedron Letters 28, no. 11 (January 1987): 1203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95326-7.

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10

Xu, Lujiang, Yuanye Jiang, Qian Yao, Zheng Han, Ying Zhang, Yao Fu, Qingxiang Guo, and George W. Huber. "Direct production of indoles via thermo-catalytic conversion of bio-derived furans with ammonia over zeolites." Green Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2015): 1281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02250e.

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11

Laaman, Sean M., Otto Meth-Cohn, and Charles W. Rees. "The Ready Conversion of 2,5-Disubstituted Furans into Isothiazoles." Synthesis 1999, no. 05 (May 1999): 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-3480.

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12

Parr, Brendan T., Samantha A. Green, and Huw M. L. Davies. "Rhodium-Catalyzed Conversion of Furans to Highly Functionalized Pyrroles." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 12 (March 14, 2013): 4716–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja401386z.

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13

Matsagar, B. M., M. K. Munshi, A. A. Kelkar, and P. L. Dhepe. "Conversion of concentrated sugar solutions into 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and furfural using Brönsted acidic ionic liquids." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 12 (2015): 5086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy00858a.

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14

Jaeger, M., and M. Mayer. "The Noell Conversion Process – a gasification process for the pollutant-free disposal of sewage sludge and the recovery of energy and materials." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0140.

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The Noell Conversion Process was developed to guarantee the safe disposal of sewage sludge and other waste materials by means of thermal treatment, evenwith very strict emission standards. The center piece of this process is a pressurized entrained flow gasifier. The reactin conditions in this gasifier does not only suppresses the formation of dioxins and furans, but also completely destroys any dioxins and furans contained in the waste materials. Another advantage of the Noell Conversion Process referring the thermal treatment of sewage sludge is the recovery of marketable substances such as synthesis gas, sulphur and vitrified slag. To demonstrate this advanced technology in the field of sewage sludge treatment, Noell-KRC has built a pilot plant in Freiberg/Germany. This plant was designed for a throughput of 0.5 Mg/h (dry base) of sewage sludge. During the operation of the plant from 1996 until 1998, it was possible to demonstrate that there are no problems with emissions of heavy metals like Mercury or organic components like Dioxins and Furans. The H2 rich gas produced in the process can be utilized as a power source. The vitrified slag produced in the process is of a quality suitable for use as a construction material with a wide range of applications.

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15

Lang, Man, and Hao Li. "Value-added hydrodeoxygenation conversion of biomass." Biomass Science & Technology 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.61187/bst.v1i1.10.

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Biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion is an important technology for converting biomass waste into high-value-added chemicals and fuels. In this paper, the research progress of biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion is reviewed, and the related catalysts and reactions are discussed. First, the background and significance of biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion are introduced. Subsequently, the application of different catalysts in biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion was discussed for different biomass feedstocks, such as phenols, ethers, acids, and furans. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion are proposed, such as improving the stability and selectivity of catalysts, optimizing reaction conditions and improving conversion efficiency, etc. This article aims to provide reference and guidance for further research on biomass hydrodeoxygenation conversion.

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16

Hu, Xun, Sri Kadarwati, Yao Song, and Chun-Zhu Li. "Simultaneous hydrogenation and acid-catalyzed conversion of the biomass-derived furans in solvents with distinct polarities." RSC Advances 6, no. 6 (2016): 4647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22414d.

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17

Briel, Detlef. "Synthesis and Conversion of 3-(2-Hydroxythiobenzamido)benzo[b]furans." HETEROCYCLES 65, no. 6 (2005): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-04-10238.

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18

Clive, Derrick L. J., Minaruzzaman, and Ligong Ou. "Conversion of Furans into γ-Hydroxybutenolides: Use of Sodium Chlorite." Journal of Organic Chemistry 70, no. 8 (April 2005): 3318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo0402935.

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19

Zhou, Xuanmu, Zehui Zhang, Bing Liu, Quan Zhou, Shuguo Wang, and Kejian Deng. "Catalytic conversion of fructose into furans using FeCl3 as catalyst." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20, no. 2 (March 2014): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.028.

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20

Guillard, Jerome, Otto Meth-Cohn, Charles W. Rees, Andrew J. P. White, and David J. Williams. "ChemInform Abstract: Direct Conversion of Macrocyclic Furans into Macrocyclic Isothiazoles." ChemInform 33, no. 20 (May 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200220096.

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21

Xia, Shengpeng, Chenyang Wang, Yu Chen, Shunshun Kang, Kun Zhao, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, and Haibin Li. "Sustainable Aromatic Production from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of 2-Methylfuran over Metal-Modified ZSM-5." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111483.

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The catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of bio-derived furans offers a promising approach for sustainable aromatic production. ZSM-5 modified by different metal species (Zn, Mo, Fe, and Ga) was employed in the CFP of bio-derived furans for enhancing aromatic production. The effects of metal species, metal loadings, and the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the product distributions from the CFP of 2-methylfuran (MF) were systemically investigated. It is found that the introduction of Zn, Mo, Fe, and Ga on ZSM-5 significantly increases the MF conversion and aromatic yields. The maximum MF conversions of 75.49 and 69.03% are obtained, respectively, by Fe-ZSM-5 and Ga-ZSM-5, which boost the aromatic yield by 34.5 and 42.7% compared to ZSM-5. The optimal loading of Fe on ZSM-5 is 2%. Additionally, the highest aromatic yield of 40.03% is achieved by 2%Fe-ZSM-5 at a WHSV of 2 h−1. The catalyst characterization demonstrates that the synergistic effect of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in Fe-ZSM-5 is responsible for achieving the efficient aromatization of MF. The key to designing improved zeolite catalysts for MF aromatization is the introduction of large numbers of new Lewis acid sites without a significant loss of Brønsted acid sites in ZSM-5. These findings can provide guidelines for the rational design of better zeolite catalysts used in the CFP of biomass and its derived furans.

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22

López, Mar, Carlos Vila, Valentín Santos, and Juan Carlos Parajó. "Manufacture of Platform Chemicals from Pine Wood Polysaccharides in Media Containing Acidic Ionic Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061215.

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Pinus pinaster wood samples were subjected to chemical processing for manufacturing furans and organic acids from the polysaccharide fractions (cellulose and hemicellulose). The operation was performed in a single reaction stage at 180 or 190 °C, using a microwave reactor. The reaction media contained wood, water, methyl isobutyl ketone, and an acidic ionic liquid, which acted as a catalyst. In media catalyzed with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, up to 60.5% pentosan conversion into furfural was achieved, but the conversions of cellulose and (galacto) glucomannan in levulinic acid were low. Improved results were achieved when AILs bearing a sulfonated alkyl chain were employed as catalysts. In media containing 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst, near quantitative conversion of pentosans into furfural was achieved at a short reaction time (7.5 min), together with 32.8% conversion of hexosans into levulinic acid. Longer reaction times improved the production of organic acids, but resulted in some furfural consumption. A similar reaction pattern was observed in experiments using 1-(3-sulfobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst.

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23

Marshall, James A., and Gary S. Bartley. "Observations Regarding the Ag(I)-Catalyzed Conversion of Allenones to Furans." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 23 (November 1994): 7169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00102a056.

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24

Parr, Brendan T., Samantha A. Green, and Huw M. L. Davies. "ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium-Catalyzed Conversion of Furans to Highly Functionalized Pyrroles." ChemInform 44, no. 37 (August 22, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201337095.

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25

Laaman, Sean M., Otto Meth-Cohn, and Charles W. Rees. "ChemInform Abstract: The Ready Conversion of 2,5-Disubstituted Furans into Isothiazoles." ChemInform 30, no. 35 (June 13, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199935147.

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26

Zhu, Lijuan, Minghui Fan, Yulan Wang, Shengfei Wang, Yuting He, and Quanxin Li. "Selective conversion of furans to p ‐xylene with surface‐modified zeolites." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 94, no. 9 (June 12, 2019): 2876–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6090.

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27

Zhang, Zehui, and Zongbao K. Zhao. "Microwave-assisted conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into furans in ionic liquid." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 3 (February 2010): 1111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.010.

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28

Barešić, Luka, Davor Margetić, and Zoran Glasovac. "Cycloaddition of Thiourea- and Guanidine-Substituted Furans to Dienophiles: A Comparison of the Environmentally-Friendly Methods." Chemistry Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-24-08380.

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The cycloaddition strategy was employed in order to obtain a 7-oxanorbornene framework substituted with a guanidine moiety or its precursor functional groups: protected amine or thiourea. In order to optimize the conditions for the cycloaddition, several environmentally-friendly methods—microwave assisted organic synthesis, high pressure synthesis, high speed vibrational milling, and ultrasound assisted synthesis—were employed. The outcomes of the cycloaddition reactions were interpreted in terms of endo/exo selectivity, the conversion of the reactants to the product, and the isolated yields. In general, our results indicated the HP and HSVM approaches as the methods of choice to give good yields and conversions.

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29

El Arba, Marie, Sara E. Dibrell, Frederick Meece, and Doug E. Frantz. "Ru(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Furans and Their Conversion to Butenolides." Organic Letters 20, no. 18 (September 11, 2018): 5886–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02554.

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30

Song, Zhi Zhong, Mei Sing Ho, and Henry N. C. Wong. "Regiospecific synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted furans. 7. Synthesis and reactions of 3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)furan: Diels-Alder cycloaddition, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and regiospecific conversion to 3,4-disubstituted furans." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 14 (July 1994): 3917–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00093a025.

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31

Song, Zhi Zhong, Zhong Yuan Zhou, Thomas C. W. Mak, and Henry N. C. Wong. "Regiospecific Conversion of 3,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)furan to 3,4-Disubstituted Furans: A Novel Suzuki-Type Cross-Coupling of Boroxines." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 32, no. 3 (March 1993): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199304321.

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32

Tao, Furong, Huanling Song, and Lingjun Chou. "Efficient conversion of cellulose into furans catalyzed by metal ions in ionic liquids." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 357 (May 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2012.01.010.

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33

Luo, Jia, Yong Xu, Lingjie Zhao, Linlin Dong, Dongmei Tong, Liangfang Zhu, and Changwei Hu. "Two-step hydrothermal conversion of Pubescens to obtain furans and phenol compounds separately." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 22 (November 2010): 8873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.097.

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34

MARSHALL, J. A., and G. S. BARTLEY. "ChemInform Abstract: Observations Regarding the Ag(I)-Catalyzed Conversion of Allenones to Furans." ChemInform 26, no. 23 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199523108.

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35

Karod, Madeline, Zoe A. Pollard, Maisha T. Ahmad, Guolan Dou, Lihui Gao, and Jillian L. Goldfarb. "Impact of Bentonite Clay on In Situ Pyrolysis vs. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Avocado Pit Biomass." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060655.

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Biofuels produced via thermochemical conversions of waste biomass could be sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels but currently require costly downstream upgrading to be used in existing infrastructure. In this work, we explore how a low-cost, abundant clay mineral, bentonite, could serve as an in situ heterogeneous catalyst for two different thermochemical conversion processes: pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Avocado pits were combined with 20 wt% bentonite clay and were pyrolyzed at 600 °C and hydrothermally carbonized at 250 °C, commonly used conditions across the literature. During pyrolysis, bentonite clay promoted Diels–Alder reactions that transformed furans to aromatic compounds, which decreased the bio-oil oxygen content and produced a fuel closer to being suitable for existing infrastructure. The HTC bio-oil without the clay catalyst contained 100% furans, mainly 5-methylfurfural, but in the presence of the clay, approximately 25% of the bio-oil was transformed to 2-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, thereby adding two hydrogen atoms and removing one oxygen. The use of clay in both processes decreased the relative oxygen content of the bio-oils. Proximate analysis of the resulting chars showed an increase in fixed carbon (FC) and a decrease in volatile matter (VM) with clay inclusion. By containing more FC, the HTC-derived char may be more stable than pyrolysis-derived char for environmental applications. The addition of bentonite clay to both processes did not produce significantly different bio-oil yields, such that by adding a clay catalyst, a more valuable bio-oil was produced without reducing the amount of bio-oil recovered.

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36

SONG, Z. Z., M. S. HO, and H. N. C. WONG. "ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Furans. Part 7. Synthesis and Reactions of 3,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)furan: Diels-Alder Cycloaddition, Friedel-Crafts Acylation, and Regiospecific Conversion to 3,4-Disubstituted Furans." ChemInform 26, no. 1 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199501136.

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37

Wanjala, George W., Arnold N. Onyango, David Abuga, Calvin Onyango, and Moses Makayoto. "Does lysine drive the conversion of fatty acid hydroperoxides to aldehydes and alkyl-furans?" Scientific African 12 (July 2021): e00797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00797.

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38

Tiecco, Marcello, Lorenzo Testaferri, Marco Tingoli, and Francesca Marini. "Selenium Promoted Conversion of α-Substituted β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones into 2,3,5-Trisubstituted Furans." Synlett 1994, no. 05 (1994): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1994-22859.

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39

Lee, Phil Ho, Jong Soon Kim, Youn Chul Kim, and Sunggak Kim. "A facile preparation of highly functionalized cyclopropanes and their conversion to cyclopentanones and furans." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 47 (November 1993): 7583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60406-9.

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40

Ronaghi, Nima, David M. Fialho, Christopher W. Jones, and Stefan France. "Conversion of Unprotected Aldose Sugars to Polyhydroxyalkyl and C-Glycosyl Furans via Zirconium Catalysis." Journal of Organic Chemistry 85, no. 23 (November 23, 2020): 15337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c02176.

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41

Mettler, Matthew S., Samir H. Mushrif, Alex D. Paulsen, Ashay D. Javadekar, Dionisios G. Vlachos, and Paul J. Dauenhauer. "Revealing pyrolysis chemistry for biofuels production: Conversion of cellulose to furans and small oxygenates." Energy Environ. Sci. 5, no. 1 (2012): 5414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ee02743c.

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42

Patil, Santoshkumar N., and Fei Liu. "Base-Assisted Regio- and Diastereoselective Conversion of Functionalized Furans to Butenolides Using Singlet Oxygen." Organic Letters 9, no. 2 (January 2007): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol062551l.

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43

Galadima, Ahmad, and Oki Muraza. "Zeolite catalyst design for the conversion of glucose to furans and other renewable fuels." Fuel 258 (December 2019): 115851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115851.

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44

Romo, Joelle E., Nathan V. Bollar, Coy J. Zimmermann, and Stephanie G. Wettstein. "Conversion of Sugars and Biomass to Furans Using Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biphasic Solvent Systems." ChemCatChem 10, no. 21 (September 13, 2018): 4805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201800926.

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45

Chang, Chu-An, Stefan Gürtzgen, Erik P. Johnson, and K. Peter C. Vollhardt. "Stoichiometric and Catalytic (η 5-Cyclopentadienyl)cobalt-Mediated Cycloisomerizations of Ene-Yne-Ene Type Allyl Propargyl Ethers." Synthesis 52, no. 03 (October 28, 2019): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690727.

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The complexes CpCoL2 (Cp = C5H5; L = CO or CH2=CH2) mediate the cycloisomerizations of α,δ,ω-enynenes containing allylic ether linkages to 3-(oxacyclopentyl or cycloalkyl)furans via the intermediacy of isolable CpCo-η 4-dienes. A suggested mechanism comprises initial complexation of the triple bond and one of the double bonds, then oxidative coupling to a cobalt-2-cyclopentene, terminal double bond insertion to assemble a cobalta-4-cycloheptene, β-hydride elimination, and reductive elimination to furnish a CpCo-η 4-diene. When possible, the cascade continues through cobalt-mediated hydride shifts and dissociation of the aromatic furan ring. The outcome of a deuterium labeling experiment supports this hypothesis. The reaction exhibits variable stereoselectivity with a preference for the trans-product (or, when arrested, its syn-Me CpCo-η 4-diene precursor), but is completely regioselective in cases in which the two alkyne substituents are differentiated electronically by the presence or absence of an embedded oxygen. Regioselectivity is also attained by steric discrimination or blocking one of the two possible β-hydride elimination pathways. When furan formation is obviated by such regiocontrol, the sequence terminates in a stable CpCo-η 4-diene complex. The conversion of the cyclohexane-fused substrate methylidene-2-[5-(2-propenyloxy)-3-pentynyl]cyclohexane into mainly 1-[(1R*,3aS*,7aS*)-7a-methyloctahydroinden-1-yl]-1-ethanone demonstrates the potential utility of the method in complex synthesis.

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46

Van Nguyen, Chi, Jing Rou Boo, Chia-Hung Liu, Tansir Ahamad, Saad M. Alshehri, Babasaheb M. Matsagar, and Kevin C. W. Wu. "Oxidation of biomass-derived furans to maleic acid over nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts under acid-free conditions." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 5 (2020): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02364j.

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47

Kannan, P., G. Lakshmanan, A. Al Shoaibi, and C. Srinivasakannan. "Equilibrium model analysis of waste plastics gasification using CO2 and steam." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 12 (November 3, 2017): 1247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17736946.

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Abstract:

Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) in thermochemical treatment of waste plastics may significantly help to improve CO2 recycling, thus simultaneously curtailing dioxins/furans and CO2 emissions. Although CO2 is not such an effective gasifying agent as steam, a few investigations have explored the utilization of CO2 in conjunction with steam to achieve somewhat higher carbon conversion. This work presents a comparative evaluation study of CO2 and steam gasification of a typical post-consumer waste plastics mixture using an Aspen Plus equilibrium model. The effect of flow rate of gasifying medium (CO2 and/or steam) and gasification temperature on product gas composition, carbon conversion, and cold gas efficiency has been analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that CO2 can serve as a potential gasifying agent for waste plastics gasification. The resulting product gas was rich in CO whereas CO2–steam blends yield a wider H2/CO ratio, thus extending the applications of the product gas.

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Patil, Santoshkumar N., and Fei Liu. "Fluoride-Assisted Regioselective Conversion of Functionalized Furans to α-Substituted γ-Hydroxybutenolides Using Singlet Oxygen." Journal of Organic Chemistry 72, no. 16 (August 2007): 6305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo070666c.

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49

Nikbin, Nima, Stavros Caratzoulas, and Dionisios G. Vlachos. "On the oligomerization mechanism of Brønsted acid-catalyzed conversion of furans to diesel-range fuels." Applied Catalysis A: General 485 (September 2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.07.035.

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Kopytko, Ya F. "Quantitative Determination of Total Carbohydrates (Recalculated for Fructose After Conversion to Furans) in Burdock Juice." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-017-1599-y.

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