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Journal articles on the topic 'Furanic polymers'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Padilla, Rosa, Sakhitha Koranchalil, and Martin Nielsen. "Homogeneous Catalyzed Valorization of Furanics: A Sustainable Bridge to Fuels and Chemicals." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111371.

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The development of efficient biomass valorization is imperative for the future sustainable production of chemicals and fuels. Particularly, the last decade has witnessed the development of a plethora of effective and selective transformations of bio-based furanics using homogeneous organometallic catalysis under mild conditions. In this review, we describe some of the advances regarding the conversion of target furanics into value chemicals, monomers for high-performance polymers and materials, and pharmaceutical key intermediates using homogeneous catalysis. Finally, the incorporation of furanic skeletons into complex chemical architectures by multifunctionalization routes is also described.

2

Salabarria, Inraini Ramos, Norma Galego, Maria Jose Galante, and Analia Vazquez. "Furanic Foams." Cellular Polymers 10, no. 3 (May 1991): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939101000304.

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3

Eckardt, Jonas, Gianluca Tondi, Genny Fanchin, Alexander Lach, and Robert R. Junker. "Effect of Tannin Furanic Polymer in Comparison to Its Mimosa Tannin Extract on the Growth of Bacteria and White-Rot Fungi." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010175.

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Tannins are well-known to protect plants from bacteria and fungi, but nothing is known about its effects on microorganisms once they are copolymerized. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a tannin–furanic polymer in comparison with industrial mimosa tannin extract on the in vitro growth of two strains of bacteria, Bacillaceae and Pseudomanadaceae, and two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Agrocybe aegerita. Results have highlighted that the tannin polymer did not inhibit the growth of tested bacteria and even favored the growth of Bacillaceae without extra glucose. The growth of both fungi was enhanced by mimosa tannin and its polymer at low concentrations (<1%), while concentrations above 10% had a growth-inhibiting effect, which was slightly less strong for the polymer compared to the tannin against Trametes versicolor. These findings highlighted that tannin–furanic polymers can be tolerated by certain microorganisms at low concentration and that their inhibitory effect is similar or slightly lower than that of the pristine tannin extract.

4

Sepperer, Thomas, Jonas Neubauer, Jonas Eckardt, Thomas Schnabel, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Gianluca Tondi. "Pollutant Absorption as a Possible End-Of-Life Solution for Polyphenolic Polymers." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050911.

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Tannin- and lignin-furanic foams are natural porous materials that have attracted high interest in the scientific and industrial communities for their high thermal and fire-resistant properties. However, no interesting solutions have been proposed for the management of their end-life as yet. In this study, the phenolic-furanic powders derived from the foams were analyzed for their capacity to remove different pollutants like neutral, cationic, and anionic organic molecules from wastewater. It was observed that the macromolecules produced from initially bigger fractions were more suitable to remove methylene blue and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) while contained absorptions were observed for riboflavin. Acidified tannin powders were also prepared to understand the role of the flavonoid in the absorption mechanism. The latter showed outstanding absorption capacity against all of the tested pollutants, highlighting the key-role of the flavonoid fraction and suggesting the limited contribution of the furanic part. All adsorbents were investigated through FT-IR and solid state 13C-NMR. Finally, the powders were successfully regenerated by simple ethanol washing, showing almost complete absorption recovery.

5

Galkin, Konstantin I., Irina V. Sandulenko, and Alexander V. Polezhaev. "Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems." Processes 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010030.

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This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.

6

Zuen, Hui, and Alessandro Gandini. "Crystalline furanic polyisocyanates." Polymer Bulletin 26, no. 4 (August 1991): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00302604.

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7

Zhang, Bengang, Mathieu Petrissans, Anelie Petrissans, Antonio Pizzi, and Baptiste Colin. "Furanic Polymerization Causes the Change, Conservation and Recovery of Thermally-Treated Wood Hydrophobicity before and after Moist Conditions Exposure." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010221.

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The Whilhelmy method of contact angle, wood thermal properties (TG/DTG), infrared spectroscopy, etc. was used to define the hydrophobicity of heat-treated beech and fir wood at increasing temperatures between 120 °C and 300 °C. By exposure to wet conditions during 1 week, the hydrophobic character obtained by the heat treatment remains constant heat-treated. Heat induced wood hydrophobation, was shown by CP MAS 13C NMR and MALDI ToF mass spectrometry to be mainly caused by furanic moieties produced from heat-induced hemicelluloses degradation. This is caused by the acid environment generated by the hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses acetyl groups. Furfural polymerizes to linear and branched oligomers and finally to water repellent, insoluble furanic resins. The water repellent, black colored, cross-linked polymerized furanic network is present throughout the heat-treated wood. Wood darkening as well as its water repellency due to increasing proportions of black colored furanic resins increase as a function of the increase with treating temperature, becoming particularly evident in the 200 to 300 °C treating temperature range.

8

Zhao, Deyang, Frederic Delbecq, and Christophe Len. "One-Pot FDCA Diester Synthesis from Mucic Acid and Their Solvent-Free Regioselective Polytransesterification for Production of Glycerol-Based Furanic Polyesters." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061030.

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A one pot-two step procedure for the synthesis of diethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DEFDC) starting from mucic acid without isolation of the intermediate furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was studied. Then, the production of three different kinds of furan-based polyesters— polyethylene-2,5-furan dicarboxylate (PEF), polyhydropropyl-2,5-furan dicarboxylate(PHPF) and polydiglycerol-2,5-furandicarboxylate (PDGF)—was realized through a Co(Ac)2·4H2O catalyzed polytransesterification performed at 160 °C between DEFDC and a defined diol furan-based prepolymer or pure diglycerol. In parallel to polymerization process, an unattended regioselective 1-OH acylation of glycerol by direct microwave-heated FDCA diester transesterification led to the formation of a symmetric prepolymer ready for further polymerization and clearly identified by 2D NMR sequences. Furthermore, the synthesis of a more soluble and hydrophilic diglycerol-based furanic polyester was also achieved. The resulting biobased polymers were characterized by NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, TGA and XRD. The morphologies of the resulted polymers were observed by FE-SEM and the purity of the material by EDX.

9

Luo, Kaiju, Yan Wang, Junrong Yu, Jing Zhu, and Zuming Hu. "Semi-bio-based aromatic polyamides from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: toward high-performance polymers from renewable resources." RSC Advances 6, no. 90 (2016): 87013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15797a.

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10

Faddeev, Nikita, Victor Klushin, and Nina Smirnova. "Bio-Based Anti-Corrosion Polymer Coating for Fuel Cells Bipolar Plates." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.413.

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A highly corrosion resistant and conductive polymer coating for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells bipolar plates have been successfully prepared from renewable plant biomass sources. The coating is based on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis by-product resin that consists of complex furanic oligomers and polymers. The corrosion resistance and conductivity of coated titanium plates have been studied. As-prepared coated Ti samples are shown 0.083 μA/cm2 and 0.32 μA/cm2 corrosion current in the simulated PEMFCs cathode and anode environment respectively. In addition, the polymer coating are reduced the interfacial contact resistance of bare titanium up to 40 %. The Ti plates coated with by-products of 5-HMF synthesis are shown a great potential application as bipolar plates for PEMFCs.

11

Margellou, Antigoni G., Stylianos A. Torofias, Georgios Iakovou, and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Chlorella Microalgae Residual Biomass via Catalytic Acid Hydrolysis/Dehydration and Hydrogenolysis/Hydrogenation." Catalysts 14, no. 5 (April 23, 2024): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14050286.

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Microalgal biomass can be utilized for the production of value-added chemicals and fuels. Within this research, Chlorella vulgaris biomass left behind after the extraction of lipids and proteins was converted to valuable sugars, organic acids and furanic compounds via hydrolysis/dehydration using dilute aqueous sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst. Under mild conditions, i.e., low temperature and low sulfuric acid concentration, the main products of hydrolysis/dehydration were monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose) and furanic compounds (HMF, furfural) while under more intense conditions (i.e., higher temperature and higher acid concentration), organic acids (propionic, formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, levulinic) were also produced either directly from sugar conversion or via intermediate furans. As a second valorization approach, the residual microalgal biomass was converted to value-added sugar alcohols (sorbitol, glycerol) via hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis reactions over metallic ruthenium catalysts supported on activated carbons (5%Ru/C). It was also shown that a low concentration of sulfuric acid facilitated the conversion of biomass to sugar alcohols by initiating the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to monomeric sugars. Overall, this work aims to propose valorization pathways for a rarely utilized residual biomass towards useful compounds utilized as platform chemicals and precursors for the production of a wide variety of solvents, polymers, fuels, food ingredients, pharmaceuticals and others.

12

Platonova, Elena, Polina Ponomareva, Zalina Lokiaeva, Alexander Pavlov, Vladimir Nelyub, and Alexander Polezhaev. "New Building Blocks for Self-Healing Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245394.

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The healing efficiency in self-healing materials is bound by the ability to form blends between the prepolymer and curing agent. One of the problems in the development of self-healing polymers is the reduced affinity of the bismaleimide curing agent for the elastomeric furan-containing matrix. Even when stoichiometric amounts of both components are applied, incompatibility of components can significantly reduce the effectiveness of self-healing, and lead to undesirable side effects, such as crystallization of the curing agent, in the thickness and on the surface. This is exactly what we have seen in the development of linear and cross-linked PUs using BMI as a hardener. In this work, we present a new series of the di- and tetrafuranic isocyanate-related ureas—promising curing agents for the development of polyurethanes-like self-healing materials via the Diels–Alder reaction. The commonly used isocyanates (4,4′-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, MDI; 2,4-Tolylene diisocyanate, TDI; and Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI) and furfurylamine, difurfurylamine, and furfuryl alcohol (derived from biorenewables) as furanic compounds were utilized for synthesis. The remendable polyurethane for testing was synthesized from a maleimide-terminated prepolymer and one of the T-series urea. Self-healing properties were investigated by thermal analysis. Molecular mass was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The properties of the new polymer were compared with polyurethane from a furan-terminated analog. Visual tests showed that the obtained material has thermally induced self-healing abilities. Resulting polyurethane (PU) has a rather low fusing point and thus may be used as potential material for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing.

13

Zuo, Zhikai, Bowen Liu, Hisham Essawy, Zhigang Huang, Jun Tang, Zhe Miao, Fei Chen, and Jun Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes." Polymers 15, no. 16 (August 20, 2023): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15163480.

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The exploitation of bio-based foams implies an increase in the use of renewable biological resources to reduce the rapid consumption of petroleum-derived resources. Both tannins and furfuryl alcohol are derived from forestry resources and are, therefore, considered attractive precursors for the preparation of tannin–furanic foams. In addition, toughening modification of tannin–furanic foams using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) results in a more flexible network-like structure, which imparts excellent flexibility to the foams, whose relative properties are even close to those of polyurethane foams, which are the most used for fabrication of insoles for athletes. In addition, the addition of PVOH does not affect the thermal insulation properties of the foams by testing the thermal conductivity, resilience, and elongation at break, while reducing the brittleness of the samples and improving the mechanical properties. Also, the observation of the morphology of the foam shows that the compatibility between PVOH and tannin–furanic resin is good, and the cured foam does not show fragmentation and collapse, while the bubble pore structure is uniform. The developed flexible foam derived from biomass resources endows the foam with good thermal insulation properties and high mechanical properties, and the samples exhibit suitable physical parameters to be used as flexible insoles for athletes.

14

Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

15

Galkin, Konstantin I., and Valentine P. Ananikov. "Intermolecular Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Furfural-Based Chemicals from Renewable Resources: A Focus on the Regio- and Diastereoselectivity in the Reaction with Alkenes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 11856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111856.

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A recent strong trend toward green and sustainable chemistry has promoted the intensive use of renewable carbon sources for the production of polymers, biofuels, chemicals, monomers and other valuable products. The Diels-Alder reaction is of great importance in the chemistry of renewable resources and provides an atom-economic pathway for fine chemical synthesis and for the production of materials. The biobased furans furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, which can be easily obtained from the carbohydrate part of plant biomass, were recognized as “platform chemicals” that will help to replace the existing oil-based refining to biorefining. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of furanic dienes with various dienophiles represents the ideal example of a “green” process characterized by a 100% atom economy and a reasonable E-factor. In this review, we first summarize the literature data on the regio- and diastereoselectivity of intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions of furfural derivatives with alkenes with the aim of establishing the current progress in the efficient production of practically important low-molecular-weight products. The information provided here will be useful and relevant to scientists in many fields, including medical and pharmaceutical research, polymer development and materials science.

16

Hronec, Milan, Katarina Fulajtárova, and Matej Mičušik. "Influence of furanic polymers on selectivity of furfural rearrangement to cyclopentanone." Applied Catalysis A: General 468 (November 2013): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.08.052.

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17

Mitiakoudis, Anastassios, and Alessandro Gandini. "Synthesis and characterization of furanic polyamides." Macromolecules 24, no. 4 (July 1991): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00004a003.

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18

Faddeev, Nikita, Victor Klushin, Denis Tokarev, and Nina Smirnova. "Bio-Based Conductive Polymer Composite Materials for Fuel Cells Bipolar Plates." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.591.

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Conductive polymer composite materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells bipolar plates have been successfully prepared from renewable plant biomass sources. The composites are based on various conductive fillers (natural, oxidized and colloidal graphites) and the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis by-product resin that consists of complex furanic oligomers and polymers. The influences of the resin content and type of conductive filler were investigated. The conductivity of the composite are decreased with increasing resin content, but its mechanical properties are improve. A sample with a resin content of 10 wt. % and colloidal graphite filler have showed the optimal balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. The interfacial contacting resistance, flexural and compressive strength of the composite were 0.035 ohm•cm2, 18.4 MPa and 21.4 MPa, respectively. Composite based on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis by-product resin and conductive filler (colloidal graphite) are showed a great potential application as bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

19

Jiang, Yi, Albert J. J. Woortman, Gert O. R. Alberda van Ekenstein, and Katja Loos. "A biocatalytic approach towards sustainable furanic–aliphatic polyesters." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 29 (2015): 5198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00629e.

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A series of sustainable furanic–aliphatic polyesters and oligoesters is successfully producedvia Candida antarcticaLipase B-catalyzed polymerization of biobased dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate with various (potentially) renewable aliphatic diols.

20

Sangregorio, Anna, Nathanael Guigo, Luc Vincent, Ed de Jong, and Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli. "Furanic Humins from Biorefinery as Biobased Binder for Bitumen." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051019.

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To decrease the environmental impact of bitumen, more sustainable binders should be proposed. This study emphasizes how industrial humins co-produced during the biorefining of carbohydrates can be employed as a macromolecular binder for bitumen. Humins are heterogeneous polyfuranic compounds, and they were mixed at 50 wt% with bitumen. When the non-water-soluble fractions of humins were employed (Hns), no variation of the chemical structure was observed in FTIR spectra after the mixing. The DSC investigations showed that the crystallization of aromatic fractions in bitumen shifted to higher temperature for humins’ modified bitumen. The thermogravimetric data highlighted that the presence of humins or Hns in bitumen can lead to mass loss below 200 °C. The rheological investigations highlighted some key advantages of using humins or Hns with bitumen. At high temperatures, the storage modulus of the modified bitumen is increased and shows lower susceptibility to variations in frequency. At low temperatures, the phase angle of Hns-modified bitumen is lower than that of bitumen, suggesting less temperature susceptibility as a consequence of a cross-linked network formation.

21

Chen, Xinyi, Antonio Pizzi, Hisham Essawy, Emmanuel Fredon, Christine Gerardin, Nathanael Guigo, and Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli. "Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030372.

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Predominantly non-furanic commercial humins were used to prepare humin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins for wood panel adhesives. Pure humin-based NIPU resins and tannin–humin NIPU resins were prepared, the latter to upgrade the humins’ performance. Species in the raw humins and species formed in the NIPU resins were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Humins, fulvic acid and derivatives, humic acid and its fragments, some lignans present and furanic oligomers present formed NIPU linkages. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) showed that as with other biomaterials-based NIPU resins, all these resins also showed two temperature peaks of curing, the first around 130 °C and the second around 220 °C. A decrease in the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) between the two indicated that the first curing period corresponded to linear growth of the oligomers forming a physical entanglement network. This then disentangled, and the second corresponded to the formation of a chemical cross-linked network. This second peak was more evident for the tannin–humin NIPU resins. All the laboratory particleboard made and tested either bonded with pure humins or with tannin–humin NIPU adhesives satisfied well the internal bond strength requirements of the relevant standard for interior grade panels. The tannin–humin adhesives performed clearly better than the pure humins one.

22

Azadeh, Elham, Ummi Hani Abdullah, Nurul Basirah Md Ali, Antonio Pizzi, Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier, Philippe Gerardin, Wan Sarah Samiun, and Siti Efliza Ashari. "Development of Water Repellent, Non-Friable Tannin-Furanic-Fatty Acids Biofoams." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 5025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225025.

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Tannin-furanic foams were prepared with a good yield using the addition of relatively small proportions of a polyflavonoid tannin extract esterified with either palmitic acid, oleic acid, or lauric acid by its reaction with palmitoyl chloride, oleyl chloride, or lauryl chloride. FTIR analysis allowed us to ascertain the esterification of the tannin, and MALDI-TOF analysis allowed us to identify a number of multi-esterified flavonoid oligomers as well as some linked to residual carbohydrates related to the equally esterified tannin. These foams presented a markedly decreased surface friability or no friability at all, and at densities lower than the standard foam they were compared to. Equally, these experimental foams presented a much-improved water repellence, as indicated by their initial wetting angle, its small variation over time, and its stabilization at a high wetting angle value, while the wetting angle of the standard foam control went to zero very rapidly. This conclusion was supported by the calculation of the total surface energy of their surfaces as well as of their dispersive and polar components.

23

Pérez-Padilla, Yamile, Manuel Aguilar-Vega, Erbin Guillermo Uc-Cayetano, Adriana Esparza-Ruiz, Marcial Alfredo Yam-Cervantes, and David Muñoz-Rodríguez. "Evaluation of Organofunctionalized Polydimethylsiloxane Films for the Extraction of Furanic Compounds." Polymers 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132851.

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Hybrid membranes with three different thicknesses, PMDS_C1, PMDS_C2, and PMDS_C3 (0.21 ± 0.03 mm, 0.31 ± 0.05 mm, and 0.48 ± 0.07 mm), were synthesized by the sol–gel method using polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxy-terminated, and cyanopropyltriethoxysilane. The presence of cyano, methyl, and silicon-methyl groups was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Contact angle analysis revealed the membranes’ hydrophilic nature. Solvent resistance tests conducted under vortex and ultrasonic treatments (45 and 60 min) demonstrated a preference order of acetonitrile > methanol > water. Furthermore, the membranes exhibited stability over 48 h when exposed to different pH conditions (1, 3, 6, and 9), with negligible mass losses below 1%. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the material was stable until 400 °C. Finally, the sorption analysis showed its capacity to detect furfural, 2-furylmethylketone, 5-methylfurfural, and 2-methyl 2-furoate. The thicker membrane was able to adsorb and slightly desorb a higher concentration of furanic compounds due to its high polarity provided by the addition of the cyano groups. The results indicated that the membranes may be suitable for sorbent materials in extracting and enriching organic compounds.

24

Naguib, Mohamed, Atteya Rashed, and Daniel J. Keddie. "Self-healing polymers synthesized by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of bio-derived furanic molecules." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 14 (February 9, 2021): 8900–8909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05853-x.

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25

Pesavento, Cennamo, Alberti, Marchetti, and Zeni. "Sensing of Furfural by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Plasmonic and Electrochemical Platforms." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015048.

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The goal of this work is to test the possibility of selective detection of furfural (2-FAL) in aqueous solutions, with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) receptor exploiting two different transduction methods, for food safety applications. In particular, sensors with electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transduction are considered. Two concentration ranges could be investigated by the different sensing approaches since the detectable concentration level depends on the sensitivity of the detection technique employed. The determination of 2-FAL at different concentration levels in the aqueous medium of interest, as for example beverages, is becoming a very crucial task not only for the relevance of furanic compounds in affecting the flavor but also for their possible toxic and carcinogenic effects on the human beings. For these reasons, their determination by a fast, easy and low-cost method is of interest. The sensor methods here proposed appears to be particularly suitable, since, although together and not individually, they allow the determination in a wide concentration range.

26

Sabathi, Gebhard, Andreas Reyer, Nicola Cefarin, Thomas Sepperer, Jonas Eckardt, Jonas Neubauer, Fedja Jan Wendisch, et al. "Tannin-furanic foams used as biomaterial substrates for SERS sensing in possible wastewater filter applications." Materials Research Express 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3586.

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Abstract Simple substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), producible in a cost-efficient way, are of growing interest both for scientific and for environmental applications. In this study, we demonstrate the use of three types of bio-based tannin-furanic rigid foams as precursor materials for SERS substrates. Coated with a silver layer, these substrates allowed the detection of several well-known analytes in the mM regime by Raman spectroscopy. Specific optimization of the standard tannin-furanic foam morphology by tuning the chemical synthesis led to a smaller and more homogeneously distributed pore structure, supplying more active hot spot areas. Thus, we obtained a significant increase and a lower relative standard deviation (RSD) of the SERS signal recorded over the mapped SERS substrate area, for several analytes, in particular for Malachite Green dye. This work represents a feasibility study opening several potential applications of this biopolymers in fields such as the detection of water pollutants, virtually combining filtration and SERS capabilities driven by a controlled porosity.

27

Sepperer, Thomas, Primož Šket, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Nicola Hüsing. "Tannin-Furanic Foams Formed My Mechanical Agitation: Influence of Surfactant and Ingredient Ratios." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183058.

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With increasing demand of alternatives to oil-based lightweight materials, the development of tannin-based foams is getting more and more attention. In this paper, an alternative to traditionally used solvent-evaporation in the production of tannin-foams is presented. Mixing the tannin-furanic resin with different amounts of ionic and non-ionic surfactants at high agitational speed allows for the formation of highly porous, mechanically stable tannin-foams. Investigations on the influence of surfactant type and ingredient ratios on the foaming behavior and properties of the final foams were conducted. Materials obtained via this route do present extraordinary compression resistance (about 0.8 MPa), good thermal insulation (40 mW/m·K) and are suitable as a wastewater treatment agent at the end-of-life. It was shown that during mechanical blowing, homogeneous cross-sections and almost perfectly round pores form, leading to the high compression resistance. Investigations by means of Fourier transform infrared and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy show that the milder reaction environment leads to more linear poly(furfuryl alcohol)-tannin chains. This new type of tannin foam allows for use in various different fields of application ranging from durable building insulation to wastewater treatment.

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Romashov, Leonid V., and Valentine P. Ananikov. "Alkynylation of Bio-Based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to Connect Biomass Processing with Conjugated Polymers and Furanic Pharmaceuticals." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 12, no. 20 (September 5, 2017): 2652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201700940.

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Abid, Majdi, Wided Kamoun, Rachid El Gharbi, and Alain Fradet. "Copolyesters Containing Terephthalic and Bio-Based Furanic Units by Melt-Polycondensation." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 293, no. 1 (January 14, 2008): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700237.

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Scheirs, John, Giovanni Camino, Mauro Avidano, and Wander Tumiatti. "Origin of furanic compounds in thermal degradation of cellulosic insulating paper." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, no. 13 (September 26, 1998): 2541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980926)69:13<2541::aid-app3>3.0.co;2-a.

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Choi, Eun Ho, Juhyen Lee, Seung Uk Son, and Changsik Song. "Biomass‐derived furanic polycarbonates: Mild synthesis and control of the glass transition temperature." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 57, no. 17 (July 29, 2019): 1796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29448.

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Ghorbel, Ines, Aljia Afli, Souhir Abid, Martine Tessier, Rachid El Gharbi, and Alain Fradet. "Furan-based Polysemiacylcarbazides by Polyaddition of Bis(furanic hydrazide)s with Diisocyanates." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 48, no. 6 (April 29, 2011): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2011.573317.

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Hbaieb, S., W. Kammoun, C. Delaite, M. Abid, S. Abid, and R. El Gharbi. "New Copolyesters Containing Aliphatic and Bio-Based Furanic Units by Bulk Copolycondensation." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 52, no. 5 (April 15, 2015): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2015.1018807.

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34

Delliere, Pierre, and Nathanael Guigo. "Monitoring the Degree of Carbonyl-Based Open Structure in a Furanic Macromolecular System." Macromolecules 55, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02098.

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35

Kalusulingam, Rajathsing, Sampath Gajula, Paulmanickam Koilraj, Duraikkannu Shanthana Lakshmi, Rajesh J. Tayade, and Kannan Srinivasan. "Biomass-Derived Humin-like Furanic Polymers as an Effective UV-Shielding Agent for Optically Transparent Thin-Film Composites." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1932–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c01390.

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36

Maniar, Dina, Fitrilia Silvianti, Viviana M. Ospina, Albert J. J. Woortman, Jur van Dijken, and Katja Loos. "On the way to greener furanic-aliphatic poly(ester amide)s: Enzymatic polymerization in ionic liquid." Polymer 205 (September 2020): 122662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122662.

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37

Abid, Majdi, Sirine Mhiri, Abdelkader Bougarech, Rania Triki, and Souhir Abid. "Preparation, characterization and degradation study of novel sulfonated furanic poly(ester-amide)s." Designed Monomers and Polymers 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2020.1727171.

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38

Tondi, G., A. Pizzi, E. Masson, and A. Celzard. "Analysis of gases emitted during carbonization degradation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams." Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, no. 8 (August 2008): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.016.

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39

Fei, Xuan, Jinggang Wang, Xiaoqin Zhang, Zhen Jia, Yanhua Jiang, and Xiaoqing Liu. "Recent Progress on Bio-Based Polyesters Derived from 2,5-Furandicarbonxylic Acid (FDCA)." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030625.

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The big challenge today is the upgrading of sustainable materials to replace miscellaneous ones from petroleum resources. Thus, a generic bio-based building block lays the foundation of the huge bio-market to green economy. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a rigid diacid derived from lignocellulose or fructose, represents a great potential as a contender to terephthalic acid (TPA). Recently, studies on the synthesis, modification, and functionalization of bio-based polyesters based on FDCA have attracted widespread attention. To apply furanic polyesters on engineering plastics, packaging materials, electronics, etc., researchers have extended the properties of basic FDCA-based homo-polyesters by directional copolymerization and composite preparation. This review covers the synthesis and performance of polyesters and composites based on FDCA with emphasis bedded on the thermomechanical, crystallization, barrier properties, and biodegradability. Finally, a summary of what has been achieved and the issues waiting to be addressed of FDCA-based polyester materials are suggested.

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Li, Xuehui, Bowen Liu, Lulu Zheng, Hisham Essawy, Zhiyan Liu, Can Liu, Xiaojian Zhou, and Jun Zhang. "Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 5140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235140.

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Bio-based biodegradable foams were formulated from a crosslinkable network structure combining starch, furfuryl alcohol, glyoxal, and condensed tannin in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) and azodicarbonamide (AC) as a foaming agent. More importantly, the reinforcement of gelatinized starch–furanic foam using tannin, originating from forestry, resulted in an excellent compressive strength and lower pulverization ratio. Moreover, the addition of tannin guaranteed a low thermal conductivity and moderate flame retardancy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approved the successful polycondensation of these condensing agents under the employed acidic conditions. Moreover, the catalytic effect of pTSA on the foaming agent induced liberation of gases, which are necessary for foam formation during crosslinking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed foam formation comprising closed cells with uniform cell distribution and appropriate apparent density. Meanwhile, the novel foam exhibited biodegradation under the action of Penicillium sp., as identified by the damage of cell walls of this foam over a period of 30 days.

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Zhang, Jun, Bowen Liu, Yunxia Zhou, Hisham Essawy, Changlin Zhao, Zhigang Wu, Xiaojian Zhou, Defa Hou, and Guanben Du. "Gelatinized starch-furanic hybrid as a biodegradable thermosetting resin for fabrication of foams for building materials." Carbohydrate Polymers 298 (December 2022): 120157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120157.

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42

Tondi, Gianluca, Nicola Cefarin, Thomas Sepperer, Francesco D’Amico, Raphael J. F. Berger, Maurizio Musso, Giovanni Birarda, Andreas Reyer, Thomas Schnabel, and Lisa Vaccari. "Understanding the Polymerization of Polyfurfuryl Alcohol: Ring Opening and Diels-Alder Reactions." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122126.

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Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) is one of the most intriguing polymers because, despite its easy polymerization in acid environment, its molecular structure is definitely not obvious. Many studies have been performed in recent decades, and every time, surprising aspects came out. With the present study, we aim to take advantage of all of the findings of previous investigations and exploit them for the interpretation of the completely cured PFA spectra registered with three of the most powerful techniques for the characterization of solid, insoluble polymers: Solid-State 13C-NMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-resonant Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths, using both an UV laser source and UV synchrotron radiation. In addition, the foreseen structures were modeled and the corresponding 13C-NMR and FTIR spectra were simulated with first-principles and semi-empiric methods to evaluate their matching with experimental ones. Thanks to this multi-technique approach, based on complementary analytical tools and computational support, it was possible to conclude that, in addition to the major linear unconjugated polymerization, the PFA structure consists of Diels-Alder rearrangements occurring after the opening of some furanic units, while the terminal moieties of the chain involves γ-lactone arrangements. The occurrence of head-head methylene ether bridges and free hydroxyl groups (from unreacted furfuryl alcohol, FA, or terminal chains) could be excluded, while the conjugated systems could be considered rather limited.

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Yu, Qiang, Zhenlong Song, Xinshu Zhuang, Li Liu, Weihua Qiu, Jiping Shi, Wen Wang, Ying Li, Zhongming Wang, and Zhenhong Yuan. "Catalytic conversion of herbal residue carbohydrates to furanic derivatives in a deep eutectic solvent accompanied by dissolution and recrystallisation of choline chloride." Cellulose 26, no. 15 (March 19, 2019): 8263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02372-6.

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Cerda-Barrera, Cristian, Kevin J. Fernández-Andrade, and Serguei Alejandro-Martín. "Pyrolysis of Chilean Southern Lignocellulosic Biomasses: Isoconversional Kinetics Analysis and Pyrolytic Products Distribution." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 2698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122698.

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Biomass provides potential benefits for obtaining value-added compounds instead of straight burning; as Chile has forestry potential that supports such benefits, it is crucial to understand the biomasses’ properties and their thermochemical behaviour. This research presents a kinetic analysis of thermogravimetry, and pyrolysis of representative species in the biomass of southern Chile, heating biomasses at 5 to 40 °C·min−1 rates before being subjected to thermal volatilisation. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated from conversion using model-free methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Friedman (FR)), as well as the Kissinger method based on the maximum reaction rate. The average Ea varied between KAS 117 and 171 kJ·mol−1, FWO 120–170 kJ·mol−1, and FR 115–194 kJ·mol−1 for the five biomasses used. Pinus radiata (PR) was identified as the most suited wood for producing value-added goods based on the Ea profile for the conversion (α), along with Eucalyptus nitens (EN) for its high value of reaction constant (k). Each biomass demonstrated accelerated decomposition (an increase in k relative to α). The highest concentration of bio-oil containing phenolic, ketonic, and furanic compounds was produced by the forestry exploitation biomasses PR and EN, demonstrating the viability of these materials for thermoconversion processes.

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Dharmapriya, Thakshila Nadeeshani, Ken-Lin Chang, and Po-Jung Huang. "Valorization of Glucose-Derived Humin as a Low-Cost, Green, Reusable Adsorbent for Dye Removal, and Modeling the Process." Polymers 15, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 3268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153268.

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Glucose can be isomerized into fructose and dehydrated into key platform biochemicals, following the “bio-refinery concept”. However, this process generates black and intractable substances called humin, which possess a polymeric furanic-type structure. In this study, glucose-derived humin (GDH) was obtained by reacting D-glucose with an allylamine catalyst in a deep eutectic solvent medium, followed by a carbonization step. GDH was used as a low-cost, green, and reusable adsorbent for removing cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The morphology of carbonized GDH differs from pristine GDH. The removal efficiencies of MB dye using pristine GDH and carbonized GDH were 52% and 97%, respectively. Temperature measurements indicated an exothermic process following pseudo-first-order kinetics, with adsorption behavior described by the Langmuir isotherm. The optimum parameters were predicted using the response surface methodology and found to be a reaction time of 600 min, an initial dye concentration of 50 ppm, and a GDH weight of 0.11 g with 98.7% desirability. The MB dye removal rate optimized through this model was 96.85%, which was in good agreement with the experimentally obtained value (92.49%). After 10 cycles, the MB removal rate remained above 80%, showcasing the potential for GDH reuse and cost-effective wastewater treatment.

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Romashov, Leonid V., and Valentine P. Ananikov. "Front Cover: Alkynylation of Bio-Based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to Connect Biomass Processing with Conjugated Polymers and Furanic Pharmaceuticals (Chem. Asian J. 20/2017)." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 12, no. 20 (October 2, 2017): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201701166.

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47

Belgacem, Mohamed Naceur, Joel Quillerou, Alessandro Gandini, Jeanine Rivero, and Gabriel Roux. "Urethanes and polyurethanes bearing furan moieties—2. comparative kinetics and mechanism of the formation of furanic and other monourethanes." European Polymer Journal 25, no. 11 (January 1989): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(89)90168-7.

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48

Tondi, G., A. Pizzi, H. Pasch, and A. Celzard. "Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams – A MALDI-TOF investigation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, no. 5 (May 2008): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.024.

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49

Pizzi, A., G. Tondi, H. Pasch, and A. Celzard. "Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tannin-furanic rigid foams." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 110, no. 3 (November 5, 2008): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.28545.

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50

Tan, Jin, Chenguang Wang, Qi Zhang, and Longlong Ma. "Synthesis and Characterization of Furans and Levulinates Polymers: Derived from Cellulosic Carbohydrates via Aldol Condensation." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185303011.

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Aldol condensation between furans and levulinates shows a selective route for the polymers production. In this work, the influences of mole ratio between furans and levulinates as well as substrate species on the formation of polymers structure were investigated. The characterization of gel permeation chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to the synthesized polymers suggested that the mole ratio between furans and levulinates, and substrate species exhibited a great effect on the structure of polymers. Higher mole ratios between furans and levulinates resulted in the aggravated polymerization. EMF-EL polymers showed larger molecular weight distribution compared with FFA-EL/LA polymers. This investigation further provides other key factors to the decision of polymer structure.