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1
Gonçalves, Heloísa Bressan [UNESP]. "Produção de tanases por Emericella nivea : purificação e caracterização bioquímica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100765.
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A tanase (EC 3.1.1.20) é uma enzima induzível que age sobre os taninos hidrolisando suas ligações éster e depsídicas obtendo-se como produtos a glicose e o ácido elágico ou ácido gálico, sendo este último, um importante substrato para as indústrias farmacêutica e química. Entre os diferentes organismos capazes de produzir tanases, os microorganismos, de modo especial os fungos filamentosos, vêm se destacando uma vez que são mais versáteis na degradação de diferentes tipos de taninos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as tanases intra e extracelulares do fungo filamentoso Emericella nivea produzidas em Fermentação Submersa (FSbm) e em Fermentação em Substrato Sólido (FSS), purificando-as e caracterizando-as bioquimicamente, além de imobilizá-las em suportes de agarose. Em princípio, foi realizada a seleção da melhor cepa produtora de tanases, submetendo-se 42 linhagens fúngicas a FSbm em meio de cultura Khanna com 2% de ácido tânico como fonte de carbono, por 3 a 4 dias a 30ºC, tendo sido o fungo Emericella nivea selecionado para prosseguimento do trabalho. Para este microorganismo os maiores nívies enzimáticos extracelulares foram obtidos em 3 dias de cultivo em FSbm e 8 dias em FSS, sendo para esta última utilizados produtos agroindustriais e folhas de vegetais de diferentes espécies secas trituradas umedecidas com água de torneira (1:1; p/v). As tanases extra e intracelular foram purificadas 61 e 2,5 vezes com recuperação de 30% e 8,8%, respectivamente. Eletroforese em condições não desnaturantes (PAGE 7%) mostrou a presença de uma única banda protéica revelada por prata e para atividade tanásica com a mesma mobilidade relativa. A forma extracelular possui massa molecular nativa de aproximadamente 322kDa com 50% de conteúdo de carboidratos. Já a enzima intracelular apresentou massa molecular nativa de 258kDa e 17% de...
Tannases (EC 3.1.1.20) are inducible enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds in hydrolysable tannins releasing glucose and ellagic acid or gallic acid, which is an important compound used in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Among different organisms able to produce these enzymes, the microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi deserve attention since they can act on different tannins degradation ways. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the intra and extracellular tannases from the filamentous fungus Emericella nivea produced in Submerged Fermentation (SbmF) and Solid Substrate Fermentation (SSF), purifying and characterizing them biochemically, as well to immobilize the extracellular enzyme in agarose supports. First of all, it was selected the best tannase producer among 42 strains, in Khanna culture medium with 2% tannic acid as carbon source for 3-4 days at 30°C, and the fungus Emericella nivea was selected. This fungus produced high levels of extracellular enzyme at 3 and 8 days when cultivated in SbmF and SSF at 30°C, respectivally. FSS was performed with agroindustrial products or crushed dried leaves of different plants umidified with tap water (1:1, w/v). The extra and intracellular tannases were purified 61 times and 2.5-times, with recovery of 30% and 8.8%, respectivally. Non-denaturing electrophoresis (PAGE 7%), showed a unique proteic band stained by silver and for activity, both with the same relative mobility. The extracellular enzyme, probably, is a hetero-dimeric protein with native molecular mass of 322 kDa with 50% of carbohydrate content and the intracellular with native molecular mass of 258 kDa and 17% of carbohydrate. The optimum temperature were 45ºC and 50°C for the extra and intracellular enzymes, respectively and the optimum pH for both enzymes was 5.0. The soluble tannases were thermostable with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Iakovlev, Andrei. "Molecular responses of mycelia to fungus-fungus interactions /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6310-6.pdf.
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McCoy, Jan. "Control That Fungus!" College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295710.
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Gonçalves, Heloísa Bressan. "Produção de tanases por Emericella nivea : purificação e caracterização bioquímica /." Araraquara, [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100765.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luis Henrique Souza GuimarãesBanca: João Atilio Jorge
Banca: Rosane Marina Peralta
Resumo: A tanase (EC 3.1.1.20) é uma enzima induzível que age sobre os taninos hidrolisando suas ligações éster e depsídicas obtendo-se como produtos a glicose e o ácido elágico ou ácido gálico, sendo este último, um importante substrato para as indústrias farmacêutica e química. Entre os diferentes organismos capazes de produzir tanases, os microorganismos, de modo especial os fungos filamentosos, vêm se destacando uma vez que são mais versáteis na degradação de diferentes tipos de taninos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as tanases intra e extracelulares do fungo filamentoso Emericella nivea produzidas em Fermentação Submersa (FSbm) e em Fermentação em Substrato Sólido (FSS), purificando-as e caracterizando-as bioquimicamente, além de imobilizá-las em suportes de agarose. Em princípio, foi realizada a seleção da melhor cepa produtora de tanases, submetendo-se 42 linhagens fúngicas a FSbm em meio de cultura Khanna com 2% de ácido tânico como fonte de carbono, por 3 a 4 dias a 30ºC, tendo sido o fungo Emericella nivea selecionado para prosseguimento do trabalho. Para este microorganismo os maiores nívies enzimáticos extracelulares foram obtidos em 3 dias de cultivo em FSbm e 8 dias em FSS, sendo para esta última utilizados produtos agroindustriais e folhas de vegetais de diferentes espécies secas trituradas umedecidas com água de torneira (1:1; p/v). As tanases extra e intracelular foram purificadas 61 e 2,5 vezes com recuperação de 30% e 8,8%, respectivamente. Eletroforese em condições não desnaturantes (PAGE 7%) mostrou a presença de uma única banda protéica revelada por prata e para atividade tanásica com a mesma mobilidade relativa. A forma extracelular possui massa molecular nativa de aproximadamente 322kDa com 50% de conteúdo de carboidratos. Já a enzima intracelular apresentou massa molecular nativa de 258kDa e 17% de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Tannases (EC 3.1.1.20) are inducible enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds in hydrolysable tannins releasing glucose and ellagic acid or gallic acid, which is an important compound used in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Among different organisms able to produce these enzymes, the microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi deserve attention since they can act on different tannins degradation ways. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the intra and extracellular tannases from the filamentous fungus Emericella nivea produced in Submerged Fermentation (SbmF) and Solid Substrate Fermentation (SSF), purifying and characterizing them biochemically, as well to immobilize the extracellular enzyme in agarose supports. First of all, it was selected the best tannase producer among 42 strains, in Khanna culture medium with 2% tannic acid as carbon source for 3-4 days at 30°C, and the fungus Emericella nivea was selected. This fungus produced high levels of extracellular enzyme at 3 and 8 days when cultivated in SbmF and SSF at 30°C, respectivally. FSS was performed with agroindustrial products or crushed dried leaves of different plants umidified with tap water (1:1, w/v). The extra and intracellular tannases were purified 61 times and 2.5-times, with recovery of 30% and 8.8%, respectivally. Non-denaturing electrophoresis (PAGE 7%), showed a unique proteic band stained by silver and for activity, both with the same relative mobility. The extracellular enzyme, probably, is a hetero-dimeric protein with native molecular mass of 322 kDa with 50% of carbohydrate content and the intracellular with native molecular mass of 258 kDa and 17% of carbohydrate. The optimum temperature were 45ºC and 50°C for the extra and intracellular enzymes, respectively and the optimum pH for both enzymes was 5.0. The soluble tannases were thermostable with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
5
Ruckstuhl, Markus. "Wheat spot blotch fungus /." Zürich, 1997. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12302.
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Pereira, Fernanda Dias [UNESP]. "Análise filogenética entre Citrus spp. e Guignardia spp." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92710.
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A citricultura brasileira representa um importante segmento econômico na pauta de produtos agrícolas, não só por seu expressivo valor de produção, como por sua importância na geração de empregos diretos e indiretos. No mundo, o Brasil destaca-se como maior produtor de citros, e exportador de suco concentrado de laranja. Entretanto, a citricultura ressente-se de problemas complexos, de natureza diversa, com particular destaque para o de ordem fitossanitária. Dentre esses problemas destaca-se a Mancha Preta dos Citros (MPC), causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A doença deprecia os frutos para o mercado in natura e restringe a possibilidade de exportação. Além disso, provoca a queda prematura dos frutos e eleva o custo de produção devido à necessidade de controle. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estabelecer relações filogenéticas entre Citrus spp. e Guignardia spp., entender a origem evolutiva do patossistema Citrus – G. citricarpa, bem como avaliar a ocorrência de G. citricarpa como patógeno em momentos distintos na história evolutiva de Citrus. Os dados filogenéticos foram gerados utilizando-se marcadores moleculares do tipo AFLP e sequenciamento da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, em ambos os gêneros. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas no programa PAUP* v.4.0b10. Os resultados das análises filogenéticas utilizando AFLP foram mais informativos que aqueles gerados com base no sequenciamento da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, tanto para Citrus quanto para Guignardia. As análises de AFLP permitem concluir que G. citricarpa e G. mangiferae, isoladas de C. medica, apresentam maior distância filogenética em relação aos isolados das outras espécies cítricas. A evolução do patossistema Citrus/Guignardia não pôde ser estabelecida, de forma geral, por meio da associação das filogenias...
The Brazilian citriculture represents an important economic sector in the agenda of agricultural products, not only for its impressive production value, for its importance in generating direct and indirect jobs. In the world, Brazil stands out as the largest citrus producer and exporter of concentrated orange juice. However, the citriculture suffers from complex problems of diverse nature, with particular emphasis on plant health. Among these problems highlight the Black Spot of Citrus (BSC), caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. The disease depreciates the fruit for the fresh market and restricts the ability to export. Furthermore, causes the fall premature fruit and raises the cost of production due to need for control. This study aimed to establish phylogenetic relationships between Citrus and Guignardia, understanding the evolutionary origin of pathosystem Citrus - G. citricarpa, and to evaluate the occurrence of G. citricarpa pathogen at different period in evolutionary history of Citrus. The phylogenetic data were generate for both genera using AFLP molecular markers and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing . Phylogenetic analysis were performed in the PAUP * v.4.0b10 program. The phylogenetic analysis using AFLP were more informative than ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing in both genera Citrus and Guignardia. The AFLP analysis conclude that G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae isolated from C. medica presents a larger phylogenetic distance if compared to the other citrus spp. strains. The evolution of the pathosystem Citrus/Guignardia could not be established, in general, through the association of phylogenies generated for Citrus spp. and Guignardia spp. except in the particular case of bo isolated from C. medica, which follow a pattern of associations in pathogen/endophyte
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Pereira, Fernanda Dias. "Análise filogenética entre Citrus spp. e Guignardia spp. /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92710.
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Orientador: Silvana GiuliattiBanca: Ana Lilia Alzate Marin
Banca: Gabriella Souza Cintra
Resumo: A citricultura brasileira representa um importante segmento econômico na pauta de produtos agrícolas, não só por seu expressivo valor de produção, como por sua importância na geração de empregos diretos e indiretos. No mundo, o Brasil destaca-se como maior produtor de citros, e exportador de suco concentrado de laranja. Entretanto, a citricultura ressente-se de problemas complexos, de natureza diversa, com particular destaque para o de ordem fitossanitária. Dentre esses problemas destaca-se a Mancha Preta dos Citros (MPC), causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A doença deprecia os frutos para o mercado in natura e restringe a possibilidade de exportação. Além disso, provoca a queda prematura dos frutos e eleva o custo de produção devido à necessidade de controle. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estabelecer relações filogenéticas entre Citrus spp. e Guignardia spp., entender a origem evolutiva do patossistema Citrus - G. citricarpa, bem como avaliar a ocorrência de G. citricarpa como patógeno em momentos distintos na história evolutiva de Citrus. Os dados filogenéticos foram gerados utilizando-se marcadores moleculares do tipo AFLP e sequenciamento da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, em ambos os gêneros. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas no programa PAUP* v.4.0b10. Os resultados das análises filogenéticas utilizando AFLP foram mais informativos que aqueles gerados com base no sequenciamento da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, tanto para Citrus quanto para Guignardia. As análises de AFLP permitem concluir que G. citricarpa e G. mangiferae, isoladas de C. medica, apresentam maior distância filogenética em relação aos isolados das outras espécies cítricas. A evolução do patossistema Citrus/Guignardia não pôde ser estabelecida, de forma geral, por meio da associação das filogenias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian citriculture represents an important economic sector in the agenda of agricultural products, not only for its impressive production value, for its importance in generating direct and indirect jobs. In the world, Brazil stands out as the largest citrus producer and exporter of concentrated orange juice. However, the citriculture suffers from complex problems of diverse nature, with particular emphasis on plant health. Among these problems highlight the Black Spot of Citrus (BSC), caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. The disease depreciates the fruit for the fresh market and restricts the ability to export. Furthermore, causes the fall premature fruit and raises the cost of production due to need for control. This study aimed to establish phylogenetic relationships between Citrus and Guignardia, understanding the evolutionary origin of pathosystem Citrus - G. citricarpa, and to evaluate the occurrence of G. citricarpa pathogen at different period in evolutionary history of Citrus. The phylogenetic data were generate for both genera using AFLP molecular markers and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing . Phylogenetic analysis were performed in the PAUP * v.4.0b10 program. The phylogenetic analysis using AFLP were more informative than ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing in both genera Citrus and Guignardia. The AFLP analysis conclude that G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae isolated from C. medica presents a larger phylogenetic distance if compared to the other citrus spp. strains. The evolution of the pathosystem Citrus/Guignardia could not be established, in general, through the association of phylogenies generated for Citrus spp. and Guignardia spp. except in the particular case of bo isolated from C. medica, which follow a pattern of associations in pathogen/endophyte
Mestre
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Oses-Ruiz, Miriam. "Signalling circuitry controlling fungal virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16968.
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Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and is the most destructive disease of cultivated rice. The pathogen elaborates a specialized infection structure called the appressorium. The morphological and physiological transitions that lead to appressorium formation of M. oryzae are stimulated through perception of environmental signals and are tightly regulated by cell cycle checkpoints. External stimuli are internalized by a variety of intracellular MAP kinase signaling pathways, and the major pathway regulating appressorium morphogenesis and plant infection is the Pmk1 MAP kinase signaling pathway. The central kinase, Pmk1, is required for appressorium morphogenesis and the homeobox and C2/H2 Zn-finger domain transcription factor, called Mst12, is required for appressorium formation and tissue invasion. The Mst12 null mutant is able to form melanised appressoria, but it is non-pathogenic. To understand the mechanism of appressorium morphogenesis and penetration peg formation, genome-wide comparative transcriptional profiling analysis was performed for the Δpmk1 and Δmst12 mutant using RNA-seq and HiSeq 2000 sequencing. This thesis reports the identification of gene sets regulated by the Pmk1 signalling pathway and defines the sub-set of these genes regulated by Mst12. I show that a hierarchy of transcription factors is likely to operate downstream of Pmk1 to regulate the main processes required for appressorium morphogenesis and plant infection. I also report the role of Mst12 in cytoskeletal re-organisation and show that it is necessary for septin-dependent F-actin polymerisation at the base on the appressorium prior to plant infection. This is consistent with the major transcriptional changes observed by RNA-seq. The thesis also reports experiments that strongly suggest that appressorium mediated plant penetration is regulated by an S-phase checkpoint which operates independently of the conventional DNA damage and repair response, and the Cds1 and Chk1 checkpoint kinases. Transcriptional profiling results are consistent with the S-phase checkpoint operating downstream of the Pmk1 MAP kinase signalling pathway. An integrated model for the operation of the Pmk1/Mst12 signalling pathways and the hierarchical control of appressorium morphogenesis in the rice blast fungus is presented.
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Hagen, Ethan D. "A Macrofungal Survey of the Baker Property, Athens County, Ohio." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1309220666.
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Bealmear, Stacey. "Fungus Gnat Integrated Pest Management." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144781.
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Kshirsagar, Anandini S. "Phytotoxins of Rosellinia necatrix prill." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343187.
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Ferro, Camila Geovana [UNESP]. "Variação genética e adaptabilidade evolutiva de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 da soja sob condições de estresse." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92644.
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ferro_cg_me_jabo.pdf: 390303 bytes, checksum: 9d8f1206031713ae8ef90f14317d0c17 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Estresse devido a mudanças ambientais pode impactar caracteres quantitativos através de alterações nas variâncias, genética e ambiental. Populações do patógeno da mela da soja, Rhizoctonia solani grupo de anastomose AG-1 IA, são altamente diferenciadas geneticamente ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal nas mais importantes regiões de cultivo de soja do Brasil. Entretanto, os processos evolutivos que guiaram a adaptação regional dessas populações são ainda desconhecidos. Neste trabalho foi testada a hipótese de que o estresse de temperatura elevada pode aumentar a variação genética para caracteres quantitativos, como a resistência a fungicida de amplo espectro, no fungo R. solani AG-1 IA da soja. Isto é o mesmo que testar se um aumento da temperatura, além da temperatura ótima para crescimento, resulta em aumento da herdabilidade de senso amplo para tolerância a um fungicida. Objetivou-se, especificamente, testar o efeito do estresse de temperatura sobre a variação genética para tolerância ao fungicida oxicloreto de cobre e avaliar a importância relativa da variação genética neutra e da seleção natural sobre a divergência e adaptação regional de populações de R. solani AG-1 IA da soja. Para tanto, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial in vitro de três populações brasileiras de R. solani AG-1 IA da soja sob dois regimes de temperatura, ótimo (25°C) e acima do ótimo (33,5°C), e sob três concentrações de oxicloreto de cobre: nenhum fungicida, 0,42 e 0,84 g.L-1. Foram determinadas os componentes de evolutibilidade: variância genética (IG), ambiental (IE) e a herdabilidade no sentido amplo (h2) para o crescimento micelial nas diferentes condições. Comparou-se, também, a diferenciação fenotípica por caracteres quantitativos (QST) e a diferenciação genética neutra (baseada em dados...
Stress due to environmental changes can impact quantitative traits through changes in variances, genetic and environmental. Populations of soybean foliar blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group AG-1 IA, are highly genetically differentiated along a latitudinal gradient in the most important Brazilian cropping areas. However, the evolutionary processes that have guided the regional adaptation of these populations are still unknown. In this study we tested the hypothesis that high temperature stress can increase the genetic variation for quantitative traits such as the tolerance to a broadspectrum fungicide, in the fungus R. solani AG-1 IA from soybean. This is the same as testing whether a temperature increase, beyond the optimum temperature for growth, results in increased broad sense heritability for fungicide tolerance. The specific objective was to test the effects of temperature stress on the genetic variation for tolerance to cupper oxychloride and to assess the relative importance of neutral genetic variation and natural selection on the divergence and local adaptation of R. solani AG-1 IA populations from soybean. We evaluated the in vitro mycelial growth of three Brazilian populations of R. solani AG-1 IA from soybean under two temperature regimes, optimal (25°C) and above optimal (33.5°C), and under three concentrations of cupper oxychloride: no fungicide, 0.42 and 0.84 g.L-1. We determined the components of evolvability: genetic (IG) and environmental (IE) variances and the broad-sense heritability (h2) for mycelial growth under these conditions. We also compared the phenotypic differentiation for quantitative traits (QST) and neutral genetic differentiation (based on microsatellite data) between three pairs of populations (FST). As measures of fungal phenotypic responses... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Cafêu, Mariana Carrara. "Estudo químico e avaliação biológica dos fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e Colletotrichum crassipes isolados de Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105831.
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Orientador: Ângela Regina AraújoBanca: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
Banca: Hosana Maria Debonsi
Banca: Dionéia Camilo Rodrigues de Oliveira
Resumo: Este trabalho descreve a triagem de 21 fungos endofíticos associados a espécies vegetais de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Os extratos brutos fornecidos por estes fungos foram avaliados quimicamente (CLAE e RMN1H) e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostraram promissores. Após esta triagem, os fungos Xylaria sp. E Colletotrichum crassipes, associados a Casearia sylvestris, foram selecionados para o estudo químico/biológico. Estes fungos foram cultivados nos meios líquido (MDB) e sólido (milho) para obtenção dos extratos brutos. O extrato bruto de Xylaria sp. em milho foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento da griseofulvina, 7-desclorogriseofulvina e citocalasina B, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio líquido conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina D, citocalasina C e 5-carbóxi-6-hidroxi-3-metil-3,4- diidroisocumarina. Após fracionamento do extrato bruto do endófito C. crassipes no meio líquido MDB foram isoladas 8 substâncias da classe de dicetopiperazinas, N-(2-feniletil)acetamida, tirosol e as substâncias inéditas 1-hidroxi-1-feniletil-tirosol e (6-metil-3- (feniletóxi)-1,4-dioxan-2-il)metanol. Algumas substâncias puras foram submetidas à bioensaios e apresentaram potencial bioatividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e nos ensaios antioxidante e anticolinesterásico. As citocalasinas D e B isoladas durante este trabalho e outras 5 citocalasinas isoladas anteriormente foram submetidas à avaliação da citotoxicidade utilizando linhagens de células de adenocarcinoma murino e se mostraram muito ativas. Os fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e C. crassipes foram utilizados em biotransformação do substrato 4-etilciclohexanona. Este experimento foi realizado através do cultivo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work describes the screening of 21 endophytic fungi from plant species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The crude extracts produced by these fungi after fermentation in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were evaluated by HPLC, 1HNMR and potential biological activities: antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic. After screening, the extracts of Xylaria sp. and Colletotrichum crassipes, isolated from Casearia sylvestris, were selected, based on the chemical/biological results. These endophytic fungi were cultivated in PDB and corn for crude extract preparation. The crude corn extract of Xylaria sp. led to isolation of griseofulvin, 7- dechlorogriseofulvin and cytochalasin B while the crude PDB extract led to isolation of cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D and 5-carboxy-6- hidroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. The crude PDB extract of Colletotrichum crassipes led to isolation of eight diketopiperazines, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide, tyrosol, 1-hidroxy-1- phenylethyl-tyrosol and (6-methyl-3-(phenethyloxy)-1,4-dioxan-2- yl)methanol. The some of them pure compounds showed potential antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaeropermum, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The Cytochalasins D and B, isolated in this work, and other five cytochalasins produced by Xylaria sp.1 showed potential activity for cytotoxic activity against adenocarcinomatous murine cells. The fungi Xylaria sp. and C. crassipes were evaluated as biocatalysts for biotransformation of 4-ethylcyclohexanone. Four biotransformation products were isolated. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques and comparison with published data.
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Ferro, Camila Geovana. "Variação genética e adaptabilidade evolutiva de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 da soja sob condições de estresse /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92644.
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Orientador: Paulo Cezar CeresiniBanca: Margarete Camargo
Banca: Jaqueline Rosemeire Verzignassi
Resumo: Estresse devido a mudanças ambientais pode impactar caracteres quantitativos através de alterações nas variâncias, genética e ambiental. Populações do patógeno da mela da soja, Rhizoctonia solani grupo de anastomose AG-1 IA, são altamente diferenciadas geneticamente ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal nas mais importantes regiões de cultivo de soja do Brasil. Entretanto, os processos evolutivos que guiaram a adaptação regional dessas populações são ainda desconhecidos. Neste trabalho foi testada a hipótese de que o estresse de temperatura elevada pode aumentar a variação genética para caracteres quantitativos, como a resistência a fungicida de amplo espectro, no fungo R. solani AG-1 IA da soja. Isto é o mesmo que testar se um aumento da temperatura, além da temperatura ótima para crescimento, resulta em aumento da herdabilidade de senso amplo para tolerância a um fungicida. Objetivou-se, especificamente, testar o efeito do estresse de temperatura sobre a variação genética para tolerância ao fungicida oxicloreto de cobre e avaliar a importância relativa da variação genética neutra e da seleção natural sobre a divergência e adaptação regional de populações de R. solani AG-1 IA da soja. Para tanto, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial in vitro de três populações brasileiras de R. solani AG-1 IA da soja sob dois regimes de temperatura, ótimo (25°C) e acima do ótimo (33,5°C), e sob três concentrações de oxicloreto de cobre: nenhum fungicida, 0,42 e 0,84 g.L-1. Foram determinadas os componentes de evolutibilidade: variância genética (IG), ambiental (IE) e a herdabilidade no sentido amplo (h2) para o crescimento micelial nas diferentes condições. Comparou-se, também, a diferenciação fenotípica por caracteres quantitativos (QST) e a diferenciação genética neutra (baseada em dados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Stress due to environmental changes can impact quantitative traits through changes in variances, genetic and environmental. Populations of soybean foliar blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group AG-1 IA, are highly genetically differentiated along a latitudinal gradient in the most important Brazilian cropping areas. However, the evolutionary processes that have guided the regional adaptation of these populations are still unknown. In this study we tested the hypothesis that high temperature stress can increase the genetic variation for quantitative traits such as the tolerance to a broadspectrum fungicide, in the fungus R. solani AG-1 IA from soybean. This is the same as testing whether a temperature increase, beyond the optimum temperature for growth, results in increased broad sense heritability for fungicide tolerance. The specific objective was to test the effects of temperature stress on the genetic variation for tolerance to cupper oxychloride and to assess the relative importance of neutral genetic variation and natural selection on the divergence and local adaptation of R. solani AG-1 IA populations from soybean. We evaluated the in vitro mycelial growth of three Brazilian populations of R. solani AG-1 IA from soybean under two temperature regimes, optimal (25°C) and above optimal (33.5°C), and under three concentrations of cupper oxychloride: no fungicide, 0.42 and 0.84 g.L-1. We determined the components of evolvability: genetic (IG) and environmental (IE) variances and the broad-sense heritability (h2) for mycelial growth under these conditions. We also compared the phenotypic differentiation for quantitative traits (QST) and neutral genetic differentiation (based on microsatellite data) between three pairs of populations (FST). As measures of fungal phenotypic responses... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Ogierman, Monica A. "Molecular characterisation of the fungus Corynespora cassicola /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho344.pdf.
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Morgan, Mari. "The biology of nematode-nematophagous fungus interactions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338542.
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Zanardi, Lisinéia Maria [UNESP]. "Estudo químico e biológico de fungos endofídicos associados a Senna spectabilis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105775.
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zanardi_gj_dr_araiq.pdf: 7757680 bytes, checksum: 124090a2cfedea428566b448f77acc17 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de 43 fungos endofíticos associados à espécie vegetal Senna spectabilis, e a triagem química e biológica destes. Os extratos brutos em AcOEt produzidos pelos fungos foram avaliados quimicamente por CCDC, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H, e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostram promissores. A partir dos resultados obtidos os fungos Myrothecium gramineum e Acremonium sp. foram selecionados para crescimento em escala ampliada, em meio de cultivo MBD, visando a obtenção do extrato bruto para isolamento e determinação estrutural dos metabólitos produzidos. Nesta etapa foram utilizados dois modos de incubação (estático e sob agitação) para avaliação da influência do modo de crescimento na produção metabólica, evidenciando que não ocorreram mudanças significativas na produção dos metabólitos secundários. Do extrato bruto obtido de M. gramineum foi isolada a Verrucarina A, como um precipitado, durante a solubilização do extrato em MeOH. O sobrenadante foi então submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento de 3 dicetopiperazinas, sendo a ciclo (Pro-Tyr), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) e a ciclo(D-Pro-D-Phe), e 4 tricotocenos, a Verrucarina A (já isolada como precipitado), Roridina A e Isororidina A e a Verrucarina L. Durante o processo de concentração para a obtenção do extrato bruto de Acremonium sp., ocorreu a formação de cristais em forma de filetes que ficaram aderidos ao balão. Os cristais foram separados e identificados como a Citocalasina D. O extrato bruto resultante da separação destes cristais foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico levando ao isolamento de 7 substâncias: uma xantona (Fusaridina), 4 isocumarinas [(R)-8-metoxi-meleina; (3S, 4S)-5-carbometoxi-4-hidroximeleína; (3R)-5-carbometoximeleina e (3S)-5-carboetoxi-mele...
This work reports the isolation of 43 endophytic fungi associated with Senna spectabilis, and the chemical and biological screening of their extracts. The AcOEt crude extracts produced by fungi were submitted to chemical analysis by TLC, DAD-HPLC, NMR and bioassays to evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential, which showed promising. The results enabled us to select the fungi Myrothecium gramineum and Acremonium sp. to growth on a large scale for isolation and structural determination of metabolites produced. The fungal strains were cultivated in liquid media PDB to obtaining the crude extracts. In this stage, we used two modes of incubation (static mode and under agitation), to evaluate the influence of the growing mode in production of the secondary metabolites, showing that there were no significant changes in metabolic production. The crude extract of M. gramineum yielded the substance Verrucarin A, as a white precipitated during solubilization of the extract in MeOH. The supernatant was fractioned by CC and preparative HPLC yielding three diketopiperazines [(cicle (Pro-Tyr), cicle (L-Pro-L-Leu) and cicle (D-Pro-D-Phe)] and four trichothecenes [Verrucarin A (already isolated as substance), Roridin A and Isororidin A and Verrucarin L. During the process of concentration of solvents to obtain crude extract of Acremonium sp., there was the formation of crystals in the form of fillets that were attached to the balloon. The crystals were separated and identified like Citocalasin D. The resulting crude extract was submitted to chromatographic fractionation yielding seven substances: one xanthone [Fusaridin, four isocoumarins [(R)-8-methoxi-mellein, (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein, (3R)-5-carbomethoximellein and (3S)-5-carboethoxi-mellein] and the griseofulvin and 7-dechlorogriseofulvin. The substances (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Cafêu, Mariana Carrara [UNESP]. "Estudo químico e avaliação biológica dos fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e Colletotrichum crassipes isolados de Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105831.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho descreve a triagem de 21 fungos endofíticos associados a espécies vegetais de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Os extratos brutos fornecidos por estes fungos foram avaliados quimicamente (CLAE e RMN1H) e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostraram promissores. Após esta triagem, os fungos Xylaria sp. E Colletotrichum crassipes, associados a Casearia sylvestris, foram selecionados para o estudo químico/biológico. Estes fungos foram cultivados nos meios líquido (MDB) e sólido (milho) para obtenção dos extratos brutos. O extrato bruto de Xylaria sp. em milho foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento da griseofulvina, 7-desclorogriseofulvina e citocalasina B, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio líquido conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina D, citocalasina C e 5-carbóxi-6-hidroxi-3-metil-3,4- diidroisocumarina. Após fracionamento do extrato bruto do endófito C. crassipes no meio líquido MDB foram isoladas 8 substâncias da classe de dicetopiperazinas, N-(2-feniletil)acetamida, tirosol e as substâncias inéditas 1-hidroxi-1-feniletil-tirosol e (6-metil-3- (feniletóxi)-1,4-dioxan-2-il)metanol. Algumas substâncias puras foram submetidas à bioensaios e apresentaram potencial bioatividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e nos ensaios antioxidante e anticolinesterásico. As citocalasinas D e B isoladas durante este trabalho e outras 5 citocalasinas isoladas anteriormente foram submetidas à avaliação da citotoxicidade utilizando linhagens de células de adenocarcinoma murino e se mostraram muito ativas. Os fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e C. crassipes foram utilizados em biotransformação do substrato 4-etilciclohexanona. Este experimento foi realizado através do cultivo...
This work describes the screening of 21 endophytic fungi from plant species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The crude extracts produced by these fungi after fermentation in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were evaluated by HPLC, 1HNMR and potential biological activities: antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic. After screening, the extracts of Xylaria sp. and Colletotrichum crassipes, isolated from Casearia sylvestris, were selected, based on the chemical/biological results. These endophytic fungi were cultivated in PDB and corn for crude extract preparation. The crude corn extract of Xylaria sp. led to isolation of griseofulvin, 7- dechlorogriseofulvin and cytochalasin B while the crude PDB extract led to isolation of cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D and 5-carboxy-6- hidroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. The crude PDB extract of Colletotrichum crassipes led to isolation of eight diketopiperazines, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide, tyrosol, 1-hidroxy-1- phenylethyl-tyrosol and (6-methyl-3-(phenethyloxy)-1,4-dioxan-2- yl)methanol. The some of them pure compounds showed potential antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaeropermum, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The Cytochalasins D and B, isolated in this work, and other five cytochalasins produced by Xylaria sp.1 showed potential activity for cytotoxic activity against adenocarcinomatous murine cells. The fungi Xylaria sp. and C. crassipes were evaluated as biocatalysts for biotransformation of 4-ethylcyclohexanone. Four biotransformation products were isolated. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques and comparison with published data.
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Caitano, Cinthia Elen Cardoso. "PATOGENICIDADE DE Lecanicillium fungicola EM Agaricus bisporus /." Jaboticabal, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192648.
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Orientador: Diego Cunha ZiedResumo: O fungo Lecanicillium fungicola é um importante patógeno no cultivo de Agaricus bisporus, apresentando diversos sintomas e perdas de produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar interações in vivo e in vitro dos fungos Lecanicillium fungicola e Agaricus bisporus. Os experimentos in vitro foram feitos utilizando discos de micélio do patógeno e composto colonizado pelo A. bisporus. O composto colonizado também foi utilizado para a frutificação de cogumelos tanto em tamanho menor em placas de petri como em maior quantidade. Foram aplicados quatro suspensões de esporos L. fungicola nos cogumelos em placas de petri, de acordo com o seu tratamento. Não ocorreu a paralisação do crescimento micelial in vitro no momento em que o patógeno e o hospedeiro se encontram. Após 36 horas a inoculação do patógeno foi possível a visualização de manchas no píleo e após 60 horas a visualização de hifas e esporos. A linhagem coloração creme apresentou maior massa e diâmetro do píleo e menor porcentagem de rompimento do véu. A linhagem de A. bisporus de coloração branca obteve maior produtividade do que a linhagem de coloração creme. O isolado LF 19/03 apresentou maior agressividade em ambas as linhagens de A. bisporus. Os diversos sintomas encontrados no decorrer da pesquisa possibilitaram a confecção de uma escala diagramática para auxiliar o produtor na comercialização dos cogumelos doentes.
Abstract: The fungus Lecanicillium fungicola is an important pathogen in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, presenting several symptoms and production losses. The objective of the work was to evaluate interactions in vivo and in vitro of the fungi Lecanicillium fungicola and Agaricus bisporus. The in vitro experiments were done using mycelium discs of the pathogen and compound colonized by A. bisporus. The colonized compost was also used for the fruiting of mushrooms both in smaller size in petri dishes and in greater quantity. Four suspensions of L. fungicola spores were applied to the boxes according to their treatment. Mycelial growth did not stop in vitro at the time the pathogen and host meet. After 36 hours the inoculation of the pathogen made it possible to see spots on the cap and after 60 hours, to view hyphae and spores. The cream-colored lineage showed greater mass and diameter of the cap and lesser percentage of rupture of the veil. The white colored A. bisporus strain obtained higher productivity than the cream colored strain. The isolate LF 19/03 showed greater aggressiveness in both strains of A. bisporus. The various symptoms found in the course of the research enabled the production of a diagrammatic scale to assist the producer in the sale of sick mushrooms.
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Cameron, Shawna L. "Colonization of Populus tremuloides seedlings by the fungus Phialocephala fortinii in the presence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Thelephora terrestris." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33214.pdf.
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Mustafa, Muskhazli. "Hydrolytic enzyme production by Trichoderma and their potential as aggresins in biological control." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324122.
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Soares, Paulo Roberto Serrão. "Estudos de biotransformação de pesticidas organofosforados e biometilação de compostos fenólicos por fungos de ambiente marinho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75133/tde-05102016-155451/.
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Os pesticidas organofosforados são amplamente utilizados na agricultura, pois são muito eficazes no controle de pragas, promovendo um aumento na produtividade dos alimentos. Contudo, sua utilização indiscriminada provoca graves problemas ambientais e para a saúde humana, uma vez que são tóxicos também para as espécies que não são alvos e acumulam grandes quantidades de metabólitos tóxicos, como por exemplo, fenois. Os compostos fenólicos enquadram-se nos resíduos resultantes da degradação de compostos naturais e xenobióticos da atividade antrópica. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as reações de conjugação de fase II em compostos fenólicos derivados da hidrólise de pesticidas organosfosforados (clorpirifós, metil paration e profenofós) e a biotransformação de outros fenois por enzimas provenientes de fungos de ambiente marinho. Primeiramente foi realizado um screening com os fungos de ambiente marinho Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, A. sydowii CBMAI 935, A. sydowii CBMAI 1241, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, P. raistrickii CBMAI 931, P. raistrickii CBMAI 1235 e Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932 para avaliar a resistência destes microrganismos frente à toxicidade dos pesticidas organofosforados para posterior escolha da cepa mais resistente e melhor adaptada aos pesticidas testados nesse trabalho. O fungo selecionado para as reações em meio líquido de malte 2%, que melhor adaptou-se na presença dos pesticidas testados foi a cepa do fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 935. Foram realizadas curvas analíticas com o objetivo de estimar a extensão da biodegradação dos pesticidas clorpirifós, metil paration, profenofós e seus respectivos produtos de hidrólise, os fenois 3,5,6-tricloro-2-piridinol, 4-nitrofenol e 4-bromo-2-clorofenol, respectivamente. As reações de biotransformação em meio líquido de malte 2% foram avaliadas com 10, 20, 30 d de reação com concentração inicial dos pesticidas organofosforados de 50 mg.L-1. Todos os metabólitos encontrados nas reações de biotransformação dos pesticidas organofosforados com o fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 935 foram comparados com os seus padrões analíticos e sintéticos (metilação) com o objetivo de corroborar as reações de bioconjugação. Através deste estudo foi possível sugerir a presença de enzimas fosfotriesterases e enzimas metiltransferases provenientes do fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 935. Enzimas que promoveram a hidrólise e metilação dos pesticidas e compostos fenólicos testados nesse trabalho. Segundo a literatura, as reações de biotransforrmação e bioconjugação dos pesticidas orgafosforados, diminuem consideravelmente a toxicidade desses compostos recalcitrantes.Organophosphate pesticides are widely used in agriculture, as they are very effective in pest control, promoting an increase in productivity of food. However, indiscriminate use causes serious problems environmental and for human health, since they are also toxic to non-target species and accumulate large amounts of toxic metabolites, such as phenols. Phenolic compounds are part of the waste resulting from the degradation of natural compounds and xenobiotics of human activity. This work aimed to study the phase II conjugation reactions in phenolic compounds derived from hydrolysis of pesticides organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion and profenofos) and the biotransformation of other phenols for enzymes from marine environment fungi. First was conducted a screening with the marine environment fungi. Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, A. sydowii CBMAI 935, A. sydowii CBMAI 1241, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, P. raistrickii CBMAI 931, P. raistrickii CBMAI 1235 and Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932 to evaluate the resistance of these microorganisms front the toxicity of organophosphate pesticides to later choose the most resistant strain and better adapted to pesticides tested in this work. The fungus selected to the reactions in liquid medium 2% malt, which best adapted in the presence of the pesticide tested was the fungal strain of A. sydowii CBMAI 935. Standard curves were performed in order to estimate the extent of biodegradation of pesticides chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, profenofos and their hydrolysis products, phenols 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 4-nitrophenol and 4-bromo- 2-chlorophenol, respectively. The biotransformation reactions in liquid medium 2% malt were evaluated in 10, 20, 30 days reaction of with initial concentration of organophosphate pesticides of 50 mg.L-1. All metabolites found in the biotransformation reactions of organophosphate pesticides with the fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 935 were compared with their synthetic and analytical standards (methylation) in order to corroborate the bioconjugation reactions. Through this study was possible suggest the presence of enzymes phosphotriestesterases and methyltransferases from fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 935. Enzymes that promote hydrolysis and methylation of pesticides and phenolic compounds tested in this work. According to the literature, the reactions of biotransformation and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides, greatly reduce the toxicity of recalcitrant compounds.
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Sjöberg, Johanna. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi : occurrence in Sweden and interaction with a plant pathogenic fungus in barley /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200533.pdf.
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Hane, James. "Bioinformatic genome analysis of the necrotrophic wheat-pathogenic fungus Phaeosphaeria nodorum and related Dothideomycete fungi." Thesis, Hane, James (2011) Bioinformatic genome analysis of the necrotrophic wheat-pathogenic fungus Phaeosphaeria nodorum and related Dothideomycete fungi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/5803/.
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Phaeosphaeria nodorum (anamorph: Stagonospora nodorum) is the causal agent of Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB, syn. glume blotch) in wheat. P. nodorum is estimated to cause up to 31% wheat yield loss worldwide. Within Australia it is the primary pathogen of wheat and is estimated to cause losses of $108 million per annum. The genome assembly of P. nodorum was sequenced in 2005 and was the first species in the class Dothideomycetes, a significant fungal taxon containing several major phytopathogens, to be publically released. The P. nodorum genome database has since evolved from basic sequence data into a powerful resource for studying the SNB host-pathogen interaction and advancing the understanding of fungal genome structure. The genes of P. nodorum have been annotated to a high level of accuracy and now serve as a model dataset for comparative purposes. P. nodorum gene annotations have been refined by a combination of several techniques including manual curation, orthology with related species, expressed sequence tag (EST) alignment, and proteogenomics. Analysis of the repetitive DNA in the P. nodorum genome lead to the development of software for the analysis of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a fungal-specific genome defence mechanism, which was a major improvement upon previous methods. Comparative genomics between P. nodorum and related species has highlighted a novel pattern of genome sequence conservation between filamentous fungi called ‘mesosynteny’ and has lead to the development of novel 'genome finishing' strategies.
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Barcoto, Mariana de Oliveira. "Fungus-growing insects host a convergent microbiome with functional similarities to other lignocellulose-feeding insects /." Rio Claro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151202.
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Orientador: André RodriguesBanca: Michele de Cássia Pereira e Silva
Banca: Marina Correa Cortes
Resumo: Insetos cultivadores de fungos (formigas, cupins e besouros) evoluíram de forma independente uma associação simbionte com fungos que, ao metabolizar biomassa vegetal recalcitrante, produzem nutrientes disponíveis para seu hospedeiro. Esses sistemas de fungicultura também abrigam microbiomas bacterianos que apresentam importantes impactos fisiológicos na biologia do inseto fungicultor. Nesse trabalho, foram explorados os padrões de convergência funcional da microbiota associada a sistemas de fungicultura. Com o intuito de expandir a distribuição geográfica de microbiomas associados a sistemas de fungicultura, metagenomas de comunidades bacterianas de Mycocepurus goeldii (Attini basal) e Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Attini derivada, também denominada formiga-cortadeira de folhas) foram sequenciados e anotados. Tais amostras constituem os primeiros microbiomas de formigas Attini da América do Sul. Os gêneros Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, Enterobacter, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas e Serratia foram os mais abundantes na comunidade bacteriana associada ao jardim de fungo de A. sexdens rubropilosa. Pseudomonas também foi o gênero encontrado em maior abundância na comunidade bacteriana de M. goeldii, seguido de Dysgonomonas, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Comamonas e Burkholderia. A fim de explorar o perfil funcional da comunidade bacteriana, foram realizadas comparações entre microbiomas de Attini basais e derivadas; de insetos fungicultores; de insetos fungicultores e trato intestinal de insetos cuja alimentação é baseada em lignocelulose. As análises comparativas revelaram que os microbiomas associados a insetos fungicultores apresentam uma evidente convergência funcional e taxonômica. É possível verificar a existência de similaridades funcionais entre microbiomas de insetos fungicultores e do trato intestinal de inseto ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Fungus-growing insects (ants, termites, and beetles) independently evolved a symbiotic association with fungi that metabolize recalcitrant plant biomass, producing nutrients available to the insect host. These fungicultural systems also harbor bacterial microbiota of important physiological impacts for the host life style. Here, we explore convergence patterns of the microbiota associated with fungiculture systems. For expanding the geographic distribution of microbiomes fungiculture systems available, we sequenced and annotated metagenomes of bacterial communities from Mycocepurus goeldii (lower Attini ant) and Atta sexdens rubropilosa (higher Attini, a leaf-cutter ant), the first attine ants' microbiomes from South America. Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, Enterobacter, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the most abundant genera in the bacterial community of A. sexdens rubropilosa fungus garden. Similarly, Pseudomonas was also the most abundant genus in the bacterial community of M. goeldii fungus garden, followed by Dysgonomonas, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Comamonas and Burkholderia. For metabolic profiling, these microbiomes were included in comparisons of several levels: between lower and higher attines, among fungus-growing insects, and between fungus-growing and non-fungus-growing insects. Comparative analysis of fungus-growing insects associated microbiomes support remarkable functional and taxonomic similarities, pointing to convergence in bacterial communities. Metabolic parallels may be found among microbiomes from fungus-growing insects and other lignocellulose-feeding insects, particularly for pathways involved with the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, aromatic compounds, cofactors and vitamins. However, there are substantial taxonomic differences between microbiomes from fungiculture systems and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Grinyer, Jasmine. "Proteomic analysis of the biological control fungus Trichoderma." Doctoral thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/12407.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis by publication."August 2006"
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences & Dept. of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences), 2007.
Bibliography: leaves 157-183.
1. Introduction -- 1.1. Proteomics and two-dimensional electrophoresis -- 1.2. A proteomic approach to study the filamentous fungus Trichoderma -- 1.3. Aims of the thesis -- 2. Materials and methods -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1. Method development for the display and identification of fungal proteins by 2DE and mass spectrometry -- 3.2. Discovery of novel determinants in the biological control of phytopathogens by Trichoderma atroviride -- 3.3. Summary and concluding remarks.
Trichoderma harzianum and T. atroviride are filamentous fungi commonly found in soil. Both display biocontrol capabilities against a range of phytopathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea which are known pests of hundreds of commercially important crops including tomatoes, potatoes, beans, cucumber, strawberries, cotton and grapes. These Trichoderma species secrete a combination of enzymes degrading cell walls and antibiotics to overgrow and kill fungal phytopathogens. They are seen as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides currengly used on crops.
A proteomic approach was taken to separate and identify proteins from a strain of T. harzianum with well established biocontrol properties. Several methods were developed in this thesis to display the whole proteome content and several subcellular proteome fractions from T. harzianum. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometric methods. The resulting proteomic maps represent the first extensive array of cellular and sub-cellular proteomes for T. harzianum.
Cellular protein patterns of T. atroviride (T. harzianum P1) grown on media containing either glucose or R. solani cell walls were compared by differential gel electrophoresis to identify a suite of new proteins involved in the biological control response. Twenty four T. atroviride protein spots up-regulated in the presence of the R. solani cell walls were identified by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. Proteins identified from this study included previously implicated enzymes degrading cell walls and three novel proteases, vacuolar serine protease, vacuolar protease A and trypsin-like protease. The genes encoding two of these proteases, vacuolar protease A and vacuolar serine protease have been cloned by degenerate primer PCR and genomic walking PCR and sequenced. The gene sequences and protein sequences derived from these genes have been partially characterised.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Yan, Guangyu. "Heavy metal biosorption by the fungus, Mucor rouxii." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60215.pdf.
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Segers, Rudi. "The nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium : aspects of pathogenicity." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12487/.
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Verticillium chlamydosporium is a fungal pathogen of eggs and females of plantparasitic nematodes. The fungus produced an alkaline serine protease in submerged culture. This enzyme, VCPI, was characterized as a class II subtilisin, based on amino acid sequenceh omology. Several of its characteristics, e.g. molecular mass (33 kDa), pI (ca 10) and broad substrate utilisation, are typical of fungal subtilisins. Although some immunological cross-reactivity existed with other enzymes of this class, an antigenic fingerprint was obtained that was distinct, even from the subtilisin that was its closest homologue based on amino acid sequence, PrI from the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. There was circumstantial evidence, suggesting that this fungal protease was involved in the infection of nematode eggs, which have a largely proteinaceous eggshell. First of all, the enzyme was able to remove the outer protein layer from eggs of the susceptible root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, exposing the underlying chitin layer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that fungal hyphae on the egg surface left an imprint, presumably through enzymatic action. There was also evidence of the protease weakening the eggshell, as enzyme-treated nematode eggs were more easily lysed and infected by the fungus than those not pre-incubated in the enzyme. A polyclonal antibody against VCPI demonstrated protease production by the fungus, prior to, or concurrent with, penetration. The enzyme was associated with appressoria, i.e. fungal infection structures. In contrast to the susceptible root-knot nematode, VCPI had little impact on the egg shell of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. It is suggested that the limited in situ hydrolysis of G. rostochiensis egg shell proteins is a factor contributing to its relative resistance to the fungus. Regulation studies in batch culture showed that production of the protease VCPI was repressed by high carbon and nitrogen levels. Its basic regulatory mechanism was that of repression/derepression. However, the highest protease titre was obtained when M incognita eggs were present in the medium, suggesting induction by the host. Collagen and chitin were possibly responsible for this inductive effect. In conclusion, it is believed that VCPI is a protease with a dual role for V chlamydosporium. During saprotrophic growth, VCP1 would allow the fungus to scavenge nutrients from a wide range of protein sources. However, the enzyme also has a designated function in penetration of the host, which makes it a versatile tool for a fungus that can switch trophic modes during its life-cycle. The achievements of this research include the first demonstration in a nematode-attacking fungus of: -a well-characterized protease, including data on stability, kinetics and isoforms; -a subtilisin-like protease in an egg-parasitic nematophagous fungus; -a pathogenicity-related enzyme in V chlamydosporium; -a determinant of host specificity; - enzyme regulation in general, and induction by the host, in particular.
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Priddey, Gemma D. "Signal transduction in the barley powdery mildew fungus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7f189f07-ad91-4dea-9760-a41bda8c498c.
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Barley powdery mildew disease is caused by the highly specialised phytopathogenic fungus, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. Disease is spread prolifically by the production of asexual conidia. Following contact with the barley leaf surface, a short, primary germ tube (PGT) emerges, followed by elaboration of a second-formed germ tube, the appressorial germ tube (AGT). This second-formed germ tube elongates, swells and hooks to form an appressorium, which allows direct penetration of the barley cuticle and infection of the host. Infection structure differentiation in B. graminis is a highly regulated and complex process. It demands the coordinated perception of multiple external signals, but little is known about how these signals are integrated and transduced within the fungus. Protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP signalling are known to play important, but complex, roles during infection structure development. However, signalling via cAMP alone is not sufficient to promote progression through infection structure differentiation. This study describes the characterization of two B. graminis protein kinase C genes, pkc1 and pkc-like. PKC activity was identified in B. graminis protein extracts. Efforts to find an inhibitor specific for B. graminis PKC were unsuccessful. However, phorbol ester, a PKC agonist, invoked both appressorium formation when applied to spores in vivo and PKC activity in protein extracts. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed the differentially regulated transcript profiles of both pkc1 and pkc-like, revealing a peak in transcript levels just prior to PGT emergence for pkc1, and during PGT differentiation for the pkc-like gene. Two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, mpk1 and mpk2, were characterized. MAP kinase activity was detected in conidial protein extracts. The MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, inhibited B. graminis germling morphogenesis. However, a MAP kinase agonist failed to show any effect on germling differentiation. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed the differentially regulated transcript profiles of both mpk1 and mpk2, and revealed a peak in transcript levels during appressorial germ tube elongation and swelling for both genes. The "model" phytopathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, was employed as a "surrogate host" for the functional analysis of the B. graminis MAP kinase gene, mpk1. Firstly, the mpk1 promoter was sequenced and a plasmid construct made comprising the mpk1 gene under the control of the mpk1 promoter. This, and the control construct, that is the M. grisea PMK1 gene under the control of the PMK1 promoter, were transformed into M. grisea Δpmk1. Southern analysis identified transformants for phenotypic studies. These showed that whereas Δpmk1 was complemented by M. grisea PMK1 in the control experiments, B. graminis mpk1 failed to complement Δpmk1. Expression studies showed that there was no expression of mpk1 in an mpk1 transformant.
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Hemmati, Farhad. "Aerial dispersal of the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284448.
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Davies, Julia Mary. "Ion transport in the marine fungus Dendyphiella salina." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278904.
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Robertson, Susan Jane. "Multicellular development in the ascomycete fungus Sordaria brevicollis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12866.
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This thesis described the experimental analysis of several aspects of multicellular development in Sordaria brevicollis, a filamentous ascomycete which has previously been considered to be exclusively heterothallic. Sexual reproduction in S. brevicollis requires the formation of protoperithecia, which must usually be crossed by fertilisation with spermatia of the opposite mating type before perithecial development can take place. The morphology of protoperithecia and crossed perithecia has been examined using a variety of microscopical techniques. Also described is the formation of two additional types of multicellular structure, which have not been characterised previously, uncrossed perithecia, and vegetative hyphal aggregates (VHAs). Uncrossed perithecia are produced by homokaryons of both mating types, although the phenomenon is more commonly observed in strains of mtA. The term is used to cover a number developmental stages, which range from enlarged protoperithecia, that form ostioles but exhibit no further differentiation, to perithecia which develop (at least) rudimentary necks. Although the majority of uncrossed perithecia are empty, a proportion of the fruitbodies which develop on mtA homokaryons have been found to contain a few ascospores, arranged in linear, 8 -spored asci. Homokaryotic spore production has never been observed in strains of mta. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of ascospores in uncrossed perithecia have been examined using heterokaryon analysis. Heterokaryons constructed using spore colour mutants were used to show that meiosis and recombination occurred during the formation of ascospores in uncrossed perithecia, but the recombination frequency (calculated from the percentage of symmetrical M II asci) was lower than that from a comparable heterothallic cross. It was also shown that the frequency of third division overlap was significantly higher in the asci from uncrossed perithecia than in those from crossed perithecia. Observations based on homothallic and heterothallic development have been used to construct and evaluate two models for nuclear behaviour during the formation of protoperithecia. The evolution of homothallism and heterothallism in Sordaria and Neurospora has also been considered in the light of the facultative homothallism seen in S. brevicollis.
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A'Bear, Andrew Donald. "Climate change, fungus-invertebrate interactions and ecosystem processes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58513/.
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Saprotrophic fungi are the main agents of primary decomposition and nutrient cycling in woodland ecosystems. Powerful enzymatic capabilities enable then to break down the most recalcitrant components of wood and leaf litter, such as lignin and cellulose. Nutrients are retained by dynamic networks of mycelium, which are vulnerable to grazing by soil invertebrates. The studies reported in this thesis employed laboratory microcosm, mesocosm and field manipulations to further mechanistic understanding of climate change effects on basidiomycete fungal-dominated woodland decomposer community dynamics and ecosystem processes. Increased mycelial growth at elevated temperature can be prevented by collembola grazing in soil microcosms. The strength of this top-down effect varied with fungal palatability, which had a bottom-up effect on collembola populations and their responses to warming. A mesocosm multispecies collembola population was more strongly regulated by the bottom-up effect of inoculation with cord-forming fungi than climate change (warming, in combination with soil wetting or drying). Collembola can graze fungal cords, but thickness and chemical defences make them less palatable than soil microfungi, which are outcompeted by basidiomycete mycelia. In the absence of fungal biomass limitation by collembola, abiotic conditions regulated microbial community functioning. Warming stimulated fungal-mediated wood decomposition, particularly in drier soils. Moisture was the most important determinant of enzyme activity and displayed an interaction with temperature analogous to that for wood decay. Macro-invertebrates, such as woodlice, are better able to exploit nutritious, but thick and defensive, fungal cords. The consequences of macro-invertebrate grazing for fungal-dominated microbial community function were tested in a field manipulation of woodlouse (Oniscus asellus, Isopoda) population densities, predicted to increase due to climate warming. This provides the first evidence for bottom-up effects of fungal palatability on woodlouse populations. Body lipid analysis revealed fungi as a major component of the generalist woodlouse diet. Despite low population densities at the site, altered O. asellus abundance influenced aspects of microbial community functioning. The importance of biotic effects on decomposition may be more heterogeneous than abiotic influences, depending on microbial community dominance and the abundance of key macro-invertebrate taxa.
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Félix, Carina Rafaela Faria da Costa. "Lasiodiplodia theobromae: a phytopathogenic fungus that infect humans." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10469.
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Mestrado em Biologia AplicadaLasiodiplodia theobromae é um fungo fitopatogénico responsável por inúmeras doenças em variadas plantas. Embora este fungo seja tipicamente de regiões tropicais e subtropicais, também ocorre em climas mais frios. L. theobromae tem também sido descrito como oportunista em humanos, causando infeções com diferentes níveis de gravidade. Apresenta, assim, uma grande adaptabilidade a diferentes ambientes, sendo capaz de utilizar os seus mecanismos de virulência numa ampla gama de temperaturas. O objetivo desta investigação é caracterizar o crescimento de dois isolados - um isolado ambiental, CAA019 e um isolado clínico, CBS339.90 - a diferentes temperaturas (temperatura ambiente e temperatura do corpo humano). Tendo em conta a relevância deste organismo como fitopatogénico assim como a sua crescente importância como oportunista de humanos, este estudo poderá ter uma grande relevância para agricultura, bem como para a saúde humana. As condições ótimas de cultivo destes isolados foram determinadas: o meio de cultura Potato Dextrose Agar como melhor meio para o cultivo e a temperatura de 30ºC como sendo a temperatura ótima de crescimento para ambos os isolados. Verificou-se ainda que a presença de luz continua tem um efeito positivo no crescimento de L. theobromae e que o seu crescimento máximo é atingido entre as 96 horas e as 120 horas de incubação. Verificou-se ainda que ambos os isolados expressam proteínas extracelulares de um modo dependente da temperatura, assim como do isolado. Por último, foi possível verificar que ambos os isolados produzem moléculas extracelulares com propriedades citotóxicas numa linhagem de células Vero (células de rins de macaco verde africano) verificando-se que ambos os isolados são citotóxicos nestas células. As maiores perdas de viabilidade são atingidas às temperaturas de 25ºC e 30ºC para o isolado ambiental e a 30ºC e 37ºC para o isolado clínico.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for a countless number of diseases in various plants. Although this fungus is typically from tropical and subtropical regions, it can also occur in colder climates. It has been also described as an opportunist in humans, causing infections of different levels of severity. L. theobromae thus presents a great capacity of adaptation to different environments, being able to use its virulence mechanisms in a wide range of temperatures. The aim of this investigation is to characterize two different isolates – an environmental isolate, CAA019, and a clinical isolate, CBS339.90 – at different temperatures (environmental temperature and human body temperature). Due to the relevance of this species as a phytopathogenic agent, as well as its growing importance as an opportunist pathogen in humans, this study may reveal itself as being extremely relevant both to agriculture and to human health. The optimal growth conditions of these isolates have been determined: Potato Dextrose Agar is the best culture medium and the temperature of 30ºC the optimal growth temperature for both isolates. It has also been shown that continuous light has a positive effect in the growth of L. theobromae and that this fungus reaches its maximum growth between 96 hours and 120 hours of incubation. Also, a differential extracellular protein expression has been detected, depending both on the temperature of growth and on the isolate. Lastly, it was possible to verify that both isolates produce extracellular molecules with cytotoxic properties against a Vero cell line (cells from the kidneys of African Green Monkey), thus concluding that both isolates are cytotoxic for this cells. Lowest values of cell viability have been achieved for the temperatures of 25ºC and 30ºC in the case of the environmental isolate, and for the temperatures of 30ºC and 37ºC in the case of the clinical isolate suggesting that there may be some specificity of the isolate towards its host.
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Bansal, V. "Fungus-mediated biosynthesis of oxides nanoparticles and composites." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2006. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2525.
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Zanardi, Lisinéia Maria. "Estudo químico e biológico de fungos endofídicos associados a Senna spectabilis /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105775.
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Orientador: Angela Regina AraújoBanca: Marcia Nasser Lopes
Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
Banca: Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes
Banca: Geraldo Humberto Silva
Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de 43 fungos endofíticos associados à espécie vegetal Senna spectabilis, e a triagem química e biológica destes. Os extratos brutos em AcOEt produzidos pelos fungos foram avaliados quimicamente por CCDC, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H, e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostram promissores. A partir dos resultados obtidos os fungos Myrothecium gramineum e Acremonium sp. foram selecionados para crescimento em escala ampliada, em meio de cultivo MBD, visando a obtenção do extrato bruto para isolamento e determinação estrutural dos metabólitos produzidos. Nesta etapa foram utilizados dois modos de incubação (estático e sob agitação) para avaliação da influência do modo de crescimento na produção metabólica, evidenciando que não ocorreram mudanças significativas na produção dos metabólitos secundários. Do extrato bruto obtido de M. gramineum foi isolada a Verrucarina A, como um precipitado, durante a solubilização do extrato em MeOH. O sobrenadante foi então submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento de 3 dicetopiperazinas, sendo a ciclo (Pro-Tyr), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) e a ciclo(D-Pro-D-Phe), e 4 tricotocenos, a Verrucarina A (já isolada como precipitado), Roridina A e Isororidina A e a Verrucarina L. Durante o processo de concentração para a obtenção do extrato bruto de Acremonium sp., ocorreu a formação de cristais em forma de filetes que ficaram aderidos ao balão. Os cristais foram separados e identificados como a Citocalasina D. O extrato bruto resultante da separação destes cristais foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico levando ao isolamento de 7 substâncias: uma xantona (Fusaridina), 4 isocumarinas [(R)-8-metoxi-meleina; (3S, 4S)-5-carbometoxi-4-hidroximeleína; (3R)-5-carbometoximeleina e (3S)-5-carboetoxi-mele... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work reports the isolation of 43 endophytic fungi associated with Senna spectabilis, and the chemical and biological screening of their extracts. The AcOEt crude extracts produced by fungi were submitted to chemical analysis by TLC, DAD-HPLC, NMR and bioassays to evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential, which showed promising. The results enabled us to select the fungi Myrothecium gramineum and Acremonium sp. to growth on a large scale for isolation and structural determination of metabolites produced. The fungal strains were cultivated in liquid media PDB to obtaining the crude extracts. In this stage, we used two modes of incubation (static mode and under agitation), to evaluate the influence of the growing mode in production of the secondary metabolites, showing that there were no significant changes in metabolic production. The crude extract of M. gramineum yielded the substance Verrucarin A, as a white precipitated during solubilization of the extract in MeOH. The supernatant was fractioned by CC and preparative HPLC yielding three diketopiperazines [(cicle (Pro-Tyr), cicle (L-Pro-L-Leu) and cicle (D-Pro-D-Phe)] and four trichothecenes [Verrucarin A (already isolated as substance), Roridin A and Isororidin A and Verrucarin L. During the process of concentration of solvents to obtain crude extract of Acremonium sp., there was the formation of crystals in the form of fillets that were attached to the balloon. The crystals were separated and identified like Citocalasin D. The resulting crude extract was submitted to chromatographic fractionation yielding seven substances: one xanthone [Fusaridin, four isocoumarins [(R)-8-methoxi-mellein, (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein, (3R)-5-carbomethoximellein and (3S)-5-carboethoxi-mellein] and the griseofulvin and 7-dechlorogriseofulvin. The substances (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Rodrigues, André [UNESP]. "O papel dos microfungos associados aos jardins das formigas Attini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103936.
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As formigas da tribo Attini são conhecidas pela complexa simbiose que mantêm com fungos, os quais cultivam como alimento. É sabido que além desse fungo, outros microrganismos podem ser encontrados nos ninhos desses insetos e estudos prévios apontaram que alguns microfungos (i.e. leveduras e fungos filamentosos) podem ser importantes nessa simbiose. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o papel desses microfungos associados aos jardins dessas formigas. Analisando várias espécies do gênero Acromyrmex do sul do Brasil, demonstrou-se que as formigas importam uma comunidade diversa de microfungos para seus ninhos, provavelmente provenientes do solo e do substrato vegetal que as formigas utilizam para cultivar seu fungo. Num segundo estudo, avaliando formigas Attini da América do Norte (Atta texana, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis e Cyphomyrmex wheeleri) observou-se que a estrutura das comunidades de microfungos nos jardins desses insetos não se correlaciona com a variação sazonal, sugerindo que não existam relações espécie-específicas entre as formigas e os microfungos. Apesar de tais microrganismos não serem especialistas dos jardins desses insetos, é sugerido que os microfungos atuem como antagonistas do fungo simbionte. Ainda, descobriu-se que o parasita especializado Escovopsis spp. parece ser menos freqüente nas populações de formigas da América do Sul em relação as Attini da América Central, porém estudos adicionais são necessários para estabelecer a epidemiologia desse parasita nos ninhos das Attini. Num terceiro estudo, demonstrou-se que leveduras presentes nos jardins de fungos da formiga cortadeira A. texana inibem o crescimento de Escovopsis spp., sugerindo que esses insetos utilizam outros microrganismos, além das bactérias presentes em suas cutículas (Pseudonocardia spp.), para inibir esse parasita. Esse achado traz importantes implicações para essa...
Ants in the tribe Attini are well-known social insects that maintain a symbiotic relationship with fungi which they cultivate as food. Besides of the cultivated fungi, fungus gardens contain several other microorganisms considered to be potential players in this symbiosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible roles of microfungi (i.e. yeasts and filamentous fungi) in attine gardens. Our microbial profiling of gardens from several species in the genus Acromyrmex from South Brazil revealed that ants can harbor a diverse community of microfungi that probably originated from the surrounding soil or from the substrate used to manure the cultivated fungus. In this sense, additional studies of North American attine species (Atta texana, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Cyphomyrmex wheeleri) demonstrated that the structure of microfungal communities in gardens of these ants did not correlate with seasonal changes over a one year period, again suggesting there are no species-specific relationships among ants and microfungi species. Although, the microfungi are not specialized parasites of the attine ant-fungus symbiosis we suggest they can be considered antagonists to the cultivated fungus. Moreover, we demonstrated that the specialized parasite Escovopsis spp. is probably less frequent in South America than in Central America and we reinforce that additional studies are necessary to unravel the epidemiology of this parasite in attine gardens. In another study, we showed that yeasts isolated from gardens of the leafcutter ant A. texana can significantly inhibit the growth of Escovopsis sp. This interesting finding suggests that attine ants may use additional microbes to protect their gardens against Escovopsis spp. and not only actinomycete bacteria (Pseudonocardia spp.) found in their cuticles. Finally, we studied microfungi relationships with female alates (gynes) in two... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Almeida, Marília Oliveira de. "Avaliação do efeito de moduladores epigenéticos na biossíntese de produtos naturais em fungos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60138/tde-31102014-100157/.
Full textAbstract:
A manipulação seletiva de alvos epigenéticos usando pequenas moléculas inibidoras das enzimas histona-desacetilases (HDACs) e DNA metiltransferases (DNMTs) é uma estratégia para estimular a expressão das vias biossintéticas e a produção de novos metabólitos secundários em fungos. Neste trabalho, inibidores de histonadesacetilases (butirato de sódio, ácido hidroxâmico suberoilanilida e ácido valproico) e inibidores de DNA metiltransferases (5-azacitidina, hidralazina, procaína e procainamida) foram suplementados em culturas líquidas e sólidas dos fungos endofíticos Fusarium oxysporum SS46, Hyphodermella corrugata FLe8.2 e Chaetomium globosum VR10, das linhagens comerciais Fusarium oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 e Chaetomium globosum ATCC 56726 e do fitopatógeno Botrytis cinerea B0510. O fungo endofítico H. corrugata FLe8.2, em meio PDB, produziu o composto 2-(2-metoxifenil)-4H-piran-4-ona, e sua cultura em meio Czapek suplementada com hidralazina levou ao isolamento de 3-metil-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]-ftalazina. O tratamento de F. oxysporum SS46 e F. oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 com hidralazina em meio Czapek levou ao isolamento de um novo composto, 2H-[1,2,4]triazino[3,4- a]-ftalazina. Nestas culturas houve biotransformação da hidralazina pelos fungos, provavelmente como mecanismo de desintoxicação. Ainda, a hidralazina teve um efeito inibidor sobre a biossíntese do ciclohexadepsipeptídeo beauvericina em F. oxysporum SS46. Nas culturas de C. globosum VR10 em meio Czapek os inibidores de HDACs e de DNMTs suprimiram a biossíntese de chaetoglobosinas. A adição de ácido valproico na cultura de C. globosum VR10 em meio PDB eliciou a produção da chaetoviridina B. A adição de 5-azacitidina nas culturas de C. globosum VR10 em meio sólido PDA não modificou a produção da chaetoglosina A. A produção de chaetoviridina B por C. globosum ATCC 56726 em meio PDA foi inibida na menor concentração de 5-azacitidina, 50 ?M, e retomada na concentração de 150 ?M. O tratamento de B. cinerea B0510 com ácido hidroxâmico suberoilanilida SAHA levou à biossíntese de um novo composto, ácido 5-benzil-2,3-di-hidroxi-3-isopropil-4- oxotetrahidrofuran-2-carboxílico, o qual também foi isolado da linhagem geneticamente modificada B. cinerea Bc ?STC2. No geral, considerando as linhagens fúngicas estudadas, os resultados mostram que a adição de moduladores químicos que atuam em mecanismos epigenéticos promove mudanças no perfil de metabólitos secundários.The selective manipulation of epigenetic targets using small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activities is a strategy to elicit the expression of biosynthetic pathways and production of new secondary metabolites in fungi. In this work, HDAC inhibitors (sodium butyrate, suberohydroxamic acid and valproic acid) and DNMT inhibitors (5-azacitidine, hydralazine, procaine and procainamide) were supplemented in liquid and solid cultures of the endophytic fungi Fusarium oxysporum SS46, Hyphodermella corrugata FLe8.2 and Chaetomium globosum VR10, of the commercial fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 and Chaetomium globosum ATCC 56726 and of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea B0510. The endophytic fungus H. corrugata FLe8.2 produced 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one in PDB medium, while in the presence of hydralazine in Czapek medium the fungus produced 3- methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]-phthalazine. Treatment of F. oxysporum SS46 and F. oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 with hydralazine in a Czapek medium led to the isolation of new compound, 2H-[1,2,4]triazino[3,4-a]-phthalazine. Hydralazine was biotransformed by these three fungi probably as a detoxification strategy. In addition, hydralazine also inhibited the biosynthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide beauvericin by F. oxysporum SS46. HDAC and DNMT inhibitors suppressed chaetoglobosins\' biosynthesis by C. globosum VR10 cultures in Czapek medium. The biosynthesis of chaetoviridin B by C. globosum VR10 was elicited by acid valproic in PDB medium. The production of chaetogosin A by C. globosum VR10 in PDA medium has not been affected by 5-azacitidine. The biosynthesis of chaetoviridin B by C. globosum ATCC 56726 in PDA medium was inhibited in the presence of lower concentration 5- azacitidine (50 ?M) and recovered in the higher concentration (150 ?M). Treatment of B. cinerea B0510 with suberohydroxamic acid led to the biosynthesis of the new compound 5-benzyl-2,3-dihydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid, which was also isolated from the genetically modified strain B. cinerea Bc ?STC2. Results showed that chemical compounds that act in epigenetic mechanisms can induce changes in the secondary metabolite profiles in the fungal strains studied in this work.
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Nascimento, Mariela Otoni do. "Interações microbianas em colônias da formiga-cortadeira Atta sexdens (L.)." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1015.
Full textAbstract:
Microrganismos formam associações com a maioria das espécies animais e um
exemplo fascinante são as múltiplas interações nas colônias de formigas-cortadeiras.
Os efeitos dessas interações (positivos e negativos) se manifestam na sanidade e
desenvolvimento das colônias. Sendo assim, a compreensão das interações que
ocorrem entre os microrganismos das colônias de formigas-cortadeiras A. sexdens é
importante para fundamentar o controle biológico desta praga. Esse presente trabalho
foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo objetivou comparar o
desenvolvimento de colônias de Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) em contato com dois solos:
(i) de área com ninhos e (ii) de área sem ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras. Foram
conduzidos dois experimentos em laboratório. No experimento I, fêmeas recémfecundadas
fundaram a colônia em pote com gesso e, após 106 dias, entraram em
contato com solo. No experimento II, as fêmeas recém-fecundadas fundaram suas
colônias diretamente no solo. A taxa de mortalidade de colônias, após 106 dias da
revoada e se desenvolvendo em pote com gesso, foi de 28,6%. Quando se
desenvolveram desde o início em contato com o solo, a taxa de mortalidade elevouse
a 67,2 %. Os resultados confirmam que as colônias incipientes de A. sexdens
sofrem forte pressão seletiva de microrganismos do solo no momento da fundação.
No entanto, após o surgimento da força operária, mecanismos de defesa imune social,
provavelmente, garantem o desenvolvimento da colônia a despeito da presença de
microrganismos patogênicos no solo dos ninhos. O segundo capítulo objetivou isolar
e identificar actinobactérias de solos de câmaras de jardim de fungos de A. sexdens
e avaliar o efeito inibitório desses isolados sobre fungos associados às colônias de
formigas-cortadeiras. Foram sequenciados o gene 16S rRNA de nove actinobactérias,
sendo seis do gênero Streptomyces, duas do gênero Nocardia e uma do gênero
Kitasatospora. Foi verificado que dois isolados de Streptomyces e um de
Kitasatospora inibiram não só o fungo Escovopsis sp., como também o fungo
entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae e o fungo antagonista do cultivar simbionte
de cortadeiras Trichoderma aff. strigosellum. Uma vez que não existem evidências de
cultivo de actinobactérias na cutícula de operárias do gênero Atta, é possível
hipotetizar que essas operárias estabeleçam simbiose temporária adaptativa com
microrganismos do solo produtores de substâncias antifúngicas e antibióticas e que
vivem em alguma parte de seu ninho ou mesmo no interior do seu corpo. Além disso,
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os fungos patogênicos para colônias de formigas-cortadeiras presentes no solo
adjacente ao ninho, apesar de constituírem um risco, podem ser controlados pelas
secreções produzidas pelas operárias, bem como pelos metabólitos de algumas
actinobactérias. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo verificar a aceitação e
incorporação de iscas contendo micélio de Escovopsis sp. em colônias jovens de Atta
sexdens. Verificou-se o transporte de iscas em todas as colônias do teste. Houve
redução no peso do jardim de fungos das colônias que receberam iscas com
Escovopsis sp., e aumento no peso do jardim de fungos de colônias que receberam
tratamento controle. Conclui-se que a utilização de iscas com micélio de Escovopsis
sp. foi satisfatória para introduzir o fungo parasita no jardim de fungos de colônias de
Atta sexdens.Microorganisms form associations with most animal species, and a fascinating example is the multiple interactions in the colonies of leaf-cutting ants. The effects of these interactions (positive and negative) are exhibited in the health and development of the colonies. Therefore, the understanding of the interactions that occur among the microorganisms into leaf-cutting ants colonies is important to support of biological control of this pest. This work was divided into three chapters. The first chapter aimed to compare the development of colonies of Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) in contact with two types of soil: (i) from an area used for nesting and (ii) from an area not used for nesting of leaf-cutting ants. Two experiments were conducted in the laboratory. In experiment I, newly fertilized females founded the colony in a plastic pot with gypsum and, after 106 days were transferred to a plastic pot with soil. In experiment II, newly fertilized females founded their colonies directly on the soil. Colony mortality rate 106 days after nuptial flight and founding in a plastic pot with gypsum was 28.6%. When they developed directly in contact with the soil, mortality rate increased to 67.2%. The results support that incipient colonies of A. sexdens undergo strong selective pressure from soil microorganisms at the time of foundation. However, after the emergence of the worker force, social immune defense mechanisms likely guarantee the development of the colony, despite the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil of the nests. The second chapter aimed to isolate and identify actinobacteria from soils of fungi garden chambers of A. sexdens and to evaluate the inhibitory effect of these isolates on fungi associated with leaf-cutting colonies. To identify the isolates, the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from nine actinobacteria: six of Streptomyces genus, two of Nocardia genus and one of Kitasatospora genus. Two Streptomyces and one Kitasatospora isolates inhibited not only the fungus Escovopsis sp., but also the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the antagonistic fungus of the cultivar symbiont of leaf-cutting ant Trichoderma aff. strigosellum. Since there is no evidence of cultivation of actinobacteria on the Atta worker cuticle, it is possible that these workers establish temporary adaptive symbiosis with soil microorganisms producing antifungal and antibiotic substances and living in some part of their nest or even in the interior of their body. It can be hypothesized that pathogenic fungi present in the soil adjacent to the leaf-cutting ant nest, despite the risk they represent, are controlled by the secretions produced by the workers, as well as by the metabolites of some actinobacteria. The third chapter had the objective of verifying the acceptance and incorporation of baits containing mycelium of Escovopsis sp. by young colonies of A. sexdens. We verified the transport of baits in all tested colonies. There was a reduction in the weight of the fungus garden of the colonies that received baits with Escovopsis sp., and an increase in the weight of the fungus garden of colonies that received control treatment. It is concluded that the use of baits with mycelium of Escovopsis sp. was satisfactory to introduce the fungus parasite in the fungus garden of A. sexdens colonies.
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Kabir, Md Zahangir. "Dynamics of mycorrhizal association in corn (Zea mays L.) : influence of tillage and manure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/NQ30305.pdf.
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Kamran, Maryam. "Expression Profile of flbD During Morphogenesis in the Dimorphic Fungus Penicillium Marneffei." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1329770446.
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Carvalho, Tatiana de Freitas Costa de [UNESP]. "Leveduras isoladas de ninhos de formigas da tribo Attini (Hymeniptera: Formicidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94987.
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A simbiose entre as formigas Attini e o fungo cultivado permitiu a expansão das suas colônias e a utilização dos fungos como parte da dieta alimentar dos adultos e como principal alimento das larvas. Em troca, as formigas suprem os fungos com substrato vegetal, dão abrigo, os dispersam para novas localidades e oferecem proteção contra seus predadores e patógenos. Apesar dos diversos mecanismos para manter o ninho livre de outros micro-organismos, bactérias, leveduras e fungos filamentosos podem ser encontrados. Na literatura, há pouca informação sobre a presença e o papel biológico das leveduras em ninhos de Attini. Portanto, neste trabalho a ênfase foi isolar e identificar as leveduras encontradas em jardins de fungo e em alguns materiais de descarte de ninhos de Attini. Esta abordagem permitiu a criação de um banco de estirpes específico que deverá ser utilizado em outras pesquisas que possam possibilitar uma análise mais apronfundada sobre a participação delas na simbiose. Foram analisados quarenta e quatro ninhos pertencentes a espécies de Attini de sete gêneros distintos, a saber: Mycocepurus, Myrmicocrypta, Mycetophylax, Sericomyrmex, Trachymyrmex, Acromyrmex e Atta. Deles, foi isolado um total de cento e cinqüenta e duas estirpes, distribuídas em trinta e três espécies, as quais foram identificadas por análises morfológicas, fisiológicas e pelo seqüenciamento dos domínios D1/D2 da região 26S do rDNA; contudo, em alguns casos, foi necessário seqüenciar a região ITS. A espécie mais encontrada nos ninhos de Mycocepurus goeldii, Trachymyrmex sp e Acromyrmex sp foi Pichia guilliermondii, prevalente nos ninhos dos dois últimos gêneros. Houve predominância das espécies Pichia caribbica e Candida railenensis no único ninho de Myrmicocrypta sp e de Cryptococcus flavescens nos ninhos de Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Observamos também a dominância...
The symbiosis between the Attini ants and their cultivated fungi allowed the expansion of their colonies as well as the use of fungi as part of the adults’ diet and the main food of the larvae. In return, the ants supply the fungi with plant substrates, provide shelter, disperse the fungi to new locations and offer protection against predators and pathogens. Although several mechanisms to keep the nest free of other microorganisms, several bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi can be found. In literature, there is little information about the presence and biological role of yeasts in Attini nests, therefore, the emphasis of this study was to isolate and identify yeasts in fungus gardens and in some waste deposits of Attini ants. This approach permitted a database creation of specific strains which can be used in other researchs that may facilitate a deeper analysis about their participation in symbiosis. Forty-four nests of seven different attine genera were analyzed, which are: Mycocepurus, Myrmicocrypta, Mycetophylax, Sericomyrmex, Trachymyrmex, Acromyrmex e Atta. A total of one hundred and fifty-two strains were isolated, belonging to thirty-three yeasts species, wich were identified by morphological and physiological analysis and the D1/D2 domains of the nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA were sequenced; however, in some cases, it was necessary to identify the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA. Pichia guilliermondii was the most dominant specie encountered in nests of Mycocepurus goeldii, Trachymyrmex sp and Acromyrmex sp, with prevalence in the nests of the last two genera. Pichia caribbica and Candida railenensis predominated in the single Myrmicocrypta sp nest studied while Cryptococcus flavescens dominated in the Atta sexdens rubropilosa nests. It was observed that basidiomycete yeasts were most associated with leaf-cutting ant nests. The genera Moniliella, Torulaspora... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Freitas, Paula Mendes de [UNESP]. "Produção de poligalacturonase termoestável pelo fungo Rhizomucor pusillus A 13.36 em fermentação em estado sólido, purificação e caracterização da enzima." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103941.
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O fungo Rhizomucor pusillus A 13.36, quando cultivado por fermentação em estado sólido utilizando farelo de algodão como fonte de carbono por 72 horas, produziu altos níveis de poligalacturonase (18,6U/g). Essa enzima apresentou atividade máxima em pH 5,5 e em 55oC. A poligalacturonase bruta apresentou estabilidade na faixa de pH entre 4,5 e 6,5, com uma atividade residual de 91,3% no pH 6,5, e também até 70oC por 1h, com atividade residual de 80% nas temperaturas de 55 a 60oC. Esta enzima foi purificada por concentração e uma combinação de procedimentos de gel filtração e cromatografia de troca-iônica. A massa molecular da enzima foi 53,7kDa. A focalização isoelétrica mostrou uma única banda cujo ponto isoelétrico (pI) foi 3,8. A atividade máxima da enzima purificada também ocorreu em pH 5,5 e a 55oC. A enzima purificada foi estável na faixa de pH 4,5 a 6,5, com atividade residual na faixa de 80 a 100%, e também até 70oC por 1h, com atividade residual de 100% nas temperaturas de 55 a 60oC. A enzima purificada foi totalmente inibida por Ca2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ e 80% inibida por Fe2+ e Ag+. Mg2+ estimulou a atividade da poligalacturonase em 100%. Entre os substratos avaliados, a pectina de citrus (D.E. 92%) foi o que mais estimulou a ação da enzima. A afinidade por pectinas de alta esterificação e a ausência de atividade quando o ácido poligalacturônico foi usado como substrato, indica que a enzima purificada é uma polimetilgalacturonase. Os resultados obtidos pela cromatografia de papel demonstraram que a polimetilgalacturonase purificada possui o modo de clivagem endo/exo misto. O Km com pectina de citrus foi 10,78mg mL-1 e a Vmax foi 2379,04μmolmin-1mg-1. As possíveis aplicações desta enzima incluem composição de detergentes, processamento têxtil e de fibras de celulose, degradação ou modificação de material vegetal, aditivo...
Rhizomucor pusillus A 13.36 produced high levels of polygalacturonase (18.6U/g) in solid state fermentation in medium composed by cotton bran for 72 hours. This enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 55oC. Crude polygalacturonase was stable from pH 4.5 to 6.5, with remaining activity of 91,3% at pH 6.5, and stable until 70oC for 1h, with remaining activity of 80% at 55-60oC. This enzyme was purified by concentration and a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographic procedures. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 53.7kDa. Isoelectric focusing showed a single band with an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.8. The purified enzyme also showed maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 55oC. The purified enzyme was stable from pH 4.5 to 6.5, with remaining activity range of 80 to 100%, and stable until 70oC for 1h, with remaining activity of 100% at 55-60oC. The purified enzyme was totally inhibited by Ca2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and 80% inhibited by Fe2+ and Ag+. Mg2+ increased poligalacturonase activity in 100%. Citrus pectin (D.E. 92%) was found to be the preferred substrate among the different substrates tested in the enzyme assay. The affinity for high pectin esterification and the lack of activity when polygalacturonic acid was used as substrate, indicates that the enzyme is a polymethylgalacturonase. The results obtained by paper chromatography showed that the purified polymethylgalacturonase has the mixed endo/exo mode of cleavage. The Km with citrus pectin was 10.78mg mL-1 and the Vmax was 2379.04μmolmin-1mg- 1. The possible applications of this enzyme include the composition of detergents, textile and cellulosic fiber processing, degradation or modification of plant material, animal feed additive and wine and juice processing.
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Damveld, Robbertus Antonius. "The cell wall of the filamentus fungus Aspergillus niger /." Ridderkerk : Ridderprint, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/505209470.pdf.
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Sarkar, Sovan. "Aspects of pH regulation in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321614.
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Al-Naemi, Fatima A. "insect-fungus interactions on broad bena (Vicia faba L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529991.
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Arantes, Simone Fontes. "A model for hydroxylation with the fungus Mucor plumbeus." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262694.
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Diaz-Puentes, Luz-Nelly. "Sequential processing of steroidal molecules in plant-fungus interactions." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426697.
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Hickson, Michelle Jaqueline. "Possible adverse effects of fungus-feeding nematodes on seedlings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305372.
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Birch, O. M. "Extracellular enzymes from the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384157.
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