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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungiform papilla'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kinnamon, J. C., and S. M. Royer. "Synaptic organization of vertebrate taste buds." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168451.

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The vertebrate taste bud is an end organ specialized to detect and transduce aqueous chemical stimuli. In mammals most taste buds are located on the tongue. Lingual taste buds are typically distributed over three fields or papillae: fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papillae. Fungiform papillae are found on raised eminences near the tip of the tongue. Each fungiform papilla contains from one to several taste buds. Foliate taste buds are located in epithelial folds (foliate papillae) of the posterolateral surfaces of the tongue. In the rear of the tongue circumvallate taste buds line the walls or trenches surrounding the mushroom-shaped circumvallate (= vallate) papillae. In fish, taste buds are more widely distributed, being located on the tongue, lips, barbels, gill rakers, palatal organ and the body surface. A typical vertebrate taste bud comprises 50 to 150 spindle-shaped cells that lie atop the basal lamina of the tongue.In most mammals, the taste bud cells can be classified as dark or light cells, based on the electron-density of their cytoplasm.

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2

Goodarzi, N., and M. Azarhoosh. "Morpholoical Study of the Brandt’s Hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas (Eulipotyphla, Erinaceidae), Tongue." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0052.

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Abstract The morphology and histological structure of two adult Brandt’s hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas, (Brandt, 1836) tongue were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. On the dorsal surface of the tongue, three types of papillae were observed: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. Apex and corpus of the tongue as well as the lateral surface of the corpus were covered with numerous filiform papillae with bifurcated tip, while the epithelium lining the ventral lingual surface was free from papillae. Discoid shape fungiform papillae were scattered over the entire surface of the lingual apex, corpus and lateral surface uniformly between the filiform ones without regional variation in number and size. Three elliptical or oval vallate papillae in an inverted triangle form were found on the root of the tongue. Each papilla had a lobulated and very irregular dorsal surface. Both fungiform and vallate papillae contain taste buds. The foliate papillae was absent. Overall, the present findings reveal that despite some similarities, the lingual papillae of the Brandt’s hedgehog as an omnivore animal has spices-specific characteristics compare to the Erinaceous auritus as an insectivore species. This finding provides a set of basic data about the morphology of tongue and its lingual papillae in Brandt’s hedgehog.

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3

Saito, Takehisa, Tetsufumi Ito, Norihiko Narita, Takechiyo Yamada, and Yasuhiro Manabe. "Light and Electron Microscopic Observation of Regenerated Fungiform Taste Buds in Patients with Recovered Taste Function after Severing Chorda Tympani Nerve." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 120, no. 11 (November 2011): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348941112001104.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean number of regenerated fungiform taste buds per papilla and perform light and electron microscopic observation of taste buds in patients with recovered taste function after severing the chorda tympani nerve during middle ear surgery. Methods: We performed a biopsy on the fungiform papillae (FP) in the midlateral region of the dorsal surface of the tongue from 5 control volunteers (33 total FP) and from 7 and 5 patients with and without taste recovery (34 and 29 FP, respectively) 3 years 6 months to 18 years after surgery. The specimens were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The taste function was evaluated by electrogustometry. Results: The mean number of taste buds in the FP of patients with completely recovered taste function was significantly smaller (1.9 ± 1.4 per papilla; p < 0.01) than that of the control subjects (3.8 ± 2.2 per papilla). By transmission electron microscopy, 4 distinct types of cell (type I, II, III, and basal cells) were identified in the regenerated taste buds. Nerve fibers and nerve terminals were also found in the taste buds. Conclusions: It was clarified that taste buds containing taste cells and nerve endings do regenerate in the FP of patients with recovered taste function.

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4

Liu, Hong-Xiang, Ann M. Staubach Grosse, Katherine D. Walton, Daniel A. Saims, Deborah L. Gumucio, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "WNT5a in Tongue and Fungiform Papilla Development." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, no. 1 (July 2009): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04369.x.

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5

Murayama, N. "Interaction among different sensory units within a single fungiform papilla in the frog tongue." Journal of General Physiology 91, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.5.685.

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The possible interaction among different sensory units in the frog tongue was studied using several single papillae dually innervated by the medial and lateral branches of the glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve. The afferent activity in one branch exposed to NaCl stimulation of the papilla revealed marked inhibition after antidromic electrical stimulation (100 Hz, 30 s, and 3 V) of the other branch. The degree of inhibition depended on the number of sensory responses observed in the electrically stimulated branch as well as the nature of the stimulated sensory units. Statistical analysis suggested that antidromic activation of gustatory units conducting the responses to NaCl and quinine and slowly adapting mechanosensitive units produced a large antidromic inhibition amounting to 19-25%, but that of gustatory units conducting the responses to acetic acid and rapidly adapting mechanosensitive units gave rise to only a slight inhibition. To examine the differential effects of these sensory units in antidromic inhibition, antidromic impulses were evoked by chemical stimulation of the adjacent papilla neuronally connected with the dually innervated papilla under study. Antidromic volleys of impulses elicited by NaCl or quinine stimulation produced a large inhibition of the afferent activity in the other branch, as induced by NaCl stimulation of the dually innervated papilla. Plausible mechanisms of synaptic interaction in peripheral gustatory systems are considered.

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6

OĞRUM, Atiye, Zennure TAKÇI, and Havva YILDIZ SEÇKİN. "Pigmented Fungiform Papillae: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dermatology 28, no. 1 (2018): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/dermato.2018-60677.

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7

Melis, Melania, Mariano Mastinu, Lala Chaimae Naciri, Patrizia Muroni, and Iole Tomassini Barbarossa. "Associations between Sweet Taste Sensitivity and Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 Genes, Gender, PROP Taster Status, and Density of Fungiform Papillae in a Genetically Homogeneous Sardinian Cohort." Nutrients 14, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 4903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224903.

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Individual differences in sweet taste sensitivity can affect dietary preferences as well as nutritional status. Despite the lack of consensus, it is believed that sweet taste is impacted by genetic and environmental variables. Here we determined the effect of well-established factors influencing the general taste variability, such as gender and fungiform papillae density, specific genetic variants (SNPs of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 receptors genes), and non-specific genetic factors (PROP phenotype and genotype), on the threshold and suprathreshold sweet taste sensitivity. Suprathreshold measurements showed that the sweet taste response increased in a dose-dependent manner, and this was related to PROP phenotype, gender, rs35874116 SNP in the TAS1R2 gene, and rs307355 SNP in the TAS1R3 gene. The threshold values and density of fungiform papillae exhibited a strong correlation, and both varied according to PROP phenotype. Our data confirm the role of PROP taste status in the sweet perception related to fungiform papilla density, show a higher sweet sensitivity in females who had lower BMI than males, and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of the rs35874116 SNP of TAS1R2 in the sweet taste sensitivity of normal weight subjects with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 20.2 to 24.8 kg/m2. These results may have an important impact on nutrition and health mostly in subjects with low taste ability for sweets and thus with high vulnerability to developing obesity or metabolic disease.

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8

Fukasawa, Takashim, Takashi Kumazawa, Takenori Miyamoto, Rie Fujiyama, Yukio Okada, and Toshihide Sato. "Reconstituted Ion Channels of Frog Fungiform Papilla Cell Membrane." Zoological Science 18, no. 3 (April 2001): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.18.299.

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9

Martins, D. M., L. L. Pinheiro, V. C. Ferreira, A. M. Costa, A. R. Lima, R. E. G. Ricci, M. A. Miglino, and E. Branco. "Tongue papillae morphology of brown-throated sloth Bradypus variegatus (SCHINZ, 1825)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 5 (October 2014): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6343.

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The Bradypusvariegatus inhabits the forests of South America and feeds from leaves, branches and sprouts from different plants. Due to its diet and the lack of literature on the morphological aspect of Xenarthras, five Bradypusvariegatus tongues from animals which died from natural causes were evaluated, and they came from Pará State Museum Emílio Goeldi and were donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphological Research (LaPMA) from UFRA, for revealing the different types of papillae and epithelial-connective tissue. Macroscopically, the tongues presented elongated shape, rounded apex, body, root, median sulcus in the root's apex, and two vallate papillae. The mucous membrane of the tongue revealed a keratinized stratified pavement epithelium, while the ventral surface of the tongue was thin and smooth, not provided with any type of papillae. However, the dorsal surface of the tongue was irregular with the presence of three types of papillae: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae found were of a simple type, presenting a rounded base, irregularly distributed with a larger concentration and development on the tongue's apex and body. The fungiform papilla showed a practically smooth surface with irregular format, with the presence of gustatory pores; these were found all over the dorsal surface, with larger concentration at the rostral part of the apex. Only two vallate papillae were observed disposed in the root of the tongue, surrounded by a deep groove, and revealing several taste buds. The tongues from Bradypusvariegatus presented gustatory papillae similar to the ones described for other Xenarthras species and wild mammals.

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10

Mistretta, Charlotte M., and Robert M. Bradley. "The fungiform papilla is a complex, multimodal, oral sensory organ." Current Opinion in Physiology 20 (April 2021): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.012.

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11

Takeuchi, Hiroko, Takashi Tsunenari, Takashi Kurahashi, and Akimichi Kaneko. "Physiology of morphologically identified cells of the bullfrog fungiform papilla." Neuroreport 12, no. 13 (September 2001): 2957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200109170-00040.

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12

Nagato, T., K. Matsumoto, H. Tanioka, J. Kodama, and H. Toh. "Effect of Denervation on Morphogenesis of the Rat Fungiform Papilla." Cells Tissues Organs 153, no. 4 (1995): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147739.

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13

Kumari, Archana, Alexandre N. Ermilov, Marina Grachtchouk, Andrzej A. Dlugosz, Benjamin L. Allen, Robert M. Bradley, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "Recovery of taste organs and sensory function after severe loss from Hedgehog/Smoothened inhibition with cancer drug sonidegib." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (November 13, 2017): E10369—E10378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712881114.

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Striking taste disturbances are reported in cancer patients treated with Hedgehog (HH)-pathway inhibitor drugs, including sonidegib (LDE225), which block the HH pathway effector Smoothened (SMO). We tested the potential for molecular, cellular, and functional recovery in mice from the severe disruption of taste-organ biology and taste sensation that follows HH/SMO signaling inhibition. Sonidegib treatment led to rapid loss of taste buds (TB) in both fungiform and circumvallate papillae, including disruption of TB progenitor-cell proliferation and differentiation. Effects were selective, sparing nontaste papillae. To confirm that taste-organ effects of sonidegib treatment result from HH/SMO signaling inhibition, we studied mice with conditional global or epithelium-specific Smo deletions and observed similar effects. During sonidegib treatment, chorda tympani nerve responses to lingual chemical stimulation were maintained at 10 d but were eliminated after 16 d, associated with nearly complete TB loss. Notably, responses to tactile or cold stimulus modalities were retained. Further, innervation, which was maintained in the papilla core throughout treatment, was not sufficient to sustain TB during HH/SMO inhibition. Importantly, treatment cessation led to rapid and complete restoration of taste responses within 14 d associated with morphologic recovery in about 55% of TB. However, although taste nerve responses were sustained, TB were not restored in all fungiform papillae even with prolonged recovery for several months. This study establishes a physiologic, selective requirement for HH/SMO signaling in taste homeostasis that includes potential for sensory restoration and can explain the temporal recovery after taste dysgeusia in patients treated with HH/SMO inhibitors.

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14

McCarthy, C., D. Holt, and A. Triantafyllou. "Solitary pigmentation of the tongue: lentigo simplex or pigmented fungiform papilla?" Oral Surgery 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ors.12264.

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15

Liu, H. X., Y. Q. Zhou, B. S. Henson, N. J. D'Silva, and C. M. Mistretta. "EGF and BMP inhibition of fungiform papilla formation in embryonic tongue." Developmental Biology 295, no. 1 (July 2006): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.405.

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16

Zhang, Gen-Hua, Shao-Ping Deng, Lei-Lei Li, and Hong-Tao Li. "Developmental change of α-gustducin expression in the mouse fungiform papilla." Anatomy and Embryology 211, no. 6 (August 25, 2006): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0112-2.

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17

Reginato, Gabriela de Souza, Cristina de Sousa Bolina, Ii-sei Watanabe, and Adriano Polican Ciena. "Three-Dimensional Aspects of the Lingual Papillae and Their Connective Tissue Cores in the Tongue of Rats: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/841879.

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The aim of the present study was to describe the tridimensional morphological characteristics of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (CTCs) in Sprague Dawley rats. Four types of papillae were reported on the dorsal surface. Filiform papillae were distributed on the tongue surface and after epithelial maceration a conic and multifilamentary shape of the CTCs was revealed. Fungiform papillae were reported on the rostral and middle regions covered by a squamous epithelium. After the removal of the epithelium, the shape of a volcano with the taste orifice at its top was noted. Foliate papillae were composed of five pairs of epithelial folds situated on the lateral-caudal margin of the tongue. After the removal of the epithelium, they were shown to be limited by thin laminar projections. The vallate papilla with an oval shape was present in the caudal region and delimited by an incomplete groove. The morphological characteristics of the lingual papillae of Sprague Dowley rats, three-dimensional SEM images, and the types of papillae on the dorsal surface were similar to those reported previously in other rodent mammals. The maceration technique revealed the details of extracellular matrix with varied shapes form of connective tissue cores.

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18

Ogata, Takahiro, and Yoshitaka Ohtubo. "Quantitative Analysis of Taste Bud Cell Numbers in the Circumvallate and Foliate Taste Buds of Mice." Chemical Senses 45, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa017.

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Abstract A mouse single taste bud contains 10–100 taste bud cells (TBCs) in which the elongated TBCs are classified into 3 cell types (types I–III) equipped with different taste receptors. Accordingly, differences in the cell numbers and ratios of respective cell types per taste bud may affect taste-nerve responsiveness. Here, we examined the numbers of each immunoreactive cell for the type II (sweet, bitter, or umami receptor cells) and type III (sour and/or salt receptor cells) markers per taste bud in the circumvallate and foliate papillae and compared these numerical features of TBCs per taste bud to those in fungiform papilla and soft palate, which we previously reported. In circumvallate and foliate taste buds, the numbers of TBCs and immunoreactive cells per taste bud increased as a linear function of the maximal cross-sectional taste bud area. Type II cells made up approximately 25% of TBCs irrespective of the regions from which the TBCs arose. In contrast, type III cells in circumvallate and foliate taste buds made up approximately 11% of TBCs, which represented almost 2 times higher than what was observed in the fungiform and soft palate taste buds. The densities (number of immunoreactive cells per taste bud divided by the maximal cross-sectional area of the taste bud) of types II and III cells per taste bud are significantly higher in the circumvallate papillae than in the other regions. The effects of these region-dependent differences on the taste response of the taste bud are discussed.

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19

Gupta, Shreya, Nidhi Sinha, Neeti Swarup, Chandrani Sagolsem, and Zoya Chowdhary. "Atrophic Glossitis: Burning Agony of Nutritional Deficiency Anemia." World Journal of Anemia 1, no. 2 (2017): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10065-0011.

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ABSTRACT Lingual atrophic condition is the loss of ordinary texture and appearance of the dorsal tongue, determined by papillary protrusion, which turns into a soft and smooth aspect. Atrophic glossitis (AG) is a lingual atrophic condition, characterized by loss of fungiform or filiform papilla from the dorsum of tongue. This is generally associated with pain, glossodynia, and burning sensation, glossopyrosis. It is associated with a variety of conditions, local and systemic. Atrophic glossitis is considered to be an important indicator for nutritional deficiency anemias. The study aims at a brief review of AG and its relation to nutritional deficiency anemia. How to cite this article Swarup N, Gupta S, Sagolsem C, Chowdhary Z, Gupta S, Sinha N. Atrophic Glossitis: Burning Agony of Nutritional Deficiency Anemia. World J Anemia 2017;1(2):48-50.

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20

Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Karolina, Pavla Hamouzová, Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, and Petr Čížek. "The tongue of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens Cuvier, 1825)—a stereoscopy, light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis." PeerJ 9 (November 25, 2021): e12559. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12559.

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In the light of recent molecular studies, there are two phylogenetic species of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. The red panda belongs to the endangered species living in the wild only in Asia and is included in the CITES list. Although the biology and diet of this species has been extensively described, the histological structure of the tongue and lingual glands has not yet been characterized in detail in relation to the lifestyle of this mammal under specific conditions and as a basis for comparative anatomical studies of the biodiversity of endemic species. Study samples were collected from two adult males of Ailurus fulgens f. held in Wrocław Zoological Garden. Both tongues were examined macroscopically; moreover, samples with lingual papillae for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were collected from the apex, body and root of the tongue. Both tongues of the Ailurus fulgens f. males were approximately 9 cm long. The dorsal lingual surface was covered with mechanical and gustatory lingual papillae. Filiform papillae were observed on the apex and the body of the tongue, while small conical papillae were observed on the root of the tongue. An elongated, 1–1.5 cm long cylinder-shaped lyssa was observed in the ventral part of the apex. Moreover, most numerous and largest round in shape fungiform papillae were observed on the apex and on the border of the body and root of the tongue, located directly rostrally to 12–13 round and oval in shape vallate papillae. The SEM study showed that filiform papillae on the apex had several long secondary processes, while filiform papillae on the body of the tongue were taller and their secondary papillae were shorter than the equivalent structures on the apex of the tongue. The SEM study showed numerous taste pores on the surface of the fungiform papilla, while irregular surface of the vallate papillae, however some of them had smoother surface. Mixed glands (comprised of mucous acini and serous acini) were present within the vallum (within the connective tissue core) of the vallate papilla. Beneath the papillae more serous glands were observed, while the posterior lingual glands in the caudal part of the root of the tongue were mucoserous (mucous units were prevalent). A characteristic feature of the tongue of Ailurus fulgens f. was the presence of lyssa, which is comparable to other representatives of Carnivora, but the number of vallate papillae was individually variable. The lack of strongly developed mechanical conical papillae probably may be related to the type of plant food that is particularly dominant in red panda. Further differences between Ailurus fulgens f. and Ailurus fulgens s. cannot be excluded. The results of these studies may be useful especially for veterinarians specializing in working with exotic animals and people dealing with wildlife conservation.

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21

Zhou, Yanqiu, Hong-Xiang Liu, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "Bone morphogenetic proteins and noggin: Inhibiting and inducing fungiform taste papilla development." Developmental Biology 297, no. 1 (September 2006): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.022.

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22

Gioglio, Luciana, G. Rapuzzi, and C. Dell'orbo. "Fine structure of the fungiform papilla in a ranid frog (Rana esculenta)." Journal of Morphology 195, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950102.

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23

McCutcheon, N. Bruce. "Salt-acid confusion on the single fungiform papilla: Effect of changing acid sensitivity." Physiology & Behavior 36, no. 6 (January 1986): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90483-x.

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24

Liu, Hong-Xiang, Bradley S. Henson, Yanqiu Zhou, Nisha J. D'Silva, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "Fungiform papilla pattern: EGF regulates inter-papilla lingual epithelium and decreases papilla number by means of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling." Developmental Dynamics 237, no. 9 (September 2008): 2378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.21657.

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25

Vinnikova, Anna K., Rammy I. Alam, Shahbaz A. Malik, Glenn L. Ereso, George M. Feldman, John M. McCarty, Mark A. Knepper, Gerard L. Heck, John A. DeSimone, and Vijay Lyall. "Na+-H+ Exchange Activity in Taste Receptor Cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00809.2003.

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mRNA for two Na+-H+-exchanger isoforms 1 and 3 (NHE-1 and NHE-3) was detected by RT-PCR in fungiform and circumvallate taste receptor cells (TRCs). Anti-NHE-1 antibody binding was localized to the basolateral membranes, and the anti-NHE-3 antibody was localized in the apical membranes of fungiform and circumvallate TRCs. In a subset of TRCs, NHE-3 immunoreactivity was also detected in the intracellular compartment. For functional studies, an isolated lingual epithelium containing a single fungiform papilla was mounted with apical and basolateral sides isolated and perfused with nominally CO2/HCO3--free physiological media (pH 7.4). The TRCs were monitored for changes in intracellular pH (pHi) and Na+ ([Na+]i) using fluorescence ratio imaging. At constant external pH, 1) removal of basolateral Na+ reversibly decreased pHi and [Na+]i; 2) HOE642, a specific blocker, and amiloride, a nonspecific blocker of basolateral NHE-1, attenuated the decrease in pHi and [Na+]i; 3) exposure of TRCs to basolateral NH4Cl or sodium acetate pulses induced transient decreases in pHi that recovered spontaneously to baseline; 4) pHi recovery was inhibited by basolateral amiloride, 5-( N-methyl- N-isobutyl)-amiloride (MIA), 5-( N-ethyl- N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA), HOE642, and by Na+ removal; 5) HOE642, MIA, EIPA, and amiloride inhibited pHi recovery with Ki values of 0.23, 0.46, 0.84, and 29 μM, respectively; and 6) a decrease in apical or basolateral pH acidified TRC pHi and inhibited spontaneous pHi recovery. The results indicate the presence of a functional NHE-1 in the basolateral membranes of TRCs. We hypothesize that NHE-1 is involved in sour taste transduction since its activity is modulated during acid stimulation.

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26

Liu, Hong Xiang, Alexandre Ermilov, Marina Grachtchouk, Libo Li, Deborah L. Gumucio, Andrzej A. Dlugosz, and Charalotte M. Mistretta. "Multiple Shh signaling centers participate in fungiform papilla and taste bud formation and maintenance." Developmental Biology 382, no. 1 (October 2013): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.022.

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27

Zahm, Daniel S., and Bryce L. Munger. "The innervation of the primate fungiform papilla — development, distribution and changes following selective ablation." Brain Research Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 1985): 147–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(85)90011-6.

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28

Reynolds, Stacey, M. Emily Burgess, Nava Hymowitz, Derek J. Snyder, and Shelly J. Lane. "Fungiform Papilla Number and Olfactory Threshold Assessment in Males With and Without Barth Syndrome." Chemosensory Perception 10, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-017-9228-4.

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29

Kadhim, Abdularazzaq Baqer. "Histomorphological investigation of tongue of Porcupine Hystrix cristate." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v42i1.24.

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Anatomical and histological explorations of the tongue in ten adult male Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) collected from AL-Diwanyha city by the hunter, after porcupine prepared the tongue illustrious after that the position, shape dimensions were enrolled. The square-shape of body, thicken less steadily toward caudal part of tongue. Root was tends caudally in the direction of the epiglottis. Torus linguae found on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the tongue. In the end of lateral surface of tongue have foliate papilla osculate the premolar teeth. The length, apex, body and root of the tongue were (7.6±0.66, 1.25±0.23, 4.95±0.2, and 1.4±0.26 cm), respectively. The width, apex, body, and root of the tongue were (1.80±0.77, 0.35±0.49, 1±0.22 and 0.45±0.14, respectively. In the dorsal and lateral surface have muscle fibers from skeletal type and loose connective tissue bounded by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium while in the ventral lingual surface were non-keratinized. In the dorsal surface of body there were filiform papillae, but less at the lateral surface of the body. While the shape of circumvallate papillae was similar to furrow, and there was taste buds on the both dorsal and lateral sides of the tongue. Fungiform papillae had wide curved keratinized surface, with taste buds on the dorsal surface. Lamina propria and submucosa was loose connective tissue with more of collagen fiber.

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30

Kumari, Archana, Alexandre N. Ermilov, Benjamin L. Allen, Robert M. Bradley, Andrzej A. Dlugosz, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "Hedgehog pathway blockade with the cancer drug LDE225 disrupts taste organs and taste sensation." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 1034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00822.2014.

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Taste sensation on the anterior tongue requires chorda tympani nerve function and connections with continuously renewing taste receptor cells. However, it is unclear which signaling pathways regulate the receptor cells to maintain chorda tympani sensation. Hedgehog (HH) signaling controls cell proliferation and differentiation in numerous tissues and is active in taste papillae and taste buds. In contrast, uncontrolled HH signaling drives tumorigenesis, including the common skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma. Systemic HH pathway inhibitors (HPIs) lead to basal cell carcinoma regression, but these drugs cause severe taste disturbances. We tested the hypothesis that taste disruption by HPIs reflects a direct requirement for HH signaling in maintaining taste organs and gustatory sensation. In mice treated with the HPI LDE225 up to 28 days, HH-responding cells were lost in fungiform papilla epithelium, and papillae acquired a conical apex. Taste buds were either absent or severely reduced in size in more than 90% of aberrant papillae. Taste bud remnants expressed the taste cell marker keratin 8, and papillae retained expression of nerve markers, neurofilament and P2X3. Chorda tympani nerve responses to taste stimuli were markedly reduced or absent in LDE225-treated mice. Responses to touch were retained, however, whereas cold responses were retained after 16 days of treatment but lost after 28 days. These data identify a critical, modality-specific requirement for HH signaling in maintaining taste papillae, taste buds and neurophysiological taste function, supporting the proposition that taste disturbances in HPI-treated patients are an on-target response to HH pathway blockade in taste organs.

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Farbman, Albert I., and Göran Hellekant. "Enhanced membrane turnover in response to stimuli in the primate taste bud." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155918.

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The presence of membrane-enclosed vesicles, 50-100 nm in diameter (cf. Fig. 1), has been observed in the taste pores of rats, mice, and rabbits, although little attention has been devoted to their importance. Murray has noted that fungiform papilla taste pores contained more vesicles than foliate papilla pores. In a recent paper we showed that thaumatin, an intensely sweet, basic protein (pl = 12), binds to the vesicles and to microvilli in taste pores. We suggested that the vesicles were shed from the microvilli as a kind of apocrine secretion, and proposed that the shedding of these vesicles may be an important means by which taste bud cells rid themselves of certain stimulus/receptor complexes, particularly when the stimulus is a large and/or highly charged molecule, such as thaumatin. To investigate this hypothesis further, we used electron microscopy to examine taste pores of both vallate and foliate papillae from Rhesus monkeys, before and after stimulation with thaumatin. We also recorded neural activity from the glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani nerves during stimulation with thaumatin and other tastants.Rhesus monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine and given glycopyrrolate to inhibit salivary secretion. Tongues were thoroughly rinsed and the region of the foliate or vallate papilla treated with thaumatin (33 mg/1) or sucrose (0.3M) for 5-10 min. After a brief rinse, papillae were removed surgically. Control papillae were biopsied with no stimulation. Specimens were fixed for 2 h in: 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, rinsed and post-fixed in phosphate-buffered 1% OsO4,dehydrated in ethanols, and embedded in Epon-Araldite. Thin sections were examined in a JEOL-100 CX electron microscope with particular attention to the contents of the taste pores. For neurophysiology, the glossopharyngeal or chorda tympani nerve was exposed, in anesthetized monkeys, by dissection, and electrodes were placed on the nerve. Impulse activity was recorded with a PAR 113 amplifier, monitored over a loudspeaker and an oscilloscope, and fed into a recorder together with the output from an integrator which indicated the type and time of stimulation. The tongue was stimulated with a system that delivers solutions at programmed intervals under conditions of constant flow and temperature. Each stimulation lasted 10 sec, followed by a 30 or 50 sec rinse before the next stimulus. Stimuli were 0.02M citric acid, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.3M sucrose and 33 mg/l thaumatin.

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Zhang, G. H., H. Y. Zhang, S. P. Deng, and Y. M. Qin. "Regional Differences in Taste Bud Distribution and -Gustducin Expression Patterns in the Mouse Fungiform Papilla." Chemical Senses 33, no. 4 (February 21, 2008): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjm093.

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Sollars, Suzanne I., and Ilene L. Bernstein. "Neonatal chorda tympani transection permanently disrupts fungiform taste bud and papilla structure in the rat." Physiology & Behavior 69, no. 4-5 (June 2000): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00259-0.

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34

Hanamori, T., I. J. Miller, and D. V. Smith. "Gustatory responsiveness of fibers in the hamster glossopharyngeal nerve." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 478–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.2.478.

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1. Mammalian taste receptors are distributed within separate subpopulations, innervated by branches of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. Most gustatory electrophysiology has focused on input from the fungiform papillae on the anterior portion of the tongue, carried by the chorda tympani branch of the VIIth nerve. However, only a small percentage of the taste buds are located in the fungiform papillae (approximately 18% in the hamster). There have been no studies on the hamster's IXth nerve, which innervates greater than 50% of its taste buds, and most other studies of IXth nerve function have employed only whole-nerve recording. 2. Action potentials were recorded from 83 individual fibers in the IXth nerve of the hamster. Stimuli were five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), all presented to every fiber at 37 degrees C. Responses were quantified as the number of impulses in 10 s minus the preceding 10 s of spontaneous activity. 3. Across these concentration series, HCl and QHCl were by far the most excitatory stimuli, with mean responses across all cells three to four times greater than those evoked by sucrose or NaCl. The order of effectiveness of the stimuli was H greater than Q much greater than N greater than S. 4. Of the 83 fibers, 56 were stimulated via the foliate papillae and 27 via the single vallate papilla. No fibers responded to both of these fields. There were generally no differences in the sensitivity of these two subpopulations of taste buds, except that QHCl was more effective when applied to the foliates. 5. A "total" response measure was derived by summing the excitatory responses to each stimulus across the entire concentration series. The fibers were then classified according to the best total response, resulting in 52 HCl-, 19 QHCl-, 8 sucrose- and 4 NaCl-best cells. Considering the slope of the concentration-response functions as a criterion for classification produced very similar results. The fiber classification varied somewhat with concentration, with more fibers categorized as HCl- and QHCl-best at the higher concentration levels. 6. Breadth of responsiveness was measured using the equation developed by Smith and Travers. At the concentrations used to examine hamster chorda tympani fibers, IXth nerve fibers were not very responsive and were quite narrowly tuned to the four taste qualities. At higher concentrations the fibers became more broadly responsive across the four stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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35

Kanno, Naoko, Saishu Yoshida, Takako Kato, and Yukio Kato. "Characteristic Localization of Neuronatin in Rat Testis, Hair Follicle, Tongue, and Pancreas." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 7 (March 14, 2019): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419836433.

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Neuronatin ( Nnat) is expressed in the pituitary, pancreas, and other tissues; however, the function of NNAT is still unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that NNAT is localized in the sex-determining region Y-box 2-positive stem/progenitor cells in the developing rat pituitary primordium and is downregulated during differentiation into mature hormone-producing cells. Moreover, NNAT is widely localized in subcellular organelles, excluding the Golgi. Here, we further evaluated NNAT-positive cells and intracellular localization in embryonic and postnatal rat tissues such as the pancreas, tongue, whisker hair follicle, and testis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that NNAT was localized in undifferentiated cells (i.e., epithelial basal cells and basement cells in the papillae of the tongue and round and elongated spermatids of the testis) as well as in differentiated cells (insulin-positive cells and exocrine cells of the pancreas, taste receptor cells of the fungiform papilla, the inner root sheath of whisker hair follicles, and spermatozoa). In addition, NNAT exhibited novel intracellular localization in acrosomes in the spermatozoa. Because the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is excluded from spermatozoa and sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) is absent from the inner root sheath, these findings suggested that NNAT localization in the ER and its interaction with SERCA2 are cell- or tissue-specific properties.

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Mii, Sumiyuki, Yasuyuki Amoh, Kensei Katsuoka, and Robert M. Hoffman. "Comparison of Nestin-Expressing Multipotent Stem Cells in the Tongue Fungiform Papilla and Vibrissa Hair Follicle." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 115, no. 6 (April 15, 2014): 1070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24696.

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37

Gioglio, Luciana, Giovanni Rapuzzi, and Daniela Quacci. "Ca++- and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in the fungiform papilla of the tongue ofRana Esculenta (Anura Ranidae)." Journal of Morphology 210, no. 2 (November 1991): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052100203.

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38

Popel’, S. L., O. V. Baskevich, V. M. Zhurakіvskyi, O. Y. Zhurakіvska, I. V. Melnik, S. Z. Krasnopolskiij, and O. V. Atamanchuk. "Three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae of healthy rats and rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (in the context of mechanism of development of diabetic glossitis)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2017): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021711.

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We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.

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39

Nakashima, Kiyohito, and Yuzo Ninomiya. "Increase in Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Levels of the Fungiform Papilla in Response to Saccharin and Bitter Substances in Mice." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 8, no. 4 (1998): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000016285.

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40

Nachtsheim, René, and Elmar Schlich. "The influence of 6-n-propylthiouracil bitterness, fungiform papilla count and saliva flow on the perception of pressure and fat." Food Quality and Preference 29, no. 2 (September 2013): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.03.011.

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Naciri, Lala Chaimae, Mariano Mastinu, Roberto Crnjar, Iole Tomassini Barbarossa, and Melania Melis. "Automated Classification of 6-n-Propylthiouracil Taster Status with Machine Learning." Nutrients 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14020252.

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Several studies have used taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) to evaluate interindividual taste variability and its impact on food preferences, nutrition, and health. We used a supervised learning (SL) approach for the automatic identification of the PROP taster categories (super taster (ST); medium taster (MT); and non-taster (NT)) of 84 subjects (aged 18–40 years). Biological features determined from subjects were included for the training system. Results showed that SL enables the automatic identification of objective PROP taster status, with high precision (97%). The biological features were classified in order of importance in facilitating learning and as prediction factors. The ratings of perceived taste intensity for PROP paper disks (50 mM) and PROP solution (3.2 mM), along with fungiform papilla density, were the most important features, and high estimated values pushed toward ST prediction, while low values leaned toward NT prediction. Furthermore, TAS2R38 genotypes were significant features (AVI/AVI, PAV/PAV, and PAV/AVI to classify NTs, STs, and MTs, respectively). These results, in showing that the SL approach enables an automatic, immediate, scalable, and high-precision classification of PROP taster status, suggest that it may represent an objective and reliable tool in taste physiology studies, with applications ranging from basic science and medicine to food sciences.

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Saito, Takehisa, Tetsufumi Ito, Yumi Ito, Yasuhiro Manabe, and Kazuo Sano. "Relationship between gustatory function and average number of taste buds per fungiform papilla measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy in humans." European Journal of Oral Sciences 125, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12329.

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43

Donnelly, Christopher R., Archana Kumari, Libo Li, Iva Vesela, Robert M. Bradley, Charlotte M. Mistretta, and Brian A. Pierchala. "Probing the multimodal fungiform papilla: complex peripheral nerve endings of chorda tympani taste and mechanosensitive fibers before and after Hedgehog pathway inhibition." Cell and Tissue Research 387, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-021-03561-1.

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AbstractThe fungiform papilla (FP) is a gustatory and somatosensory structure incorporating chorda tympani (CT) nerve fibers that innervate taste buds (TB) and also contain somatosensory endings for touch and temperature. Hedgehog (HH) pathway inhibition eliminates TB, but CT innervation remains in the FP. Importantly, after HH inhibition, CT neurophysiological responses to taste stimuli are eliminated, but tactile responses remain. To examine CT fibers that respond to tactile stimuli in the absence of TB, we used Phox2b-Cre; Rosa26LSL−TdTomato reporter mice to selectively label CT fibers with TdTomato. Normally CT fibers project in a compact bundle directly into TB, but after HH pathway inhibition, CT fibers reorganize and expand just under the FP epithelium where TB were. This widened expanse of CT fibers coexpresses Synapsin-1, β-tubulin, S100, and neurofilaments. Further, GAP43 expression in these fibers suggests they are actively remodeling. Interestingly, CT fibers have complex terminals within the apical FP epithelium and in perigemmal locations in the FP apex. These extragemmal fibers remain after HH pathway inhibition. To identify tactile end organs in FP, we used a K20 antibody to label Merkel cells. In control mice, K20 was expressed in TB cells and at the base of epithelial ridges outside of FP. After HH pathway inhibition, K20 + cells remained in epithelial ridges but were eliminated in the apical FP without TB. These data suggest that the complex, extragemmal nerve endings within and disbursed under the apical FP are the mechanosensitive nerve endings of the CT that remain after HH pathway inhibition.

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Chen, M. L., S. S. Liu, G. H. Zhang, Y. Quan, Y. H. Zhan, T. Y. Gu, Y. M. Qin, and S. P. Deng. "Effects of Early Intraoral Acesulfame-K Stimulation to Mice on the Adult's Sweet Preference and the Expression of -Gustducin in Fungiform Papilla." Chemical Senses 38, no. 5 (March 28, 2013): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjt001.

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45

Melis, Melania, Elena Atzori, Stefano Cabras, Andrea Zonza, Carla Calò, Patrizia Muroni, Mariella Nieddu, et al. "The Gustin (CA6) Gene Polymorphism, rs2274333 (A/G), as a Mechanistic Link between PROP Tasting and Fungiform Taste Papilla Density and Maintenance." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 9, 2013): e74151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074151.

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46

Surboyo, Meircurius Dwi Condro, Lakshman Samaranayake, Arvind Babu Rajendra Santosh, Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas, Sisca Meida Wati, Retno Pudji Rahayu, Francisco Urbina, et al. "Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) of the Tongue: A Systematic Review of Current Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology." Pathophysiology 29, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030043.

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The pigmentation of the fungiform papillae of the tongue is a rare idiopathic condition in which only the fungiform papillae appear hyperpigmented. In the absence of any reviews on the subject, we conducted a systematic review of the aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of pigmented fungiform papillae (PFP) of the tongue, including its demographic and histopathological features, trying to outline a possible aetiology. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) was performed using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE databases and manual searches, for publications between January 1974 and July 2022. Inclusion criteria were case reports defining patients’ characteristics, their general medical and dental conditions, histopathological and/or immunohistochemical findings, all with a final definitive diagnosis of PFP. Overall, 51 studies comprising 69 cases of PFP which included histopathological descriptions were reviewed. Prominent features consisted of hyperpigmentation of melanocytes, melanophages, chromatophores, and a lymphocytic infiltrate in the subepidermal area of the fungiform papillae. On special staining, PFP contained melanin, not iron or hemosiderin. On immunohistochemistry, immune-reactive CD3+ T lymphocytes, S-100 and Sox10, but non-immune-reactive melan-A intraepithelial melanocytes were noted in some studies. The presence of hyperpigmented melanocytes and melanophages, with non-immune-reactive melan-A, suggests that PFP are a benign and physiological form of pigmentation. The inflammatory infiltrates described in some papillary lesions could possibly be due to traumatic events during mastication. Nevertheless, the true reasons for the hyperpigmentation of the fungiform papillae are as of yet elusive, and remain to be determined.

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Başaran, Efser. "Nazal fungiform papillom." Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/kbbu.2013.76486.

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48

Béhé, P., J. A. DeSimone, P. Avenet, and B. Lindemann. "Membrane currents in taste cells of the rat fungiform papilla. Evidence for two types of Ca currents and inhibition of K currents by saccharin." Journal of General Physiology 96, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 1061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.96.5.1061.

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Taste buds were isolated from the fungiform papilla of the rat tongue and the receptor cells (TRCs) were patch clamped. Seals were obtained on the basolateral membrane of 281 TRCs, protruding from the intact taste buds or isolated by micro-dissection. In whole-cell configuration 72% of the cells had a TTX blockable transient Na inward current (mean peak amplitude 0.74 nA). All cells had outward K currents. Their activation was slower than for the Na current and a slow inactivation was also noticeable. The K currents were blocked by tetraethylammonium, Ba, and 4-aminopyridine, and were absent when the pipette contained Cs instead of K. With 100 mM Ba or 100 mM Ca in the bath, two types of inward current were observed. An L-type Ca current (ICaL) activated at -20 mV had a mean peak amplitude of 440 pA and inactivated very slowly. At 3 mM Ca the activation threshold of ICaL was near -40 mV. A transient T-type current (ICaT) activated at -50 mV had an average peak amplitude of 53 pA and inactivated with a time constant of 36 ms at -30 mV. ICaL was blocked more efficiently by Cd and D600 than ICaT. ICaT was blocked by 0.2 mM Ni and half blocked by 200 microM amiloride. In whole-cell voltage clamp, Na-saccharin caused (in 34% of 55 cells tested) a decrease in outward K currents by 21%, which may be expected to depolarize the TRCs. Also, Na-saccharin caused some taste cells to fire action potentials (on-cell, 7 out of 24 cells; whole-cell, 2 out of 38 cells responding to saccharin) of amplitudes sufficient to activate ICaL. Thus the action potentials will cause Ca inflow, which may trigger release of transmitter.

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Harnischfeger, Fiona, Flynn O’Connell, Michael Weiss, Brandon Axelrod, Andras Hajnal, Krzysztof Czaja, Patricia M. Di Lorenzo, and Robin Dando. "Sprague Dawley Rats Gaining Weight on a High Energy Diet Exhibit Damage to Taste Tissue Even after Return to a Healthy Diet." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 3062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093062.

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Many reports detail taste dysfunction in humans and animals with obesity. For example, mice consuming an obesogenic diet for a short period have fewer taste buds than their lean littermates. Further, rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO) show blunted electrophysiological responses to taste in the brainstem. Here, we studied the effects of high energy diet (HED)-induced peripheral taste damage in rats, and whether this deficiency could be reversed by returning to a regular chow diet. Separate groups of rats consumed a standard chow diet (Chow), a HED for 10 weeks followed by a return to chow (HED/chow), or a HED for 10 weeks followed by a restricted HED that was isocaloric with consumption by the HED/chow group (HED/isocal). Fungiform taste papilla (FP) and circumvallate taste bud abundance were quantified several months after HED groups switched diets. Results showed that both HED/chow and HED/isocal rats had significantly fewer FP and lower CV taste bud abundance than control rats fed only chow. Neutrophil infiltration into taste tissues was also quantified, but did not vary with treatment on this timeline. Finally, the number of cells undergoing programmed cell death, measured with caspase-3 staining, inversely correlated with taste bud counts, suggesting taste buds may be lost to apoptosis as a potential mechanism for the taste dysfunction observed in obesity. Collectively, these data show that DIO has lasting deleterious effects on the peripheral taste system, despite a change from a HED to a healthy diet, underscoring the idea that obesity rather than diet predicts damage to the taste system.

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Stewart, Robert E., Vijay Lyall, George M. Feldman, Gerard L. Heck, and John A. DeSimone. "Acid-induced responses in hamster chorda tympani and intracellular pH tracking by taste receptor cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 275, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): C227—C238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.1.c227.

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HCl- and NaCl-induced hamster chorda tympani nerve responses were recorded during voltage clamp of the lingual receptive field. Voltage perturbations did not influence responses to HCl. In contrast, responses to NaCl were decreased by submucosal-positive and increased by submucosal-negative voltage clamp. Responses to HCl were insensitive to the Na+ channel blockers, amiloride and benzamil, and to methylisobutylamiloride (MIA), an Na+/H+exchange blocker. Responses to NaCl were unaffected by MIA but were suppressed by benzamil. Microfluorometric and imaging techniques were used to monitor the relationship between external pH (pHo) and the intracellular pH (pHi) of fungiform papilla taste receptor cells (TRCs) following 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein loading. TRC pHi responded rapidly and monotonically to changes in pHo. This response was unaffected by Na+ removal or the presence of amiloride, benzamil, or MIA. The neural records and the data from isolated TRCs suggest that the principal transduction pathway for acid taste in hamster is similar to that in rat. This may involve the monitoring of changes in TRC pHimediated through amiloride-insensitive H+ transport across TRC membranes. This is an example of cell monitoring of environmental pH through pH tracking, i.e., a linear change in pHi in response to a change in pHo, as has been proposed for carotid bodies. In taste, the H+transport sites may be concentrated on the basolateral membranes of TRCs and, therefore, are responsive to an attenuated H+ concentration from diffusion of acids across the tight junctions.

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