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1
Navickiene, Sandro [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de métodos para análise de resíduos dos fungicidas Pirimetanil, Procloraz e Fluquinconazol e dos acaricidas Clofentezina e Cihexatina em frutas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105846.
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navickiene_s_dr_araiq.pdf: 800978 bytes, checksum: b4fe3a7bf6071ac49275c5ff867c6fd2 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Fungicidas, como pirimetanil, fluquinconazol e procloraz, e acaricidas, como clofentezina e cihexatina, são aplicados tanto no período de pré-colheita, como para preservar a qualidade e as características de cor e sabor das frutas durante a armazenagem, o transporte e a comercialização (procloraz). Contudo, devido à persistência dos seus resíduos nas frutas, monitoramentos devem ser realizados, empregando-se técnicas analíticas sensíveis, para avaliar se os resíduos de tais pesticidas atendem aos limites estabelecidos pelas legislações dos países exportadores e importadores. Um número reduzido de métodos para análise de resíduos dos fungicidas pirimetanil, procloraz e fluquinconazol e dos acaricidas cihexatina e clofentezina, usados no controle de doenças e pragas em culturas de frutas, estão descritos na literatura. Aliando este dado à importância econômica da produção de frutas em nosso país, foram desenvolvidos e/ou adaptados métodos eficientes, rápidos e simples para a determinação destes fungicidas e acaricidas na casca e na polpa de mamão (papaia), manga e laranja e no fruto inteiro de morango e uva. As metodologias são baseadas em extração líquido-líquido e análise individual por cromatografia a gás com detecção por captura de elétrons para procloraz e cihexatina e detecção termiônica...
Fungicides, as pyrimethanil, prochloraz and fluquinconazole, besides acaricides, as clofentezine and cyhexatin, have been used to preserve the quality of perishable fruits during their production, storage and commercialization. Also, these fungicides and acaricides are employed in the pre-harvest period. However, the presence of pesticide residues in fruits representes a serious problem, once the pesticides could become a risk to human consumption. So, the development of analytical methods looking for a rapid screening can ensure that the pesticide concentrations are below of the maximum residue limits allowed by the regulatory agencies. In the literature, some methods for the determination of pyrimethanil, prochloraz, clofentezine and cyhexatin in fruit matrices have been described. Respecting fluquinconazole, there is only a German review. Considering the subjects mentioned and that Brazil plays an important role in the worldwide production of fresh fruit, the purpose of this work was to develop simple and efficient methods for the determination of these fungicides and acaricides in peel and pulp of papaya, mango and orange, besides in grape and strawberry (entire fruit). The methodologies are based on liquid-liquid extraction. The analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection for pyrimethanil and electron-capture detection for prochloraz and cyhexatin. In addition, pyrimethanil, prochloraz, fluquinconazole and clofentezine were analyzed employing a liquid...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Scariot, Fernando Joel. "Efeito dos fungicidas mancozeb, captan e dithianon sobre Saccharomyces cerevisiae." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/2584.
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Os fungicidas são normalmente utilizados para o controle de doenças causadas por fungos fitopatogênicos em diversas culturas, incluindo frutas. Estes compostos, especialmente os descritos com atividade em múltiplos alvos, podem afetar organismos não alvos como leveduras, levando elas à morte por diferentes vias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o mecanismo de ação e de morte de três diferentes fungicidas utilizados na viticultura (mancozeb, captan e dithianon) sobre Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os resultados mostraram que leveduras expostas ao mancozeb (100 µM, 6 h) levam a uma drástica redução da viabilidade, mas sem modificações na integridade da membrana celular. As células tratadas com mancozeb apresentaram marcadores apoptóticos como aumento na concentração intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), hiperpolarização da membrana mitocondrial e externalização de fosfatidilserina, indicando que a morte celular de S. cerevisiae ocasionada por mancozeb é apoptótica e conforme observado pelo comportamento de linhagens mutantes, segue a via metacaspase dependente. Aproximadamente 80% das leveduras tratadas com captan (20 µM, 6 h) apresentaram disfunções na membrana citoplasmática, e a drástica redução na concentração de grupos tiólicos proteicos e não proteicos. Além disso, as células que mantiveram sua integridade de membrana após a exposição ao captan, exibiram externalização de fosfatidilserina e acumulação de ROS. Mutantes com deleção em YCA1 apresentaram resistência parcial ao captan, indicando a ativação da cascata apoptótica metacaspase dependente. Em fermentações vínicas o captan (2,5 µM) atrasa o início da fermentação de maneira dose dependente, devido à drástica redução na viabilidade celular. Porém, em dosagens subletais, as células remanescentes se adaptam ao fungicida e completam a fermentação sem alterações evidentes nas características físico-químicas do produto final. Da mesma forma, leveduras tratadas com dithianon (2 µM; 3 h) mostraram aumento no número de células com permeabilização da membrana citoplasmática, aumento de ROS e redução na quantidade de tióis, mas sem sinais de apoptose. De forma geral, os resultados indicam que o mancozeb induz apoptose em S. cerevisiae via metacaspase dependente, enquanto o captan leva a morte por necrose e apoptose e o dithianon mata as células por necrose.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-05-19T12:14:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernando Joel Scariot.pdf: 2337872 bytes, checksum: 6074c8b470cfba3f134e8417172b84df (MD5)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
Fungicides are currently used to control fungal phytopathogenic diseases in many crops, including fruits. These compounds, especially those described as multisite activity fungicides, can affect non-target organisms like yeasts leading to their cell death by different pathways. The objective of this work was determining the mechanism of action and death of three fungicides used in viticulture (captan, dithianon and mancozeb) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that yeast exposition to the mancozeb (100 µM, 6 h) lead to a drastic reduction of cell viability, but no modification of cell membrane integrity. Mancozeb treated cells shown apoptotic markers as increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and phosphatidylserine externalization, indicating that mancozeb induced cell death in S. cerevisiae is apoptotic and as shown by mutants strains, follow metacaspase-dependent pathway. Almost 80% of captan treated yeasts (20 µM, 6 h) showed citoplasmatic membrane dysfunction, and a drastic reduction on both non-proteic and proteic thiol concentrations. Moreover, the cells that retain their membrane integrity after exposure to the captan exhibited phosphatidylserine externalization and ROS accumulation, indicating apoptosis. YCA1 deletion mutant exhibited partial resistance to captan, suggesting a metacaspase dependent apoptotic cascade. In wine fermentations captan (2,5 µM) delays the beginning of alcoholic fermentations in a dose dependent manner, associated with a drastic reduction on yeast viability. However, in sub-lethal dosages, the reminiscent viable cells adapted to the fungicide, grow and complete fermentation with non-evident modifications on the physicochemical characteristics of the final product. Similarly, yeast cells treated with dithianon (2 µM; 3 h) showed cell membrane permeabilization, ROS increase, and decrease of cellular thiol compounds, but no signs of apoptosis. In general, the results indicated that mancozeb induces metacaspase dependent apoptotic cell death in S. cerevisiae, where captan leads to a dual necrotic and apoptotic cell death, and dithianon kills cells by necrosis.
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Navickiene, Sandro. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de métodos para análise de resíduos dos fungicidas Pirimetanil, Procloraz e Fluquinconazol e dos acaricidas Clofentezina e Cihexatina em frutas /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105846.
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Orientador: Maria Lucia RibeiroBanca: Gilberto Casadei de Baptista
Banca: Rosalinda Carmela Montone
Banca: Ângela Regina Araújo
Banca: Alberto José Cavalheiro
Resumo: Fungicidas, como pirimetanil, fluquinconazol e procloraz, e acaricidas, como clofentezina e cihexatina, são aplicados tanto no período de pré-colheita, como para preservar a qualidade e as características de cor e sabor das frutas durante a armazenagem, o transporte e a comercialização (procloraz). Contudo, devido à persistência dos seus resíduos nas frutas, monitoramentos devem ser realizados, empregando-se técnicas analíticas sensíveis, para avaliar se os resíduos de tais pesticidas atendem aos limites estabelecidos pelas legislações dos países exportadores e importadores. Um número reduzido de métodos para análise de resíduos dos fungicidas pirimetanil, procloraz e fluquinconazol e dos acaricidas cihexatina e clofentezina, usados no controle de doenças e pragas em culturas de frutas, estão descritos na literatura. Aliando este dado à importância econômica da produção de frutas em nosso país, foram desenvolvidos e/ou adaptados métodos eficientes, rápidos e simples para a determinação destes fungicidas e acaricidas na casca e na polpa de mamão (papaia), manga e laranja e no fruto inteiro de morango e uva. As metodologias são baseadas em extração líquido-líquido e análise individual por cromatografia a gás com detecção por captura de elétrons para procloraz e cihexatina e detecção termiônica...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Fungicides, as pyrimethanil, prochloraz and fluquinconazole, besides acaricides, as clofentezine and cyhexatin, have been used to preserve the quality of perishable fruits during their production, storage and commercialization. Also, these fungicides and acaricides are employed in the pre-harvest period. However, the presence of pesticide residues in fruits representes a serious problem, once the pesticides could become a risk to human consumption. So, the development of analytical methods looking for a rapid screening can ensure that the pesticide concentrations are below of the maximum residue limits allowed by the regulatory agencies. In the literature, some methods for the determination of pyrimethanil, prochloraz, clofentezine and cyhexatin in fruit matrices have been described. Respecting fluquinconazole, there is only a German review. Considering the subjects mentioned and that Brazil plays an important role in the worldwide production of fresh fruit, the purpose of this work was to develop simple and efficient methods for the determination of these fungicides and acaricides in peel and pulp of papaya, mango and orange, besides in grape and strawberry (entire fruit). The methodologies are based on liquid-liquid extraction. The analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection for pyrimethanil and electron-capture detection for prochloraz and cyhexatin. In addition, pyrimethanil, prochloraz, fluquinconazole and clofentezine were analyzed employing a liquid...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Llorente, i. Cabratosa Isidre. "Desenvolupament d'un sistema de previsió de risc d'infecció per Stemphylium vesicarium. Avaluació, validació i implementació en parcel·les experimentals en camps comercials de perera." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7800.
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L'estemfiliosi de la perera és una malaltia fúngica ocasionada pel fong Deuteromicet Stemphylium vesicarium. Els símptomes característics d'aquesta malaltia són lesions necròtiques en fulles i fruits, provocant el depreciament econòmic d'aquests últims. Si les condicions climàtiques són favorables aquesta malaltia pot arribar a provocar la pèrdua total de la producció. La malaltia es localitza bàsicament en la conca mediterrània, sent les zones fructícoles de Girona a Catalunya i Emilia-Romagna a Itàlia els llocs on les pèrdues de producció són més grans. Actualment l'únic mètode de control és la cobertura permanent dels òrgans de la planta amb fungicides. Per obtenir aquesta protecció és necessari realitzar aplicacions preventives amb una cadència fixa, setmanal o quinzenal, de diferents fungicides en els arbres. Aquesta cadència d'aplicació comporta que al llarg del període vegetatiu de la perera es realitzin entre 20 i 25 aplicacions de fungicida, per cadències setmanals, o entre 10 i 13 aplicacions si la cadència és quinzenal. Aquest elevat nombre de tractaments comporta uns efectes toxicològics a nivell mediambiental i per a la salut humana, un augment del cost econòmic de la producció i en alguns casos afavorir l'aparició de resistències del patogen a determinats fungicides. Molts d' aquests tractaments es realitzen sense que les condicions ambientals siguin favorables a l'inici d'infeccions del fong, i són per tant innecessàries. Amb l'objectiu d'obtenir una eina per determinar el risc d'infeccions en funció de les condicions climàtiques i realitzar d'aquesta manera els tractaments amb fungicides només quan són necessaris, es va elaborar el Sistema pel Tractament Racionalitzat de l'Estemfiliosi de la Perera (STREP). El model consisteix en relacionar quantitativament amb la severitat de la malaltia els paràmetres climàtics de durada del període d'humectació i temperatura mitjana durant aquests períodes. En aquest treball s'ha determinat l'eficàcia en el control de la malaltia per diferents fungicides aplicats de manera preventiva amb una cadència fixa en diferents finques comercials i durant varis anys. S'ha constatat que no hi ha cap producte totalment eficaç en el control de la malaltia, sent l'eficàcia obtinguda mitjana. Aquesta eficàcia de control esta en funció del nivell de pressió de la malaltia, obtenint eficàcies inferiors quan el nivell en els testimonis no tractats és elevat. En assajos en condicions controlades s'ha determinat que els fungicides analitzats aplicats de manera curativa o postinfecciosa, quan ja s'han iniciat les infeccions, presenten una eficàcia més baixa que quan s'apliquen preventivament. El tiram és el producte amb una eficàcia més elevada en la major part de les condicions experimentals.
S' ha analitzat durant 5 anys, 1992-1996, en diferents plantacions de perera de Girona, la dinàmica dels paràmetres ambientals de durada deis períodes amb humectació, la temperatura mitjana de l'aire, la temperatura mitjana durant els períodes d'humectació, la durada dels períodes amb humitat relativa superior al 90% i la pluviometria. S 'ha constatat que la humectació deguda a la rosada és la principal causa d'humectació i que és un procés lent i continu. Les durades més freqüents d'humectació han estat períodes inferiors a 12 hores i les temperatures més freqüents durant aquests períodes han estat entre 11 i 21°C. S'ha determinat també que existeixen períodes amb humitat relativa elevada però sense formació de pel·lícula d'aigua i s'ha observat que ocasionalment existeixen períodes breus d'interrupció de la humectació en que poden existir humanitats relatives elevades o baixes.
La capacitat predictiva del model STREP ha estat avaluada mitjançant 42 assajos en condicions naturals i controlades, determinant que en més del 95 % dels casos avaluats les prediccions de malaltia s'han correspost amb les observades, i que només en dos casos el model ha infraestimat el nivell de risc d'infecció. Demostrant així que el model STREP és fiable en les seves prediccions. S'ha estudiat l'efecte de la humitat relativa durant els períodes interromputs d'humectació i les durades d'aquests períodes, en les infeccions produïdes pel fong. S'ha constatat que el model STREP hauria d'incorporar com a períodes separats els períodes d'humectació interromputs amb relatives elevades (>98%) s'haurien de considerar com a períodes continus. Per una altra banda s'ha comprovat que els períodes amb humitats relatives elevades sense formació d'humectació en condicions naturals no són suficients per provocar l'inici d'infeccions de S. Vesicarium.
S'ha utilitzat el model STREP com a eina per guiar els tractaments fungicides en diferents parcel·les de finques comercials durant dos anys. D'aquests assajos es pot concloure que utilitzant valors de risc acumulat SA:0.4 com a llindar per a realitzar els tractaments es controla la malaltia amb una eficàcia semblant als tractaments setmanals, però amb una reducció del nombre d'aplicacions necessàries entre un 25 i un 50%. Utilitzar un llindar SA:0.6 en finques amb varietats sensibles i una pressió d'inòcul del patogen elevada presenta bons resultats però inferiors als obtinguts amb tractaments setmanals, no obstant l'estalvi de tractaments ha estat molt important (50-70%).
De tots aquests resultats es conclou que el model STREP és adequat per ésser utilitzat en programes pilot a escala comercial en el control racional de l'estemfiliosi de la perera. En funció d'aquests resultats es considerarà la seva implementació en Estacions d'Avisos Fitosanitaris.
Brown spot of pear, caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is an important disease in fruit-growing areas of Europe, mainly in Girona (Catalonia) and Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Infections and necrosis occur on leaves and fruits. If the environmental conditions are favourable for the disease, the loss of production will be very high.
The control of brown spot of pear is based on protecting sprays of fungicide applied, al 7-to 15-day intervals depending on the type of fungicide. The high number of fungicide applications needed to maintain acceptable levels of disease can produce toxicological effects on ecosystems, humans and increased costs of pear production.
We have determined the efficacy of disease control by different fungicides, sprayed with a preventive strategy in 3 trials during 2 years. None of the fungicides showed high efficacy of disease control, and the efficacy was related to the disease level.
Experiments under controlled-conditions showed that treatments done with post-¬infection strategies have a low efficacy. Thiram was the fungicide with better efficacy for both preventive and after-infection strategies.
During five years,1992-1996, we studied the dynamics of environmental conditions of wetness period, temperature, high relative humidity period (>90%) and rainfall. The most frequent wetness periods were shorter than 12h. The temperature during these periods was between 11-21°C. There were periods with high relative humidity but without wetness formation, and there were also wetness periods interrupted by dry periods. The relative humidity during these dry periods was high or low.
The research has been focused to eliminate unnecessary sprays, and an infection model for S. vesicarium (STREP) was previously developed, which quantifies the effect of wetness duration and temperature on the severity of infection by S. vesicarium. The model was evaluated in 42 field trials and was validated in relation lo its capacity to predict the intensity of disease. Most part of disease level predictions (95%) were coincident with disease levels observed, showing that STREP model was a reasonable good predictor.
We studied the effect of relative humidity during interrupted wetness periods, and the effect on disease progression of periods with high relative humidity but without wetness on disease levels. Interrupted periods with low relative humidity can be considered as two separated periods, but if the relative humidity is high (>98 %) it can be considered as a continuous period. Periods shorter than 12-18 h with high relative humidity but without wetness were insufficient to start infections.
The STREP model was evaluated during two years and was used for scheduling treatments with fungicides, and showed that the efficacy with SA:0.4 threshold was similar to weekly sprays, but saving 25-50 % of fungicide sprays. The utilisation of a threshold SA:0.6 showed a smaller efficacy than weekly sprays but it saved applications about 50-70 %.
From these results it can be accepted say that the STREP model can be used in pilot trials as a forecaster for scheduling sprays in commercial orchards for rational control of brown spot of pear. If the results are acceptable, the model will be integrated on Grower's Warning Stations.
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Mitchell, Jean Ann. "Enhanced degradation of dicarboximide fungicides." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386698.
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Zziwa, Miriam C. N. "Fungicide resistance to morpholine and piperidine fungicides in barley and wheat powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis D.C." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27744.
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This work was carried out to study the sensitivity of barley and wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei and E. graminis f.sp. tritici respectively) to morpholine fungicides. Morpholine fungicides are classified as compounds with a low risk of resistance development. On the other hand, barley and wheat powdery mildews belong to the group of high risk fungi as far as development of fungicide resistance is concerned. Firstly, mildew isolates collected in the UK were assessed, over the period 1992 to 1995, for their sensitivity to three morpholine fungicides (tridemorph, fenpropimorph and fenpropidin). Barley isolates tended to be more sensitive to the fungicides than wheat isolates. In general, the barley mildew isolates were less sensitive to tridemorph than to fenpropimorph and fenpropidin. Cross resistance was found between fenpropimorph and fenpropidin but there was no significant correlation between barley mildew sensitivity to tridemorph and either fenpropimorph or fenpropidin. Isolates from Scotland were significantly less sensitive to fenpropimorph and fenpropidin than isolates from England. The wheat isolates tended to be more sensitive to fenpropidin than to fenpropimorph. There was no evidence of cross resistance between fenpropimorph and fenpropidin with the wheat isolates tested. A shift towards insensitivity over the period of testing was found for fenpropimorph. Wheat isolates from Scotland were found to be significantly less sensitive to fenpropidin than isolates from England. Although variation in sensitivity among mildew isolates was recorded, the results of the monitoring work confirmed the findings of field experience that morpholines are continuing to maintain an effective control over barley and wheat mildew. The variation in sensitivity appeared to be as a continuous distribution, probably related at least in part to the use of bulk isolates for most of the sampling. There, was however, no evidence of any part of the population showing a very high level of resistance.
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Choi, Baek Yong. "Using fungicides or combinations of fungicides to provide mold and decay fungal protection to OSB." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/916.
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The use of wood-based composites has increased dramatically over the last two decades due to a number of factors. One reason is that Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is being increasingly utilized in residential applications in place of plywood. However, the use of OSB in residential construction is often limited because of its susceptibility to attack by biological pathogens such as mold and decay fungi. The environmental conditions that exist in certain use categories can be so adverse that the performance of these composites is negatively affected.
This study was divided into two parts. The first phase examined the effectiveness of fungicides or combinations of fungicides (including some metal-containing preservatives) for enhancing the mold resistance of strandboard. During the second part of the study, preliminaryexperiments investigated the effectiveness of fungicides or combinations of fungicides using anagar-block test to estimate the preservative toxic threshold retention. The compatibility of the fungicide on the resin curing was studied by measuring change in the resin gelation and viscosity. After these screening experiments were completed, large size boards were prepared and mechanical and decay resistance properties were examined.
It was found that mold and decay resistance properties of strandboard directly were related with the biocide type and its concentration. Greater protection of the strandboard was achieved with an increase in preservative retention levels. However, due to the relatively high cost of non-metallic (organic) preservatives, it is important to find the minimum amount of preservative that can protect the OSB against mold and decay fungi. One method of reducing the cost and increasing efficacy is to combine different fungicides to determine whether synergism exists. Even if synergism does not occur, it may reduce the overall cost by combining a less expensive biocide with a smaller amount of a more expensive biocide wheretheir biocidal efficacy complements each other.
In addition, it is important to understand that high retention of preservative may also cause negative effects on the mechanical properties of strandboard. This maybe noticeable of the high retention level of the biocide when a greater negative effect on the internal bonding (IB) strength may be recorded. Lower IB strength for treated strandboard may be attributed to the formulation of chemical residue in the wood surface, which may interfere with the reaction between wood and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. Surface-active agents in the preservative may also cause the PF resin to over-penetrate into wood decreasing bond strength. Increasing moisture content of strands by the introduction of an emulsified aqueous biocide solution, may cause dilution of the resin, and reduced bonding. It should also be noted that high retention of preservative which cause a change in the viscosity and gelation time of PF resins would be problematic for the operation of an OSB plant. For viscosity change, it could significantly affect the flow properties of the resin on the wood furnish and its atomization as it is spraying onto the wood furnish. In addition, it may require further modification to the equipment that supplies the resin to the spray nozzle. For changes in the gelation time, this may require changes to the press time at the OSB plant.
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Macedo, Ana Claudia [UNESP]. "Efeitos fisiológicos de fungicidas no desenvolvimento de plantas de melão rendilhado, cultivadas em ambiente protegido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93473.
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Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram usados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. As estrobilurinas possuem efeitos fisiológicos positivos no rendimento das culturas, devido ao aumento da fotossíntese líquida e melhor balanço hormonal. Já o boscalida complementa a ação desses fungicidas, aplicado alternadamente ou em conjunto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina, azoxistrobina e boscalida em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como no aumento da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos: uma testemunha e quatro aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1, boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após o transplante, a intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado através das observações das seguintes características: trocas gasosas, eficiência do uso da água, índice SPAD na folha, atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, peroxidase, catalase e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e na pós colheita dos frutos de melão rendilhado. Em função dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os fungicidas testados apresentam efeitos fisiológicos positivos na cultura do melão rendilhado. As plantas tratadas com boscalida obtiveram um incremento positivo na taxa de assimilação de CO2 além...
The fungicides were until recently used exclusively for disease control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept to the use of these products. The strobilurins have positive physiological effects on crop yields, due to increased net photosynthesis and better hormonal balance. On the other hand, boscalida complements the action of these fungicides, applied alternately or together. This study aimed on evaluating the effect of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and boscalida in plants of net melon (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) under conditions of protected environment, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development, as well as increased production and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the College of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus of Botucatu in a protected environment. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five fungicide treatments: control, 60 g azoxystrobin ha-1, 75 g ha-1 boscalid, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1, boscalid (37.5 g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1), applied on the leaves, 14 days after transplantation in an interval of 7 days. The treatment effect was evaluated by the following observations: gas exchange, water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post-harvest of the fruits of net melon. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that the fungicide that were tested have positive physiological effects on the culture of net melon. Plants treated with boscalida had a positive increase in the rate of CO2 assimilation and also a positive influence on the chlorophyll content of the leaves. The fruits from these plants had greater mass apart from higher content of soluble... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Demant, Luis Alfredo Rauer [UNESP]. "Controle da mancha angular do feijoeiro com fungicidas e efeito na produção de plantas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97172.
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demant_lar_me_botfca.pdf: 166946 bytes, checksum: 10c7009f4c2c3e911fc3562005ee56a7 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mancha angular, causada por Phaeoisairopsis griseola, é uma doença de grande importância para a cultura do feijoeiro, visto pelos danos que causa em cultivares suscetíveis, sob condições climáticas propícias para o desenvolvimento da doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: a) avaliar a eficácia de alguns fungicidas registrados para a cultura no controle da mancha angular e sobre alguns parâmetros agronômicos (massa de 100 grãos, número de grãos por vagem e número de vagens por plantas) do feijoeiro cultivar Pérola, b) verificar a ação dos fungicidas sobre alterações fisiológicas das plantas de feijoeiro (índices de fotossíntese líquida e condutividade estomática). Para tanto, dois ensaios foram conduzidos em condições de telado e dois ensaios sob condições de campo. As aplicações dos fungicidas nos ensaios iniciaram-se aos 30 dias após a semeadura, sendo realizadas três pulverizações com intervalo de 15 dias. Os fungicidas testados foram: procimidone - 200 g.i.a.ha-1, hidróxido de cobre - 1076 g.i.a.ha-1, azoxystrobina - 60 g.i.a.ha-1, metiran + piraclostrobina - 825 +75 g.i.a.ha-1, piraclostrobina - 75 g.i.a.ha-1, trifloxistrobina - 150 g.i.a.ha-1, tebuconazole - 40 g.i.a.ha-1, hidróxido de fentina - 330 g.i.a.ha-1, tebuconazole + trifloxistrobina - 150 +75 g.i.a.ha-1 e testemunha (água). Nos experimentos conduzidos em campo, foram realizadas as avaliações da da severidade de doença nas folhas e calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença e realizada a colheita para a avaliação do número de vagens por planta e a massa de 100 grãos. Os experimentos em casa de vegetação foram avaliados quanto aos índices de fotossíntese líquida, condutividade estomática, número de vagens por planta, massa de 100 grãos...
The angular leaf spot caused by Phaeoisairopsis griseola is an important disease for drybeans crop because it promotes many losses in susceptible cultivars under specific weather conditions for progress of this disease. This present work has as objectives: a) evaluate efficacy of some fungicides registered for control of angular leaf spot in drybeans and effect of these products in agronomic parameters (weight of 100 grains, Number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant) of cultivar Perola. b) Verify the action to fungicides about physiology of drybeans plants (liquid Photosynthesis and stomatic conductivity). For these two trials in greenhouse and two trials in the field were development. The fungicides application began 30 days after planting, and three applications were done with 15 days interval. The fungicide tested was: procimidone - 200 g.a.i.ha-1, hidróxido de cobre - 1076 g.a.i.ha-1, azoxystrobina - 60 g.a.i.ha-1, metiran+ piraclostrobina - 825 +75 g.a.i.ha-1, piraclostrobina - 75 g.a.i.ha-1, trifloxistrobina - 150 g.a.i.ha-1, tebuconazole - 40 ga.i.ha-1, hidróxido de fentina - 330 g.a.i.ha-1, tebuconazole + trifloxistrobina - 150 +75 g.a.i.ha-1 and Untreated check (water). In trials in the field was done evaluation of the severity of the disease was done on the leaves and area under curve disease progress (AUDCPD) and in the harvest evaluation was done on the number of pods per plants and weight of 100 grains. The trial in greenhouse was evaluated liquid photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, number of pods per plant and weight of 100 grains. After these results were obtained, it was constated that photosynthesis is more significantly when drybeans plants were in the stage of grain filling and beginning of maturation; Piraclostrobina, Tebuconazole and Tebuconazole+Trifloxistrobina... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Filho, Josà Silveira. "Sensibilidade do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) a fungicidas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 1996. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5850.
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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃCoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Estudou-se a sensibilidade do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) a fungicidas, com o objetivo de identificar aqueles inÃcuos à planta, visando selecionar produtos quÃmicos que possam ser utilizados no controle das doenÃas fÃngicas da cultura. Neste sentido, foi conduzido um experimento, em condiÃÃes de ripado, no setor hortÃcola do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, em Fortaleza, Estado do CearÃ, Brasil, no perÃodo de abril a julho de 1995. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, disposto no esquema fatorial 2 x 10 - cultivares x fungicidas -, com trÃs repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por nove diferentes compostos quÃmicos - oito fungicidas comerciais e a manipueira (extrato lÃquido das raÃzes de mandioca, Manihot esculenta -, e a testemunha (pulverizaÃÃes com Ãgua). Estes tratamentos foram aplicados, mediante quatro pulverizaÃÃes a intervalos semanais, sobre mudas envasadas de dois cultivares de mamoeiro: Formosa e HavaÃ, compondo os fatoriais. Analisaram-se os efeitos fitotÃxicos dos produtos testados, dez dias apÃs a Ãltima aplicaÃÃo, em funÃÃo da altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule, nÃmero de folhas e sintomas necro-fitotÃxicos foliares. Dentre os fungicidas testados, tebuconazole prevaleceu como fitotÃxico para o mamoeiro, particularmente ao cv Formosa e relativamente à reduÃÃo do numero de folhas. O cultivar HavaÃ, em confronto com o cv. Formosa, mostrou-se bem mais tolerante aos fungicidas testados.
Sensibi1ity studies of the papaya (Carica papaya L.) to various fungicides were developed to select those with high degree of safety to control fungal diseases of the culture. The investigation was carried out on the Horticultural Sector of the Agrarian Science Center of the Federal University of Cearà in a ca., half-shaded shelter, in Fortaleza, State of CearÃ, Brazil, from April to July, 1995. A completely randomized design was arranged in a 2 x 3 x 10 factorial experiment to assess plant reactions lo the fungicides. Treatments were made up of eight commercial fungicides and âmanipueiraâ (a liquid extract from cassava roots, Manihot esculenta) plus the control which was sprayed with tap water. Potted seedlings of two papaya cultivars, v.g., Formosa and Hawaii were sprayed four times at a 7-days interval. Phytotoxicity of the compounds was thoroughly checked by evaluating the following parameters, ten days alter the last spraying: plant height, plant trunk diameter, leaf number and presence of foliar necrotic symptoms. Tebuconazole was phytotoxic to papaya specially to cv. Formosa. This cultivar has also experienced a leaf number reduction. Hawaii cultivar was much more tolerant to the fungicides than the Formosa one.
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Santos, Paulo Sérgio José dos. "Estudo da sistemicidade e tenacidade de epoxiconazol, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de soja e videira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-04052016-154811/.
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O controle químico é uma das medidas mais empregadas no manejo de doenças de plantas, sendo imprescindível em inúmeros patossistemas agrícolas. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica das interações entre os produtos e a planta tem grande importância prática, pois poderá embasar ajustes nas estratégias de controle. O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a tenacidade e a sistemicidade dos fungicidas epoxiconazol, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de soja e videira. Para avaliar a tenacidade dos produtos foram simuladas chuvas de diferentes intensidades e intervalos após a aplicação. Procedeu-se a inoculação dos patógenos, Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Phakopsora euvitis, e avaliou-se a severidade e a área abaixo da curva de progresso das doenças. Para os estudos de absorção e translocação, utilizaram-se as moléculas radiomarcadas, 14C-epoxiconazol, 14C-piraclostrobina e 14C-fluxapiroxade, que foram diluídas com suas respectivas formulações comerciais. As variáveis foram avaliadas as 3, 9, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Especificamente para o fungicida fluxapiroxade foram avaliados os efeitos de sua associação ao adjuvante óleo mineral e ao fosfito de potássio em plantas de soja, e sua absorção e translocação em folhas novas e velhas de videira. Em geral, a eficiência dos fungicidas foi crescente com o aumento do intervalo entre a aplicação e a simulação da chuva. A adição do adjuvante aumentou a tenacidade do fluxapiroxade e o fosfito de potássio não teve o mesmo efeito. A sistemicidade na soja foi alta para o epoxiconazol, intermediária para o fluxapiroxade e baixa para a piraclostrobina. Na videira a piraclostrobina foi a mais absorvida, seguida pelo epoxiconazol e o fluxapiroxade. Os fungicidas epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade translocaram-se predominantemente no sentido acropetal e a piraclostrobina não apresentou translocação a longas distâncias. A adição de adjuvante ao fluxapiroxade promoveu maior e mais rápida absorção e translocação nas plantas de soja, enquanto que, o fosfito de potássio teve efeito antagônico, que resultou em 53% de redução na absorção. Não houve diferença na absorção e translocação do fluxapiroxade em folhas velhas e novas de videira, porém a redistribuição foi maior nas folhas novas. O fluxapiroxade mostrou-se ser um fungicida com potencial protetor e curativo. Protetor, pois grande quantidade do produto (>65%) permanece na parte externa das folhas da soja e videira até as 72 HAA, e curativo pois mostrou uma absorção crescente com o tempo, o que significa que há uma liberação contínua do produto para o interior das folhas. Os folíolos de soja absorveram mais os três fungicidas do que as folhas de videira. A translocação à longa distância em ambas as culturas foi baixa (<1%) para todos os fungicidas avaliados. A translocação do epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade aumenta com o decorrer das horas nas plantas de soja e não em mudas de videira e a piraclostrobina tem uma translocação limitada e constante em ambas as culturas. Quanto maior e mais rápida for a absorção dos fungicidas, menores serão as perdas decorrentes das intempéries, e por consequência maior será a eficácia dos produtos.The chemical control is one of the measures most used in the management of plant diseases, being essential in many agricultural pathosystems. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the interactions between products and plants has great practical importance in providing knowledge that can support better the control strategies. The work has aimed to study the rainfastness and systemicity of the fungicides epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in soybean and vine plants. The rainfall was simulated in different intensities and intervals after application in order to assess the rainfastness of the products.The pathogens, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora euvitis were inoculated and the severity and the area under the disease progress curve were assessed. For the uptake and translocation studies, it was used the radiolabeled molecules, 14C-epoxiconazole, 14C-pyraclostrobin and 14C-fluxapyroxad, which were diluted with their respective commercial formulations. The parameters were assessed at 3, 9, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application (HAA). In particular for the fluxapyroxad were assessed the effects of its association with adjuvant and potassium phosphite on soybean plants, and their absorption and translocation in old and new vine leaves. Overall, the fungicides efficiency were boosted with the increasing interval between the application and the rainfall simulation. The addition of adjuvant improved the rainfastness of fluxapyroxad and the phosphite did not have the same effect.The systemicity on soybeans was high for the epoxiconazole, intermediate for fluxapyroxad and low for pyraclostrobin. In vine, pyraclostrobin was more absorbed, followed by epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad. The fungicides epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad translocated mainly acropetally and pyraclostrobin did not show translocation to long distances. The addition of adjuvant to fluxapyroxad has promoted greater and more rapid uptake and translocation on soybean plants, while potassium phosphite had antagonistic effect, which resulted in 53% reduction in uptake. There was no difference in the absorption and translocation of fluxapyroxad in old and new vine leaves. Nevertheless, the redistribution was higher in young leaves. The fluxapyroxad proved to be a fungicide with protective and curative potential. Protective because large amount of product (>65%) remains outside of the soy and vine leaves up to 72 HAA and curative because it showed an increased absorption over the time, which means that there is a continuous release of the product into the leaves. The soybean leaflets absorbed more the three fungicides than the vine leaves. The translocation to long distances in both crops were low (<1%) for all evaluated fungicides. The translocation of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad increases with the course of time on soybean plants and not in nursery trees of vine and the pyraclostrobin has limited and constant translocation in both crops. In nutshell, as bigger and faster the absorption of fungicides smaller are the losses resulting from the weather and most effective will be the products.
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Sewell, Thomas Richard. "Efficacy of fungicides on coexisting Leptophaeria spp. causing phoma stem canker on winter oilseed rape." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/18990.
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Phoma stem canker is a disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) caused by closely related plant pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa. It is an economically important disease, causing annual yield losses of approximately £770 million worldwide. When colonising oilseed rape, L. maculans and L. biglobosa exist in close proximity on the leaf, competing for resources as they move through the main leaf vein and into the stem. Fungicides are commonly used to decrease severity of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape. However, the efficacy and longevity of active chemicals is under threat from evolution of resistance in pathogen populations and government legalisation. Moreover, it has been suggested that both L. maculans and L. biglobosa differ in their sensitivity to azoles, and important class of fungicides that are used to control the disease through the inhibition of lanosterol 14-α demethylase (erg11, CYP51). This project aims to further understand the role that fungicides have in controlling phoma stem canker by investigating their efficacy against L. maculans and L. biglobosa in crops, in vitro and in planta. In field experiments, established in Cambridgeshire across four cropping seasons, the fungicide mixture penthiopyrad (SDHI) plus picoxystrobin (QoI) was as effective at controlling phoma leaf spotting and phoma stem canker in winter oilseed rape as prothioconazole (DMI), suggesting that both fungicides could be used to reduce phoma stem canker symptoms. The two pathogens differed in their growth rates in vitro, with L. biglobosa growing faster than L. maculans when untreated or treated with lower fungicide concentrations. Fungicide sensitivity assays suggest that L. maculans and L. biglobosa are both sensitive to DMI, SDHI and QoI fungicides and that differences between the species are minor. Prothioconazole and penthiopyrad + picoxystrobin had a similar efficacy on oilseed rape cotyledons colonised with either L. maculans or L. biglobosa. There was no difference between species on prothioconazole treated plants, although there was a difference between L. maculans and L. biglobosa when treated with 20 μg/ml penthiopyrad + picoxystrobin. Heterologous yeast expression of LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B with fungicide sensitivity testing of the yeast transformants suggests that LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B are similarly sensitive to azole fungicides flusilazole, prothioconazole-desthio and tebuconazole. These findings are supported by homology protein modelling, which predicts that LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B are structurally very similar, specifically at the azole-binding site. In conclusion, fungicides are still an effective control method for reducing phoma stem canker symptoms caused by Leptosphaeria species in the UK, and a useful tool to in the sustainable production of oilseed rape.
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Sanabria, Marciana [UNESP]. "Investigação da toxicidade reprodutiva do fungicida Procloraz, com ênfase sobre aspectos morfofuncionais do epidídimo de ratos adultos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87774.
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O procloraz (PCZ) é um fungicida antagonista do receptor de andrógeno amplamente utilizado na agricultura. A exposição pré e peri-natal durante a diferenciação sexual é deletéria para a prole masculina, resultando em malformações de órgãos genitais, redução do peso dos órgãos reprodutores e maior retenção de mamilos em adultos. Considerando-se que a literatura sobre a ação do PCZ sobre o epidídimo é escassa e que é neste órgão que acontece o processo de maturação dos espermatozoides, justifica-se a realização do presente estudo, que pretendeu investigar se a exposição a baixas doses de PCZ, durante durante o período de trânsito dos espermatozoides no epidídimo, pode alterar a morfofisiologia deste órgão e a qualidade espermática em ratos adultos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar, com idade inicial de 90 dias divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (10 ratos cada): 0 (veículo), 10, 15 e 30mg/Kg/dia de PCZ diluído em óleo de milho (1mL/Kg) e administrado oralmente (gavage) durante quatro dias. Foram avaliados parâmetros morfofuncionais do trato genital masculino, dosagens hormonais, avaliações espermáticas, além de análises histopatológicas do testículo e epidídimo. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos controle e tratados em relação aos parâmetros avaliados. Os resultados indicam que a exposição a baixas doses de PCZ, nestas condições experimentais, não compromete a morfofisiologia do epidídimo e a qualidade espermática em ratos adultos
Prochloraz (PCZ) is a fungicide and androgen-receptor antagonist that is used worldwide in horticulture and agriculture. Pre- and perinatal exposure to this pesticide during sexual differentiation is deleterious for the male offspring, resulting in genital organ malformation, reduced reproductive organ weights and increased nipple retention in adults. Given that the literature on the effects of PCZ on the epididymis is scarce and that sperm maturation takes place in this organ, the present investigation aimed to determine whether low PCZ doses, administered during the sperm transit through the epididymis, can alter the morphophysiology of this organ and sperm quality in rats. For this, adult male Wistar rats, 90 days old, were assigned into four different groups (10 rats each): 0 (vehicle), 10, 15 and 30mg/Kg/day of PCZ diluted in corn oil (1mL/Kg) administered orally for four days. Morphofunctional parameters of the male reproductive tract, hormonal levels, sperm evaluations, and histopathologic analysis of testis and epididymis were assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between the treated and control groups in relation to the evaluated parameters. The results reported herein show that PCZ exposure, in these experimental conditions, does not compromise epididymal morphophysiology or sperm quality in the adult rat
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Sanabria, Marciana. "Investigação da toxicidade reprodutiva do fungicida Procloraz, com ênfase sobre aspectos morfofuncionais do epidídimo de ratos adultos /." Botucatu, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87774.
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Orientador: Wilma De Grava KempinasCoorientador:
Banca: Alaor Aparecido Almeida
Banca: Iraceles Aparecida Laura
Banca: Luis Fernando Barbisan
Banca: Yuri Sinzato
Resumo: O procloraz (PCZ) é um fungicida antagonista do receptor de andrógeno amplamente utilizado na agricultura. A exposição pré e peri-natal durante a diferenciação sexual é deletéria para a prole masculina, resultando em malformações de órgãos genitais, redução do peso dos órgãos reprodutores e maior retenção de mamilos em adultos. Considerando-se que a literatura sobre a ação do PCZ sobre o epidídimo é escassa e que é neste órgão que acontece o processo de maturação dos espermatozoides, justifica-se a realização do presente estudo, que pretendeu investigar se a exposição a baixas doses de PCZ, durante durante o período de trânsito dos espermatozoides no epidídimo, pode alterar a morfofisiologia deste órgão e a qualidade espermática em ratos adultos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar, com idade inicial de 90 dias divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (10 ratos cada): 0 (veículo), 10, 15 e 30mg/Kg/dia de PCZ diluído em óleo de milho (1mL/Kg) e administrado oralmente (gavage) durante quatro dias. Foram avaliados parâmetros morfofuncionais do trato genital masculino, dosagens hormonais, avaliações espermáticas, além de análises histopatológicas do testículo e epidídimo. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos controle e tratados em relação aos parâmetros avaliados. Os resultados indicam que a exposição a baixas doses de PCZ, nestas condições experimentais, não compromete a morfofisiologia do epidídimo e a qualidade espermática em ratos adultos
Abstract: Prochloraz (PCZ) is a fungicide and androgen-receptor antagonist that is used worldwide in horticulture and agriculture. Pre- and perinatal exposure to this pesticide during sexual differentiation is deleterious for the male offspring, resulting in genital organ malformation, reduced reproductive organ weights and increased nipple retention in adults. Given that the literature on the effects of PCZ on the epididymis is scarce and that sperm maturation takes place in this organ, the present investigation aimed to determine whether low PCZ doses, administered during the sperm transit through the epididymis, can alter the morphophysiology of this organ and sperm quality in rats. For this, adult male Wistar rats, 90 days old, were assigned into four different groups (10 rats each): 0 (vehicle), 10, 15 and 30mg/Kg/day of PCZ diluted in corn oil (1mL/Kg) administered orally for four days. Morphofunctional parameters of the male reproductive tract, hormonal levels, sperm evaluations, and histopathologic analysis of testis and epididymis were assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between the treated and control groups in relation to the evaluated parameters. The results reported herein show that PCZ exposure, in these experimental conditions, does not compromise epididymal morphophysiology or sperm quality in the adult rat
Mestre
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Demant, Luis Alfredo Rauer 1980. "Controle da mancha angular do feijoeiro com fungicidas e efeito na produção de plantas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97172.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Antonio Carlos MaringoniBanca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano
Banca: Silvania Helena Furlan de Oliveira
Resumo: A mancha angular, causada por Phaeoisairopsis griseola, é uma doença de grande importância para a cultura do feijoeiro, visto pelos danos que causa em cultivares suscetíveis, sob condições climáticas propícias para o desenvolvimento da doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: a) avaliar a eficácia de alguns fungicidas registrados para a cultura no controle da mancha angular e sobre alguns parâmetros agronômicos (massa de 100 grãos, número de grãos por vagem e número de vagens por plantas) do feijoeiro cultivar Pérola, b) verificar a ação dos fungicidas sobre alterações fisiológicas das plantas de feijoeiro (índices de fotossíntese líquida e condutividade estomática). Para tanto, dois ensaios foram conduzidos em condições de telado e dois ensaios sob condições de campo. As aplicações dos fungicidas nos ensaios iniciaram-se aos 30 dias após a semeadura, sendo realizadas três pulverizações com intervalo de 15 dias. Os fungicidas testados foram: procimidone - 200 g.i.a.ha-1, hidróxido de cobre - 1076 g.i.a.ha-1, azoxystrobina - 60 g.i.a.ha-1, metiran + piraclostrobina - 825 +75 g.i.a.ha-1, piraclostrobina - 75 g.i.a.ha-1, trifloxistrobina - 150 g.i.a.ha-1, tebuconazole - 40 g.i.a.ha-1, hidróxido de fentina - 330 g.i.a.ha-1, tebuconazole + trifloxistrobina - 150 +75 g.i.a.ha-1 e testemunha (água). Nos experimentos conduzidos em campo, foram realizadas as avaliações da da severidade de doença nas folhas e calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença e realizada a colheita para a avaliação do número de vagens por planta e a massa de 100 grãos. Os experimentos em casa de vegetação foram avaliados quanto aos índices de fotossíntese líquida, condutividade estomática, número de vagens por planta, massa de 100 grãos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The angular leaf spot caused by Phaeoisairopsis griseola is an important disease for drybeans crop because it promotes many losses in susceptible cultivars under specific weather conditions for progress of this disease. This present work has as objectives: a) evaluate efficacy of some fungicides registered for control of angular leaf spot in drybeans and effect of these products in agronomic parameters (weight of 100 grains, Number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant) of cultivar Perola. b) Verify the action to fungicides about physiology of drybeans plants (liquid Photosynthesis and stomatic conductivity). For these two trials in greenhouse and two trials in the field were development. The fungicides application began 30 days after planting, and three applications were done with 15 days interval. The fungicide tested was: procimidone - 200 g.a.i.ha-1, hidróxido de cobre - 1076 g.a.i.ha-1, azoxystrobina - 60 g.a.i.ha-1, metiran+ piraclostrobina - 825 +75 g.a.i.ha-1, piraclostrobina - 75 g.a.i.ha-1, trifloxistrobina - 150 g.a.i.ha-1, tebuconazole - 40 ga.i.ha-1, hidróxido de fentina - 330 g.a.i.ha-1, tebuconazole + trifloxistrobina - 150 +75 g.a.i.ha-1 and Untreated check (water). In trials in the field was done evaluation of the severity of the disease was done on the leaves and area under curve disease progress (AUDCPD) and in the harvest evaluation was done on the number of pods per plants and weight of 100 grains. The trial in greenhouse was evaluated liquid photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, number of pods per plant and weight of 100 grains. After these results were obtained, it was constated that photosynthesis is more significantly when drybeans plants were in the stage of grain filling and beginning of maturation; Piraclostrobina, Tebuconazole and Tebuconazole+Trifloxistrobina... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Papez, M. "Mode of action of fungicides in oomycetes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382652.
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Lavorenti, Arquimedes. "The analytical chemistry of agricultural guanidine fungicides." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1988. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/2990/.
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A programme of research on agricultural guanidine fungicides, represented by a complex mixture of several components (guazatine) and by a single compound (dedine[?] ), was carried out. The studies involved the synthesis of several guanidine derivatives and their characterization by spectroscopic methods such as carbon-13 NMR, MS. and FAB/MS. The synthetic routes have been described and different routes for the preparation of guazatine were also established.
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MASSI, FEDERICO. "FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE IN GRAPEVINE DOWNY MILDEW MANAGEMENT: PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASMOPARA VITICOLA POPULATIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO FUNGICIDES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/914468.
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Viticulture plays a role of prime importance within the world agricultural panorama. In 2020 the total world area planted with vineyards for all intended uses (wine and juices, table grapes and raisins), including young vines and not yet in production, was estimated at 7.3 Million ha by the International Organization of Vine and Wine in 2020. Within this vast production panorama, the Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most cultivated species of grapevine due to the high quality of its grapes. One of the main problems affecting this species is that it is highly susceptible to infections of the phytopathogenic oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curt.) Berl. & De Toni. This pathogen is native to North America and with favorable climatic conditions can cause considerable damages to the grapevine production both from a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. P. viticola is a polycyclic pathogen, able to carry out numerous cycles of infection during a single vegetative grapevine season. Consequently, given the high susceptibility of V. vinifera cultivars to this pathogen in areas with frequent rainfall and moderate temperatures during the growing season, the cultivation of traditional varieties is not conceivable without frequent applications of fungicides.
Fungi and fungal-like organisms, such as the oomycetes, are highly adaptable to different environmental conditions, to host defense mechanisms and to fungicide selection. Repeated treatments with selectively active, site-specific fungicides, is frequently followed by the development of the phenomenon of fungicide resistance, which represents one of the major threats for downy mildew control and for modern agriculture in general, because it potentially leads to a reduction of disease control in the field (practical resistance). In order to preserve the effectiveness of such compounds, fungicide resistance must be carefully managed, and to this purpose proper disease control strategies have to be implemented by reducing the selection pressure associated to the fungicide use. The implementation of sound anti-resistance strategies is based on many factors: the risk of a particular fungicide class to evolve resistance, the risk related to the pathogen features, the agronomic risk associated to specific climatic conditions and the results obtained in sensitivity monitoring activities, that allow to characterize the fungicide sensitivity of pathogen strains or populations through bio tests and molecular diagnostic tools. In particular, monitoring of P. viticola populations for their sensitivities to the different active principles plays a key role in fungicide resistance management. However, for some fungicides these data are currently not yet present or incomplete, and actual testing methodologies to investigate some life stages of the pathogen are quite limited because they can provide only a qualitative description of resistance status.
Considering these current challenges, the aims of my PhD project were: a) to evaluate the sensitivity profile of P. viticola populations to different fungicide classes subjected to different disease pressure levels and spray programs in open field; b) to develop a new method based on flow cytometry and single-cell sorting for isolation of single sporangia in order to obtain a precise estimation of the percentage of sporangia able to positively infect grapevine plants in the population; c) to characterize possible resistant strains for the mechanism of resistance and pathogenicity.
In general, among the populations tested we found a good sensitivity for the fungicides under investigation. Sporadic cases of resistance were detected, and for some of them it was possible to link the resistant phenotype to single point mutations in the gene encoding the target protein.
Depending on the life stages of the pathogen under investigation, more quantitative or qualitative data were obtained according to the testing methods available. This made it necessary to develop a further tool to make the investigations on the asexual reproduction stages of the pathogen more homogeneous to those of sexual reproduction. Flow cytometry and single-cell sorting have proven to be excellent technologies to bridge this gap, and the quantitative method here developed and proposed could be positively implemented in future for large-scale monitoring investigations of fungicide resistance.
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Birutis, Nerijus. "Svogūnų netikrosios miltligės plitimą įtakojančių veiksnių tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090608_123413-96581.
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Tyrimai, tiriant svogūnų netikrosios miltligės plitimą įtakojančius veiksnius, atlikti ūkininko Lino Šateikos ūkyje, Daugėlaičių k., Meškuičių sen., Šiaulių raj. 2005-2008 metais. Tirta meteorologinių sąlygų, svogūnų veislių (hibridų) („Sherpa F1“ bei „Renate F1“) ir fungicidų (Penncozeb 75 DG bei Dithane NT 75% g.) įtaka svogūnų netikrajai miltligei. Lauko bandymo tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad temperatūra ir drėgmė – svarbiausieji veiksniai svogūnų netikrajai miltligei plisti ir vystytis per visą augalų vegetaciją. Šią ligą plisti skatino gausūs krituliai (88 mm) bei 17,4 ºC vidutinė birželio- rugpjūčio mėnesių oro temperatūra. Penncozeb 75 DG efektyvumas per 2005-2008 metus „Sherpa F1“ veislės svogūnų pasėlyje buvo vidutiniškai 3,2 proc. punkto didesnis negu Dithane NT 75% g., o „Renate F1“ veislės svogūnuose – 2,9 proc. punkto didesnis, lyginant su Dithane NT 75% g. Lyginant veislių įtaką svogūnų derliui, nustatyta, jog atsparesnė svogūnų netikrajai miltligei yra „Renate F1“. Šios veislės svogūnų pasėliuose per 2005-2008 metus yra gautas vidutiniškai 6,2 t didesnis derlius nei „Sherpa F1“ svogūnų pasėliuose. Atlikus ekonominį vertinimą, nustatyta, jog didžiausią papildomų gamybos išlaidų našumą sukuria „Renate F1“ veislės svogūnų, apdorotas fungicidu Penncozeb 75 DG, pasėlis.Researches in order to analyze the influencing factors in spread of onion downy mildew were carried out in farmer‘s Linas Šateika farm, Daugėlaičių k., Meškuičių sen., Šiaulių raj., in year 2005-2008. There were studied the influence of meteorological conditions, onion species (hybrids) (“Sherpa F1” and “Renate F1”) and fungicides (Penncozeb 75DG and Dithane NT 75% g.) on onion downy mildew. At the field experiment were defined, that temperature and moisture are the most important factors in onion downy mildew spreading and progressing during all growing season. This disease was stimulated by pluvious precipitations (88 mm) and 17,4 ºC air temperature in June - August. The effectiveness of Penncozeb 75 DG during the year 2005-2008 in “Sherpa F1” crops was on the average 3,2 % more than Dithane NT 75%, and in “Renate F1” – 2,9 % more. In comparing the influence of species on onion harvest, there were determined, that “Renate F1” is more resistant to onion downy mildew. In the onion crops of “Renate F1” during years 2005-2008, there were ingathered on the average 6,2 t more than in crops of “Sherpa F1”. In carrying out the economical evaluation, there were identified, that the most extra efficiency of production costs is obtainable in “Renate F1” crops with Penncozeb 75 DG.
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Kimbirauskienė, Rasa. "Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimas ropiniuose svogūnuose taikant internetinę „iMETOS®sm“ sistemą." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120613_114311-95534.
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Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe įvertintas ir pritaikytas Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis ropiniuose svogūnuose apsaugai nuo ligų vegetacijos metu.
Darbo objektai – ropiniai svogūnai (Allium cepa L.); ligos sukėlėjai - kekerinis lapų dėmėtumas (Botrytis squamosa) ir lapų taškuotoji dėmėtligė (Botrytis cinerea); internetinė „iMETOS®sm“ prognozavimo sistema (Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis).
Tyrimo metodai: tiriamas meteorologinės stotelės „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelių pritaikymas ropiniuose svogūnuose. Tirti dviejų Botrytis rūšių sukeliamų ligų prognozavimo modeliai: 1) Botrytis squamosa infekcijos modelis; 2) Botrytis cinerea rizikos modelis. Mikologiniams tyrimams ėminiai surinkti nuo Botrytis grybais pažeistų svogūnų vegetatyvinių dalių vystymosi tarpsniu ir tirti taikant vizualinį – simptomatinį, drėgnų kamerų, sėjimo į Petri lėkšteles, mikroskopavimo metodus. Išskirti izoliatai identifikuoti iki rūšies, remiantis kolonijų kultūrinėmis ir morfologinėmis savybėmis bei lyginant su literatūros duomenimis, naudojant apibūdintojus (Domsch ir kt., 1980, p. 859). Tyrimams pasirinktos dvi apsaugos sistemos: pagal faktinį ligos simtomų aptikimo laiką ir pagal „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos svogūnuose modelio parodymus.
Darbo rezultatai. Botrytis squamosa infekcijos prognozavimo modelis parodė, kad svogūnų kekeriniam dėmėtumui plisti palankios sąlygos abiejuose tirtuose rajonuose susidarė birželio–rugpjūčio mėn... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The master's degree thesis is evaluated and applied to the Botrytis spp. infection in onion forecasting model for the protection against disease during the growing season. Object of the work - onion (Allium cepa L.) pathogens - Botrytis leaf blight discoloration (Botrytis squamosa) and Botrytis leaf spot in (Botrytis cinerea), an online „iMETOS®sm” Forecasting System (Botrytis spp. infection prediction model). Methods of the work: studied meteorological station „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. infection forecasting models use onion. To explore the two types of diseases caused by Botrytis forecasting models: 1) Botrytis squamosa infection model, 2) risk model Botrytis cinerea. Mycological examination of samples collected fungi Botrytis damaged vegetative parts of the onion stage of development and exploration through visual - symptomatic, moist chambers, seeding in petri dishes, microscopy techniques. Distinguish isolates identified to species based on cultural and morphological colony characteristics and comparison with literature data using apibūdintojus (Domsch et al., 1980, p. 859). For this work, the two security systems based on the actual detection of the disease symptoms at the time and under „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. evidence of infection onion model. The results of work. Botrytis squamosa infection prediction model showed that the onion gray mold to spread favorable conditions in both regions studied occurred between June and August. Kaunas district. B... [to full text]
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Ericson, Brett Richard. "Extraction and Partial Characterization of a Lipophilic, Fungicidal Molecule Associated with Serum Albumins." Digital WPI, 2007. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/980.
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"Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a mucosal infection caused by Candida species and represents one of the most common clinical problems in women of reproductive age (68,71). Annually in the United States there are approximately 13 million cases of VVC, resulting in 10 million gynecologic office visits per year (38). It is estimated that 75% of women will experience at least one episode in their lifetime, with a projected 50% of all women experiencing multiple episodes (23). Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal organism of the urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and has been identified as the main pathogenic agent in VVC, accounting for approximately 85-90% of patients with positive cultures (52). Despite extensive research, the invasive mechanism of vaginal yeast infections is not well understood. Traditionally it has been assumed that changes in the host vaginal environment promote the dimorphic transition from blastospore to hyphae, resulting in a shift from asymptomatic colonization to symptomatic vaginitis (28). In contrast to the normal, systemic immune response, which confers an aseptic environment for tissue and organs, immune responses at the mucosal level are designed to prevent tissue invasion and local disease while maintaining an indigenous flora that could be both beneficial and pathogenic (28). Since fungi are eukaryotic, the vital cellular mechanisms that are usually targeted by modern pharmacologic agents, such as DNA replication and protein translation, are either conserved or have a strong homology to their human orthologs. Obtaining a better understanding of natural fungal suppression mechanisms and molecules at the mucosal level may pave the way for the development of more efficacious drugs or preventative regiments. The mechanism by which the human immune system is able to resist fungal invasion at the vaginal mucosa is unknown. Our research was aimed at finding any host factors that might play a role in the suppression of or prevention of a fungal infection at the vaginal mucosa. In order to screen candidate molecules that might be important in this type of vaginal defense, we chose a pathogenic C. albicans strain, SC5314, to test fungal cell viability upon introduction of the candidate molecules. We have identified a host factor that exhibits strong fungicidal activity when organically extracted from both human and bovine serum albumins. Characterization of this factor through organic extractions and acetone separations reveal that this molecule is a non-polar lipid. Serum samples that have been thoroughly stripped of fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules show no apparent fungicidal activity in cell viability assays. Since the factor is extractable from both human and bovine serum albumins, it may be conserved among mammals. Identification and characterization of this molecule may play a pivotal role in understanding host-Candida interactions at the mucosal membrane interface. Due to its human origin, the use of this factor as an antifungal would be extremely advantageous in regards to FDA (Food and Drug Administration) guidelines and ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicology) properties. "
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Katz, Ieoschua [UNESP]. "Fungigação por irrigação localizada e pulverização convencional, para controle do mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr.) em plantas de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93824.
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katz_i_me_botfca.pdf: 620772 bytes, checksum: a662f56641003d993323072eff85cd8a (MD5)A planta de lisianthus pertence a família Gentianaceae, apresentando cerca de 70 gêneros com 550 espécies, sendo que no Brasil encontram-se 25 destes gêneros. De alto valor comercial, o lisianthus no Brasil é caracterizado por apresentar sua produção voltada para as exigências de um mercado com tendências às plantas para corte e plantas em vaso. Tem no Estado de São Paulo o seu maior número de produtores bem como seu maior mercado consumidor. Este concentra-se basicamente nos municípios próximos a capital paulista respondendo por mais de 40% da produção nacional. Segundo Silva (1998), o setor mantém uma taxa de crescimento de 20% ao ano respondendo por aproximadamente 4.500 empregos diretos e indiretos conjuntamente. Neste cenário, o mofo cinzento causado por Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr., com sintomas de podridão escura de folhas e flores das plantas de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.) , afetam em larga escala ao mercado produtor. O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de combate às doenças assim como, o uso de defensivos hidrossolúveis via água de irrigação, também conhecida como fungigação, é um procedimento moderno, datando da segunda metade dos anos 80 e conta com vantagens como redução de mão de obra, segurança da uniformidade de aplicação e pouco contato do operador com produtos tóxicos, o que naturalmente reflete na redução dos custos de produção. Nesta temática, a avaliação comparativa entre dois métodos de controle de doença objetivando otimização do processo produtivo desta cultura, envolvendo a natural redução dos custos, ocupa lugar de destaque na concepção de procedimentos de vanguarda como a aplicação de defensivos agrícolas via sistemas de irrigação localizada. Utilizaram-se os defensivos agrícolas cujos princípios ativos são thiofanato metílico, thiofanato metílico + chlorothalonil e iprodione... .
The lisianthus plant belongs to the Gentianaceae family, presenting about 70 genres with 550 species, and 25 of these genres Brazil. Of high commercial value, the lisianthus in Brazil is characterized by presenting its production seeking for the demands of a market with tendencies to the cut plants and potted plants. It has in the São Paulo State its largest number of producers as well as its largest consuming market. It is concentrated basically on the municipal districts close to São Paulo answering for more than 40% of the national production. According to Silva (1998), the section maintains a growth tax of 20% a year answering for approximately 4.500 direct and indirect jobs. In this scenery, the gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. :Fr., with symptoms of dark rottenness of leaves and flowers of the lisianthus plants (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.), largely affect the producing market. The development of new diseases control techniques as well as the use of soluble defensives through irrigation water, also known as chemigation, are modern procedures, dating from the second half of the eighties and provide advantages as labor reduction, application uniformity and little contact of the operator with poisonous products, what naturally contemplates in the reduction of the production costs. In this subject, the comparative evaluation among two disease control methods aiming at optimizing the productive process of this crop, involving the natural cost reduction, occupying prominence place in the conception of vanguard procedures as the application of agricultural defensive through trickle irrigation systems. The agricultural defensive whose active are thiophanate methyl, thiophanate methyl + chlorothalonil and iprodione were used, being evaluated the number of lesions, the number of floral buttons and the height reached by the plants that suffered inoculation of the mushroom... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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Ikeda, Mário [UNESP]. "Efeito de fungicidas do grupo químico das estrobilurinas no controle da Mancha Preta dos Citros, na produção e na qualidade tecnológica dos frutos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96829.
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ikeda_m_me_jabo.pdf: 375593 bytes, checksum: 6a24c080db13dd8a16ff7686dcbed145 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundecitrus
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do número de aplicações do fungicida pyraclostrobin no controle da Mancha Preta dos Citros (Guignardia citricarpa), assim como comparar o comportamento das diferentes estrobilurinas recomendadas no controle da doença. Também foi avaliada a influência dos tratamentos fungicidas sobre a produção e qualidade tecnológica dos frutos. Para tal foram realizados dois experimentos, em pomares de laranjeira „Valência‟ com histórico comprovado da ocorrência da doença em anos anteriores e com elevada intensidade e frequência na distribuição dos sintomas entre as plantas. Foram avaliados seis tratamentos, com três a quatro aplicações de fungicidas sistêmicos, isolado ou em mistura com cobre. Os tratamentos citados foram precedidos por duas aplicações de fungicida cúprico (CO), iniciando-se na fase de 2/3 de pétalas caídas e repetidas depois de quatro semanas. As aplicações de produtos sistêmicos (três ou quatro) foram realizadas quatro semanas após a segunda aplicação de fungicida cúprico, com intervalo de seis semanas entre elas. As estrobilurinas avaliadas foram pyraclostrobin (PY), azoxystrobin (AZ) e trifloxystrobin (TR) isolado ou em combinação com fungicida cúprico. Todos os tratamentos aplicados receberam um tratamento adicional com carbendazim (CA) como fechamento das pulverizações. Dessa forma, os tratamentos e as respectivas sequências foram:...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of applications of the fungicide pyraclostrobin for control of Citrus Black Spot (Guignardia citricarpa) and compare the action of the different recommended strobilurins for disease control. We also analyzed the influence of fungicide treatments on the production and technological quality of fruit. For this purpose two experiments were conducted in orchards of „Valencia‟ sweet orange with proven track records of disease occurrence in previous years and with high intensity and frequency distribution of symptoms among the plants. We evaluated six treatments, with three or four applications of systemic fungicides, alone or mixed with copper. The cited treatments were preceded by two applications of copper fungicide (CO), beginning on the phase 2/3 of petals fallen and repeated after four weeks. The applications of systemic products (three or four) were performed four weeks after the second application of cooper fungicide, with an interval of six weeks between them. The strobilurins tested were pyraclostrobin (PY), azoxystrobin (AZ) and trifloxystrobin (TR) alone or in combination with cooper fungicide. All treatments received an additional treatment with carbendazim (CA) as the closure of sprays. Thus, treatments and their sequences were:... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Pinelli, Tatiana Fernanda Bachiega [UNESP]. "Participação das NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) na atividade fungicida de neutrófilos humanos contra o Paracoccidioides brasiliensis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/116000.
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000807238.pdf: 1014789 bytes, checksum: 130b475d54b3130a40fc2df43bd56a57 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A paracoccidioidomicose é uma micose sistêmica causada pelo fungo dimófico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, que é endêmico na América Latina. As células fagocitárias desempenham um papel importante durante a resposta imune inata contra o Pb, e se tornaram alvo de estudos neste sentido. Em especial, os neutrófilos são capazes de destruir microrganismos através de três mecanismos: fagocitose, seguida pela morte em fagolisossoma, secreção de agentes microbicidas e através do mais recente mecanismo descoberto, a netose, que consiste na liberação de redes extracelulares a partir dos neutrófilos (NETs), constituídas por proteínas granulares associadas a cromatina. Neste estudo demonstramos pela primeira vez que leveduras de P. brasiliensis induzem NETs in vitro principalmente através da ligação pelo receptor dectina-1 presente nos neutrófilos. Estas estruturas foram demonstrados através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e os componentes específicos das NETs: histona, elastase e DNA foram evidenciados a partir da microscopia eletrônica de imunofluorescência confocal. As leveduras foram capturadas pelas NETs, o que revelou um importante papel destas esrtruturas: impedir a disseminação do fungo. Além disso, o tratamento das co-culturas com DNAse, que degradou as NETs evidenciou aumento da sobrevivência do fungo, o que denota sua capacidade microbicida
Paracoccidiodomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is endemic in Latin America. Since phagocytic cells play an important role during innate immune response against this fungus, we have studied the relationship between human neutrophils (PMNs) and P. brasiliensis, focusing on the effector mechanisms of these cells. Neutrophils can destroy microrganisms using at least 3 distint mechanisms: phagocytosis followed by destruction in a phagolysossome, secretion of antimicrobial molecules, and the more recently identified netosis, involving the release of neutrophil extracellular traps ( NETs) that are constituted by chromatin associated with different granule proteins with antimicrobial activities. Here, we showed for the first time, that yeast cells from P. brasiliensis strain 18 are able to induce the release of NETs in vitro, by binding to dectin-1 receptor on human neutrophils. These structures were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, and specific NETs compounds such as histone and elastase were shown by confocal microscopy. Fungi were ensnared by NETs, denotting the role of these structures in confining infection, avoiding dissemination. In addition, disruption of NETs by treatment of cocultures with DNAse increased the fungi survival, evidencing their killing capacity
FAPESP: 2010/17405-5
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Pinelli, Tatiana Fernanda Bachiega. "Participação das NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) na atividade fungicida de neutrófilos humanos contra o Paracoccidioides brasiliensis /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/116000.
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Orientador: Ângela Maria Victoriano de Campos SoaresCoorientador: Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melício
Banca: Ramon Kaneno
Banca: Sueli Aparecida Calvi
Banca: Fabiane Gal Frantz
Banca: Fatima Regina Vilani Moreno
Resumo: A paracoccidioidomicose é uma micose sistêmica causada pelo fungo dimófico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, que é endêmico na América Latina. As células fagocitárias desempenham um papel importante durante a resposta imune inata contra o Pb, e se tornaram alvo de estudos neste sentido. Em especial, os neutrófilos são capazes de destruir microrganismos através de três mecanismos: fagocitose, seguida pela morte em fagolisossoma, secreção de agentes microbicidas e através do mais recente mecanismo descoberto, a netose, que consiste na liberação de redes extracelulares a partir dos neutrófilos (NETs), constituídas por proteínas granulares associadas a cromatina. Neste estudo demonstramos pela primeira vez que leveduras de P. brasiliensis induzem NETs in vitro principalmente através da ligação pelo receptor dectina-1 presente nos neutrófilos. Estas estruturas foram demonstrados através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e os componentes específicos das NETs: histona, elastase e DNA foram evidenciados a partir da microscopia eletrônica de imunofluorescência confocal. As leveduras foram capturadas pelas NETs, o que revelou um importante papel destas esrtruturas: impedir a disseminação do fungo. Além disso, o tratamento das co-culturas com DNAse, que degradou as NETs evidenciou aumento da sobrevivência do fungo, o que denota sua capacidade microbicida
Abstract: Paracoccidiodomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is endemic in Latin America. Since phagocytic cells play an important role during innate immune response against this fungus, we have studied the relationship between human neutrophils (PMNs) and P. brasiliensis, focusing on the effector mechanisms of these cells. Neutrophils can destroy microrganisms using at least 3 distint mechanisms: phagocytosis followed by destruction in a phagolysossome, secretion of antimicrobial molecules, and the more recently identified netosis, involving the release of neutrophil extracellular traps ( NETs) that are constituted by chromatin associated with different granule proteins with antimicrobial activities. Here, we showed for the first time, that yeast cells from P. brasiliensis strain 18 are able to induce the release of NETs in vitro, by binding to dectin-1 receptor on human neutrophils. These structures were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, and specific NETs compounds such as histone and elastase were shown by confocal microscopy. Fungi were ensnared by NETs, denotting the role of these structures in confining infection, avoiding dissemination. In addition, disruption of NETs by treatment of cocultures with DNAse increased the fungi survival, evidencing their killing capacity
Doutor
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Macedo, Ana Claudia 1985. "Efeitos fisiológicos de fungicidas no desenvolvimento de plantas de melão rendilhado, cultivadas em ambiente protegido /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93473.
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Orientador: João Domingos RodriguesBanca: Rumy Goto
Banca: Manoel Abilio de Queiroz
Resumo: Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram usados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. As estrobilurinas possuem efeitos fisiológicos positivos no rendimento das culturas, devido ao aumento da fotossíntese líquida e melhor balanço hormonal. Já o boscalida complementa a ação desses fungicidas, aplicado alternadamente ou em conjunto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina, azoxistrobina e boscalida em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como no aumento da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos: uma testemunha e quatro aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1, boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após o transplante, a intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado através das observações das seguintes características: trocas gasosas, eficiência do uso da água, índice SPAD na folha, atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, peroxidase, catalase e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e na pós colheita dos frutos de melão rendilhado. Em função dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os fungicidas testados apresentam efeitos fisiológicos positivos na cultura do melão rendilhado. As plantas tratadas com boscalida obtiveram um incremento positivo na taxa de assimilação de CO2 além... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The fungicides were until recently used exclusively for disease control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept to the use of these products. The strobilurins have positive physiological effects on crop yields, due to increased net photosynthesis and better hormonal balance. On the other hand, boscalida complements the action of these fungicides, applied alternately or together. This study aimed on evaluating the effect of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and boscalida in plants of net melon (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) under conditions of protected environment, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development, as well as increased production and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the College of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus of Botucatu in a protected environment. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five fungicide treatments: control, 60 g azoxystrobin ha-1, 75 g ha-1 boscalid, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1, boscalid (37.5 g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1), applied on the leaves, 14 days after transplantation in an interval of 7 days. The treatment effect was evaluated by the following observations: gas exchange, water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post-harvest of the fruits of net melon. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that the fungicide that were tested have positive physiological effects on the culture of net melon. Plants treated with boscalida had a positive increase in the rate of CO2 assimilation and also a positive influence on the chlorophyll content of the leaves. The fruits from these plants had greater mass apart from higher content of soluble... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Lowe-Chatham, Janice E. (Janice Elaine). "Mutagenic Potential of Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide (42-S Thiram) on the Germ Cell Stages of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500794/.
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Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (42-S Thiram), a carbamate fungicide was studied for its mutagenic potential on the germ cell stages of wild-type male Drosophila melanogaster. The mutagenicity was tested using the sex-linked recessive lethal assay (SLRL). Any lethals induced in the F2 generation were evidenced by the absence of wild-type males. Although there was an increase in mutation rates in the 42-S Thiram treated wild-type males over the control wild-type males, it was not significantly higher. According to the laboratory conditions in this preliminary study, tetramethylthiuram disulfide failed to produce mutagenic effect.
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Cottrell, Keith. "The effect of fungicides on malting barley quality." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438322.
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Zapadnyuk, Yuliya, and Yuliya Zapadnyuk. "Effects of fungicides on the formation of polysaccharides." Thesis, Молодь у глобалізованому світі: академічні аспекти англомовних фахових досліджень (англ. мовою) / Укл., ред. А.І.Раду: збірник мат. конф. - Львів: ПП "Марусич", 2011. - 147 с, 2011. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/20768.
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Kopec, David M., Jeffrey J. Gilbert, and D. P. Jensen. "Creeping Bentgrass Turf Responses to Summer Applied Fungicides." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216359.
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Creeping bentgrass is seasonally stressed from high summer temperatures and high humidity conditions in the desert southwest from June to mid-September. Golf greens typically show decreased stand density and poor performance by the end of this time. A preventative fungicide application program was evaluated for the prevention of summer stress typical under summer conditions. Four tank mixes composed of Alliete Signature mixed with either Chipco 26019, EXP10790A, EXP10702B, or Daconil Ultrex fungicides were applied every fourteen days from June 10 to September 17, 1997, on a 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass green maintained at 5/32". The Daconil Ultrex tank mix caused some initial injury and in general, the lightest turfgrass color and the lowest turfgrass quality. EXP10702B treated turf produced, on average, the darkest turf with the leading rank score for quality. The Chipco 26019 tank mix produced the largest seasonal clipping totals, which was greater than the check. No diseases occurred on treated or untreated turf. Root dry weights in mid-October varied as much as 40% among treatments, but was not statistically significant.
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Macedo, Ana Claudia [UNESP]. "Fungicidas de efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento de plantas de melão rendilhado sob cultivo protegido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/133998.
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000858257.pdf: 1279863 bytes, checksum: a614df5b657c60540a1980299a921bd0 (MD5)Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram utilizados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. Os efeitos fisiológicos evidenciados ultimamente têm mostrado que os fungicidas influenciam positivamente no metabolismo das plantas agindo nas trocas gasosas, processo da respiração, na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, enzima nitrato redutase, nos hormônios vegetais e isso resultando em maior ou melhor produção dos frutos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de azoxistrobina, boscalida, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como na melhoria da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos: uma testemunha e seis aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1); fluxapiroxade 75g ha-1 e fluxapiroxade (50,1g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (99,9g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após a semeadura e as demais das aplicações em intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado por meio das observações das seguintes características: taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, ...
Fungicides until recently were used exclusively for Disease Control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. The physiological effects evidenced lately have shown that the fungicides positively influence the metabolism of plants acting in gas exchange, respiration process, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, in hormones and this resulting in higher or better fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of azoxystrobin, boscalida, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in net melon plants (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) in greenhouse conditions, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development and as improvement in production and fruit quality. The experiment has been conducted in an experimental field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in a protected environment. The experimental design was a randomized block with seven treatments: one control and six fungicide applications: azoxystrobin 60 g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1); fluxapyroxad 75g ha-1and fluxapyroxad (50,1g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (99,9g ha-1) applied 14 days after sowing and the remainder of the application interval of 7 days foliar. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPAD index, quantification of chlorophyll a and b in lipid peroxidation, the activity of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post harvest the fruits of net melon. Based on obtained results it was concluded that the fungicides have positive ...
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Macedo, Ana Claudia 1985. "Fungicidas de efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento de plantas de melão rendilhado sob cultivo protegido /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/133998.
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Orientador: João Domingos RodriguesBanca: Elizabeth Orika Ono
Banca: Reinaldo Antonio Garcia Bonnecarrere
Banca: Cacilda Marcia Duarte Rios Faria
Banca: Durval Dourado Neto
Resumo: Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram utilizados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. Os efeitos fisiológicos evidenciados ultimamente têm mostrado que os fungicidas influenciam positivamente no metabolismo das plantas agindo nas trocas gasosas, processo da respiração, na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, enzima nitrato redutase, nos hormônios vegetais e isso resultando em maior ou melhor produção dos frutos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de azoxistrobina, boscalida, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como na melhoria da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos: uma testemunha e seis aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1); fluxapiroxade 75g ha-1 e fluxapiroxade (50,1g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (99,9g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após a semeadura e as demais das aplicações em intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado por meio das observações das seguintes características: taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, ...
Abstract: Fungicides until recently were used exclusively for Disease Control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. The physiological effects evidenced lately have shown that the fungicides positively influence the metabolism of plants acting in gas exchange, respiration process, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, in hormones and this resulting in higher or better fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of azoxystrobin, boscalida, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in net melon plants (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) in greenhouse conditions, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development and as improvement in production and fruit quality. The experiment has been conducted in an experimental field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in a protected environment. The experimental design was a randomized block with seven treatments: one control and six fungicide applications: azoxystrobin 60 g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1); fluxapyroxad 75g ha-1and fluxapyroxad (50,1g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (99,9g ha-1) applied 14 days after sowing and the remainder of the application interval of 7 days foliar. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPAD index, quantification of chlorophyll a and b in lipid peroxidation, the activity of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post harvest the fruits of net melon. Based on obtained results it was concluded that the fungicides have positive ...
Doutor
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Ueoka, Mayumi. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture : a comparison of the behaviour of the fungicides dithianon and vinclozolin /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVP/09aevpu22.pdf.
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Kobori, Nilce Naomi. "Tratamento fungicida e qualidade de sementes de mamona." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-02052011-085132/.
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O crescente interesse pelo uso de combustíveis renováveis nos últimos anos fez com que culturas oleaginosas, como a mamona, se tornassem importante objeto de estudo. No entanto, para a instalação de campos desta cultura, é imprescindível sementes de boa qualidade. Como não existem defensivos químicos registrados para a ricinocultura, avaliou-se o efeito de tratamentos fungicidas no tratamento de sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis L.), com produtos fungicidas recomendados para sementes de outras espécies oleaginosas. Três lotes do cv. IAC-2028 (provenientes, respectivamente, dos racemos primário, secundário e terciário) e dois lotes do cv. Guarani (lotes comerciais com todos os racemos) foram tratados com os fungicidas: Captan 500 TS, Derosal Plus, Vitavax-Thiram 200 SC, Maxim XL, Thiram 480 TS, Captan 500 TS + Derosal, Vitavax-Thiram 200 SC + Terraclor 750PM, Fegatex e Trichodermil EP. As amostras foram armazenadas em sacos de papel Kraft por um período de seis meses em condições não controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. As avaliações contemplaram o potencial sanitário e fisiológico das sementes assim que as sementes foram tratadas e após seis meses de armazenamento. O teste de sanidade foi conduzido pelo método de incubação em papel de filtro sem congelamento e a avaliação foi realizada no décimo dia. Os resultados dos testes de sanidade, de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas em campo e análise computadorizada de plântulas (SVIS®), mostraram que a maioria dos tratamentos fungicidas reduziram a incidência de patógenos associados às sementes, com destaque para os tratamentos Vitavax-Thiram+Terraclor, seguido de Vitavax-Thiram, Captan+Derosal, Derosal Plus, Captan e Thiram. A análise computadorizada de plântulas apresenta eficiência equivalente aos testes de primeira contagem de germinação e de emergência de plântulas em campo. O teste de raios X é eficiente para avaliar a morfologia interna das sementes e seus reflexos no potencial fisiológico.The rising interest in using biodiesel as an alternative energy source is turning some oleaginous crops, like castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), become very important. Although its importance, castor bean yields must have high quality seeds. There are no registered chemical products for castor bean crop; this study aimed to verify fungicide treatments in castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.), with registered and recommended fungicides for other oil crops species. Three seed lots of the cultivar IAC 2028 (from the first, second and third raceme, respectively) and two seed lots of the cultivar Guarani (commercial lots with the three racemes mixed) were treated using the fungicides: Captan 500 TS, Derosal Plus, Vitavax-Thiram 200 SC, Maxim XL, Thiram 480 TS, Captan 500 TS + Derosal, Vitavax-Thiram 200 SC + Terraclor 750PM, Fegatex and Trichodermil EP. Seeds were stored in paper bags for six months in uncontrolled environment, and the evaluations contemplate the sanitary and physiological quality after seed treatment and after a period of six month storage. The sanitary test was carried out by the blotter incubation method with no freezing and evaluated after ten days. Results of the sanitary test, germination, first count of germination, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in the field and seed vigor imaging system (SVIS®), showed that most of the fungicide treatments reduced fungi incidence of pathogens associated to castor bean seeds. The most efficient fungicides in controlling fungi associated to the seeds, without any damage to the physiological quality, were Vitavax-Thiram+Terraclor, followed by Vitavax-Thiram, Captan+Derosal, Derosal Plus, Captan and Thiram. The computer analysis system has efficiency equivalent to first count germination and seedling emergence in the field. The X-ray test is effective in evaluating the internal morphology of castor bean seeds and its reflection on the physiological potential.
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Dario, Iuri Stéfano Negrisiolo. "Utilização de fungicidas e relações com a qualidade e a conservação de sementes de arroz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-23042015-132850/.
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O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.
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Santana, Falkner Michael de Sousa [UNESP]. "Aplicação de produtos de efeitos fisiológicos na pro- dução de brócolis tipo ramoso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126400.
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000845294.pdf: 879584 bytes, checksum: af4b50885c104b2f9ffa4042412073ec (MD5)Avaliou-se a aplicação de produtos de efeitos fisiológicos na produção de brócolis tipo ramoso, e a influencia dos mesmos na precocidade da cultura. Foram conduzidos os experimento no Sitio Janeiro, localizado no município de Pardinho-SP, de março a julho de 2014. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram realizados três experimentos, no experimento I foi realizado com quatro concentrações de Ax + GA + CK, aplicadas na fase de mudas, consistiu nos seguintes tratamentos: TC - Controle; Ax + GA + CK (0,15; 0,30; 0,45; 0,60 % do produto comercial (p.c.)). Para o experimento II foi realizado com pulverizações em dois estádios, sendo a primeira na fase de muda (bandejas) utilizando Ax + GA + CK; e uma segunda pulverização apenas com a mistura de N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn após a colheita da cabeça central com objetivo de estimular a brotação, consistindo dos tratamentos: 0 a 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45; 0,60 % p.c.) + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% p.c.. No que se refere ao experimento III foi realizado com pulverizações em dois estádios, sendo a primeira pulverização durante a fase de muda (bandejas) utilizando Piraclostrobina, Boscalida e Piraclostrobina+ Fluxapiroxade; e uma segunda apenas com a mistura de N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn após a colheita da cabeça central com objetivo de estimular a brotação. A aplicação em badejas consistiu nos seguintes tratamentos: TC - Controle; P3 + B0,30 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c.; PF0,20% - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c.; P3 + B0,30 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. e PF0,20 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. As características avaliadas foram massa fresca da cabeça (MFC), diâmetro da cabeça ...
Evaluated the application of physiological effects products in the production of Sprouting Broccoli, as well as, its influence on this culture early harvest. The experiment was conducted in Sitio Janeiro, which is located in the city of Pardinho-SP, from March to July 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Three experiments were carried out. The first experiment was done with five concentrations of Ax + GA + CK, applied in the initial growth period, consisted of the following treatments: TC - Control; from 0,15 to 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0.15; 0.30; 0.45; 0.60% do product commercial (p.c)). On the other hand, the second experiment was conducted with spraying in two ocasions, the first in seedling phase (trays) using Ax + GA + CK; and the second was only carried with mixture N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn, when the central head was harvested in order to stimulate the plant growth, which consisted of the following treatments: 0 to 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0; 0.15; 0.30; 0.45; 0.60% p.c.) + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% p.c. As regards to the third experiment, spraying was carried out in two stages; during the stage of seedling (trays) using Piraclostrobina, Boscalida and Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade; and using only mixture N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn after the central head was harvested in order to Ax + GA + CK the plant growth. The tray application consisted of the following treatments: TC - Control; P3 + B0,30 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c.; PF0,20% - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c.; P3 + B0,30 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. e PF0,20 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina ...
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Santana, Falkner Michael de Sousa 1989. "Aplicação de produtos de efeitos fisiológicos na pro- dução de brócolis tipo ramoso /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126400.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Rumy GotoBanca: Aniello Antonio Cutolo Filho
Banca: Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco
Resumo: Avaliou-se a aplicação de produtos de efeitos fisiológicos na produção de brócolis tipo ramoso, e a influencia dos mesmos na precocidade da cultura. Foram conduzidos os experimento no Sitio Janeiro, localizado no município de Pardinho-SP, de março a julho de 2014. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram realizados três experimentos, no experimento I foi realizado com quatro concentrações de Ax + GA + CK, aplicadas na fase de mudas, consistiu nos seguintes tratamentos: TC - Controle; Ax + GA + CK (0,15; 0,30; 0,45; 0,60 % do produto comercial (p.c.)). Para o experimento II foi realizado com pulverizações em dois estádios, sendo a primeira na fase de muda (bandejas) utilizando Ax + GA + CK; e uma segunda pulverização apenas com a mistura de N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn após a colheita da cabeça central com objetivo de estimular a brotação, consistindo dos tratamentos: 0 a 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45; 0,60 % p.c.) + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% p.c.. No que se refere ao experimento III foi realizado com pulverizações em dois estádios, sendo a primeira pulverização durante a fase de muda (bandejas) utilizando Piraclostrobina, Boscalida e Piraclostrobina+ Fluxapiroxade; e uma segunda apenas com a mistura de N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn após a colheita da cabeça central com objetivo de estimular a brotação. A aplicação em badejas consistiu nos seguintes tratamentos: TC - Controle; P3 + B0,30 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c.; PF0,20% - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c.; P3 + B0,30 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. e PF0,20 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. As características avaliadas foram massa fresca da cabeça (MFC), diâmetro da cabeça ...
Abstract: Evaluated the application of physiological effects products in the production of Sprouting Broccoli, as well as, its influence on this culture early harvest. The experiment was conducted in Sitio Janeiro, which is located in the city of Pardinho-SP, from March to July 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Three experiments were carried out. The first experiment was done with five concentrations of Ax + GA + CK, applied in the initial growth period, consisted of the following treatments: TC - Control; from 0,15 to 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0.15; 0.30; 0.45; 0.60% do product commercial (p.c)). On the other hand, the second experiment was conducted with spraying in two ocasions, the first in seedling phase (trays) using Ax + GA + CK; and the second was only carried with mixture N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn, when the central head was harvested in order to stimulate the plant growth, which consisted of the following treatments: 0 to 0,60 - Ax + GA + CK (0; 0.15; 0.30; 0.45; 0.60% p.c.) + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% p.c. As regards to the third experiment, spraying was carried out in two stages; during the stage of seedling (trays) using Piraclostrobina, Boscalida and Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade; and using only mixture N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn after the central head was harvested in order to Ax + GA + CK the plant growth. The tray application consisted of the following treatments: TC - Control; P3 + B0,30 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c.; PF0,20% - Piraclostrobina + Fluxapiroxade 0,20% do p.c.; P3 + B0,30 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina 3% do p.c. + Boscalida 0,30% do p.c. + N + B + Cu + Mo + Zn 0,60% do p.c. e PF0,20 + N0,60 - Piraclostrobina ...
Mestre
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Lima, Tatiana de Moraes. "Estudos in vitro e in vivo de alternativas químicas e biológicas para o manejo integrado de damping-off (Pythium spp.) em mudas de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29949.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar alternativas de controle químico e biológico de isolados de Pythium para aplicação na formação de mudas de tabaco. Estudou-se por meio de bioensaios a compatibilidade de duas cepas de Trichoderma harzianum (ESALQ 1306 e 1316) com sete fungicidas. Os mesmos fungicidas foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de inibição de quatro isolados de Pythium spp. A atividade antagônica das cepas de T. harzianum foram testadas in vitro, em três momentos de inoculação a 23 e 28ºC para quatro isolados de Pythium spp. A eficiência de controle in vivo de Pythium sp., bem como germinação, massa seca e mudas aptas foram avaliadas em condições de casa de vegetação, com os fungicidas químicos Ridomil Gold MZ e Infinito, e biológicos Trichodermil 1306 e o produto experimental Trichodermil 1316. As cepas de T. harzianum apresentaram compatibilidade com todos os fungicidas testados. Todos os isolados de Pythium foram inibidos pelos fungicidas Censor, Amistar WG 500, Infinito e Ridomil Gold MZ em ensaios. A cepa ESALQ 1316 apresentou maior eficiência de inibição dos isolados de Pyhtium, em cultivo pareado, sendo 100% eficiente, independente do momento de inoculação, após 14 dias. Isoladamente o Trichodermil cepa ESALQ 1306 foi mais eficiente que o produto experimental Trichodermil cepa ESALQ 1316 no controle de Pythium sp. em mudas de tabaco. A combinação do Ridomil Gold MZ ou Infinito com o Trichodermil 1316 apresentou maior eficiência de controle de Pythium sp. quando comparada ao agente de biocontrole isoladamente em mudas de tabaco.The present work aims to study alternatives for chemical and biological control of Pythium isolates for application in tobacco seedlings. It was studied by bioassays the compatibility of two strains of Trichoderma harzianum (ESALQ 1306 and 1316) with seven fungicides. The same fungicides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit four isolates of Pythium sp. The antagonistic activity of strains of T. harzianum were tested in vitro on three different occasions inoculation at 23 and 28 º C for four isolates of Pythium sp. The control efficiency in vivo of Pythium sp. and germination, seedling dry weight and suitable conditions were evaluated in a greenhouse with chemical fungicides Ridomil Gold MZ and Infinito, and biological products, Trichodermil 1306 and Trichodermil 1316. The strains of T. harzianum showed compatibility with all fungicides tested. All the isolates of Pythium were inhibited by fungicides Censor, Amistar WG 500, Infinito and Ridomil Gold MZ in trials. The strain ESALQ 1316 was more efficient inhibition of isolates Pyhtium in paired culture, being 100% effective, regardless of time of inoculation, after 14 days. On average Trichodermil 1306 was more efficient than the experimental product Trichodermil 1316 in the control of Pythium sp. in tobacco seedlings. The combination of Ridomil Gold MZ or Infinito with Trichodermil 1316 was more effective control of Pythium sp. compared with the biological control agent alone in tobacco seedlings.
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Larson, Ben James. "Integrated management of Cercospora leaf spot on sugar beet." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/larson/LarsonB04.pdf.
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Williams, Nadia. "An investigation into the parameters affecting the stability of Dithane." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/645.
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Plant diseases caused by fungi are the number one cause of crop loss worldwide. The application of a fungicide which is a toxic substance applied either to prevent the growth of, or to kill fungi is one of the methods by which plant diseases are controlled. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides are a group of surface acting fungicides which control a broad spectrum of fungi and their associated plant diseases. Mancozeb, also commonly known as Dithane, falls under the polymeric Dithiocarbamate fungicides which have several sites of toxicity to the fungal cell. The use of Mancozeb as a fungicide is increasing worldwide due to the advantages of low acute toxicity, low production and short environmental persistence. However, it has one major disadvantage, namely its lack of oxidative stability under ambient conditions. One of the objectives of this study was to characterize the Dithane samples supplied by Dow AgroSciences in terms of their active ingredient, metal and stabilizer content, and to study the thermal decomposition behaviour of Dithane. An attempt was made to correlate the active ingredient analyses with the TGA and DSC results to establish whether the thermal stability and active ingredient content of Dithane could be simultaneously determined by thermal analysis. This approach offered the attractive advantage of shorter analysis times thus allowing the elimination of the more tedious analytical methods employed by Dow AgroSciences. Furthermore, Fourier Transform infra-red characterization of Dithane samples and metal complexes containing HMT, Mn and/or Zn was carried out in order to identify the presence of functional groups and to gain some insight into the nature of the bonding of HMT, sulfate and water. A study of the nature of the bands in the FTIR spectra of these complexes was able to highlight the nature of the bonding but could not give confirmation of the structures of these complexes. In addition to this, the amount of HMT present in the said complexes was determined by the FTIR using the standard addition method. A final objective of the study was to investigate the reconstitution of Dithane by investigating the influence of the addition order of the various constituents on the stability of the final product. The addition order was found to have a definite influence on the thermal stability of the final product as well as on the percentage of fixed HMT in the product, and the kinetics of the Mn/Zn exchange.
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Jennings, Philip. "Studies on Pythium oligandrum Drechsler and soilborne phytopathogenic fungi." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358838.
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Benton, Joanne Mary. "The plant growth regulator activity of epoxiconazole." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385023.
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Sharma, Rajnesh Kumar. "Studies of the strobilurins and related polyketide metabolites of wood-rotting fungi." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251583.
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Whittington-Smith, Ruth Amelia. "The mode of action of a novel antifungal compound, SC-0858." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364264.
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Gasparetto, Bruno Frosi. "Fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes de Paspalum guenoarum Arech. Ecótipo “Azulão” : caracterização, patogenicidade e controle." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165462.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as espécies de fungos fitopatogênicos presentes em sementes de P. guenoarum Arech. ecótipo “Azulão”, bem como, verificar a sensibilidade in vitro dos fungos isolados a diferentes fungicidas e avaliar a eficiência do tratamento químico no controle de fungos e no desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Cinco lotes de sementes (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 e 2015), obtidos de área experimental na EEA/UFRGS, foram analisados quanto à qualidade física e fisiológica através dos testes de umidade, pureza, germinação e vigor (PCG, IVG e TZ). Para a avaliação da qualidade sanitária fez-se o isolamento dos fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes pelo método de “blotter test”. A patogenicidade dos fungos encontrados foi avaliada por inoculação de plântulas, através de suspensões de conídios. Os fungos fitopatogênicos foram caracterizados através de análise morfológica e molecular. Para a caracterização molecular utilizou-se o espaçador interno de transcrição de rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] e o gene RNA polimerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr]. Por meio de ensaios de fungitoxicidade in vitro, estudou-se a sensibilidade dos isolados fúngicos detectados nas sementes, testando-se quatro fungicidas (Carboxina + Tiram, Cabendazim + Tiram, Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil e Tiofanato-metílico) e cinco concentrações (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 30 ppm), determinando-se a DL50. Os fungicidas mais eficientes foram avaliados no tratamento das sementes, somente no lote 2015. Os lotes 2014 e 2015 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação e vigor. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as espécies de fungos fitopatogênicos presentes em sementes de P. guenoarum Arech. ecótipo “Azulão”, bem como, verificar a sensibilidade in vitro dos fungos isolados a diferentes fungicidas e avaliar a eficiência do tratamento químico no controle de fungos e no desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Cinco lotes de sementes (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 e 2015), obtidos de área experimental na EEA/UFRGS, foram analisados quanto à qualidade física e fisiológica através dos testes de umidade, pureza, germinação e vigor (PCG, IVG e TZ). Para a avaliação da qualidade sanitária fez-se o isolamento dos fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes pelo método de “blotter test”. A patogenicidade dos fungos encontrados foi avaliada por inoculação de plântulas, através de suspensões de conídios. Os fungos fitopatogênicos foram caracterizados através de análise morfológica e molecular. Para a caracterização molecular utilizou-se o espaçador interno de transcrição de rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] e o gene RNA polimerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr]. Por meio de ensaios de fungitoxicidade in vitro, estudou-se a sensibilidade dos isolados fúngicos detectados nas sementes, testando-se quatro fungicidas (Carboxina + Tiram, Cabendazim + Tiram, Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil e Tiofanato-metílico) e cinco concentrações (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 30 ppm), determinando-se a DL50. Os fungicidas mais eficientes foram avaliados no tratamento das sementes, somente no lote 2015. Os lotes 2014 e 2015 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação e vigor.This study was aimed to determine the phytopathogenic fungi species present in P. guenoarum Arech seeds. "Azulão" ecotype, as well as to verify the in vitro sensitivity of the isolated fungi to different fungicides and to evaluate the efficiency of the chemical treatment in the control of fungi and the physiological performance of the seeds. Five seed lots (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015), obtained from the experimental area of the EEA / UFRGS, were analyzed for physical and physiological quality by means of moisture, purity, germination and vigor tests (PCG, IVG and TZ). For the evaluation of the sanitary quality, the phytopathogenic fungi associated to the seeds were isolated by the blotter test method. The pathogenicity of the fungi found was evaluated by inoculation of seedlings by conidial suspensions. Phytopathogenic fungi were characterized by morphological and molecular analysis. The internal transcription spacer of rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr] was used for the molecular characterization. The sensitivity of the fungal isolates detected in the seeds was evaluated using four fungicides (Carboxin + Thiram, Cabendazim + Thiram, Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil and Thiophanate-methyl) and five concentrations (1; 2,5; 5; 10 and 30 ppm), the LD50 being determined. The most efficient fungicides were evaluated in the treatment of seeds only in lot 2015. The lots 2014 and 2015 presented a higher percentage of germination and vigor. The species of phytopathogenic fungi most frequent in seed lots of P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão" are Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium incarnatum and Phoma herbarum. In vitro conditions, the fungicide Carboxin + Thiram inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungi F. incarnatum, C. geniculata and B. micropus with high efficacy (LD50 < 1 ppm), whereas Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil inhibits with high efficacy the fungi P. herbarum, C. geniculata and B. micropus. The chemical treatment with the fungicides Carboxin + Thiram, Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil and the combination of both products in the seeds of P. guenoarum is efficient in the control of B. micropus, C. geniculata, F. incarnatum and P. herbarum and promotes better physiological performance.
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Evans, Victoria Jane. "Fungicides in the control of Claviceps purpurea on cereals." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273957.
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Baldwin, Neil A. "The effect of foliar fungicides on cereal phylloplane microflora." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292609.
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Kwok, Iris Man Yan. "The biochemical mode of action of newer azole fungicides." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336186.
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Young, Deborah J., and L. M. Sullivan. "Steron-Inhibiting Fungicides to Control Southwestern Rust of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219772.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.The use of sterol-inhibiting fungicides significantly decreased the number of aecial pustules on cotton leaves. The use of these fungicides did not significantly increase seed cotton yields when compared to check plots nor when compared to plots where a conventional, protective fungicide was used.
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Sukarno, Nampiah. "Effects of selected fungicides on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis." Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs948.pdf.
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