Academic literature on the topic 'Fungi; Sexual development; Gene expression'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fungi; Sexual development; Gene expression"
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Kato, Naoki, Wilhelmina Brooks, and Ana M. Calvo. "The Expression of Sterigmatocystin and Penicillin Genes in Aspergillus nidulans Is Controlled by veA, a Gene Required for Sexual Development." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 6 (December 2003): 1178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.6.1178-1186.2003.
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ABSTRACT Secondary metabolism is commonly associated with morphological development in microorganisms, including fungi. We found that veA, a gene previously shown to control the Aspergillus nidulans sexual/asexual developmental ratio in response to light, also controls secondary metabolism. Specifically, veA regulates the expression of genes implicated in the synthesis of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin and the antibiotic penicillin. veA is necessary for the expression of the transcription factor aflR, which activates the gene cluster that leads to the production of sterigmatocystin. veA is also necessary for penicillin production. Our results indicated that although veA represses the transcription of the isopenicillin synthetase gene ipnA, it is necessary for the expression of acvA, the key gene in the first step of penicillin biosynthesis, encoding the delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase. With respect to the mechanism of veA in directing morphological development, veA has little effect on the expression of the known sexual transcription factors nsdD and steA. However, we found that veA regulates the expression of the asexual transcription factor brlA by modulating the α/β transcript ratio that controls conidiation.
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Zhang, Chenghua, Hong Huang, Wangqiu Deng, and Taihui Li. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Zn(II)2Cys6 Zinc Cluster-Encoding Gene Family in Tolypocladium guangdongense and Its Light-Induced Expression." Genes 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030179.
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The Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc cluster gene family is a subclass of zinc-finger proteins, which are transcriptional regulators involved in a wide variety of biological processes in fungi. We performed genome-wide identification and characterization of Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc-cluster gene (C6 zinc gene) family in Tolypocladium guangdongense, Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Based on the structures of the C6 zinc domains, these proteins were observed to be evolutionarily conserved in ascomycete fungi. We focused on T. guangdongense, a medicinal fungus, and identified 139 C6 zinc genes which could be divided into three groups. Among them, 49.6% belonged to the fungal specific transcriptional factors, and 16% had a DUF3468 domain. Homologous and phylogenetic analysis indicated that 29 C6 zinc genes were possibly involved in the metabolic process, while five C6 zinc genes were supposed to be involved in asexual or sexual development. Gene expression analysis revealed that 54 C6 zinc genes were differentially expressed under light, including two genes that possibly influenced the development, and seven genes that possibly influenced the metabolic processes. This indicated that light may affect the development and metabolic processes, at least partially, through the regulation of C6 zinc genes in T. guangdongense. Our results provide comprehensive data for further analyzing the functions of the C6 zinc genes.
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Scherer, Mario, Huijun Wei, Ralf Liese, and Reinhard Fischer. "Aspergillus nidulans Catalase-Peroxidase Gene (cpeA) Is Transcriptionally Induced during Sexual Development through the Transcription Factor StuA." Eukaryotic Cell 1, no. 5 (October 2002): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.1.5.725-735.2002.
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ABSTRACT Catalases, peroxidases, and catalase-peroxidases are important enzymes to cope with reactive oxygen species in pro- and eukaryotic cells. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans three monofunctional catalases have been described, and a fourth catalase activity was observed in native polyacrylamide gels. The latter activity is probably due to the bifunctional enzyme catalase-peroxidase, which we characterized here. The gene, named cpeA, encodes an 81-kDa polypeptide with a conserved motif for heme coordination. The enzyme comprises of two similar domains, suggesting gene duplication and fusion during evolution. The first 439 amino acids share 22% identical residues with the C terminus. Homologous proteins are found in several prokaryotes, such as Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (both with 61% identity). In fungi the enzyme has been noted in Penicillium simplicissimum, Septoria tritici, and Neurospora crassa (69% identical amino acids) but is absent from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression analysis in A. nidulans revealed that the gene is transcriptionally induced upon carbon starvation and during sexual development, but starvation is not sufficient to reach high levels of the transcript during development. Besides transcriptional activation, we present evidence for posttranscriptional regulation. A green fluorescent protein fusion protein localized to the cytoplasm of Hülle cells. The Hülle cell-specific expression was dependent on the developmental regulator StuA, suggesting an activating function of this helix-loop-helix transcription factor.
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Klix, V., M. Nowrousian, C. Ringelberg, J. J. Loros, J. C. Dunlap, and S. Pöggeler. "Functional Characterization of MAT1-1-Specific Mating-Type Genes in the Homothallic Ascomycete Sordaria macrospora Provides New Insights into Essential and Nonessential Sexual Regulators." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 6 (April 30, 2010): 894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00019-10.
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ABSTRACT Mating-type genes in fungi encode regulators of mating and sexual development. Heterothallic ascomycete species require different sets of mating-type genes to control nonself-recognition and mating of compatible partners of different mating types. Homothallic (self-fertile) species also carry mating-type genes in their genome that are essential for sexual development. To analyze the molecular basis of homothallism and the role of mating-type genes during fruiting-body development, we deleted each of the three genes, SmtA-1 (MAT1-1-1), SmtA-2 (MAT1-1-2), and SmtA-3 (MAT1-1-3), contained in the MAT1-1 part of the mating-type locus of the homothallic ascomycete species Sordaria macrospora. Phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants revealed that the PPF domain protein-encoding gene SmtA-2 is essential for sexual reproduction, whereas the α domain protein-encoding genes SmtA-1 and SmtA-3 play no role in fruiting-body development. By means of cross-species microarray analysis using Neurospora crassa oligonucleotide microarrays hybridized with S. macrospora targets and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified genes expressed under the control of SmtA-1 and SmtA-2. Both genes are involved in the regulation of gene expression, including that of pheromone genes.
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Wellham, Peter A. D., Abdul Hafeez, Andrej Gregori, Matthias Brock, Dong-Hyun Kim, David Chandler, and Cornelia H. de Moor. "Culture Degeneration Reduces Sex-Related Gene Expression, Alters Metabolite Production and Reduces Insect Pathogenic Response in Cordyceps militaris." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081559.
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Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete, known primarily for infecting lepidopteran larval (caterpillars) and pupal hosts. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by this fungus has anti-inflammatory properties and other pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the biological role of this adenosine derivate and its stabilising compound pentostatin in the context of insect infection the life cycle of C. militaris. During repeated subcultivation under laboratory conditions a degeneration of C. militaris marked by decreasing levels of cordycepin production can occur. Here, using degenerated and parental control strains of an isolate of C. militaris, we found that lower cordycepin production coincides with the decline in the production of various other metabolites as well as the reduced expression of genes related to sexual development. Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) caterpillars indicated that cordycepin inhibits the immune response in host haemocytes. Accordingly, the pathogenic response to the degenerated strain was reduced. These data indicate that there are simultaneous changes in sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, insect immunity and infection by C. militaris. This study may have implications for biological control of insect crop pests by fungi.
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Murry, Reyna, Lea Traxler, Jessica Pötschner, Thomas Krüger, Olaf Kniemeyer, Katrin Krause, and Erika Kothe. "Inositol Signaling in the Basidiomycete Fungus Schizophyllum commune." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060470.
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Intracellular signaling is conserved in eukaryotes to allow for response to extracellular signals and to regulate development and cellular functions. In fungi, inositol phosphate signaling has been shown to be involved in growth, sexual reproduction, and metabolic adaptation. However, reports on mushroom-forming fungi are lacking so far. In Schizophyllum commune, an inositol monophosphatase has been found up-regulated during sexual development. The enzyme is crucial for inositol cycling, where it catalyzes the last step of inositol phosphate metabolism, restoring the inositol pool from the monophosphorylated inositol monophosphate. We overexpressed the gene in this model basidiomycete and verified its involvement in cell wall integrity and intracellular trafficking. Strong phenotypes in mushroom formation and cell metabolism were evidenced by proteome analyses. In addition, altered inositol signaling was shown to be involved in tolerance towards cesium and zinc, and increased metal tolerance towards cadmium, associated with induced expression of kinases and repression of phosphatases within the inositol cycle. The presence of the heavy metals Sr, Cs, Cd, and Zn lowered intracellular calcium levels. We could develop a model integrating inositol signaling in the known signal transduction pathways governed by Ras, G-protein coupled receptors, and cAMP, and elucidate their different roles in development.
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Hallen, Heather E., and Frances Trail. "The L-Type Calcium Ion Channel Cch1 Affects Ascospore Discharge and Mycelial Growth in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum)." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 2 (December 14, 2007): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00248-07.
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ABSTRACT Cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in Gibberella zeae. Gene replacement mutants of CCH1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. Additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morphology, and no cirrhi were produced. Wheat infected with Δcch1 mutants developed symptoms comparable to wheat infected with the wild type; however, the mutants showed a reduced ability to protect the infected stalk from colonization by saprobic fungi. Transcriptional analysis of gene expression in mutants using the Affymetrix Fusarium microarray showed 2,449 genes with significant, twofold or greater, changes in transcript abundance across a developmental series. This work extends the role of CCH1 to forcible spore discharge in G. zeae and suggests that this channel has subtle effects on growth and development.
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Schubert, Daniela, Marjatta Raudaskoski, Nicole Knabe, and Erika Kothe. "Ras GTPase-Activating Protein Gap1 of the Homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune Regulates Hyphal Growth Orientation and Sexual Development." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 4 (April 2006): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.5.4.683-695.2006.
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ABSTRACT The white rot fungus Schizophyllum commune is used for the analysis of mating and sexual development in homobasidiomycete fungi. In this study, we isolated the gene gap1 encoding a GTPase-activating protein for Ras. Disruption of gap1 should therefore lead to strains accumulating Ras in its activated, GTP-bound state and to constitutive Ras signaling. Haploid Δgap1 monokaryons of different mating types did not show alterations in mating behavior in the four different mating interactions possible in fungi expressing a tetrapolar mating type system. Instead, the growth rate in Δgap1 monokaryons was reduced by ca. 25% and ca. 50% in homozygous Δgap1/Δgap1 dikaryons. Monokaryons, as well as homozygous dikaryons, carrying the disrupted gap1 alleles exhibited a disorientated growth pattern. Dikaryons showed a strong phenotype during clamp formation since hook cells failed to fuse with the peg beside them. Instead, the dikaryotic character of the hyphae was rescued by fusion of the hooks with nearby developing branches. Δgap1/Δgap1 dikaryons formed increased numbers of fruitbody primordia, whereas the amount of fruitbodies was not raised. Mature fruitbodies formed no or abnormal gills. No production of spores could be observed. The results suggest Ras involvement in growth, clamp formation, and fruitbody development.
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Pandit, Sandesh, Jessica Lohmar, Shawana Ahmed, Oier Etxebeste, Eduardo Espeso, and Ana Calvo. "UrdA Controls Secondary Metabolite Production and the Balance between Asexual and Sexual Development in Aspergillus nidulans." Genes 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120570.
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The genus Aspergillus includes important plant pathogens, opportunistic human pathogens and mycotoxigenic fungi. In these organisms, secondary metabolism and morphogenesis are subject to a complex genetic regulation. Here we functionally characterized urdA, a gene encoding a putative helix-loop-helix (HLH)-type regulator in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. urdA governs asexual and sexual development in strains with a wild-type veA background; absence of urdA resulted in severe morphological alterations, with a significant reduction of conidial production and an increase in cleistothecial formation, even in the presence of light, a repressor of sex. The positive effect of urdA on conidiation is mediated by the central developmental pathway (CDP). However, brlA overexpression was not sufficient to restore wild-type conidiation in the ΔurdA strain. Heterologous complementation of ΔurdA with the putative Aspergillus flavus urdA homolog also failed to rescue conidiation wild-type levels, indicating that both genes perform different functions, probably reflected by key sequence divergence. UrdA also represses sterigmatocystin (ST) toxin production in the presence of light by affecting the expression of aflR, the activator of the ST gene cluster. Furthermore, UrdA regulates the production of several unknown secondary metabolites, revealing a broader regulatory scope. Interestingly, UrdA affects the abundance and distribution of the VeA protein in hyphae, and our genetics studies indicated that veA appears epistatic to urdA regarding ST production. However, the distinct fluffy phenotype of the ΔurdAΔveA double mutant suggests that both regulators conduct independent developmental roles. Overall, these results suggest that UrdA plays a pivotal role in the coordination of development and secondary metabolism in A. nidulans.
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Turgeon, B. Gillian, Amir Sharon, Stefan Wirsel, Kenichi Yamaguchi, Solveig K. Christiansen, and Olen C. Yoder. "Structure and function of mating type genes in Cochliobolus spp. and asexual fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-322.
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Mating type (MAT) genes of Cochliobolus heterostrophus have homologs in other heterothallic Cochliobolus spp., in homothallic Cochliobolus spp., and in asexual fungi thought to be taxonomically related to Cochliobolus (e.g., Bipolaris spp.). To examine the cause of asexuality in B. sacchari, its homolog of C. heterostrophus MAT-2 was cloned. The B. sacchari sequence was 98% identical to that of C. heterostrophus MAT-2, the gene conferred homothallism when expressed in a C. heterostrophus MAT-1 strain, and transgenic strains mated with C. heterostrophus MAT-1. Thus the cause of asexuality in B. sacchari is not absence or lack of a functional MAT gene. When the C. heterostrophus MAT genes were expressed in B. sacchari, however, no sexual development occurred, suggesting that this asexual fungus lacks an attribute, other than the mating type gene, which is required for mating. Although cloned MAT genes function upon transformation into recipient strains, they do not confer full fertility. When an homologous or heterologous (e.g., from C. carbonum, C. victoriae, or B. sacchari) MAT gene is transferred into a C. heterostrophus strain of opposite mating type, the strain can self and cross to tester strains of either mating type. However, any transgenic strain carrying both a resident MAT gene and an homologous or heterologous MAT transgene develops normal perithecia but few ascospores in a cross that requires function of the transgene. To determine if the resident MAT gene interferes with function of the transgene, the MAT locus was deleted from the genome of C. heterostrophus and then replaced with the MAT gene of C. heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, or B. sacchari. Interference was eliminated and abundant ascospores were formed when the four transgenic strains were crossed to C. heterostrophus strains of opposite mating type. Key words: asexual fungi, DNA-binding proteins, heterologous expression, transformation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fungi; Sexual development; Gene expression"
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Kingsnorth, Crawford. "Identification of genes regulated by the A mating type of Coprinus cinereus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320618.
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Breton, Ashley B. "Effects of progesterone and RU486 on the development and expression of adult male sexual behavior and adult gene expression within hypothalamic regions." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1954799631&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Carrillo-Zazueta, Brenna. "Comparative analysis of gene expression in two sexually dimorphic crustacean species Euphilomedes carcharodonta and Euphilomedes morini." Scholarly Commons, 2016. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/165.
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Sexual dimorphism is the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, but how these phenotypic differences arise is largely unstudied at the molecular level. It is understood that sexual selection, or competition for mates, drives sexual dimorphism, but more recently it has been suggested that resource partitioning, or niche pressure, may exert evolutionary pressure, leading to sexual dimorphism. Many members of the sarseilloid family of ostracods exhibit sexual dimorphism of their lateral eyes with males having an image forming eye, while females have a rudimentary eye limited to sensing light and dark. Ostracods progress through five instar stages of development before becoming an adult, and by studying expression levels of selected developmental genes at instar IV, V adult stages and embryos, the underlying expression pattern change that leads to phenotypic differences can be seen. By comparing the differences in expression between two sarseilloid species, Euphilomedes carcharodonta and Euphilomedes morini , we can see how these species develop their specific phenotypes. In E. carcharodonta and E. morini , the genes Sine oculis, Dachshund, Seven in absentia, Chaoptic, Protein Kinase C and Opsin show different expression patterns between groups. The highest expression levels of Sine oculis are in developing embryos when compared to other stages of development. Dachshund, Seven in absentia, Chaoptic, Protein Kinase C and Opsin show significantly different patterns in males or noticeable male trends, demonstrating that these genes are important in the development and function of the sexually dimorphic lateral eye. E. carcharodonta and E. morini show similar gene expression patterns suggesting that these patterns have been conserved over evolutionary time to produce the observed dimorphic morphology.
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Duarte, Guterman Paula. "Cross-Talk Between Estrogen and Thyroid Hormones During Amphibian Development." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19967.
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It is generally thought that in amphibians, thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metamorphosis, while sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) regulate gonadal differentiation. However, inhibition of TH synthesis in frogs alters gonadal differentiation, suggesting instead that these two endocrine axes interact during development. Specifically, THs may be involved in male development, while estrogens may inhibit tadpole metamorphosis. However, we do not currently know the mechanisms that account for these interactions, let alone how such mechanisms may differ between species. To develop and test new hypotheses on the roles of sex steroids and THs, I first examined transcriptional profiles (mRNA) of enzymes and receptors related to sex steroids and THs during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Silurana tropicalis. Tadpoles were exposed to either an estrogen synthesis inhibitor (fadrozole) or TH (triiodothyronine, T3) during early larval or tadpole development. Acute exposures of S. tropicalis to fadrozole or T3 during early development resulted in increased expression of androgen- and TH-related genes in whole body larvae, while chronic exposure to fadrozole during metamorphosis affected gonadal differentiation but did not affect tadpole development. On the other hand, acute exposure to T3 during metamorphosis increased the expression of androgen-related transcripts both in the brain and gonad. In S. tropicalis, the results suggested that cross-talk is primarily in one direction (i.e., effect of THs on the reproductive axis) with a strong relationship between TH and androgen status. Lastly, I established developmental transcript profiles and investigated T3 regulation of brain and gonad transcripts in Engystomops pustulosus. I then compared these results with S. tropicalis and an earlier study in Lithobates pipiens. While each species developed with similar profiles, they differed in their response to T3. Exposure to T3 resulted in either an increase in androgen-related genes (S. tropicalis) or a decrease in estrogen-related genes (E. pustulosus and L. pipiens). In conclusion, these data demonstrated that cross-talk mechanisms differ among these three evolutionary separate species, but in all cases, T3 appears to affect the balance of sex steroids, stimulating the androgen system and providing potential mechanisms of the masculinising effects of THs. These results will contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hormone interactions and their evolutionary basis in frogs.
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McWilliam, Iain Stuart. "Development of microarray techniques for the study of gene expression in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) during silvering and migration to seawater." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/502.
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Farhat, Dayana. "MORC, un régulateur épigénétique au carrefour des trajectoires développementales du parasite T. gondii A MORC-driven transcriptional switch controls Toxoplasma developmental trajectories and sexual commitment." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV014.
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Toxoplasma gondii est l’agent pathogène responsable de la toxoplasmose, une maladie sans gravité lorsqu'elle est contractée chez un sujet immunocompétent ou en dehors d'une grossesse. Lorsqu’elle est congénitale, la toxoplasmose peut se manifester par des malformations neurologiques sévères et une atteinte de la rétine, pouvant conduire à la cécité. La toxoplasmose peut être aussi gravissime chez le malade immunodéprimé (SIDA - greffes d'organes - thérapies anticancéreuses). Les principaux modes de contamination sont d’origine alimentaire. L’homme se contamine habituellement en ingérant les kystes présents dans les viandes, ou des oocystes provenant des matières fécales d’un chat infecté et souillant les légumes, les fruits ou l’eau. Si la reproduction sexuée constitue un élément central dans la pathogénèse de la toxoplasmose et la transmission du parasite entre les animaux, cette étape clé du cycle parasitaire reste encore mal étudiée à l’échelle moléculaire, en partie dû à la difficulté à cultiver in vitro les formes sexuées ; pour des raisons évidentes d’éthique, l’utilisation de chats est quant à elle restreinte par la législation. Le destin cellulaire d’un parasite est apparemment prédéterminé par des mécanismes épigénétiques modifiant de manière réversible, transmissible et adaptative, l'expression des gènes sans en changer la séquence d’ADN. Nous avons montré que l’épi-drogue FR235222 en inhibant l’enzyme HDAC3 modifie les trajectoires développementales et promeut l’apparition dans les cultures in vitro des formes latentes et sexuées. Au cours de ma thèse j’ai étudié protéine Microrchidia (MORC), initialement identifiée comme un partenaire de HDAC3. Les protéines MORC interviennent dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et la répression des transposons et bien que conservées chez les eucaryotes restent peu étudiées. Nous avons résolu l’interactome spécifique de MORC qui réunit HDAC3 mais aussi plusieurs facteurs de transcription apetala (AP2). L’immunoprécipitation de chromatine de la protéine MORC, couplée au séquençage massif (ChIP-seq), a montré que la protéine MORC co-localise parfaitement avec HDAC3 à la chromatine au voisinage de plus de 1600 gènes dont l’expression est connue pour être restreintes au stades sexués et latents (sporozoites et bradyzoite). L’épuisement de la protéine MORC de manière inductible par le système dégron induit à l’auxine (AID) confirme la répression par MORC des gènes susmentionnés et de leurs protéines. Le phénomène de transition vers les stades sexués est quasi exhaustif et très peu de gènes échappent à cette régulation par MORC. Nous avons montré que MORC est nécessaire à l’adressage à la chromatine de HDAC3, et émettons l’hypothèse que les facteurs AP2 co-purifiés apportent la spécificité de reconnaissante à l’ADN. Nos données montrent également un schéma de régulation beaucoup plus complexe puisque la déplétion de MORC dans les parasites conduit à l’induction de facteurs AP2 dits secondaires qui aurait pour mission de guider les trajectoires développementales et de garantir l’unidirectionnalité du cycle parasitaire, un élément clé de la persistance et de la transmission entre les hôtes définitifs/intermédiaires de Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle that is typified by asexual development that takes place in vertebrates, and sexual reproduction, which occurs exclusively in felids and is therefore less studied. The developmental transitions rely on changes in the patterns of gene expression, and recent studies have assigned roles for chromatin shapers, including histone modifications, in establishing specific epigenetic programs for each given stage. Here, we identified the T. gondii microrchidia (MORC) protein as an upstream transcriptional repressor of sexual commitment. MORC, in a complex with Apetala 2 (AP2) transcription factors, was shown to recruit the histone deacetylase HDAC3, thereby impeding the accessibility of chromatin at the genes that are exclusively expressed during sexual stages. We found that MORC-depleted cells underwent marked transcriptional changes, resulting in the expression of a specific repertoire of genes, and revealing a shift from asexual proliferation to sexual differentiation. MORC acts as a master regulator that directs the hierarchical expression of secondary AP2 transcription fac- tors, and these transcription factors potentially contribute to the unidirectionality of the life cycle. Thus, MORC plays a cardinal role in the T. gondii life cycle, and its conditional depletion offers a method to study the sexual development of the parasite in vitro, and is proposed as an alternative to the requirement of T. gondii infections in cats
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Silva, Rosana Barbosa. "Distúrbio do desenvolvimento sexual 46,XX testicular SRY negativo sindrômico devido à mutação missense no gene RSPO1: estudo clínico, molecular e histológico de grande família consanguínea brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-12012016-093415/.
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Nos mamíferos, a determinação sexual é governada pelo equilíbrio entre duas vias de sinalização paralelas e antagônicas: a via masculina SOX9/FGF9 e a via feminina RSPO1/beta-catenina/WNT4. A R-spondina 1 é uma importante reguladora do processo de diferenciação ovariana e atua modulando a via de sinalização Wnt canônica (Wnt/beta-catenina). Em humanos, mutações em RSPO1 causam uma rara síndrome genética autossômica recessiva caracterizada por Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento Sexual (DDS) 46,XX Testicular ou Ovotesticular, hiperceratose palmoplantar (HPP) e predisposição para o desenvolvimento de carcinoma de células escamosas (MIM 610644). Identificamos um paciente brasileiro, proveniente de uma grande família consanguínea, que apresentava a associação de HPP e DDS 46,XX Testicular SRY negativo. A avaliação da região codificadora do gene RSPO1 identificou a nova variante alélica c.305G>A (p.Cys102Tyr). O estudo de segregação realizado em 67 familiares demonstrou que a variante c.305G>A segrega em perfeita concordância com o fenótipo de HPP, exibindo um padrão de herança autossômico recessivo. Na família foram identificados 10 indivíduos afetados pelo fenótipo de HPP. As avaliações clínica e hormonal e os estudos molecular e citogenético nesses indivíduos resultou na caracterização de: (a) quatro indivíduos do sexo masculino 46,XX e/ou SRY negativo, com ambiguidade genital e perfil hormonal alterado; (b) cinco indivíduos do sexo masculino 46,XY e/ou SRY positivo, sem ambiguidade genital, com perfil hormonal normal e (c) uma mulher 46,XX, fértil. Experimentos de transfecção transitória in vitro demostraram que a proteína mutante tem menor capacidade de transativação do plasmídio reporter da via Wnt. As simulações de dinâmica molecular constataram que a troca p.Cys102Tyr aumenta a flexibilidade do backbone da R-spondina-1, diminuindo a energia de ligação da proteína ao complexo de receptores, LGR5 e RNF43. Em conjunto, nossos achados demonstram que a variante c.305G > A é patogênica, sendo responsável pela síndrome genética diagnosticada na família brasileira. As análises de expressão gênica e os estudos de imuno-histoquímica, por sua vez, detectaram um aumento da expressão do gene SOX9 e maior imonorreatividade para a proteína Sox9 no tecido testicular do caso índice. Esses resultados sugerem que o processo de reversão sexual nos indivíduos XX ocorra por uma hiperexpressão de SOX9 secundária à menor ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina na gônada durante a embriogênese. No presente estudo também relatamos o primeiro caso de indivíduo de cariótipo 46,XX portador de mutação em homozigose no gene RSPO1 que não desenvolveu DDS. A variabilidade do fenótipo sexual não está associada com alterações no número de cópias dos genes WNT4 ou do SOX9 e região cis-regulatória. No entanto, a avaliação do exoma da família encontrou uma associação entre o polimorfismo do receptor LGR5 rs17109924 e a atenuação do fenótipo de DDS. Todavia, serão necessários estudos funcionais para esclarecer o impacto biológico da interação das variantes RSPO1 p.Cys102Tyr e LGR5 rs171099In mammals, sex determination is governed by the balance between two parallel and antagonic signaling pathways: the male SOX9/FGF9 and the female, RSPO1/beta-catenin/WNT4 pathways. R-spondin 1 regulates the ovarian differentiation process by its modulating action through the canonic Wnt pathway (Wnt/beta-catenin). In humans, patogenic mutations in RSPO1 cause a rare, autosomic recessive syndrome characterized by 46,XX Testicular or Ovotesticular disorders of sexual development (DSD), palmoplantar keratosis (PPK) and predisposition to squamous cell carcinoma (MIM 610644). We identified and studied a SRY-negative 46,XX DSD patient with PPK from a large, consaguineous, brazillian family. Through a \"candidate gene\" approach we identified in the proband a new allelic variant in the coding region of RSPO1, c.305G > A. This variant presented full concordance with the PPK phenotype by segregation analyses in 10 of 67 members of this family. Clinical, hormonal, cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies characterized three patterns in individuals with this variant: (a) four 46,XX and/or SRY-negative males with ambiguous genitalia and altered hormonal profile; (b) five 46,XY and/or SRY-positive males without ambiguous genitalia with normal hormonal profile; (c) one 46,XX fertile woman. In vitro experiments demonstrated that transient transfection of the mutant protein resulted in lower transactivation of the Wnt pathway-reporter plasmid. Moreover, molecular dinamic studies showed that p.Cys102Tyr increased the R-spondin-1 backbone flexibility, thus decreasing the interaction between this protein and its receptors, LGR5 and RNF43. Thus, both in vitro and in silico analysis demonstrate the pathogenicity of the RSPO1 variant c.305G > A. In addition, in the index case, a higher expression of SOX9, corroborated by a reactive immunohistochemistry in testicular tissue, suggested that the process of sexual reversal in the XX individual is driven by a higher SOX9 expression possibly due to a lower Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway activation during embriogenesis. In this study, we also reported the first 46,XX individual with RSPO1 mutation without DSD, in which no copy number abnormality was detected in WNT4, SOX9 and its cisregulatory regions. Whole exome sequencing of the affected individuals revealed, in turn, that the LGR5 rs17109924 polymorphism associates with a protacted DSD phenotype in the fertile woman with normal hormonal profile. Despite this evidence, future studies are nedded to address causality and biological impact between RSPO1 p.Cys102Tyr and LGR5 rs17109924 variants
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Herran, Benjamin. "La voie de signalisation type insuline dans la différenciation sexuelle chez les Crustacés isopodes - intégration de l'hormone androgène et de facteurs féminisants dans un nouveau contexte." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2310.
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La différenciation sexuelle des Isopodes dépend d'une hormone sexuelle protéique, l'hormone androgène (HA), caractéristique des Malacostracés. Cet Insulin-Like Peptide suffit à induire par sa présence la différenciation mâle de ces Crustacés. Nous avons identifié in silico le transporteur circulant de l'HA, l'IGFBP-rP1, chez de nombreuses espèces d'Isopodes ainsi qu'à l'échelle des Crustacés. De la même façon, nous avons identifié deux récepteurs transmembranaires, l'IR1 et l'IR2, issus d'une duplication de gène spécifique des Malacostracés. Les patrons d'expression de ces gènes ont été étudiés sur notre espèce modèle, Armadillidium vulgare. Av-IGFBP-rP1 et Av-IR1 sont exprimés de manière ubiquiste et tout au long du développement. Av-IR2 est aussi exprimé à chaque stade de la différenciation mais ce transcrit est quasi-spécifique des glandes androgènes et ovaires. Une approche par ARNi a confirmé l'implication de ces trois protéines dans la voie de signalisation de l'HA. En effet, l'inhibition de l'HA, Av-IGFBP-rP1 et Av-IR1 provoquent l'hypertrophie des glandes androgènes, suggérant leur implication dans une boucle de rétro-contrôle de l'HA. L'inhibition de Av-IR2 semble seulement provoquer la différenciation d'ouvertures génitales femelles. Ces phénotypes sont comparables à ceux des intersexués mâles induits par la bactérie féminisante endogène Wolbachia. Nous montrons cependant que la bactérie altère seulement l'expression de l'HA et pas celle des récepteurs. Enfin, nous avons testé l'effet du bisphénol A mais nous n'observons pas d'altération de la différenciation sexuelle des larves lors d'expositions à ce perturbateur endocrinien exogèneSexual differentiation in Isopods relies on a proteinaceous sex hormone called androgenic hormone (AH), specific to Malacostracans. This Insulin-Like Peptide induces male differentiation by its mere presence in these Crustaceans. We identified in silico the circulating carrier of the AH, called IGFBP-rP1, in many Isopod species, but also on the crustacean scale. Similarly, we identified two transmembrane receptors, IR1 and IR2, coming from a gene duplication specific to Malacostracans. The expression patterns of these genes were investigated in our model species, Armadillidium vulgare. Av-IGFBP-rP1 and Av-IR1 are broadly expressed in the animal and throughout development. Av-IR2 is also expressed at each developmental stage but this transcript is almost specific to androgenic glands and ovaries. An RNAi approach has confirmed the implication of these three proteins in the AH signalling pathway. Indeed, the inhibition of AH, Av-IGFBP-rP1 and Av-IR1 induces androgenic gland hypertrophy, suggesting their implication in an AH feedback loop. Av-IR2 inhibition seems to provoke the differentiation of female genital apertures only. These phenotypes are similar to those of male intersexes induced by the endogenous feminizing bacterium Wolbachia. Yet, we show that the bacterium alters the expression of the AH only and not the one of its receptors. Finally, we have tested the effect of bisphenol A but we observe no alteration of the sexual differentiation in larvae upon exposition to this exogenous endocrine disruptor
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Picard, Marion. "Etude des bases moléculaires du déterminisme sexuel et de la différenciation chez une espèce hétérogamétique femelle ZZ-ZW : Schistosoma mansoni." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0032/document.
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Parmi plus de 20000 espèces de trématodes hermaphrodites, les Schistosomatidae ont un statut particulier car ils sont gonochoriques (i.e. deux sexes séparés). Le gonochorisme chez ces espèces, et leur dimorphisme sexuel, seraient en fait une stratégie d’adaptation à leur habitat : le système veineux des vertébrés à sang chaud, dont l’Homme. Malgré un mode chromosomique de déterminisme du sexe (i.e. hétérogamétie femelle ZW), les individus mâles et femelles demeurent phénotypiquement identiques durant tous les stades larvaires de leur cycle de vie hétéroxène. La différenciation sexuelle n’a lieu qu’après l’infestation de leur hôte définitif. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux facteurs moléculaires déclenchant cette différenciation chez Schistosoma mansoni. Nous avons établi le profil d’expression sexe-dépendant de gènes conservés de la cascade de détermination/différenciation chez les animaux : les DMRT (Double-sex and Male-abnormal-3 Related Transcription Factors). Nous avons par ailleurs généré un transcriptome comparatif mâle/femelle (RNA-seq) sur 5 stades de développement in vivo, dont 3 stades « schistosomules » inédits. Cela nous a permis d’identifier de potentiels gènes « clés » de la différenciation sexuelle et de souligner l’importance de l’interaction hôte-parasite. Enfin, par la combinaison de cette approche transcriptomique et d’une analyse épigénomique (ChIP-seq), nous avons montré une dynamique de la compensation de dose génique au cours du cycle de vie chez les femelles ainsi que la mise en place d’une stratégie transcriptionnelle particulière chez les mâles, optimisant leur développement dans l’hôte et ainsi, leur succès reproducteurParasitic flatworms include more than 20.000 species that are mainly hermaphrodites. Among them, the hundred species of Schistosomatidae are intriguing because they are gonochoric. The acquisition of gonochorism in these species is supposed to provide genetic and functional advantages to adapt to their hosts: warm-blooded animals. Sex of schistosomes is genetically determined at the time of fertilization (i.e. ZW female heterogametic system). However, there is no phenotypic dimorphism through all the larval stages of its complex lifecycle: sexual dimorphism appears only in the definitive host. The molecular mechanisms triggering this late sexual differentiation remain unclear, and this is precisely the topic of our present work. We performed transcriptomic (RNA-Sequencing and quantitative-PCRs) and structural (ChIP-Sequencing) analyses at different stages of Schistosoma mansoni development. Here, we present data suggesting that the sexual differentiation relies on a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors. In a genetic point of view, we show a sex-associated expression of the DMRT genes (Double-sex and Mab-3 Related Transcription Factors) that are known to be involved in sex determination/differentiation through all the animal kingdom. In addition, we propose new potential sex-determining key genes and a pivotal role of host-pathogen interaction at the time of development. In a structural point of view, we highlight a dynamic status of dosage compensation in females and chromatin modifications in males. This intense remodeling reveals a specific transcriptomic strategy which optimizes male development and beyond that, schistosomes reproductive success
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Niu, Wei. "Development of imaging-based high-throughput genetic assays and genomic evaluation of yeast gene function in cell cycle progression." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3606.
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Systems biology studies the complex interactions between components of biological systems. One major goal of systems biology is to reconstruct the network of interactions between genes in response to normal and perturbed conditions. In order to accomplish this goal, large-scale data are needed. Accordingly, diverse powerful and high-throughput methods must be developed for this purpose. We have developed novel high-throughput technologies focusing on cellular phenotype profiling and now provide additional genome-scale analysis of gene and protein function. Few high-throughput methods can perform large-scale and high-throughput cellular phenotype profiling. However, analyzing gene expression patterns and protein behaviors in their cellular context will provide insights into important aspects of gene function. To complement current genomic approaches, we developed two technologies, the spotted cell microarray (cell chip) and the yeast spheroplast microarray, which allow high-throughput and highly-parallel cellular phenotype profiling including cell morphology and protein localization. These methods are based on printing collections of cells, combined with automated high-throughput microscopy, allowing systematic cellular phenotypic characterization. We used spotted cell microarrays to identify 15 new genes involved in the response of yeast to mating pheromone, 80 proteins associated with shmoo-tip 'localizome' upon pheromone stimulation and 5 genes involved in regulating the localization pattern of a group II intron encoded reverse transcriptase, LtrA, in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, in addition to morphology assays, yeast spheroplast microarrays were built for high-throughput immunofluorescence microscopy, allowing large-scale protein and RNA localization studies. In order to identify additional cell cycle genes, especially those difficult to identify in loss-of-function studies, we performed a genome-scale screen to identify yeast genes with overexpression-induced defects in cell cycle progression. After measuring the fraction of cells in G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle via high-throughput flow cytometry for each of ~5,800 ORFs and performing the validation and secondary assays, we observed that overexpression of 108 genes leads to reproducible and significant delay in the G1 or G2/M phase. Of 108 genes, 82 are newly implicated in the cell cycle and are likely to affect cell cycle progression via a gain-of-function mechanism. The G2/M category consists of 87 genes that showed dramatic enrichment in the regulation of mitotic cell cycle and related biological processes. YPR015C and SHE1 in the G2/M category were further characterized for their roles in cell cycle progression. We found that the G2/M delay caused by the overexpression of YPR015C and SHE1 likely results from the malfunction of spindle and chromosome segregation, which was supported by the observations of highly elevated population of large-budded cells in the pre-M phase, super-sensitivity to nocodazole, and high chromosome loss rates in these two overexpression strains. While the genes in the G2/M category were strongly enriched for cell cycle associated functions, no pathway was significantly enriched in the G1 category that is composed of 21 genes. However, the strongest enrichment for the G1 category consists of the genes involved in negative regulation of transcription. For instance, the overexpression of SKO1, a transcription repressor, resulted in strong cell cycle delay at G1 phase. Moreover, we found that the overexpression of SKO1 results in cell morphology changes that resembles mating yeast cells (shmoos) and activates the mating pheromone response pathway, thus explaining the G1 cell cycle arrest phenotype of SKO1 ORF strains.
Books on the topic "Fungi; Sexual development; Gene expression"
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Ullman, Dana, and Karen Allen. Homeopathy in the Prevention and Treatment of Sexual Problems (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0019.
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Homeopathic medicine is a specialized form of pharmacology used throughout the world by physicians and other health and medical care providers. Nanodoses of plants, mineral, animal, chemical, or pathogens are prescribed based on their ability to cause in overdose specific syndromes in patients. Because symptoms are considered adaptations of the human body to fight infection and/or to adapt to stress, using nanodoses of substances that could cause similar symptoms that patients experience is one way to influence gene expression, immunological development, and the genitourinary microbiome to initiate a healing process. The homeopathic approach to the prevention and treatment of sexual problems requires analysis of a person’s overall syndrome, not simply local disease. This chapter provides specific homeopathic medicines with abbreviated summaries of their indications in (a) genitourinary dysbiosis, (b) sexual trauma and psychosexual conflict, and (c) sexual pain and functional limitation.
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Dyer, Paul S., Carol A. Munro, and Rosie E. Bradshaw. Fungal genetics. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0005.
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Fungi have been long used as model organisms to investigate genetic and cellular processes. An overview is provided of how fungi function at a genetic level, including ploidy, gene structure, and gene flow by sexual and asexual processes. The tools used to study fungal genetics are then described, such techniques having widespread applications in medical mycology research. Classical genetic analysis includes the use of gene mapping by sexual crossing and tetrad analysis, and forward genetic experimentation based on mutagenesis, for which various mutant screening approaches are described. Molecular genetic analysis includes gene manipulation by transformation; different methods for gene knockout and targeting, and their application for forward and reverse genetic approaches, are outlined. Finally, molecular genetic methods used to study gene expression and function are reviewed, including use of inducible or constitutive overexpression, real-time PCR, cellular localization of gene products by fluorescent tagging, and detection of protein–protein interactions.
Book chapters on the topic "Fungi; Sexual development; Gene expression"
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Ashton, George D., and Paul S. Dyer. "Sexual Development in Fungi and Its Uses in Gene Expression Systems." In Fungal Biology, 335–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_15.
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Frova, C., and M. E. Pè. "Gene Expression During Pollen Development." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 31–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_3.
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Staples, R. C., O. C. Yoder, H. C. Hoch, L. Epstein, and S. Bhairi. "Gene Expression During Infection Structure Development by Germlings of the Rust Fungi." In Biology and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions, 331–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82849-2_31.
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Amagai, A. "Ethylene induces sexual development through the enhanced expression of a novel zyg1 gene in Dictyostelium." In Advances in Plant Ethylene Research, 129–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_29.
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Okamoto, Takashi. "Gene and Protein Expression Profiles in Rice Gametes and Zygotes: A Cue for Understanding the Mechanisms of Gametic and Early Zygotic Development in Angiosperms." In Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants, 369–82. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54589-7_30.
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Hughes, I. A. "Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 1963–75. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.130903_update_001.
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Human sex development follows an orderly sequence of embryological events coordinated by a cascade of gene expression and hormone production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Underpinning the entire process of fetal sex development is the simple mantra: sex chromosomes (XX or XY) dictate the gonadotype (ovary or testis), which then dictates the somatotype (female or male phenotype)....
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Money, Nicholas P. "3. Fungal genetics and life cycles." In Fungi: A Very Short Introduction, 38–52. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688784.003.0003.
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All of the structures produced by fungi, from simple budding yeast cells to long-lived bracket mushrooms, are encoded in genes. The genome of the fungus is a blueprint for its organization and operation. ‘Fungal genetics and life cycles’ explores the sequencing of genomes and progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that link gene expression to fungal growth and development. Genetic experiments on yeast have led to major advances in our understanding of cell division and cancer. Filamentous fungi are also important research subjects for geneticists. The life cycles of mushrooms are complex and some species have thousands of mating types, or sexes.
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Ahmed, S. Faisal, and Angela K. Lucas-Herald. "Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Mark Gurnell, 2435–48. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0257.
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Human sex development follows an orderly sequence of embryological events coordinated by a cascade of gene expression and hormone production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Underpinning the entire process of fetal sex development is the simple mantra: sex chromosomes (XX or XY) dictate the gonadotype (ovary or testis), which then dictates the somatotype (female or male phenotype). The constitutive sex in fetal development is female. Disorders of sex development (DSD) can be classified into three broad categories based on the knowledge of the karyotype: sex chromosome abnormality (e.g. X/XY, mixed gonadal dysgenesis); XX DSD (e.g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia); XY DSD (e.g. partial androgen insensitivity syndrome).
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Ronis, Martin J., Rohit Singhal, Kartik Shankar, Jamie Badeaux, and Thomas M. Badger. "Unique Gene Expression Profiles in the Mammary Gland of Prepubertal and Adult Female Rats Treated with Estradiol or Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)." In TRANSLATIONAL - Sexual Differentiation & Reproductive Development: Influences of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals & Genetics, OR34–4—OR34–4. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part4.or6.or34-4.
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