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Journal articles on the topic 'Funghi'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Roberts, Peter. "401 Funghi." Mycologist 15, no. 3 (August 2001): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(01)80042-2.

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2

Varese, G. C., V. Cerigo, and A. M. Luppi-Mosca. "Tre Funghi Rizosferici Nuovi Micoparassiti." Giornale botanico italiano 130, no. 1 (January 1996): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509609439540.

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3

Bergero, R., G. C. Varese, M. Girlanda, and A. M. Luppimosca. "Funghi del Suolo della “Terra Di Francesco Giuseppe”." Giornale botanico italiano 130, no. 1 (January 1996): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509609439539.

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4

Rambelli, Angelo, and Claudio Ciccarone. "Ricerche sulla specializzazione tra funghi saprotrofi e matrici vegetali." Giornale botanico italiano 124, no. 6 (January 1990): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509009428137.

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5

Pejin, Boris, Aneta Sabovljevic, Marina Sokovic, Jasmina Glamoclija, Ana Ciric, Milorad Vujicic, and Marko Sabovljevic. "Antimicrobial activity of Rhodobryum ontariense." Chemical Industry 66, no. 3 (2012): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind111107100p.

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The antimicrobial activity of dimethyl sulfoxide extract of moss Rhodobryum ontariense (Kindb.) Kindb. was evaluated by microdilution method against eight bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter cloacae, Listeria monocytogens, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus flavus and Staphylococcus aureus) and five fungal species (Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron and Trichoderma viride). The extract was proven to be active against all the bacteria and funghi tested but to varying degrees. It showed better inhibitory activity compared to the known antifungal drug against T. viride (MIC 100 and 200 ?g/ml, respectively). This finding implies that R. ontariense could be considered as a promising material for natural antifungal products.
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6

TOMEI, PAOLO EMILIO and NARDUCCI, ROBERTO. "Lista dei funghi carnosi del Regno del Marocco. 1° aggiornamento." INTER NOS, no. 4 (2017): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/97888674188004.

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7

Curran, Alvin, and Tenley Bick. "Spontaneous Funghi: Musica Elettronica Viva and Lo Zoo in Turin, 1968." Portable Gray 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/720497.

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8

Ascaso, C., J. Wierzchos, J. Delgado Rodrigues, L. Aires-Barros, F. Μ. A. Henriques, and Α. E. Charola. "Endolithic Microorganisms in the Biodeterioration of the Tower of Beiern / Die Rolle endolithischer Mikroorganismen bei der biologischen Zerstörung am Turm von Beiern." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5321.

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Abstract The Tower of Beiern was colonized by various organisms, ranging from endolithic bacteria to higher plants. The paper focuses on the deterioration that the endolithic microorganisms: bacteria and cyanobacteria, algae and funghi, cause on the compact Lioz limestone. The presence of these microorganisms in the subparallel Assuring characteristic of this stone is illustrated as well as their association with the clay minerals present. Their biogeochemical action results in an increase in surface roughness, subsurface porosity and eventual flaking of the stone surface.
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9

Bianciotto, V., C. Bandi, D. Minerdi, M. Sironi, and C. P. Bonfante. "Visualizzazione e Caratterizzazione di Batteri Intracellulari in Differenti Isolati di Funghi Micorrizici Arbuscolari." Giornale botanico italiano 130, no. 1 (January 1996): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509609439537.

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10

Evans, Shelley. "C. Papetti, G. Consiglio, & G. Simonini: Atlante fotografico dei Funghi d'Italia – Volume 1." Field Mycology 1, no. 3 (July 2000): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60051-5.

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11

De Lorenzo, Giulia. "La Poligalatturonasi, La PGIP E Gli Oligogalatturonidi Nella Comunicazione Tra Piante E Funghi Fitopatogeni." Giornale botanico italiano 128, no. 2 (January 1994): 506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509409431055.

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12

Rollo, Franco. "Filogenesi molecolare dei funghi, lieviti e batteri associati alla mummia tardo-neolitica dell'alta Val Senales (“Uomo del Similaun”)." Giornale botanico italiano 129, no. 1 (January 1995): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509509436099.

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13

Campanile, G., D. Campanile, M. Nigro, F. Mannerucci, A. Ruscelli, and N. Luisi. "Preliminary antagonistic tests of endophytic fungi againstDiplodia corticolaand silvicultural practices to contrast oak decline." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2006): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0351-0030078.

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14

Cacialli, Gabriele, and Vincenzo Caroti. "Contributo allo studio dei funghi fimicoli IV. Myxomycetes. Didymium squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. e Perichaena corticalis (Batsch) Rostaf." Acta Botanica Malacitana 23 (December 1, 1998): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v23i0.8561.

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15

Scarborough, John. "Studi su papiri greci di logica e medicina. W. Cavini , M. C. Donnini Maccio, M. S. Funghi , D. Manetti." Isis 78, no. 2 (June 1987): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/354444.

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16

ŽIBRAT, Nika, Mihaela SKRT, and Polona JAMNIK. "Uporaba β-galaktozidaze na področju živilstva in prehrane." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 110, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2017.110.1.1.

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β-galactosidase is an enzyme with hydrolytic and transgalactosylation activity. The origin of the enzyme dictates the balance between both activities. Industrially used β-galactosidases are obtained with recombinant production from filamentus funghi <em>Aspergillus</em> sp. and yeasts <em>Kluyveromyces</em> sp. Recently thermostabile β-galactosidases have been subject of many research. The enzyme can be industrially used in free or immobilized form. Immobilization often provides better stability, reusability and lower expenses. Application of β-galactosidase is most common in food processing and nutrition, it is also used in medicine and ecology. Hydrolytic activity of the enzyme has long been used for reducing lactose content in milk, while transgalactosylitic activity is used for synthesis of products such as galactooligosaccharides, lactosucrose and others. The latter have a great potential in food industry for obtaining products with reduced lactose content and increasing of nutritional value by adding dietetic fibers such as galactooligosaccharides. Despite the potential it is vital that reaction mechanisms become better understood and optimization is in place in order to reach the usability of this enzyme at industrial level.
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17

Costa, Laura Amália Miranda, Marisa Terezinha Lopes Putzke, Chana De Medeiros da Silva, Eduardo Alexis Lobo Alcayaga, and Silvio Augusto Ortolan. "Avaliação da produção e da atividade antioxidante de <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> cultivado em substratos lignocelulósicos." Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia 39, no. 2 (July 12, 2022): 26933. http://dx.doi.org/10.35977/0104-1096.cct2022.v39.26933.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus em substratos lignocelulósicos e o potencial antioxidante dos basidiomas cultivados. O inóculo foi adquirido da empresa Funghi & Flora. Foram preparados dois substratos, um à base de serragem de eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.) e outro de casca de arroz (Oryza sativa). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de cultivo, como o tempo necessário para o início dos primórdios, o peso dos basidiomas e a eficiência biológica. Após crescimento e maturação dos basidiomas, foi realizada análise fitoquímica e do potencial antioxidante dos extratos. Os extratos foram preparados por extração a quente, utilizando-se aparelho de soxhlet e etanol como solvente. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por meio de reações cromogênicas de caracterização, e o ensaio antioxidante foi conduzido por meio da absorção de radicais de oxigênio pelo método ORAC. Os resultados indicaram que o substrato à base de serragem foi mais promissor, tendo completado a corrida micelial no menor tempo, com aparecimento dos primórdios no 23º dia e com eficiência biológica maior (7,6%) em relação ao substrato com casca de arroz (6,7%). Quanto às análises fitoquímicas, houve resultado positivo para flavonoides e taninos em ambos os substratos, porém, a atividade antioxidante foi positiva apenas nos basidiomas cultivados em serragem.
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18

Barbera, V., L. Di Lullo, P. Felici, R. Mari, T. Viglianti, F. Logias, and A. Santoboni. "Peritonite da Aspergillus Niger in un paziente in dialisi peritoneale automatizzata: caso clinico." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 24, no. 4 (January 26, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2012.1169.

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La peritonite fungina rappresenta una grave complicanza infettiva che si manifesta nei pazienti con insufficienza renale cronica in trattamento con dialisi peritoneale. Presenta una mortalità superiore al 25% dei casi (1, 2) ed è responsabile di ‘drop out’ dalla metodica, rimozione del catetere di Tenckhoff ed ospedalizzazione. La diagnosi eziologica viene, spesso, posta tardivamente a causa della aspecificità dei sintomi e segni clinici della FP rispetto alle più frequenti forme batteriche nonché della lenta crescita colturale delle specie fungine. La rimozione del catetere è immediatamente indicata dopo la identificazione microscopica o colturale dei funghi (International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Guidelines/Recommendation: 2010 update) (4). Per quanto riguarda, invece, la chemioterapia antimicotica, le linee guida internazionali non forniscono chiare indicazioni riguardo la scelta, le dosi e le varie associazioni terapeutiche né per ciò che si riferisce alla durata del trattamento, che talora è necessario proseguire per diverse settimane o mesi. In questo report descriviamo il caso di una signora di 70 anni, in trattamento con APD, che sviluppò una FP da Aspergillus niger. La pronta rimozione del catetere peritoneale e la somministrazione di voriconazolo per via endovenosa portarono a un rapido miglioramento della sintomatologia clinica ed alla completa risoluzione di tale complicanza.
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19

Intini, M. "First Report of Inonotus rickii Causing Canker Rot on Boxelder in Europe." Plant Disease 86, no. 8 (August 2002): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.8.922c.

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In November 2001, during an examination of ornamental trees in Seville, Spain, several boxelders (Acer negundo L.) were observed with symptoms and signs of canker rot disease. Symptoms and signs occurred mainly 2 to 4 m above ground and included bulges of the stem and bark necrosis. Golden brown masses of fungal tissue up to 20 cm wide and 15 cm thick occurred over the affected areas, but were sometimes hidden behind bark scales. Cultures were obtained from decayed wood and hyphal strands. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), mycelium was initially white and cottony, later changing to cream color, ochre, and finally dark brown. In 4-week-old cultures, abundant brown chlamydospores of varying shape, but usually globose and 5 to 14 μm in diameter, were often formed in chains. Also present on PDA and diseased trees were dark brown setal hyphae, 80 to 250 μm long and 5 to 15 μm in diameter. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Ptychogaster cubensis Pat., the anamorph of Inonotus rickii (Pat.) Reid. I. rickii is a white rot fungus found in living trees in tropical and subtropical areas. In Europe, it has been previously reported only from Sicily, Italy, where it was found sporadically on living Parkinsonia sp. and Schinus molle L. (1,2). In Seville,I. rickii is widespread and appears to be well adapted to the area. Classified as a canker rot pathogen, this introduced fungus not only has the ability to cause decay of heartwood, resulting in structural damage to the tree, but it also can parasitize the sapwood and cambium resulting in a progressive crown dieback. To our knowledge, this is the first record of I. rickii in Spain and on boxelders in Europe. References: (1) M. Intini, Contributo alla conoscenza dei funghi lignicoli italiani: Inonotus rickii (Pat.) Reid. Micol. Ital. 1:49, 1988. (2) L. Ryvarden and R. L. Gilbertson. European Polypores. Fungiflora, ed. Oslo, Norway, 1993.
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20

Sinha, Shagun, Sudhir Navathe, Ravindra N. Kharwar, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Dong-Qin Dai, and Ramesh Chand. "Current status of cercosporoid fungi of India (Summary)." Mycotaxon 137, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/137.387.

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The 50-page mycobiota, Current status of cercosporoid fungi of India by Sinha, Navathe, Kharwar, Wijayawardene, Dai, and Chand, may now be downloaded from Mycotaxon's mycobiota webpage. This review covering the occurrence and nomenclatural status of 1871 cercosporoid fungal species in India brings to 154 the number of free-access fungae uploaded or linked to: http://www.mycotaxon.com/mycobiota/index.html
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21

Ahmad, Waseem, Muhammad Iqbal, and Gohar Amin. "NASAL POLYPS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 09 (September 9, 2018): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4634.

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22

Calatayud, Vicent, and Violeta Atienza. "Polycoccum epizoharyi (Dacampiaceae, Fungi), a new lichenicolous fungus on Buellia zoharyi in Spain." Nova Hedwigia 70, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/265.

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23

Yang, Dian-Qing. "Isolation of wood-inhabiting fungi from Canadian hardwood logs." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-104.

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Wood-inhabiting fungi include many molds, wood-staining fungi, and decay fungi. Most of these fungal species can result in economic losses to wood users. Studies on molds, staining fungi, and decay fungi are necessary to be able to control their growth on wood and wood products. In this study, wood-inhabiting fungi were isolated from logs of 3 major Canadian hardwood species: sugar maple, white birch, and yellow birch. Two media were used for isolation. From these 3 wood species, a total of 1198 fungal cultures were obtained from summer- and winter-harvested logs in dry storage and under water sprinkling. The results showed that most fungal species were not host specific and affected all of the wood species tested. Frequently isolated molds were Alternaria alternata, Trichoderma species, and Mucor/Rhizopus (Zygomycota) species, frequently isolated staining fungi were Ophiostoma piceae and Ophiostoma piliferum, a frequently isolated bark saprophyte was Nectria cinnabarina, and frequently isolated decay fungi were taxa of the phylum Basidiomycota. More fungal species were isolated from summer-harvested logs than from winter-harvested logs. Fewer fungal cultures, especially decay fungi, were isolated from logs in early storage than from logs in late storage.Key words: molds, wood-staining fungi, decay fungi, fungal isolation, log storage.
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24

Chen, Jian, Zuomin Shi, Shun Liu, Miaomiao Zhang, Xiangwen Cao, Miao Chen, Gexi Xu, Hongshuang Xing, Feifan Li, and Qiuhong Feng. "Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080807.

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Soil fungi play an integral and essential role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. The understanding of altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity remains relatively unclear. Mountains provide an open, natural platform for studying how the soil fungal community responds to climatic variability at a short altitude distance. Using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, we examined soil fungal community composition and diversity among seven vegetation types (dry valley shrub, valley-mountain ecotone broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, alpine meadow) along a 2582 m altitude gradient in the alpine–gorge region on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ascomycota (47.72%), Basidiomycota (36.58%), and Mortierellomycota (12.14%) were the top three soil fungal dominant phyla in all samples. Soil fungal community composition differed significantly among the seven vegetation types along altitude gradients. The α-diversity of soil total fungi and symbiotic fungi had a distinct hollow pattern, while saprophytic fungi and pathogenic fungi showed no obvious pattern along altitude gradients. The β-diversity of soil total fungi, symbiotic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and pathogenic fungi was derived mainly from species turnover processes and exhibited a significant altitude distance-decay pattern. Soil properties explained 31.27−34.91% of variation in soil fungal (total and trophic modes) community composition along altitude gradients, and the effects of soil nutrients on fungal community composition varied by trophic modes. Soil pH was the main factor affecting α-diversity of soil fungi along altitude gradients. The β-diversity and turnover components of soil total fungi and saprophytic fungi were affected by soil properties and geographic distance, while those of symbiotic fungi and pathogenic fungi were affected only by soil properties. This study deepens our knowledge regarding altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity, and confirms that the effects of soil properties on soil fungal community composition and diversity vary by trophic modes along altitude gradients in the alpine–gorge region.
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25

Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, Luciene Almeida Siqueira de Vasconcelos, Pedro de Queiroz Costa Neto, and Felipe Faccini dos Santos. "Mold species and fungi load of washed and unwashed table eggs." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 14, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2020.14.4.9480.

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Egg quality has been widely studied, mainly because defects in quality can pose risks to public health, as well as economic losses.Nevertheless, studies about fungiin eggsare scarce. The objective was to compare the fungal microbiota from washed and unwashed eggs in the rainy season and dry season of the year. This exploratory research consisted in the analysis of large size white table eggs acquired from 48 different lots. Two manufacturers were sampled considering the main characteristic of washed or unwashed eggs. From each lot, a 30-egg pack were purchased and six of those eggs were used for mycological analyzes. The eggs were analyzed externally with 0.1% peptone salt solution wash of the eggshells and internally with aliquots being sampled from a pool made from the six eggs content. Samples were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar and isolated colonies were passed to test tubes. When sporulated, the isolates were subjected to decimal dilutions using 0.1% Tween 80 to dissociate the conidia. Microcultures were carried out for optical microscopy observation of the reproductive structures of fungi, stained with lactophenol. Aspergillusspp. was the most frequently isolated fungi isolated, with A. nigerand A. flavuspredominant in the dry season, while A. fumigatusand A. terreusin the rainy season. Low numbers of fungi were identified from egg shells, with a higher amount from unwashed eggs. The seasondid not influence the numberof fungi in eggs, despite having influenced the fungal diversity.
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26

Menezes, Camilla Pinheiro de, Cássio Ilan Soares Medeiros, Ana Luíza Alves de Lima Perez, Janiére Pereira de Sousa, Lilian Sousa Pinheiro, Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho, and Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima. "Citral: antifungal activity and mode of action, against Cladosporium oxysporum." Ciência e Natura 42 (June 29, 2020): e54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x39693.

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Dematiaceous fungi are a group of fungi with dark colonies and pigmented fungal elements. The spectrum of diseases associated with fungi ranges from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to disseminated sepsis with high mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to study molecules with an antifungal action against these fungis. Attention has been drawn to the antimicrobial activity of aromatic compounds because of their promising biological properties. Citral is a monoterpene with known pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial action. Therefore, we investigated the antifungal activity of citral against strains of C. oxysporum, which involved determining its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and effects on mycelial growth and conidial germination. The effects of citral on the cell wall (sorbitol protect effect) and the cell membrane (citral to ergosterol binding) were investigated. Citral inhibited the growth of 50% of C. oxysporum strains employed in this study at an MIC 128μg/mL, as well as mycelial growth and conidia germination.
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Xie, Fei, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang, and Guoqiang Zhuang. "Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological Network Diversity." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050632.

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The biodiversity of fungi, which are extremely important in maintaining the ecosystem balance in alpine lakeside wetlands, has not been fully studied. In this study, we investigated the fungal communities of three lakeside wetlands from different altitudes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its edge. The results showed that the fungi of the alpine lakeside wetland had higher species diversity. Functional annotation of fungi by FUNGild software showed that saprophytic fungi were the most abundant type in all three wetlands. Further analysis of the microbial phylogenetic molecular ecological network (pMEN) showed that saprophytic fungi are important species in the three wetland fungal networks, while symbiotic fungi and pathotrophic fungi have different roles in the fungal networks in different wetlands. Community diversity was high in all three lakeside wetlands, but there were significant differences in the composition, function and network structure of the fungal communities. Contemporary environmental conditions (soil properties) and historical contingencies (geographic sampling location) jointly determine fungi community diversity in this study. These results expand our knowledge of fungal biodiversity in the alpine lakeside wetlands.
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28

Eze, Peter M., Joy C. Nnanna, Ugochukwu Okezie, Happiness S. Buzugbe, Chika C. Abba, Chidimma R. Chukwunwejim, Festus B. C. Okoye, and Charles O. Esimone. "Screening of metabolites from endophytic fungi of some Nigerian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activities." EuroBiotech Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2019-0002.

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AbstractEndophytic fungi associated with Nigerian plants have recently generated significant interest in drug discovery programmes due to their immense potential to contribute to the discovery of new bioactive compounds. This study was carried out to investigate the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves ofNewbouldia laevis, Ocimum gratissimum, andCarica papayaThe plants were collected from Agulu, Anambra State, South-East Nigeria. Endophytic fungal isolation, fungal fermentation; and extraction of secondary metabolites were carried out using standard methods. The crude extracts were screened for antimicrobial activities using the agar well diffusion method, and were also subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to identify their constituents. A total of five endophytic fungi was isolated, two fromN. laevis(NL-L1 and NL-L2), one fromO. gratissimum(SL-L1), and two fromC. papaya(PPL-LAC and PPL-LE2). In the antimicrobial assay, the extracts of NL-L2, SL-L1, and PPL-LE2 displayed mild antibacterial activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive test bacteria. PPL-LAC extract showed mild activity only againstS. aureus, while no antimicrobial activity was recorded for NL-L1 extract. All the endophytic fungal extracts showed no activity against the test fungiC. albicansandA. fumigatusHPLC analysis of the fungal extracts revealed the presence of ethyl 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate and ferulic acid in NL-L1; ruspolinone in NL-L2; protocatechuic acid, scytalone, and cladosporin in SL-L1; indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-carbaldehyde in PPL-LE2; and indole-3-acetic acid in PPL-LAC. The findings of this study revealed the potentials possessed by these plants as source of endophytes that express biological active compounds. These endophytes hold key of possibilities to the discovery of novel molecules for pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications.
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29

Chrzanowski, Robert R., Ned T. Rupp, Frederick A. Kuhn, Amy E. Phillips, and William K. Dolen. "Allergenic Fungi in Allergic Fungal Sinusitis." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 79, no. 5 (November 1997): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63039-6.

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30

PATERSON, R. Russell M. "Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons." Mycological Research 110, no. 9 (September 2006): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.004.

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31

Gao, Tingting, Guanlin Li, Jijiang Zhou, Ruiqing Ji, and Lipeng Meng. "Fungi community structure associated with Korean pine forests and the varying tendency with four forest land age." Nova Hedwigia 111, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0599.

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We used a space-for-time substitution as an alternative to investigate the variation in root fungal communities from four Korean pine forest lands with different ages. An analysis of the community in the root revealed that the fungal community composition differed, and it was affected by a combination of host age, climate factors and soil factors which including the soil fungi and soil physical and chemical properties. We assembled 464,490 seq uences into 2,066 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of these, 1,955 OTUs were classified as 5 phyla, 20 classes, 69 orders, 131 families, 330 genera. More than 75% root fungi overlap with the fungi of the habit soil. The fungal communities both from the root and soil bulk showed the highest species diversity in the >150 years old forest compared with 50–100 years old forests and five years old seedlings. With advancing forest age, in the root there were not only the unique dominant genera, but showed uniqueness both in the totally fungal community and functional fungi community succession took place in these sample plots. In 5 years old land, the relative abundance of pathotrophic fungi and symbiotrophic fungi were higher than saprotrophic fungi, in the mature forests, pathotrophic fungi and symbiotrophic fungi showed stabilized and a little lower than saprotrophic fungi in richness. These changes in the fungal community, respectively, were influenced significantly by pH, rainfall, and the mean air temperature (P < 0.05). This study findings focused on the dynamics of changes within the taxonomy of the root fungal community as a response to the age of the host tree (Korean pine), may be used for forest management and as the reference for evaluation the stability of forest ecosystem.
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Tseng, Chun-Chieh, Ning Huang, Chia-Jung Hsieh, Chien-Che Hung, and Yue-Liang Leon Guo. "Contribution of Visible Surface Mold to Airborne Fungal Concentration as Assessed by Digital Image Quantification." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081032.

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The rapid monitoring of total fungi, including air and surface fungal profiling, is an important issue. Here, we applied air and surface sampling, combined with digital image quantification of surface mold spots, to evaluate the contribution of surface fungi to airborne fungal concentrations. Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and yeast often appeared in the air or on wall surfaces during sampling. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratios (I/O ratios) demonstrated that the airborne concentrations of commonly found fungal genera outdoors were higher than those indoors (median I/O ratio = 0.65–0.91), excluding those of Penicillium and yeast. Additionally, the surface density (fungal concentration/area) of individual fungi showed no significant correlation with the airborne concentration, excluding that of Geotrichum. However, if a higher surface ratio (>0.00031) of mold spots appeared in the total area of an indoor environment, then the concentrations of Aspergillus and Geotrichum in the air increased significantly. Our results demonstrated that the airborne concentration of indoor fungi is significantly correlated with the outdoor concentration. A higher density of surface fungi does not necessarily contribute to a high fungal concentration in the air. In contrast to fungal density, quantification of the surface fungal area is recommended to assess the risk of surface fungi propelling into the air.
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Bazghaleh, Navid, Chantal Hamel, Yantai Gan, Bunyamin Tar’an, and Joan Diane Knight. "Genotypic variation in the response of chickpea to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 2018): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0521.

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Plant roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other fungal endophytes that can impact plant growth and health. The impact of microbial interactions in roots may depend on the genetic properties of the host plant and its interactions with root-associated fungi. We conducted a controlled condition experiment to investigate the effect of several chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes on the efficiency of the symbiosis with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Whereas the AM symbiosis increased the biomass of most of the chickpea cultivars, inoculation with non-AM fungal endophytes had a neutral effect. The chickpea cultivars responded differently to co-inoculation with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Co-inoculation had additive effects on the biomass of some cultivars (CDC Corrine, CDC Anna, and CDC Cory), but non-AM fungal endophytes reduced the positive effect of AM fungi on Amit and CDC Vanguard. This study demonstrated that the response of plant genotypes to an AM symbiosis can be modified by the simultaneous colonization of the roots by non-AM fungal endophytes. Intraspecific variations in the response of chickpea to AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes indicate that the selection of suitable genotypes may improve the ability of crop plants to take advantage of soil ecosystem services.
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Burke, David J., Juan C. López-Gutiérrez, Kurt A. Smemo, and Charlotte R. Chan. "Vegetation and Soil Environment Influence the Spatial Distribution of Root-Associated Fungi in a Mature Beech-Maple Forest." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 24 (October 23, 2009): 7639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01648-09.

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ABSTRACT Although the level of diversity of root-associated fungi can be quite high, the effect of plant distribution and soil environment on root-associated fungal communities at fine spatial scales has received little attention. Here, we examine how soil environment and plant distribution affect the occurrence, diversity, and community structure of root-associated fungi at local patch scales within a mature forest. We used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis to detect 63 fungal species representing 28 different genera colonizing tree root tips. At least 32 species matched previously identified mycorrhizal fungi, with the remaining fungi including both saprotrophic and parasitic species. Root fungal communities were significantly different between June and September, suggesting a rapid temporal change in root fungal communities. Plant distribution affected root fungal communities, with some root fungi positively correlated with tree diameter and herbaceous-plant coverage. Some aspects of the soil environment were correlated with root fungal community structure, with the abundance of some root fungi positively correlated with soil pH and moisture content in June and with soil phosphorous (P) in September. Fungal distribution and community structure may be governed by plant-soil interactions at fine spatial scales within a mature forest. Soil P may play a role in structuring root fungal communities at certain times of the year.
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M., Kamali, and Taheri Sarvtin M. "Fungal colonization of wood and wood products inside the buildings of Sari, northern Iran." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 6, no. 3 (October 7, 2016): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.6(3).p101-104.

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Fungi are placed in the kingdom Mycota and can colonize wood and wood products. Colonized fungi liberate spores in to the air, and spores can be transported over long distances by air currents. Fungal spores can contain multiple dangerous components such as allergens, antigens and mycotoxins. This study was designed to describe the type and frequency of fungal coloni-zation on wood and wood products inside the buildings of Sari, northern Iran. In this study 17 samples were collected from wood and wood products. The fungal diversity of these samples was investigated by culture-based methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Eight fungal genera and 1739 fungal colonies were recognized. The most dominant fungi were Aureobasidium (45%), Cladosporium (37.38%) and Penicillium (8.91%). In conclusion, the results of our study showed that wood and wood products can be colonized by Toxigenic and allergenic fungi including: Aureobasidium, Cladosporium and Penicillium. These fungi can cause damage to woods and change the appearance of wood product. Therefore, it is necessary to pre-vent the growth of fungi on wood and wood products.
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Ghosh, Arnab, Dilasma Gharti Magar, Sushma Thapa, Niranjan Nayak, and Om Prakash Talwar. "Histopathology of important fungal infections – A summary." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 1490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v9i1.23377.

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Fungal infections due to pathogenic or opportunistic fungi may be superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. With the upsurge of at risk population systemic fungal infections are increasingly common. Diagnosis of fungal infections may include several modalities including histopathology of affected tissue which reveal the morphology of fungi and tissue reaction. Fungi can be in yeast and / or hyphae forms and tissue reactions may range from minimal to acute or chronic granulomatous inflammation. Different fungi should be differentiated from each other as well as bacteria on the basis of morphology and also clinical correlation. Special stains like GMS and PAS are helpful to identify fungi in tissue sections.
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Breyer, Eva, Markus Böhm, Magdalena Reitbauer, Chie Amano, Marilena Heitger, and Federico Baltar. "Autofluorescence Is a Common Trait in Different Oceanic Fungi." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090709.

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Natural autofluorescence is a widespread phenomenon observed in different types of tissues and organisms. Depending on the origin of the autofluorescence, its intensity can provide insights on the physiological state of an organism. Fungal autofluorescence has been reported in terrestrial and human-derived fungal samples. Yet, despite the recently reported ubiquitous presence and importance of marine fungi in the ocean, the autofluorescence of pelagic fungi has never been examined. Here, we investigated the existence and intensity of autofluorescence in five different pelagic fungal isolates. Preliminary experiments of fungal autofluorescence at different growth stages and nutrient conditions were conducted, reflecting contrasting physiological states of the fungi. In addition, we analysed the effect of natural autofluorescence on co-staining with DAPI. We found that all the marine pelagic fungi that were studied exhibited autofluorescence. The intensity of fungal autofluorescence changed depending on the species and the excitation wavelength used. Furthermore, fungal autofluorescence varied depending on the growth stage and on the concentration of available nutrients. Collectively, our results indicate that marine fungi can be auto-fluorescent, although its intensity depends on the species and growth condition. Hence, oceanic fungal autofluorescence should be considered in future studies when fungal samples are stained with fluorescent probes (i.e., fluorescence in situ hybridization) since this could lead to misinterpretation of results.
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Chuang, Wen Yang, Yun Chen Hsieh, and Tzu-Tai Lee. "The Effects of Fungal Feed Additives in Animals: A Review." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050805.

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As probiotics, fungi enhance animal health and are suitable animal feed additives. In addition to brewing fungi, there are also edible and medicinal fungi. Common fungi utilized in feeding programs include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Pleurotus spp., Antrodia cinnamomea, and Cordyceps militaris. These fungi are rich in glucans, polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenes, ergosterol, adenosine, and laccases. These functional components play important roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and immune system regulation. As such, fungal feed additives could be of potential use when breeding livestock. In previous studies, fungal feed additives enhanced body weight and egg production in poultry and improved the feed conversion rate. Several mycotoxins can be produced by hazardous fungi but fortunately, the cell walls constituents and enzymes of fungal probiotics can also act to decrease the toxicity of mycotoxins. Overall, fungal feed additives are of value, but their safety and usage must be studied further, including cost-benefit economic analyses.
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Poore, T. Spencer, Gina Hong, and Edith T. Zemanick. "Fungal Infection and Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050618.

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Fungi are frequently recovered from lower airway samples from people with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet the role of fungi in the progression of lung disease is debated. Recent studies suggest worsening clinical outcomes associated with airway fungal detection, although most studies to date are retrospective or observational. The presence of fungi can elicit a T helper cell type 2 (Th-2) mediated inflammatory reaction known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), particularly in those with a genetic atopic predisposition. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of fungal infections in people with CF, risk factors associated with development of fungal infections, and microbiologic approaches for isolation and identification of fungi. We review the spectrum of fungal disease presentations, clinical outcomes after isolation of fungi from airway samples, and the importance of considering airway co-infections. Finally, we discuss the association between fungi and airway inflammation highlighting gaps in knowledge and future research questions that may further elucidate the role of fungus in lung disease progression.
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40

Ellouze, Walid, Ahmad Esmaeili Taheri, Luke D. Bainard, Chao Yang, Navid Bazghaleh, Adriana Navarro-Borrell, Keith Hanson, and Chantal Hamel. "Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531824.

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Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services that impact the production of food and bioproducts. Effective management of fungal resources is essential to optimize the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we (i) highlight the functional groups of fungi that play key roles in agricultural ecosystems, (ii) examine the influence of agronomic practices on these fungi, and (iii) propose ways to improve the management and contribution of soil fungi to annual cropping systems. Many of these key soil fungal organisms (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal root endophytes) interact directly with plants and are determinants of the efficiency of agroecosystems. In turn, plants largely control rhizosphere fungi through the production of carbon and energy rich compounds and of bioactive phytochemicals, making them a powerful tool for the management of soil fungal diversity in agriculture. The use of crop rotations and selection of optimal plant genotypes can be used to improve soil biodiversity and promote beneficial soil fungi. In addition, other agronomic practices (e.g., no-till, microbial inoculants, and biochemical amendments) can be used to enhance the effect of beneficial fungi and increase the health and productivity of cultivated soils.
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41

Miura, Chihiro, Miharu Saisho, Takahiro Yagame, Masahide Yamato, and Hironori Kaminaka. "Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae) Seed Coat Restricts the Invasion of Fungal Hyphae at the Initial Stage of Fungal Colonization." Plants 8, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8080280.

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Orchids produce minute seeds that contain limited or no endosperm, and they must form an association with symbiotic fungi to obtain nutrients during germination and subsequent seedling growth under natural conditions. Orchids need to select an appropriate fungus among diverse soil fungi at the germination stage. However, there is limited understanding of the process by which orchids recruit fungal associates and initiate the symbiotic interaction. This study aimed to better understand this process by focusing on the seed coat, the first point of fungal attachment. Bletilla striata seeds, some with the seed coat removed, were prepared and sown with symbiotic fungi or with pathogenic fungi. The seed coat-stripped seeds inoculated with the symbiotic fungi showed a lower germination rate than the intact seeds, and proliferated fungal hyphae were observed inside and around the stripped seeds. Inoculation with the pathogenic fungi increased the infection rate in the seed coat-stripped seeds. The pathogenic fungal hyphae were arrested at the suspensor side of the intact seeds, whereas the seed coat-stripped seeds were subjected to severe infestation. These results suggest that the seed coat restricts the invasion of fungal hyphae and protects the embryo against the attack of non-symbiotic fungi.
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42

Krichevskaya, G. I., L. A. Kovaleva, I. D. Zyurnyayeva, P. V. Makarov, and A. E. Andryushin. "The Effectiveness of PCR in Diagnosis of Fungal Keratitis." Ophthalmology in Russia 17, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2020-4-824-829.

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Fungi implicated in mycotic keratitis include different species. Conventional methods for the diagnosis of fungal keratitis include staining of corneal scarpings, culture medium (Sabouraud agar) for isolating fungi.Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of fungal etiology in comparison with the conventional diagnostic methods in cases with suspected fungal corneal ulcer.Patients and methods. Seven patients with severe corneal ulcers with more than 3 weeks duration. Corneal scarpings and corneal buttons from seven patients who had undergone therapeutic keratoplasty were used for microbiological and PCR analysis. PCR diagnostic kits for the differential detection of Candida albicans DNA and total fungi DNA (DNA Fungi), which allows to identify most pathogenic fungi without determining their species were used. Microbiological methods: microscopy of gramstained smears, culture techniques, including selective for fungi agar Saburo with chloramphenicol.Results. PCR: Fragments of all corneas removed from keratoplasty (6 patients) revealed fungal-common DNA (Fungi DNA) and did not detect Candida albicans DNA, which correlated with sowing results on Saburo medium (mold fungi found in 5 of 6 corneas). Fungi DNA was also detected in the corneal scraps taken prior to surgery; however, growth of fungi during sowing on various nutrient media was not found.Conclusion. Corneal fungal ulcers are a serious disease, often leading to visual disability. The rapid determination of etiology and the correct choice of therapy determines the outcomes of the disease. The advantage of PCR over the culture method: the speed of obtaining results (4 hours instead of 3–7 days); high sensitivity, which allows detecting fungi not only in the tissue of the removed cornea, but also in scrapes from the cornea ulcer of patients who previously received antifungal therapy. The presence of commercial kits for differential detection of fungal-common DNA and DNA of Candida albicans extends the possibilities of PCR in the screening diagnosis of fungal keratitis and the selection of drugs before determining the type of pathogen.
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43

van Groenestijn, J. W., W. N. M. van Heiningen, and N. J. R. Kraakman. "Biofilters based on the action of fungi." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0546.

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Traditional biofilters for waste gas treatment are mainly based on the degradation activity of bacteria. The application of fungi in biofilters has several advantages: fungi are more resistant to acidification and drying out, and the aerial mycelia of fungi form a larger surface area in the gas phase than bacterial biofilms, which may facilitate the uptake of hydrophobic volatile compounds. The research described here identifies important conditions for the operation of fungal-based biofilters. Biofilters with perlite packing were operated at different pHs and relative inlet gas humidities. Toluene was used as a model pollutant. It was shown that a low pH is a prerequisite for fungal growth in biofilters. Also, the fungal biofilters were more resistant to drying out and more active than the bacterial biofilters. Fungal biofilters eliminated 80-125 g toluene/m3 filterbed/h. Several measures that could limit the clogging of fungal biofilters with fungal biomass were investigated. The introduction of mites helped to control excessive fungal growth and pressure drop. The pressure drop of a perlite/fungi/mites filter of 1 m height, loaded with 200 m3 gas/m3 filter/h stabilised around 130 Pa. Biofilters based on the action of fungi are cost-effective for the treatment of waste gases containing aromatic compounds, alkenes and other hydrophobic compounds.
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44

Harper, Carla J., Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, and Edith L. Taylor. "Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems." Antarctic Science 28, no. 3 (March 18, 2016): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000018.

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AbstractChert and silicified wood from the Permian through Cretaceous of Antarctica contain abundant information on fungal diversity and plant–fungal interactions. The chert deposits represent a particularly interesting setting for the study of plant–fungal interactions because they preserve remains of distinctive high latitude forest ecosystems with polar light regimes that underwent a profound climate change from icehouse to greenhouse conditions. Moreover, some of the cherts and wood show the predominance of extinct groups of seed plants (e.g. Glossopteridales, Corystospermales). Over the past 30 years, documentation of fossil fungi from Antarctica has shifted from a by-product of plant descriptive studies to a focused research effort. This paper critically reviews the published record of fungi and fungal associations and interactions in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cherts and silicified wood from Antarctica; certain fungal palynomorphs and fungal remains associated with adpression fossils and cuticles are also considered. Evidence of mutualistic (mycorrhizal), parasitic and saprotrophic fungi associated with plant roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs is presented, together with fungi occurring within the peat matrix and animal–fungus interactions. Special attention is paid to the morphology of the fungi, their systematic position and features that can be used to infer fungal nutritional modes.
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45

Fang, Zhiguo, Qingqing Tang, Chanjuan Gong, Zhiyun Ouyang, Peng Liu, Li Sun, and Xiaoyong Wang. "Profile and distribution characteristics of culturable airborne fungi in residential homes with children in Beijing, China." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 9 (October 8, 2015): 1232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15610178.

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A survey was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of airborne fungi in 31 residential homes in Beijing that housed children. Indoor fungal concentrations in the homes ranged from 62 to 3498 colony forming units (CFU)/m3 (mean 837 CFU/m3). A total of 225 fungal isolates belonging to 24 genera and 65 species were identified in the air. The most common fungi were Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria based on concentration proportion and frequency. Approximately 40% of the total number of isolated fungal species belonged to Penicillium, which represented the maximum proportion of the total fungal concentration at ∼32%, followed by Cladosporium, Aspergillus, non-sporing fungi, Monilia, and Alternaria. The most frequently ocurring fungal species were Cladosporium cladosporioides (8.44%), Penicillium chrysogenum (5.33%) and Penicillium funiculosum (4.89%). Fungal concentrations in residential homes with a male child were significantly higher than those with a female child (** P < 0.01). The highest fungal concentration was detected in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest was in winter (** P < 0.01). These results provide a database of airborne fungi exposure in Beijing homes, and suggest that the gender of children in residences has a significant influence on both the concentration and composition of airborne fungi.
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46

Ameen, Fuad, Alhanouf Albejad, Rukaia Gashgari, S. Murialdo, and A. Al-Sabri. "Diversity of fungi in bottled water in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (November 21, 2017): 1664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.227.

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Abstract The occurrence of fungi in drinking water systems has received increased attention over recent decades and fungi are now generally accepted as drinking water system contaminants. However, fungal contamination of bottled water has received little attention. Forty unopened bottled water samples, of different trademarks, were collected from various localities in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia and analyzed for fungal contamination: (1) immediately after opening the bottles; and (2) after closing and storing them for 180 and 365 days. The fungal species were identified under a compound microscope followed by molecular sequencing. At least one fungal species were found in 58% of the bottles. In total, 18 fungal species belonging to 11 fungal genera were identified. Rhizopus nigricans and seven different species of Aspergillus were found to frequently contaminate the bottled water samples. Penicillium sp. were found in one sample. The 180 days storage of opened and reclosed bottles did not substantially affect the abundance of fungi or the species found. Some of the fungi identified may be pathogenic and the contamination of fungi in bottled water should be considered during the processing of water.
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47

Porter, Paul C., David Corry, George L. Delclos, Swapnil Vaidya, and Farrah Kheradmand. "Various fungi isolated from asthmatic children’s homes induce asthma like allergic lung disease in mice. (36.2)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 36.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.36.2.

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Abstract Fungal exposure has been associated to allergic lung diseases (including asthma) for over a century. The current asthma model holds that fungal exposure acts merely as antigens triggering long developed pre-existing sensitivity. We challenge this assumption and demonstrate A. niger inhalation can lead to the development of asthma-like allergic lung disease at high doses and at lower doses could act as a Th2 adjuvant allowing develop of allergic responses to a secondary benign antigen. Demonstrating that one fungi could illicit a profound allergic response, we wanted to investigate the allergic lung responses of other fungi. 13 fungi were isolated from the homes of asthmatic children and used to intra-nasally challenge normal C57Bl/6 mice. Select fungi were chosen for dose-dependent analysis and fungal clearance. All fungi analyzed induced at least minor allergic lung disease however the levels varied widely. Fungal clearance appeared to decrease with an increase in conidia size. Our results suggest that the general response to fungal conidia inhalation is the development of allergic lung responses.
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48

Hagenbo, Andreas, Josu G. Alday, Juan Martínez de Aragón, Carles Castaño, Sergio de-Miguel, and José Antonio Bonet. "Variations in biomass of fungal guilds are primarily driven by factors related to soil conditions in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forests." Biology and Fertility of Soils 58, no. 4 (January 30, 2022): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01621-4.

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AbstractSoil fungi are vital for regulating ecosystem carbon balance and productivity, by driving processes related to soil carbon and nutrient cycling. The rate and capacity of fungi-mediated processes are linked to fungal biomass dynamics and identifying the drivers of fungal biomass is important for predicting ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Here, ergosterol-based fungal biomass estimates and ITS2-based fungal community composition profiles were used to assess biomass of fungal guilds. Effects of forest management (thinning), environmental factors (soil chemical properties, microclimate, weather and forest stand composition) and season were related to the fungal biomass dynamics to identify the guild-specific drivers of biomass. Biomass of most fungal guilds increased with nutrient availability (nitrogen and potassium in particular) and decreased with forest thinning, and variation in total biomass was mainly driven by variation in mycorrhizal biomass. Most fungal guilds reached a minimum in biomass during summer except for mycorrhizal and root-associated ascomycetes, which instead reached a minimum during winter. Mycorrhizal fungi and root-associated ascomycetes displayed similar spatiotemporal variability in biomass. Yeasts and moulds were the only fungi displaying strong linkages with microclimate, whereas pathogenic and moss-associated fungi largely diverged in their responses to the environmental factors. The results of our study highlight that environmental factors related to the availability of soil nutrients may have an overall stronger effect on variation in biomass of fungal guilds in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forests than direct influences of microclimate, weather and forest management.
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Maurice, Sundy, Gontran Arnault, Jenni Nordén, Synnøve Smebye Botnen, Otto Miettinen, and Håvard Kauserud. "Fungal sporocarps house diverse and host-specific communities of fungicolous fungi." ISME Journal 15, no. 5 (January 11, 2021): 1445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00862-1.

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AbstractSporocarps (fruit bodies) are the sexual reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi. They are highly nutritious and consequently vulnerable to grazing by birds and small mammals, and invertebrates, and can be infected by microbial and fungal parasites and pathogens. The complexity of communities thriving inside sporocarps is largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the diversity, taxonomic composition and host preference of fungicolous fungi (i.e., fungi that feed on other fungi) in sporocarps. We carried out DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 region from 176 sporocarps of 11 wood-decay fungal host species, all collected within a forest in northeast Finland. We assessed the influence of sporocarp traits, such as lifespan, morphology and size, on the fungicolous fungal community. The level of colonisation by fungicolous fungi, measured as the proportion of non-host ITS2 reads, varied between 2.8–39.8% across the 11 host species and was largely dominated by Ascomycota. Host species was the major determinant of the community composition and diversity of fungicolous fungi, suggesting that host adaptation is important for many fungicolous fungi. Furthermore, the alpha diversity was consistently higher in short-lived and resupinate sporocarps compared to long-lived and pileate ones, perhaps due to a more hostile environment for fungal growth in the latter too. The fungicolous fungi represented numerous lineages in the fungal tree of life, among which a significant portion was poorly represented with reference sequences in databases.
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Horner, W. Elliott, Anthony G. Worthan, and Philip R. Morey. "Air- and Dustborne Mycoflora in Houses Free of Water Damage and Fungal Growth." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6394-6400.2004.

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ABSTRACT Typically, studies on indoor fungal growth in buildings focus on structures with known or suspected water damage, moisture, and/or indoor fungal growth problems. Reference information on types of culturable fungi and total fungal levels are generally not available for buildings without these problems. This study assessed 50 detached single-family homes in metropolitan Atlanta, Ga., to establish a baseline of “normal and typical” types and concentrations of airborne and dustborne fungi in urban homes which were predetermined not to have noteworthy moisture problems or indoor fungal growth. Each home was visually examined, and samples of indoor and outdoor air and of indoor settled dust were taken in winter and summer. The results showed that rankings by prevalence and abundance of the types of airborne and dustborne fungi did not differ from winter to summer, nor did these rankings differ when air samples taken indoors were compared with those taken outdoors. Water indicator fungi were essentially absent from both air and dust samples. The air and dust data sets were also examined specifically for the proportions of colonies from ecological groupings such as leaf surface fungi and soil fungi. In the analysis of dust for culturable fungal colonies, leaf surface fungi constituted a considerable portion (>20%) of the total colonies in at least 85% of the samples. Thus, replicate dust samples with less than 20% of colonies from leaf surface fungi are unlikely to be from buildings free of moisture or mold growth problems.
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