Academic literature on the topic 'Fungal sporulation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fungal sporulation"
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Adams, Thomas H., Jenny K. Wieser, and Jae-Hyuk Yu. "Asexual Sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.1.35-54.1998.
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SUMMARY The formation of mitotically derived spores, called conidia, is a common reproductive mode in filamentous fungi, particularly among the large fungal class Ascomycetes. Asexual sporulation strategies are nearly as varied as fungal species; however, the formation of conidiophores, specialized multicellular reproductive structures, by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has emerged as the leading model for understanding the mechanisms that control fungal sporulation. Initiation of A. nidulans conidipohore formation can occur either as a programmed event in the life cycle in response to intrinsic signals or to environmental stresses such as nutrient deprivation. In either case, a development-specific set of transcription factors is activated and these control the expression of each other as well as genes required for conidiophore morphogenesis. Recent progress has identified many of the earliest-acting genes needed for initiating conidiophore development and shown that there are at least two antagonistic signaling pathways that control this process. One pathway is modulated by a heterotrimeric G protein that when activated stimulates growth and represses both asexual and sexual sporulation as well as production of the toxic secondary metabolite, sterigmatocystin. The second pathway apparently requires an extracellular signal to induce sporulation-specific events and to direct the inactivation of the first pathway, removing developmental repression. A working model is presented in which the regulatory interactions between these two pathways during the fungal life cycle determine whether cells grow or develop.
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Wasserstrom, Lisa, and Jürgen Wendland. "Role of RIM101 for Sporulation at Alkaline pH in Ashbya gossypii." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070527.
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Microorganisms need to sense and adapt to fluctuations in the environmental pH. In fungal species, this response is mediated by the conserved pacC/RIM101 pathway. In Aspergillus nidulans, PacC activates alkaline-expressed genes and represses acid-controlled genes in response to alkaline pH and has important functions in regulating growth and conidia formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the PacC homolog Rim101 is required for adaptation to extracellular pH and to regulate transcription of IME1, the Initiator of MEiosis. S. cerevisiae rim101 mutants are defective in sporulation. In Ashbya gossypii, a filamentous fungus belonging to the family of Saccharomycetaceae, little is known about the role of pH in regulating growth and sporulation. Here, we deleted the AgRIM101 homolog (AFR190C). Our analyses show that Rim101 is important for growth and essential for sporulation at alkaline pH in A. gossypii. Acidic liquid sporulation media were alkalinized by sporulating strains, while the high pH of alkaline media (starting pH = 8.6) was reduced to a pH ~ 7.5 by these strains. However, Agrim101 mutants were unable to sporulate in alkaline media and failed to reduce the initial high pH, while they were capable of sporulation in acidic liquid media in which they increased the pH like the wild type.
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Poletto, Tales, Marlove F. B. Muniz, Vinícius S. Fantinel, Renata F. Favaretto, Igor Poletto, Lia R. S. Reiniger, and Elena Blume. "Culture Medium, Light Regime and Temperature Affect the Development of Sirosporium diffusum." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p310.
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Sirosporium diffusum is the causal agent of the brown leaf spot disease on pecan trees that seriously damages the foliage of adult plants and seedlings. This fungal species is difficult to grow satisfactorily in a culture medium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different physical conditions on the development of S. diffusum. In the first assay, eight culture media and five light regimes were combined, while in the second, the three treatments that promoted highest sporulation were combined with three temperatures. The trials were conducted in a two-factorial arrangement in a fully randomized design with six replicates. V8, V8CaCO3, and CA media under a 24-h photoperiod produced the highest respective sporulations: 29 × 104, 35 × 104, and 41 × 104 conidia ml-1. The best temperature for sporulation was 20±1 °C for all culture media, especially V8CaCO3 and CA. The best artificial conditions for obtaining good mycelial growth and sporulation consisted of a photoperiod of 24 h, temperature of 20±1 °C and V8CaCO3 or CA culture medium.
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Pereira da Silva, Janine, Aingeru Martínez, Ana Lúcia Gonçalves, Felix Bärlocher, and Cristina Canhoto. "Fungal richness does not buffer the effects of streams salinization on litter decomposition." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 57 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2021003.
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Freshwater salinization is a world-wide phenomenon threatening stream communities and ecosystem functioning. In these systems, litter decomposition is a main ecosystem-level process where fungi (aquatic hyphomycetes) play a central role linking basal resource and higher levels of food-web. The current study evaluated the impact of aquatic hyphomycete richness on leaf litter decomposition when subjected to salinization. In a microcosm study, we analysed leaf mass loss, fungal biomass, respiration and sporulation rate by fungal assemblages at three levels of species richness (1, 4, 8 species) and three levels of salinity (0, 8, 16 g NaCl L‑1). Mass loss and sporulation rate were depressed at 8 and 16 g NaCl L‑1, while fungal biomass and respiration were only negatively affected at 16 g L‑1. A richness effect was only observed on sporulation rates, with the maximum values found in assemblages of 4 species. In all cases, the negative effects of high levels of salinization on the four tested variables superimposed the potential buffer capacity of fungal richness. The study suggests functional redundancy among the fungal species even at elevated salt stress conditions which may guarantee stream functioning at extreme levels of salinity. Nonetheless, it also points to the possible importance of salt induced changes on fungal diversity and identity in salinized streams able to induce bottom-up effects in the food webs.
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Sawyer, A. J., M. E. Ramos, T. J. Poprawski, R. S. Soper, and R. I. Carruthers. "SEASONAL PATTERNS OF CADAVER PERSISTENCE AND SPORULATION BY THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) BATKO (ENTOMOPHTHORALES: ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) INFECTING CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (SCUDDER) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171355-1.
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AbstractEntomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko (North American pathotype 1) is a fungal pathogen of the clearwinged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder). We present results from a field experiment conducted in Arizona in 1984, designed to investigate factors associated with seasonal patterns of cadaver persistence and sporulation by E. grylli. Rangeland plots at two sites were monitored daily for 8 weeks for the appearance of new cadavers of diseased grasshoppers during a natural epizootic. Cadavers were individually marked and revisited on subsequent days, when it was noted whether or not conidial sporulation was underway. Environmental variables were recorded by electronic data loggers. Daily probabilities of cadaver disappearance and fungal sporulation were analysed in relation to site, date, and various measures of cadaver status, sporulation history, and environmental variables by logistic regression analysis. The average daily rate of cadaver disappearance was 0.22, yielding an expected time to 50% disappearance of 2.8 days. The environmental factor most significantly associated with cadaver disappearance was rainfall, and the most important host factor was age of the cadaver. The probability that conidia would be discharged from a cadaver over the next 24 h was most dependent on whether or not conidial sporulation was underway already. This probably reflects a state of readiness for sporulation on the part of the fungus. Although the probability of sporulation declined with increasing age of a cadaver, high rates of sporulation were predicted under conditions of prolonged leaf wetness and high humidity at night, regardless of age of the cadaver. These results, together with the observation that in some cadavers sequences of sporulation were interspersed with periods of no sporulation, suggest that E. grylli may undergo cycles of dehydration and rehydration, in which conidial production is interrupted and then resumes in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Pascoal, Cláudia, and Fernanda Cássio. "Contribution of Fungi and Bacteria to Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Polluted River." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (September 2004): 5266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5266-5273.2004.
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ABSTRACT The contribution of fungi and bacteria to the decomposition of alder leaves was examined at two reference and two polluted sites in the Ave River (northwestern Portugal). Leaf mass loss, microbial production from incorporation rates of radiolabeled compounds into biomolecules, fungal biomass from ergosterol concentration, sporulation rates, and diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with decomposing leaves were determined. The concentrations of organic nutrients and of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the stream water was elevated and increased at downstream sites. Leaf decomposition rates were high (0.013 day−1 < k < 0.042 day−1), and the highest value was estimated at the most downstream polluted site, where maximum values of microbial production and fungal biomass and sporulation were found. The slowest decomposition occurred at the other polluted site, where, along with the nutrient enrichment, the lowest current velocity and dissolved-oxygen concentration in water were observed. At this site, fungal production, biomass, and sporulation were depressed, suggesting that stimulation of fungal activity by increased nutrient concentrations might be offset by other factors. Although bacterial production was higher at polluted sites, fungi accounted for more than 94% of the total microbial net production. Fungal yield coefficients varied from 10.2 to 13.6%, while those of bacteria were less than 1%. The contribution of fungi to overall leaf carbon loss (29.0 to 38.8%) greatly exceeded that of bacteria (4.2 to 13.9%).
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Violi, Helen A., Kathleen K. Treseder, John A. Menge, Sara F. Wright, and Carol J. Lovatt. "Density dependence and interspecific interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated plant growth, glomalin production, and sporulation." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 1 (January 2007): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-151.
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Functional differences between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith and Scutellospora heterogama Nicolson and Gerdemann as they affect Persea americana Mill. growth, glomalin, and fungal sporulation were examined by varying the composition and relative density of the two fungi over a gradient of available phosphorus (P). The plant benefit provided by these mycorrhizal fungi together was not a simple sum of the benefits provided by each fungus in monoculture at its respective density. Glomus intraradices and S. heterogama interacted to reduce plant growth rates and uptake of P, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) relative to plants inoculated with G. intraradices alone. Thus, for plant growth and nutrition, no evidence for functional complementarity was detected. Instead, interspecific interactions between mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a negative feedback on plants. Under high available P, fungal functional differences were reduced, whereas the overall difference between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants was greatest. Overall, S. heterogama produced more glomalin than did G. intraradices. In a mixture, sporulation of the inferior mutualist, S. heterogama, was lower than that of the superior mutualist, G. intraradices, but interspecific fungal interactions increased the sporulation of both fungi. Despite the negative impact of interspecific interactions on plants, supporting multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was of greater benefit than being nonmycorrhizal.
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Twizeyimana, M., and G. L. Hartman. "Sensitivity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates to Fungicides and Reduction of Fungal Infection Based on Fungicide and Timing of Application." Plant Disease 101, no. 1 (January 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-16-0552-re.
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Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging foliar fungal disease in many soybean-growing areas of the world. Strategies to manage SBR include the use of foliar fungicides. Fungicide types, the rate of product application, and the number and timing of applications are critical components for successful rust management. The objectives of this study were to determine i) the sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates collected in the U.S. to a range of fungicides and ii) the reduction of fungal infection based on fungicide type and timing of applications on soybean. There were differences (P < 0.05) in effective concentration (EC50) values among the fungicides tested. Azoxystrobin had low EC50 values for both urediniospore germination and fungal sporulation on inoculated leaflets. There were differences (P < 0.05) in fungal sporulation for application times, fungicide treatments, and their interaction when the fungus was inoculated on plants. All application times and nearly all fungicide treatments reduced (α = 0.05) fungal infection compared with the nonfungicide control. Information on fungicide sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates and the preventive and curative effects of different fungicides are important in the management of SBR.
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Shi, Zhishang, Yan Zhao, Shuo Liu, Yanting Wang, and Qilin Yu. "Size-Dependent Impact of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Growth and Sporulation of Aspergillus niger." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 5840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185840.
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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are becoming important DNA nanocarriers for genetic engineering of industrial fungi. However, the biological effect of MNPs on industrial fungi remains unknown. In this study, we prepared three kinds of magnetic nanoparticles with different sizes (i.e., 10 nm, 20 nm, and 200 nm) to investigate their impact on the growth and sporulation of the important industrial fungus Aspergillus niger. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Zeta potential analysis revealed that the three kinds of MNPs, including MNP10, MNP20 and MNP200, had uniform size distribution, regular Fe3O4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and similar Zeta potentials. Interestingly, although the three kinds of MNPs did not obviously inhibit growth of the fungus, the MNP20 at 500 mg/L strongly attenuated sporulation, leading to a remarkable decrease in spore numbers on culturing plates. Further investigation showed that MNP20 at the high concentration led to drastic chitin accumulation in the cell wall, indicating cell wall disruption of the MNP20-treated fungal cells. Moreover, the MNPs did not cause unusual iron dissolution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the addition of ferrous ion, ferric ion or the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) had no impact on the sporulation of the fungus, suggesting that both iron dissolution and ROS accumulation did not contribute to attenuated sporulation by MNP20. This study revealed the size-dependent effect of MNPs on fungal sporulation, which was associated with MNP-induced cell wall disruption.
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Saha, Aniruddha, S. Dasgupta, Palash Mandal, and D. Saha. "Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination behaviour of Curvularia eragrostidis (P. Hennings) Mayer." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.007.
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Curvularia eragrostidis is a foliar fungal pathogen of young tea plants. It causes leaf spot disease of tea. Mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination behaviour of the pathogen were studied. Six different media were tested for mycelial growth. Among these, potato carrot agar (PCA) was found best for the mycelial growth and sporulation. Maximum mycelial growth was attained after 15 days of incubation. Mycelial growth was also studied in different temperatures and pH. Optimum temperature of growth was 25 °C and best growth was obtained at pH 6.0. Glucose and peptone were best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively for growth and sporulation of the fungus. The optimum conditions of spore germination were found to be at pH 7.25 and at incubation temperature of 25 °C. Keywords: Sporulation; Curvularia eragrostidis; Mycelial growth, fungus
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fungal sporulation"
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Lowe, Rohan George Thomas. "Sporulation of Stagonospora nodorum /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071101.221432.
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Tiley, Anna Mystica Mendez. "Investigating asexual sporulation in Zymoseptoria tritici, a fungal pathogen of wheat." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715767.
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Hyde, K. D. "Spore settlement and attachment in marine fungi." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355131.
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Freimoser, Florian M. Freimoser Florian Matthias. "Cultivation, sporulation and phylogenetic analysis of Neozygites parvispora and Entomophthora thripidum, two fungal pathogens of thrips /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13869.
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Sobrinho, Candido Athayde. "Patossistema caupi X Macrophomina phaseolina: método de detecção em sementes, esporulação e controle do patógeno." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-29042005-161211/.
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Apesar da espécie Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ser bastante rústica e estar adaptada às condições adversas de clima e solo brasileiros, seu rendimento é muito baixo. Diversas causas têm sido levantadas para explicar esse comportamento; entre elas destacam-se as doenças fúngicas, sobretudo aquelas cujos patógenos são transmitidos por sementes, em especial a podridão cinzenta do caule, causada por Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. A abordagem analítica desse patossistema revelou alguns problemas emergentes. Entre eles, destacam-se: a) desconhecimento da qualidade sanitária das sementes de caupi, utilizadas para semeadura; b) desunifomidade na metodologia usada para detectar os patógenos presentes nas semente; c) dificuldade na esporulação do patógeno, máxime de alguns isolados reticentes em esporular em meios artificiais de cultivo, cujo comportamento dificulta os trabalhos de seleção de genótipos resistentes; d) carência de medidas de controle do patógeno, que empreguem práticas naturais, como uso de sementes sadias, de indutores de resistência e de cultivares resistentes, de fácil uso e passível de adoção por parte dos produtores. Na estruturação da matriz lógica do presente estudo, referidos problemas foram transformados em objetivos. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba-SP. Os resultados indicaram o teste de sanidade de sementes de caupi empregando o método do papel de filtro com restrição hídrica utilizando NaCl a 0,8Mpa, como o mais adequado para detecção dos fungos presentes nas sementes de caupi, especialmente M. phaseolina. A análise sanitária das amostras de sementes originadas de vários estados brasileiros revelou que, em 62% das amostras analisadas, o fungo M. phaseolina estava presente, sendo as amostras originadas do estado da Paraíba, Piauí, Pará e Bahia as que apresentaram maiores níveis de incidência do patógeno. Os melhores níveis de esporulação do patógeno foram conseguidos com a combinação de sobreposição de discos de folhas de trigo ao meio BDA, com temperatura de 25oC. Quanto à identificação de indutores de resistência, capazes de controlar M. phaseolina, os resultados revelaram que o acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) foi o mais eficiente, quando comparado com quitosana e com um produto silicatado derivado de rocha micronizada (PSiM), apresentando um controle residual por mais de 40 dias após a semeadura. A maior eficiência verificada pelo ASM ocorreu devido a sua capacidade de ativar mecanismos bioquímicos de defesa, configurando-se em efetivo ativador da resistência induzida nas plantas de caupi, por atuar na cinética de importantes enzimas relacionadas à defesa, como a fenilalanina amônia-liase, peroxidase e quitinase. Quanto à reação de cultivares de caupi à doença, foi possível verificar razoável nível de resistência de algumas cultivares, tendo sido consideradas resistentes Mulato, Guariba e Maratauã.Notwithstanding the specie Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp is sufficiently rustic and adapted to the adverse conditions of the Brazilian soil and climate, its improvement is very low. Many causes have been raised in order to explain such behavior; among them the fungal diseases stand out, over all those whose pathogens are transmitted by the seeds especially the charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. The analytical approach of such pathosystem has revealed some emerging problems. Among them, it stands out: a) the ignorance of the sanitary quality of the cowpea seeds used for sowing; b) the non-uniformity in the used methodology in order to detect the pathogens, which are present in the seed; c) the difficult in pathogen sporulation, principally of some isolated reticent in forming spores in cultivation artificial environments whose behavior hampers the selection works of the resistant genotypes; d) lack of pathogen control measures, which utilize natural practices, such as the use of healthy seeds, resistance inducers and resistant cultivars of easy utilization and liable to adoption by the producers. In structuring the logical matrix of this study, such problems were transformed into objectives. The works were conducted at the Entomology, Phytopathology and Agricultural Zoology Departments of ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba-SP. The results have pointed out the sanity test of the cowpea seeds through the method of filter paper with hydric restriction using NaCI 0,8Mpa, as the most suitable for detecting the current fungus in cowpea seeds, especially M. phaseolina. The sanitary analysis of the seeds samples originated from several Brazilian states has revealed that in 63% of the analyzed samples, the fungus M. phaseolina was present, and the samples originated from the states of Paraíba, Piauí, Pará and Bahia were those that have presented higher incident levels of pathogen. The best levels of sporulation were obtained with the combination of the superposition of wheat leaves disks in the middle of BDA in 25ºC. As to the identification of the resistance inducers, capable of controlling the M. phaseolina, the results have revealed that the acinbezolar-S-methyl (ASM) was more efficient when compared to chitosan and with a silicate product originated from micronized rock (PsiM), presenting a residual control for more than 40 days after the sowing. The greatest efficiency ascertained by ASM has occurred due to its capacity of activate the defense biochemistries mechanisms, forming itself in an activator effect of the induced resistance in cowpea plants because it acts in the kinetic of important enzymes related to the defense, such as the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and chitinase. As to the cowpea cultivars reaction to the disease, it was possible to ascertain a reasonable resistance level of some cultivars, and BR 14 Mulato, Guariba e Maratauã were considered as resistant.
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com, rohanlowe@gmail, and Rohan George Thomas Lowe. "Sporulation of Stagonospra nodorum." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071101.221432.
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Stagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that is the causal agent of leaf and glume blotch on wheat. Very little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms required for pathogenicity of S. nodorum, despite its major impact on Australian agriculture. S. nodorum is a polycyclic pathogen. Rain-splashed pycnidiospores attach to and colonise wheat tissue and subsequently sporulate within 2-3 weeks. Several cycles of infection are needed to build up inoculum for the damaging infection of flag leaves and heads, sporulation is therefore a critical component of the infection cycle of S. nodorum; our aim is to determine the genetic and biochemical requirements for sporulation for development of control of the pathogen. Disease progression of S. nodorum on wheat cv. Amery was monitored by light microscopy to determine the time point when pycnidia development began. Early pycnidia development was evident 12 days post-infection. This information was used to guide a genomics and a metabolomics based approach to determine the requirements for sporulation in S. nodorum. The genomics approach utilised two cDNA libraries created from sporulating and non-sporulating cultures. EST frequency was used to determine highly expressed genes under the two developmental states. Gene expression from the most highly represented genes during sporulation were confirmed using quantitative PCR. A gene encoding an arabitol 4-dehydrogenase (Abd1), was mutagenised, in its absence sporulation was reduced by approximately 20%. The metabolomics approach isolated metabolites from both in planta infection and in vitro growth. Rapid changes in the abundance of metabolites were detected during the onset of sporulation. Key fungal metabolites identified include mannitol and trehalose. The concentration of both mannitol and trehalose increased dramatically in concert with pycnidia formation. Both mannitol and trehalose have also been linked to pathogenicity in filamentous fungi. Creation of deletion mutants of the gene encoding trehalose 6-phosphate synthase showed the synthesis of trehalose is required for full sporulation of S. nodorum in planta and in vitro.
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Rerngsamran, Panan. "Functional analysis of fluffy, a transcriptional regulator for conidial development in Neurospora crassa." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2452.
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The fluffy gene of Neurospora crassa is required for asexual sporulation. It encodes an 88 kDa polypeptide containing a typical fungal Zn2Cys6 DNA binding motif. To identify the target genes on which FL may act, I sought to identify target sequences to which the FL protein binds. Several strategies were attempted to obtain purified FL protein. Purification was achieved by expressing the DNA binding domain of FL in Escherichia coli as a fusion with glutathione S-transferase followed by affinity purification using glutathione sepharose chromatography. DNA binding sites were selected by in vitro binding assays. Comparison of the sequences of selected clones suggested that FL binds to the motif 5??-CGG(N)9CCG-3??. A potential binding site was found in the promoter region of the eas (ccg-2) gene, which encodes a fungal hydrophobin. In vitro competitive binding assays revealed a preferred binding site for FL in the eas promoter, 5??-CGGAAGTTTCCTCCG-3??, which is located 1498 bp upstream of the eas translation initiation codon. In vivo experiments using a foreign DNA sequence tag confirmed that this sequence is a target site for FL regulation. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an experimental system, I demonstrated that the C-terminal portion of FL functions in transcriptional activation. Microarray analysis was performed to study the role of fl in gene regulation on a large scale. mRNA levels in a fl mutant were compared to those in a strain overexpressing the fl gene. Experiments with cDNA microarray containing 13% of the total number of predicted N. crassa genes revealed 122 genes differentially expressed in response to overexpression of fl. Among these, eas displayed the greatest level of response. The cDNA microarray approach also revealed a number of genes that may be indirectly regulated by fl but may be involved in development. This information provides a foundation for further analysis of the role of fl in conidial development.
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Rosa, Janicéli. "Seleção de genótipos de guandu para resistência a Macrophomina phaseolina e esporulação do fungo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96898.
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Resumo: Objetivou-se o ajuste de metodologia e seleção de genótipos de guandu para resistência a Macrophomina phaseolina a partir de material obtido pela Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, e verificar o desenvolvimento micelial e esporulação do fungo em meios de cultura. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na UNESP/Jaboticabal no período de agosto de 2004 a dezembro de 2005. Para o ajuste de metodologia e seleção de genótipos resistentes ao fungo as sementes foram submetidas a escarificação com lixa d'água e inoculação artificial através do método de exposição das mesmas ao patógeno por diferentes períodos, que variaram de O a 72 horas. Foram avaliadas porcentagem de plantas sobreviventes e massa fresca. Já para o crescimento micelial e esporulação do fungo foi utilizado o método de sobreposição de discos de diferentes hospedeiros no meio de cultura. A escarificação das sementes contribuiu para a penetração do fungo nas mesmas o período de 24h de exposição das sementes ao fungo são suficientes para detectar diferenças no grau de resistência dos genótipos. Os genótipos mais resistentes são g167-97, g124-95, g27-94, g40-95, g154-95, g127-97 e g9m-97, e os mais suscetíveis são g48-95, g123-95, g8-95, g168-99 e g1m-95. A sobreposição de discos foliares de guandu em meio BDA e folha de papel de filtro em meio sojinha proporcionam um incremento na esporulação de M. phaseolina.Abstract: This work had the objective of determining the best schedule for artificial inoculation and select pigeon pea genotypes resistant to Macrophomina phaseolina in material obtained by Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, and verify the mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungi in middle of culture. The work were carried in greenhouse at the UNESP/Jaboticabal, from August 2004 to December 2005. For the methodology and selection adjustment of resistant genotypes to the fungi the seeds were submitted scarified with water sandpaper and artificial inoculation the seeds were the contact method to fungi for different periods, which varied from O to 72 hours. They were evaluated percentage of surviving plants and fresh mass. For the mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungi was used the superposition of disks method of different hosts in the middle of culture. The scarified of the seeds contributed for penetration of the fungi at the seeds; the period of 24h of contact of the seeds to the fungi enough to detect differences in the resistance degree ofthe genotypes. The genotypes g167-97, g124-95, 927-94, g40-95, g154-95, g127-97 and g9m-97 were found to be the most resistant and most susceptible were g48-95, g123-95, g8-95, g168-99 and g1m-95. The treatment with superposition of the leaf disks of pigeon pea in BDA and disks of filter paper in middle of soybean extract were the treatments that provided better sporulation levei in the conditions of that experiment were half.
Orientador: Rita de Cássia Panizzi
Coorientador: Rodolfo Godoy
Banca: Antonio de Goes
Banca: Patrícia Menezes Santos
Mestre
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Goh, Dane. "Exploring the Potential for Novel Ri T-DNA Transformed Roots to Cultivate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42412.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are key soil symbiotic microorganisms, intensively studied for their roles in improving plant fitness and their ubiquity in terrestrial ecosystems. Research on AM fungi is difficult because their obligate biotrophic nature makes it impossible to culture them in the absence of a host. Over the last three decades, Ri T-DNA transformed roots have been the gold standard to study AM fungi under in vitro conditions. However, only two host plant species (Daucus carota and Cichorium intybus) have been routinely used to in vitro propagate less than 5% of the known AM fungal species. There is much evidence that host identity can significantly affect AM symbioses, therefore, we investigated any potential host-specific effects of two novel Ri T-DNA transformed root species, Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana benthamiana, by associating them with seven AM fungal species selected based on their contrasting behaviors when grown with Ri T-DNA transformed D. carota roots. To evaluate the performance of new Ri T-DNA transformed roots to host and propagate AM fungal species, a factorial set-up was used to generate nine unique pairs of hosts (M. truncatula, N. benthamiana, D. carota) and AM fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis, R. clarus, Glomus sp.). Using statistical modeling, all pairs of hosts and AM fungi were compared by their symbiosis development (SD) and sporulation patterns in the hyphal compartments (HCs) of two-compartment Petri dishes. Our results show that 1) most of the variation between host and AM fungus pairs relating to SD or HC sporulation was explained by an interaction between host and AM fungal identity, i.e., host identity alone was not sufficient to explain AM fungal behaviour, 2) AM symbioses involving different combinations of symbiont identities trigger heterogenous fungal behaviours. This work provides a robust framework to develop and evaluate new Ri T-DNA roots for the in vitro propagation of AM fungi, an important asset for germplasm collections and biodiversity preservation.
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Beloti, Igor Forigo. "Viabilidade de fungos necrotróficos sob diferentes métodos de preservação." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2015. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12227.
Full textAbstract:
The ex situ fungal cultures collections represent important biological heritage and is
useful for mycologists and plant pathologists, supporting several scientific works. They provide viable pathogens anytime and assisting at identification, morpho-physiological
aspects, life cycle, epidemiology, resistance to fungicides and breeding programs in
resistance of diseases. However, there is not a universal preservation method that is efficient and suitable for the different groups of fungi. The most appropriate is the one that maintain, even after long periods, the original characteristics of culture: viability,
sporulation and pathogenicity, excluding mutations and undesirable contamination. The choice will depend of the laboratory infrastructure, micro-organism, objectives, preferences and knowledge of the researcher. For necrotrophic fungi, after passing their
life cycle stage as saprophytes they can be isolated in growing medium, using different
preservation methods, especially: periodic transfer, dried host tissues, sterile water (Castellani), mineral oil, sterile soil, freezing, silica gel, lyophilization and
cryopreservation. The study aimed to describe the efficiency of sterile soil (68 isolates), resistant structures (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in 4°C (10 strains), gelatin (17 strains),
mineral oil (31 strains) and silica gel (14 strains) on the maintenance of viability,
sporulation and colonization-pathogenicity of phytopathogenic necrotrophic fungi
preserved in different dates, in Laboratório de Micologia e Proteção de Plantas
(LAMIP), Uberlândia (MG), and in Laboratório de Microbiologia e Fitopatologia (LAMIF), Monte Carmelo (MG). The gelatine method has never been tested for fungi.
The viability remained in 38 strains of sterile soil; three of mineral oil, 10 of gelatin.
Sclerotia s maximum time of preservation was four years, and all fungal strains were viable on silica gel.As coleções ex situ de culturas fúngicas são um importante patrimônio biológico, úteis à micologia e fitopatologia como suporte em trabalhos científicos. Disponibilizam patógenos a qualquer momento para: identificação, estudos morfofisiológicos, ciclo de vida, epidemiologia, resistência aos fungicidas e programas de melhoramento, visando resistência a doenças. Não há um método de preservação que seja eficiente e recomendado para os diferentes grupos de fungos, sendo mais adequado aquele que mantiver, mesmo após longos períodos, as características originais da cultura viabilidade, esporulação e patogenicidade , evitando mutações e contaminações indesejadas. A escolha irá depender da infraestrutura do laboratório, do microrganismo em estudo, dos objetivos do trabalho e de preferências e conhecimentos do pesquisador. Para os fungos necrotróficos, que passam alguma fase de seu ciclo de vida como saprófitas, podendo ser isolados em meio de cultivo, utilizam-se: repicagens periódicas, tecidos secos do hospedeiro, Castellani, óleo mineral, terriço, congelamento, sílica-gel, liofilização e criopreservação. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de métodos de preservação e o tempo máximo de manutenção da viabilidade, esporulação, colonização/patogenicidade de fungos fitopatogênicos necrotróficos utilizados no Laboratório de Micologia e Proteção de Plantas (LAMIP) em Uberlândia (MG) e no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Fitopatologia (LAMIF) em Monte Carmelo (MG), preservados pelos métodos: terriço (68 isolados), escleródios (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) em 4 °C (10 isolados), gelatina (17 isolados), óleo mineral (31 isolados) e sílica-gel (14 isolados), em diferentes datas. Mantiveram-se viáveis 38 isolados em terriço, três isolados em óleo mineral e 10 isolados em gelatina. O tempo máximo de preservação de escleródios foi de quatro anos, sendo que todos os isolados em sílica-gel permaneceram viáveis.
Mestre em Agronomia
Book chapters on the topic "Fungal sporulation"
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Guochang, Sun, and Sun Shuyuan. "Conditions for Sporulation and Preservation of Conidia of Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia Grisea." In Major Fungal Diseases of Rice, 111–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2157-8_8.
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Beakes, G. W. "Sporulation of Lower Fungi." In The Growing Fungus, 339–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27576-5_16.
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Adams, T. H. "Asexual Sporulation in Higher Fungi." In The Growing Fungus, 367–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27576-5_17.
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Clutterbuck, A. John, and William E. Timberlake. "Genetic Regulation of Sporulation in the Fungus Aspergillus nidulans." In Development, 103–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77043-2_8.
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Park, Hee-Soo, and Jae-Hyuk Yu. "1 Molecular Biology of Asexual Sporulation in Filamentous Fungi." In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27790-5_1.
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Leung, H., D. Christian, P. Loomis, and N. Bandian. "Effects of Ultraviolet-B Irradiation on Spore Viability, Sporulation, and Mutation of the Rice-Blast Fungus." In Climate Change and Rice, 158–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85193-3_15.
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Adams, T. H., and J. K. Wieser. "Asexual sporulation: conidiation." In Molecular Fungal Biology, 185–208. Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139163972.007.
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"Division of Fungi by Type of Sporulation." In Atlas of Clinically Important Fungi, 9–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119069720.ch2.
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Gulis, Vladislav, and Keller F. Suberkropp. "Fungi: Biomass, Production, and Sporulation of Aquatic Hyphomycetes." In Methods in Stream Ecology, 311–25. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012332908-0.50017-6.
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Leung, H., Z. Shi, Y. Shi, D. Fujimoto, J. Barroga, and D. Christian. "Genetic and molecular analyses of sporulation and pathogenesis in the rice blast fungus." In Rice Genetics Collection, 910–15. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812814289_0127.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Fungal sporulation"
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Perera, TVRC, K. Pakeerathan, and A. Nirosha. "ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT COMMON LAB CONTAMINANT Trichoderma spp IN OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTION USING AGROBASED INDUSTRY’S BY-PRODUCTS." In The 5th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 – (ICCC 2021). The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2513258x.2021.5105.
Full textAbstract:
An abundant supply of low-cost substrate and management of green mold disease-causing fungus Trichoderma are the major hurdles in successful mushroom production. This study aimed to identify the best Agro-based industry’s by-products as a substitute for oyster mushroom production (Pleurotus ostreatus) while managing fungal contaminants eco-friendly. Two sets of In-Vitro [containing 20% extracts, from agro-based industries, such as coffee waste powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] and In-Vivo experiments [four substrates such as paddy straw, wood sawdust, paddy husk and banana leaves were incorporated with coffee powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] were prepared separately. All the experiments were conducted using a complete randomized design with three replicates. The In-Vitro data [mycelial growth and sporulation of both fungi], In-Vivo data [mycelial mushroom run, pinhead formation and yield] were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT mean separation using SAS 9.1 statistical package at P <0.05. In-Vitro results showed that the Trichoderma mycelial growth was significantly minimum in Mahua (2.5 cM) and coffee (3.6 cM) in comparison to control, whereas, with decreasing concentration of coffee, tea, and Mahua extract P. ostreatus showed enhanced growth. Trichoderma sporulation had significantly affected coffee treatment, and even not sporulate in Mahua treated plants. The In-Vivo experiment proved that spawn run was consistent and significant among the treatments when mixed tea (20 days) and coffee (21 days), respectively, at P <0.05. Treatment wise coffee treated spawn bags took an average of 32.5 days, whereas, in tea-treated substrates, it was more than 36 days to form pinhead. Mahua treated trials showed poor spawn run in all substrates, longer days of pinhead formation, and lower yield. In contrast, the paddy straw + coffee treatment produced a significantly highest yield of 200.67g. When sawdust was the substrate, the addition of tea showed a significantly higher yield of 185.00g than coffee (145.00g). In conclusion, coffee and tea extracts have a significant effect on yield with paddy straw and sawdust while minimizing the growth of Trichoderma. Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, eco-friendly, plant extract, substrate, coffee, paddy straw
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Astapchuk, I. L., N. A. Marchenko, G. V. Yakuba, and A. I. Nasonov. "Selection of the optimal culture medium for cultivation Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020--5-9-10-3.
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The influence of various culture media on the growth, morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus F. sporotrichioides was studied. Ten culture media were used in our research. A comparative study of the growth rate of the F. sporotrichioides mycelium made it possible to identify two media that are the most suitable for the cultivation and identification of this species, namely carrot and tomato agar. We took into account such criteria as ensuring the maximum degree of sporulation, rapid growth and development of mycelium (the 7th day), colony diameter (71–78 mm), as well as the ease of preparation. Nirenberg culture medium can be used to obtain a large number of conidia of the fungus. Because of the high variability of cultural characteristics of F. sporotrichioides, we recommend using different composition of media.
Reports on the topic "Fungal sporulation"
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Droby, Samir, Tim R. Gottwald, Richard Stange, Efraim Lewinsohn, and T. Gregory McCollum. Characterization of the biochemical basis of host specificity of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587726.bard.
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l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.