Journal articles: 'Fungal fiber'

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Goynes, W. R., B. F. Ingber, and D. P. Thibodeaux. "Fungal infection of seed: a source of cotton textile imperfections." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141251.

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Cotton seed develop within a thick-walled boll that is usually divided into three or more compartments called locules. The seed and fibers that grow within a locule are called a lock. An unopen boll is shown in figure 1. The cotton fiber is a single cell and develops from the epidermis of the seed. The cell wall, or primary wall, of the fiber, a complex mixture of cellulose, protein, waxes, pectins, and other plant related materials, elongates for approximately 17-25 days. Completion of this elongation is overlapped by the beginning of secondary wall synthesis which deposits successive layers of cellulose inside the primary wall. This main body of the fiber is composed almost entirely of cellulose. Production of a commercially useful fiber depends on the completion of this secondary wall development since it provides both fiber strength and dyeability. If this growth process is inhibited at any stage, less mature fibers with thin secondary walls are produced, and if it is interrupted before secondary wall production begins, undeveloped fibers are produced that can cause problems during processing into textiles.

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Pickering, K. L., Y. Li, R. L. Farrell, and M. Lay. "Interfacial Modification of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Composites Using Fungal and Alkali Treatment." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2007.1984.

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Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is encouraging scientific research into developing cheaper, more sustainable materials. Industrial hemp fiber is one of the strongest and stiffest available natural fibers [K. L. Pickering, M. Priest, T. Watts, G. Beckermann, and S. N. Alam, J. Adv. Mater. 37, 15 (2005)] and therefore has great potential in composite materials. Incorporated into a thermoplastic matrix, it gives a structural material that is cheap, lightweight, and recyclable. However, natural fibers are commonly incompatible with common molding thermoplastics such as polypropylene, which limits the performance of the composites produced. The main objective of the current work was to investigate the use of fungi to treat hemp fiber to create better bonding characteristics in natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD), ζ-potential, lignin testing, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the effect of treatment on hemp fibers. A combined alkali and fungi treated fiber composite produced the highest tensile strength of 48.3 MPa, an increase of 32% compared to composites with untreated fiber.

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Cheng, Yi, Xiaoyu Tang, Chunsheng Gao, Zhimin Li, Jia Chen, Litao Guo, Tuhong Wang, and Jianping Xu. "Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Fungal Pathogens on Bast Fiber Crops." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030223.

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Bast fibers and products derived from them are undergoing a resurgence in demand in the global market. However, fungal diseases have become an important factor limiting their yield and quality, causing devastating consequences for the production of bast fiber crops in many parts of the world. Thus, there is a high demand for effective control and prevention strategies against fungal pathogens. Having rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective tests that can be used for early and accurate diagnosis of disease agents is an essential step of such strategies. The objective of this study was to review the current status of research on molecular diagnosis of fungal pathogens on bast fiber crops. Our search of PubMed identified nearly 20 genera of fungal pathogens on bast fiber crops, among which the five most common genera were Colletotrichum, Pythium, Verticillium, Fusarium, and Golovinomyces. The gene regions that have been used for molecular identifications of these fungi include internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), ß-tubulin, calmodulin (CAL), histone subunit 3 (H3), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), etc. We summarize the molecular assays that have been used to identify these fungi and discuss potential areas of future development for fast, specific, and accurate diagnosis of fungal pathogens on bast fiber crops.

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Kuka, Edgars, Dace Cirule, Janis Kajaks, Anna Janberga, Ingeborga Andersone, and Bruno Andersons. "Fungal Degradation of Wood Plastic Composites Made with Thermally Modified Wood Residues." Key Engineering Materials 721 (December 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.721.8.

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Wood plastic composites (WPC) are mainly used as an outdoor material, so durability against fungal decay is one of the factors that should be analyzed and if necessary improved. WPC are susceptible to biodegradation, although these materials have limited water absorption because of the wood fiber encapsulation in polymer matrix. In the study two different water pretreatment methods (short-term and long-term) were used to ensure appropriate water content for fungal growth. Also in the paper thermally modified wood (different regimes) fiber influence on WPC fungal resistance is investigated. The results showed that long-term water pretreated WPC specimens had more suitable conditions for fungal degradation that led to higher weight loss. The results which were related to thermally modified wood fibers showed, that WPC with thermally modified wood fibers had improved resistance against fungi. Thermal modification regimes had an effect on WPC durability as well.

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Armstrong, H., R. Valcheva, D. Santer, Z. Zhang, A. Rieger, S. I. Dijk, R. Dickner, et al. "A31 COMPLEX ROLE OF DIETARY FIBERS IN IBD: MICROBES MEDIATE FIBER-INDUCED INFLAMMATION." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.030.

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Abstract Background Dietary fibers pass through the bowel undigested and are fermented within the intestine by microbes, typically promoting gut health. However, many IBD patients describe experiencing sensitivity to fibers. β-glucan, found on the surface of fungal cells during fungal infection, has been shown to bind to fiber receptors, such as Dectin-1, on host immune cells, resulting in a pro-inflammatory response. These fungal fibres share properties with dietary fibers. Aims As an altered gut microbial composition has been associated with IBD, we hypothesized that the loss of fiber-fermenting microbes populating the gut in IBD could lead to dietary fibers not being efficiently broken down into their beneficial biproducts (e.g. short chain fatty acids; SCFA), resulting in binding of intact fibers to pro-inflammatory host cell receptors. Methods Immune and epithelial cell lines and colonic biopsies cultured ex vivo were incubated with oligofructose or inulin (5g/L), or pre-fermented fibers (24hr anaerobic fermentation). Immune responses were measured by cytokine secretion (ELISA), and expression (qPCR). Barrier integrity was measured by transepithelial resistance (TEER). Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data of patient fiber consumption were correlated with gut microbes (shotgun sequencing) and immune responses to fiber in patient biopsies. Results Unfermented oligofructose induced IL-1β secretion in leukocytes (macrophage, T cell, neutrophil) and in colon biopsies from pediatric Crohn disease (CD; n=38) and ulcerative colitis (UC; n=20) patients cultured ex vivo, but not in non-IBD patients (n=21). IL-1β secretion was greater in patients with more severe disease. Pre-fermentation of oligofructose by whole-microbe intestinal washes from non-IBD patients or remission patients reduced secretion of IL-1β, while whole microbe intestinal washes from severe IBD patients were unable to ferment oligofructose or reduce cytokine secretion. Fiber effects on IL-1β secretion in biopsies positively correlated with effects on barrier integrity in T84 cells. Fiber-associated immune responses in patient biopsies cultured ex vivo (ELISA) correlated with fiber avoidance (FFQ) and gut microbiome (sequencing) in matching patient samples. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that intolerance and avoidance of prebiotic fibers in select IBD patients is associated with the inability to ferment these fibers, leading to pro-inflammatory immune responses and intestinal barrier disruption. This highlights select disease state scenarios, in which administration of fermentable fibers should be avoided and tailored dietary interventions should be considered in IBD patients. Funding Agencies CIHRWeston Foundation

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Fatriasari, Widya, Wasrin Syafii, Nyoman J. Wistara, Khaswar Syamsu, and Bambang Prasetya. "Digestibility of Betung Bamboo Fiber Following Fungal Pretreatment." Makara Journal of Technology 18, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/mst.v18i2.2941.

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Fatriasari, Widya, Wasrin Syafii, Nyoman J. Wistara, Khaswar Syamsu, and Bambang Prasetya. "Digestibility of Betung Bamboo Fiber Following Fungal Pretreatment." Makara Journal of Technology 18, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/mst.v18i2.394.

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Zheng, Chao, Dongfang Li, Anna Ottenhall, and Monica Ek. "Cellulose fiber based fungal and water resistant insulation materials." Holzforschung 71, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2017): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0162.

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Abstract The development of thermal insulation materials from sustainable, natural fibrous materials is desirable. In the present study, cellulose fiber based insulation foams made of bleached chemi thermo mechanical pulp (CTMP) have been investigated. To improve water resistance, the foams were impregnated with hydrophobic extractives from the outer bark of birch (Betula verrucosa) and dried. The surface morphology of the foams and the distribution of the deposited particles from the extractives were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modified foams showed improved water resistance, as they did not disintegrate after immersion in water for 7 days, whereas the unmodified foam did. Compared to the unmodified foam, the modified foams absorbed 50% less moisture within 24 h. The modification had no negative effects on the thermal insulation properties, fungal resistance or compressive strength of the foams. The proposed approach is simple and can be easily integrated into plants working based on the biorefinery concept.

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GA, Mousa. "Fungal Pectinase Production Optimization and its Application in Buffaloe’s Diets Degradation." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000199.

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Pectinase production for improving buffalo’s diets digestion is the main objective of this work. Effects of fungal strains and different cultivation conditions on pectinase production have been studied. In vitro batch culture technique was used for investigate impact of the produced pectinase compared with commercial pectinase (SMIZYME ® ) on rumen fermentation parameters and diet degradation. Penicillium chrysogenum exhibited the highest pectinase activity at 3 days of incubation period , initial pH 4 of the growth medium, yeast extract as a sole nitrogen source and pomegranate peel as a carbon source at a concentration of 15 % (W/V). Three (g/kg) of the both enzymes supplementation significantly increased treated diet’s dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability with increase total gas production ( TGP) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. The enlargement of pectinase production locally will lead to animal production improvement, encourage self-reliance and reduce the cost of enzymes importation.

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Thygesen, Anders, Geoffrey Daniel, Hans Lilholt, and Anne Belinda Thomsen. "Hemp Fiber Microstructure and Use of Fungal Defibration to Obtain Fibers for Composite Materials." Journal of Natural Fibers 2, no. 4 (March 15, 2006): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j395v02n04_02.

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Yahya, Ridwan, Mucharromah Mucharromah, Devi Silsia, and Septiana Septiana. "Physical Damages of Wood Fiber in Acacia Mangium due to Biopulping Treatment." Molekul 11, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2016.11.1.198.

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Biopulping is fungal pretreatment of wood chips to reduce unused chemical composition of material in pulping. Preliminary study showed that pretreatment of Phanerochaetachrysosporium to Acacia mangium Willd can reduce lignin and improve holocellulose and cellulose content of the material. Fiber dimension recognized as other important factor for paper properties. The question is how the integrity and dimensions of the wood fiber that has been pretreated with the fungus. The objectives of present study were to know effect of pretreatment of P. chrysosporium to the integrity and dimensions of the fiber. The P. chrysosporium was cultured for 14 days in growth medium, and inoculated to wood chips 5% (w/v) and incubated for 0, 15 and 30 days. The inoculated wood chips were chipped into 1 mm x 1 mm x 20 mm and macerated using franklin solution at 60 oC for 48 hours. Forty fibers from each incubated time were analized their physical damages using a light microscope at a 400 magnification. The inoculated fibers were measured theirs dimensions. The physical damage percentage of fibers pretreated using P. chrysosporium was 0%. Length and wall thickness of the pretreated fibers were can be categorized as middle class and thin fibers, respectively.

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Svensson, Sofie E., Ludmila Bucuricova, Jorge A. Ferreira, Pedro F. Souza Filho, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Akram Zamani. "Valorization of Bread Waste to a Fiber- and Protein-Rich Fungal Biomass." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020091.

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Filamentous fungi can be used for the valorization of food waste as a value-added product. The goal of this study was the valorization of bread waste through fungal cultivation and the production of value-added products. The fungal cultivation was verified for upscaling from shake flasks to a bench-scale bioreactor (4.5 L) and a pilot-scale bioreactor (26 L). The fungus showed the ability to grow without any additional enzymes or nutrients, and it was able to consume a bread concentration of 4.5% (w/v) over 48 h. The biomass concentration in the shake flasks was 4.1 g/L at a 2.5% bread concentration, which increased to 22.5 g/L at a 15% bread concentration. The biomass concentrations obtained after 48 h of cultivation using a 4.5% bread concentration were 7.2–8.3 and 8.0 g/L in 4.5 and 26 L bioreactors, respectively. Increasing the aeration rate in the 4.5 L bioreactor decreased the amount of ethanol produced and slightly reduced the protein content of the fungal biomass. The initial protein value in the bread was around 13%, while the protein content in the harvested fungal biomass ranged from 27% to 36%. The nutritional value of the biomass produced was evaluated by analyzing the amino acids and fatty acids. This study presents the valorization of bread waste through the production of a protein- and fatty-acid-rich fungal biomass that is simultaneously a source of microfibers.

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Praneeth, K., S. Kalyani, Y. V. L. Ravikumar, J. Tardio, and S. Sridhar. "Development of polyethersulfone and polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber membranes for clarification of surface water and fungal enzyme broth." Water Supply 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.074.

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Hollow fiber membranes are of great commercial interest with several applications at the forefront of research to carryout bioseparations, drinking water purification, wastewater treatment besides liquid phase separations and gaseous separations. An experimental study was carried out to synthesize hollow fiber membranes from polyethersulfone (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymers to fabricate modules for surface water treatment and clarification of fungal enzyme broth. Design drawings of a manual hollow fiber spinning machine and spinneret were prepared to fabricate the necessary equipment for extrusion of hollow fibers. Effect of various spinning conditions on specific macroscopic fiber properties, such as outer diameter and wall thickness and membrane pore structure was studied. Concentrations of 15–20 wt% PES in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and PAN in dimethyl formamide (DMF) solvents with important additives and pore formers were prepared. These polymer solutions were extruded through the spinneret and subjected to phase inversion in a water bath. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pure water flux studies. PAN and PES exhibited 99.8 and 95.4% turbidity rejection. PAN exhibited a 5 log reduction of Escherichia coli bacteria for surface water treatment at a low hydraulic pressure of 1 bar with a flux of 54.2 L/m2 h at a water recovery of 80% whereas PES gave a flux of 36.6 L/m2 h with 4 log reduction of E. coli. PAN and PES membranes exhibited 54.9 and 69.3% xylanase enzyme recoveries from fungal broth at reasonable flux with turbidity rejection of 94.8 and 95.7% respectively.

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Armstrong, H., R. Dickner, A. Rieger, I. K. Mander, J. Jerasi, D. Santer, R. Valcheva, et al. "A15 MICROBES MEDIATE FIBER-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN IBD." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 3, Supplement_1 (February 2020): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwz047.014.

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Abstract Background The etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) remains unknown, although gut microorganisms and diet have been implicated. Dietary fibers pass through the bowel undigested and are fermented within the intestine by microbes, promoting gut health. However, many IBD patients describe experiencing sensitivity to fibres. Interestingly, fiber receptors on immune cells are able to interact with fibers typically found on the surface of fungal cells (which share properties with dietary fibers), for example, resulting in a paradoxical pro-inflammatory response. Aims As an altered microbial composition is a hallmark of IBD, we hypothesized that the loss of fiber fermenting-microbes populating the IBD gut could lead to dietary fibers not being efficiently broken down into their beneficial biproducts, resulting in binding of intact fibers to pro-inflammatory host cell receptors. This can ultimately drive pro-inflammatory responses and a microenvironment that promotes continued dysbiosis and increased pathogenicity of select microbes, as observed in IBD. Methods Fiber receptor expression gut was examined using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry and demonstrated elevated receptor expression due to increased presence of immune cells in IBD patient biopsies. Cytokine secretion, in response to fiber (5mg/mL) or pre-fermented fibers, cultured with microbes of interest, was measured by ELISAs in cell lines in vitro and biopsy tissues cultured ex vivo. Results Whole-fibers induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophage, monocytes, and neutrophils. Specific microbes were capable of fermenting fiber, measured by gas chromatography. Pre-fermentation of fibers by these microbes reduced inflammatory cytokine production. The fiber oligofructose increased IL-1β in pediatric CD (n=44) and UC (n=29) biopsies cultured ex vivo but not in non-IBD (n=25). The increase was greater in patients with more severe disease. Pre-fermentation of oligofructose by bacteria reduced this secretion of IL-1β. Whole-microbe intestinal washes from severe IBD patients were unable to ferment oligofructose or reduce fiber-associated inflammation in macrophage cells compared to remission or non-IBD children. Statistical analysis of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data on fiber consumption demonstrated that fiber-associated inflammation in patient biopsies cultured ex vivo (ELISA and qPCR) correlated with fiber avoidance (FFQ). Conclusions Comparing in vitro findings to our patient FFQs, intestinal washes (microbe abundance), and detailed patient history will better define the relationship between microbes, dietary fibers, and gut inflammation in IBD. This will allow for tailored dietary intervention through dietary recommendations, prebiotic, and/or probiotic therapies. Funding Agencies CCCWeston Foundation, WCHRI

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Lei, Jia, Qi Guo, Weitang Yao, Tao Duan, Ping Chen, and Wenkun Zhu. "Bioconcentration of organic dyes via fungal hyphae and their derived carbon fibers for supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 23 (2018): 10710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02655f.

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Beeks, Stephanie A., and Michael R. Evans. "Physical Properties of Biocontainers Used to Grow Long-term Greenhouse Crops in an Ebb-and-flood Irrigation System." HortScience 48, no. 6 (June 2013): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.732.

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The physical properties of new 15.2-cm plastic and comparably sized bioplastic, solid ricehull, slotted ricehull, paper, peat, dairy manure, wood fiber, rice straw, and coconut fiber containers were determined. Additionally, the physical properties of these containers were determined after being used to grow ‘Rainier Purple’ cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum L.) in ebb-and-flood benches for 15 weeks in a greenhouse environment. The punch strength of new coconut fiber containers was the highest of the containers. The used plastic containers had strengths of 228.0, 230.5, and 215.2 N for the bottom, middle, and top zones, respectively. The used peat, dairy manure, and wood fiber containers had strengths of less than 15 N for each zone. Tensile strength of all new containers was 10 kg. The plastic, bioplastic, solid ricehull, slotted ricehull, paper, and coconut fiber containers had used strengths that were similar to plastic containers. Total water used for wood fiber containers was higher than plastic containers. Irrigation intervals for plastic containers were similar to bioplastic, solid ricehull, slotted ricehull, paper, and coconut fiber containers. The irrigation interval for plastic containers was 1.32 days and the wood fiber container had the shortest irrigation interval at 0.61 day. Container absorption for coconut fiber containers was 255 mL and was higher than plastic containers. Wood fiber container absorption was 141 mL and lower than plastic containers. Plastic, bioplastic, solid ricehull, and slotted ricehull containers had no visible algal or fungal growth. The wood fiber containers had 79% of the container walls covered with algae or fungi and the bottom and middle zones had 100% algae or fungi coverage. The bottom zone of rice straw, dairy manure, and peat containers also had 100% algae or fungi coverage. The bioplastic, solid ricehull, and slotted ricehull containers in this study proved to be good substitutes for plastic containers. These containers retained high levels of punch and tensile strength, had no algal and fungal growth, and required a similar amount of solution as the plastic containers to grow a cyclamen crop. The peat, dairy manure, wood fiber, and rice straw containers proved not to be appropriate substitutes for plastic containers because of the low used strengths, high percentage of algal and fungal coverage, and shorter irrigation intervals as compared with plastic containers.

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Yeh, Shu-Kai, Chun-Ruei Hu, Maria Bangun Rizkiana, and Chang-Hsin Kuo. "Effect of fiber size, cyclic moisture absorption and fungal decay on the durability of natural fiber composites." Construction and Building Materials 286 (June 2021): 122819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122819.

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Bengtsson, M., S. Wallström, M. Sjöholm, R. Grönlund, B. Anderson, A. Larsson, S. Karlsson, S. Kröll, and S. Svanberg. "Fungus Covered Insulator Materials Studied with Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Principal Component Analysis." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 8 (August 2005): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702054615214.

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A method combining laser-induced fluorescence and principal component analysis to detect and discriminate between algal and fungal growth on insulator materials has been studied. Eight fungal cultures and four insulator materials have been analyzed. Multivariate classifications were utilized to characterize the insulator material, and fungal growth could readily be distinguished from a clean surface. The results of the principal component analyses make it possible to distinguish between algae infected, fungi infected, and clean silicone rubber materials. The experiments were performed in the laboratory using a fiber-optic fluorosensor that consisted of a nitrogen laser and an optical multi-channel analyzer system.

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Roh, Hyun-gyoo, Sunghoon Kim, Jungmin Lee, and Jongshin Park. "Effect of Low-Temperature Pyrolysis on the Properties of Jute Fiber-Reinforced Acetylated Softwood Kraft Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Polymers 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121338.

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Short jute fiber-reinforced acetylated lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (JF reinforced ASKLTPU) was prepared and characterized as a short-fiber-reinforced elastomer with carbon-neutrality and biodegradability. The acetylated softwood kraft lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (ASKLTPU) was prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a soft segment. Short jute fiber was modified using low-temperature pyrolysis up to the temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C in order to remove non-cellulosic compounds of jute fibers for enhancing interfacial bonding and reducing hydrophilicity with the ASKLTPU matrix. JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs with fiber content from 5 to 30 wt % were prepared using a melt mixing method followed by hot-press molding at 160 °C. The JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs were characterized for their mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal transition behavior, thermal stability, water absorption, and fungal degradability. The increased interfacial bonding between JF and ASKLTPU using low-temperature pyrolysis was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and also proved via interfacial shear strength measured using a single-fiber pull-out test. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and water absorption aspects of JF-reinforced ASKLTPU were affected by increased interfacial bonding and reduced hydrophilicity from low-temperature pyrolysis. In the case of the degradation test, the PEG component of ASKLPTU matrix highly affects degradation and deterioration.

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Hosseinihashemi, Seyyed Khalil, Mahdi Modirzare, Vahidreza Safdari, and Behzad Kord. "Decay resistance, hardness, water absorption, and thickness swelling of a bagasse fiber/plastic composite." BioResources 6, no. 3 (July 9, 2011): 3289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.3289-3299.

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The decay resistance, hardness, water absorption, and thickness swelling of a bagasse fiber/polypropylene composite were evaluated. Brown- (Coniophora puteana) and white-rot (Trametes versicolor) fungal treatments were applied for 8, 12, and 16 weeks according to BS 838:1961 with the kolle-flask method. The brown- and white-rotted, and control composite samples were immersed in distilled water at 2 h and 24 h to measure the water absorption and thickness swelling of samples according to the ASTM D 570-98 requirements. Results indicated that the both lowest (3.2%) and the highest (7.2%) weight loss were observed in the white-rotted composite samples for 8 and 16 weeks fungal exposure times, respectively. The highest hardness (77.6 Shore D) was noted in the control composite samples, and the lowest hardness (65.5 Shore D) was recorded in the white-rotted composite samples. The highest water absorption (10.5%) was observed in the brown-rotted composite samples for 8 weeks fungal exposure time and after 24 h immersion in distilled water, and the lowest (3.8%) was noted in the control composite samples after 2 h immersion in distilled water. The highest thickness swelling (6.3%) was observed in the control composite samples after 24 h immersion in distilled water, and the lowest thickness swelling (1.9%) was found in the white-rotted composite samples for 16 weeks fungal exposure time and after 2 h immersion in distilled water.

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Ahsan, Qumrul, Chia Pooi Ching, and Mohd Yuhazri bin Yaakob. "Physical and Sound Absorption Properties of Spent Tea Leaf Fiber Filled Polyurethane Foam Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.541.

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Spent tea leaves (STL) from tea producing factories can be considered as new resources for sound absorbing polyurethane (PU) matrix composite materials because STL are rich in polyphenols (tannins) which cause high durability, high resistance to fungal and termites, and high resistance to fire. The research aims to study the physical characteristics of STL and the effect of dispersion morphology of STL on the sound absorption properties of polyurethane foam composites by varying filler loading. Three grades of STL fibers either as received or granulated are used in this study, namely BM-FAE and SWBHE derived from the stalk while FIBER-FAE derived from the leaves of the tea plant. The PU/STL composites are fabricated through open molding method with a fiber loading of 16 wt. %. The fabricated composites are then subjected to physical and sound absorption testing as well as microscopic observations to analyze the distribution of filler in composite. The study shows that as-received FIBER-FAE spent tea leaves provide the best sound absorption coefficient and for composites using granulated fibers from any grade have lower sound absorption coefficient. These results show that a novel kind of sound absorption materials with the recycling of waste materials can be obtained for the solution of noise and environmental pollution.

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Mostapha, Marhaini, Win Indra Gunawan, Sutriyono, Widayanti, and Anis Yuniati. "Enhancement Technology for Electrospray Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanoﬁber from Zuheros Nano: A Preliminary Study." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.552.

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Polyvinyl alcohol PVA nanofiber is a biocompatible material that has numerous potential in health application include as bone and tissue implant, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, air filter and waste water treatment. In this study, the electrospin fiber has successfully fabricated byusing Zuheros Nano-electrospin machine. This is a new generation of electrospin machine which offer a faster, safer, controlled spinning conditions and highly reproducible. The 6 and 8 wt % of PVA was prepare and operated at different electric field of 15 and 20 kV at different distance between tip to collector (TDC) of 15 and 17cm.The physical characteristics of electrospin fiber were observed under optical microscope. Result shows that at higher voltage 20 kV, TDC 17 cm of 8 wt % PVA has produce a smooth, fine and well arrange of fibers formation compared to other electrospin parameter. The PVA electrospin membrane was successfully formed as spray durations increased to 90 minutes. The different polymer concentration (wt%), TDC (cm) and electrospray voltage (kV) effects the PVA nano-fiber formation.

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Bindschedler, Saskia, Laure Millière, Guillaume Cailleau, Daniel Job, and Eric P. Verrecchia. "An Ultrastructural Approach to Analogies between Fungal Structures and Needle Fiber Calcite." Geomicrobiology Journal 29, no. 4 (May 2012): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2011.558565.

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Mantovani, T. R. D., G. A. Linde, and N. B. Colauto. "Effect of the addition of nitrogen sources to cassava fiber and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on Agaricus brasiliensis growth." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-112.

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The same substratum formulation to grow Agaricus bisporus has been used to grow Agaricus brasiliensis since its culture started in Brazil. Despite being different species, many of the same rules have been used for composting or axenic cultivation when it comes to nitrogen content and source in the substrate. The aim of this study was to verify the mycelial growth of A. brasiliensis in different ammonium sulfate and (or) urea concentrations added to cassava fiber and different carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios to increase the efficiency of axenic cultivation. Two nitrogen sources (urea and (or) ammonium sulfate) added to cassava fiber were tested for the in vitro mycelial growth in different C:N ratios (ranging from 2.5:l to 50:l) in the dark at 28 °C. The radial mycelial growth was measured after 8 days of growth and recorded photographically at the end of the experiment. Nitrogen from urea enhanced fungal growth better than ammonium sulfate or any mixture of nitrogen. The best C:N ratios for fungal growth were from 10:l to 50:l; C:N ratios below 10:l inhibited fungal growth.Key words: Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus blazei, Agaricus subrufescens, nitrogen, C:N ratio.

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Choi, Yeonjoo, Bo-Hyung Kim, Sung-Ho Kang, and Myeong Sang Yu. "Feasibility of Minimal Inferior Meatal Antrostomy and Fiber-Optic Sinus Exam for Fungal Sinusitis." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 33, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892419857018.

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Background/objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of simultaneous middle and inferior meatal antrostomies (SMIAs) as a treatment modality in patients with maxillary fungal sinusitis and to compare the efficacy of SMIA with that of conventional middle meatal antrostomy (MMA). Methods A retrospective study was performed on consecutive patients with noninvasive fungal maxillary sinusitis. Twenty-one patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with SMIA group and the remaining 24 patients were treated with the conventional MMA group. Medical records were reviewed for history, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, surgical intervention, complications, and outcomes. Outcomes consisted of the visual analog scale (VAS) for the main symptoms and maxillary sinus endoscopic scores. The stenosis or obstruction of the antrostomy site and postoperative mucociliary function was also evaluated. Results VAS scores for facial pain and nasal discharge/postnasal drip were significantly improved in the SMIA group. The maxillary endoscopic score was also significantly reduced in the SMIA group. There were no significant differences between 2 groups with respect to the preoperative Lund–Mackay score, VAS score of nasal obstruction, nasal bleeding, postoperative mucociliary function, and MMA patency. Conclusions The SMIA technique is useful for identifying and removing fungal debris that cannot be reached through the MMA and could bring better surgical outcomes.

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Kord, Behzad, Seyyed Khalil Hosseinihashemi, and Mehdi Modirzare. "Influence of fungal infection on the long-term water absorption and morphological behavior of bagasse fiber/polypropylene composites at different exposure times." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0005.

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AbstractIn this study, the effect of fungal decay on the long-term water absorption of bagasse fiber/polypropylene composites at different exposure times was studied. For this purpose, the blend composites were prepared through the melt mixing of bagasse fiber with polypropylene at 40:60% weight ratios, with 2% coupling agent for all formulations. Then, the samples were exposed to brown-rot (Coniophora puteana) and white-rot (Trametes versicolor) fungal treatments for 8, 12 and 16 weeks with the Kolle flask method. The long-term water absorptions of samples were evaluated by immersing them in water at room temperature for several weeks, and water diffusion coefficients were also calculated by evaluating the water absorption isotherms. Also, the morphology of composites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the water absorption of samples was actually much higher after both types of rotting and was significantly higher than that of control samples. Also, the water absorption of white-rotted samples was higher than that of brown-rotted and control samples for all weeks of fungal exposure times. In addition, the control sample and composite after 16 weeks of exposure to white-rot fungi exhibited the lowest and highest water diffusion coefficients, respectively. The mechanism of water absorption of samples against fungal decay at different exposure times followed the kinetics of a Fickian diffusion process. Furthermore, the SEM micrographs showed that the extent of degradation increased with increasing exposure time to fungus.

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Zhang, Yunfei. "Quantitative Models of Fungi Interaction--based on Logistic models." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 04044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127104044.

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As the key medium for decomposing wood fibers, fungi play a vital role in promoting the carbon cycle. The purpose of this paper is to establish mathematic models describing the process of fungi decomposing litter and wood fiber. The paper comprehensively consider the effects of temperature, moisture, location and other factors on fungal traits, and introduced the experimental data of the US Forest Service Center for Forest Mycology Research (CFMR).Based on the model of competition among populations and the modern coexistence theory, this paper establishes the competitive model between two fungi, then generalizes it to a variety of fungi and predicts the short-term and long-term effects.

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Cipoluni, Martin L., and Edmund W. Stiles. "Relative risks of fungal rot for temperate ericaceous fruits: effects of seasonal variation on selection for chemical defense." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-231.

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To quantify factors influencing the risk of fungal rot for vertebrate-dispersed fruits and to refine predictions concerning antifungal defense patterns, we examined physical, chemical, and phenological characteristics of ericaceous plants in New Jersey. In the field, three summer-ripening species had shorter persistence in the ripe state, shorter total retention times, and lower fungal resistance than three fall-ripening species. Summer fruits also had higher pulp carbohydrate content, lower fiber content, and (or) lower seed/pulp ratios. Whereas fungal colonization rates were somewhat lower during the ripening periods of summer species, fungal growth rates were higher owing to higher summer temperatures. In vitro fungal growth tests indicated only small effects of pulp nutrient content on fungal growth. We suggest that seasonal and chemical nutrient factors influencing risk of fungal rot for our study species are of minor significance relative to the degree to which these factors affect fruit removal by dispersers. We predict that owing to selection for high palatability, summer species should exhibit antifungal defenses with little or no antifrugivore effects (microbe-specific defenses). We also predict that because of consistently high removal rates (lower apparency), summer fruits should exhibit antifungal defenses less effective than those of fall species. Key words: antifungal defense, coadaptation, fruit rot, fruit nutrients, secondary chemistry, seed dispersal.

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Blum, Adrien, Mélanie Bressan, Abderrakib Zahid, Isabelle Trinsoutrot-Gattin, Azeddine Driouich, and Karine Laval. "Verticillium Wilt on Fiber Flax: Symptoms and Pathogen Development In Planta." Plant Disease 102, no. 12 (December 2018): 2421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-18-0139-re.

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Fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), an important crop in Normandy (France), is increasingly affected by Verticillium wilt caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. This disease leads to nonnegligible yield losses and depreciated fibers that are consequently difficult to upgrade. Verticillium wilt is a major threat to a broad range of agriculture. In this study, susceptible fiber flax cultivar Adélie was infected by VdLu01 (isolated from fiber flax, this study) or green fluorescent protein-tagged VdLs17 (transformed and provided by the department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis). Between 3 and 4 weeks postinoculation, wilting symptoms on leaves were first observed, with acropetal growth during the following weeks. Pathogen development was tracked by confocal laser-scanning microscopy during the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. First, conidia germination led to the development of hyphae on root epidermis; more particularly, on the zone of cell differentiation and around emerging lateral roots, while the zone of cell division and the root tip were free of the pathogen. At 3 days postinoculation, the zone of cell differentiation and lateral roots were embedded into a fungal mass. Swelling structures such as appressoria were observed at 1 week postinoculation. At 2 weeks postinoculation and onward, the pathogen had colonized xylem vessels in roots, followed by the stem and, finally, leaves during the symptomatic stage. Additionally, observations of infected plants after retting in the field revealed microsclerotia embedded inside the bast fiber bundle, thus potentially contributing to weakening of fiber. All of these results provide a global account of V. dahliae development when infecting fiber flax.

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Blanchette, Robert A., John R. Obst, John I. Hedges, and Karen Weliky. "Resistance of hardwood vessels to degradation by white rot Basidiomycetes." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-251.

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White stringy rot, an unusual type of selective fungal decay, can be found in wood of some dicotyledonous angiosperms. Stages of advanced decay consist of a mass of vessel elements with only remnants of other cells adhering to the vessel walls. Degradation by various white rot Basidiomycetes causes loss of fibers, fiber tracheids, and parenchyma cells but not vessels. In wood of Acacia koa var. koa with a white pocket rot caused by Phellinus kawakamii, fibers and parenchyma cells were preferentially delignified. After extensive lignin removal the cellulose remaining in the secondary wall was degraded. Large vessel elements remained relatively intact after other cells were completely degraded. The resistance of vessels to degradation appears to be due to their high ligninxarbohydrate ratio, lignin monomer composition, and cell wall morphology.

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Mikkilä, Joona, Mikaela Trogen, Klaus A. Y. Koivu, Jussi Kontro, Jaana Kuuskeri, Riku Maltari, Zane Dekere, et al. "Fungal Treatment Modifies Kraft Lignin for Lignin- and Cellulose-Based Carbon Fiber Precursors." ACS Omega 5, no. 11 (March 10, 2020): 6130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00142.

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d'Errico, Clotilde, Johan Börjesson, Hanshu Ding, Kristian B. R. M. Krogh, Nikolaj Spodsberg, Robert Madsen, and Rune Nygaard Monrad. "Improved biomass degradation using fungal glucuronoyl—esterases—hydrolysis of natural corn fiber substrate." Journal of Biotechnology 219 (February 2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.024.

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Wong, Kylie, Qumrul Ahsan, Azma Putra, Sivarao Subramonian, Noraiham Mohamad, and Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor. "Acoustic Benefits of Ecofriendly Spent Tea Leaves Filled Porous Material." Key Engineering Materials 739 (June 2017): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.739.125.

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This paper demonstrates the feasibility of spent tea leaf (STL) fiber as an eco-friendly sound absorbing material. STL fiber is a by-product which was extracted from tea plant. STL are rich in polyphenols (tannins) which cause high resistance to fungal and termites, and high resistance to fire. In addition, STL are hollow and cellular in nature and thus perform well as acoustic and thermal insulators. Three different grades of STL were studied and the acoustic property was analyzed in terms of sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss. Experimental measurements of sound absorption coefficient in impedance tube are conducted. It was found that finest STL fiber grade exhibits better acoustic performance among others. Furthermore, the effect of latex binder on the acoustic property of STL fiber was also analyzed. Results suggest that the types of binder such as polyurethane and latex influenced the acoustic performance of STL fiber.

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Ahmed, Sibtain, Ghulam Mustafa, Muhammad Arshad, and Muhammad Ibrahim Rajoka. "Fungal Biomass Protein Production fromTrichoderma harzianumUsing Rice Polishing." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6232793.

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Industrially important enzymes and microbial biomass proteins have been produced from fungi for more than 50 years. High levels of crude protein as much as 45% are present in fungal biomass with balanced essential amino acids. The aim of this study was to access the potential ofTrichoderma harzianumto produce fungal biomass protein from rice polishings. Maximum biomass yield was obtained at 5% (w/v) rice polishings after 72 h of incubation at 28°C at pH 4. Carbon and nitrogen ratio of 20 : 1 gave significantly higher production of fungal biomass protein. The FBP in the 75 L fermenter contained 49.50% crude protein, 32.00% true protein, 19.45% crude fiber, 9.62% ash, 11.5% cellulose content, and 0.325% RNA content. The profile of amino acids of final FBP exhibited that all essential amino acids were present in great quantities. The FBP produced by this fungus has been shown to be of good nutritional value for supplementation to poultry. The results presented in this study have practical implications in that the fungusT. harzianumcould be used successfully to produce fungal biomass protein using rice polishings.

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Vorlaphim, Thansamay, Pramote Paengkoum, Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba, Chalermpon Yuangklang, Siwaporn Paengkoum, and Jan Thomas Schonewille. "Treatment of Rice Stubble with Pleurotus ostreatus and Urea Improves the Growth Performance in Slow-Growing Goats." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041053.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the fungal treatment (Pleurotus ostreatus) of urea-treated rice stubble on growth performance in slow-growing goats. Eighteen crossbred Thai-native x Anglo-Nubian male goats (average body weight: 20.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly assigned to three experimental total mixed rations containing 35% rice stubble (RS) that were either untreated (URS), urea treated (UTRS), or treated with urea and fungi (UFTRS). URS and UTRS were cultivated and harvested from an aseptically fungal spawn, incubated at 25–30 °C for 25 days. Indicators of growth performance were monitored, and feces were collected quantitatively to assess nutrient digestibility, during a 12-week feeding trial. All goats remained healthy throughout the experiment. The goats fed UFTRS had a lower feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg growth) compared to goats fed URS or UTRS. Compared to URS, dietary UFTRS increased the nutrient digestibility of slow-growing goats, such as organic matter (OM) (+8.5%), crude protein (CP) (+5.5%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (+39.2%), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (+27.4%). Likewise, dietary UFTRS tended to increase rumen ammonia concentrations, but rumen pH and volatile fatty acids were not affected by UFTRS. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the fungal treatment of RS is an effective tool to improve the growth performance of slow-growing goats.

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Verduzco-Oliva, Ramón, and Janet Alejandra Gutierrez-Uribe. "Beyond Enzyme Production: Solid State Fermentation (SSF) as an Alternative Approach to Produce Antioxidant Polysaccharides." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020495.

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Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a sustainable process that uses low amounts of water and transforms plant-based agro-industrial residues into valuable products such as enzymes, biofuels, nanoparticles and other bioactive compounds. Many fungal species can be used in SSF because of their low requirements of water, O2 and light. During SSF, plant-based wastes rich in soluble and insoluble fiber are utilized by lignocellulolytic fungi that have enzymes such as lignases, celullases or hemicelullases that break fiber hard structure. During the hydrolysis of lignin, some phenolic compounds are released but fungi also synthetize bioactive compounds such as mycophenolic acid, dicerandrol C, phenylacetates, anthraquinones, benzofurans and alkenyl phenols that have health beneficial effects such as antitumoral, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral activities. Another important group of compounds synthetized by fungi during SSF are polysaccharides that also have important health promoting properties. Polysaccharides have antioxidant, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities as well as prebiotic effects. Fungal SSF has also proved to be a process which can release high contents of phenolics and it also increases the bioactivity of these compounds.

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Akinfemi, A. "Upgrading of sugarcane bagasse by solid state fermentation with Pleurotus sajorcaju and Pleurotus florida and the impact on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 3 (2012): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1203603a.

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Solid fermentation using celllolytic fungi: Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus florida for upgrading of sugarcane bagasse to value-added ruminant feed were investigated. The fermentation of the substrate lasted for 21 days after which the changes in the chemical and mineral composition, and the in vitro gas production were evaluated. The results obtained showed an increase in the crude protein (%) from 6.43 (control) to 9.82 for Pleurotus sajor treated substrate (PSB) and 10.05 for Pleurotus florida treated substrate (PFB). The treatment effect on crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was significant. Fungal treatment decreased crude fiber (%) from 37.49 (control) to 31.67 (PFB), NDF (%) from 65.92 (control) to 53.34 (PSB), ADF (%) from 49.94 to 34.79 (PSB), and ADL (%) from 15.13 to 9.74 (PSB). Most of the major and trace minerals were higher in the untreated bagasse with the exception of phosphorus (0.15g/kg), magnesium (1.80g/kg), potassium (2.70g/kg) and zinc (21.60g/kg). The degradation of the insoluble but degradable fraction (b, ml) was higher in the control (19.00) followed by PSB (16.00). The estimated organic matter digestibility (%), short chain fatty acid (?, mol) and metabolisable energy (MJ/Kg DM) increased from 38.77-50.06, 0.56-0.75 and 5.33-6.80 respectively. The gas volumes at 24h, 48h and 72h as affected by treatment was significant (P<0.05) with more volumes of gas produced in the treated bagasse. The result obtained in this study showed that fungal treatment of bagasse improved the nutrient contents and digestibility.

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Dolka, I., A. Giżejewska, Z. Giżejewski, J. Kołodziejska-Lesisz, and W. Kluciński. "Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) inhabiting Poland." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2017-0077.

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Abstract Adiaspiromycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by saprophytic fungi Emmonsia spp. (type Ascomycota) occurring especially in small free-living mammals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of histopathological lesions asscociated with adiaspiromycosis in the Eurasian beaver inhabiting Poland. In order to evaluate the presence of natural adiaspiromycosis we systematically investigated beaver populations from north-eastern Poland for adiaspores in the lungs. This study reveals for the first time the presence of pulmonary adiaspiromycosis of Eurasian beaver in Poland. As far as we know, there is no published data regarding pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in human patients in Poland.

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Ali, Asep I. M., Shimels E. Wassie, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Daniel Korir, John P. Goopy, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Lutz Merbold, Uta Dickhoefer, and Eva Schlecht. "Feed Quality and Feeding Level Effects on Faecal Composition in East African Cattle Farming Systems." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020564.

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Effects of feeding levels below maintenance requirements of metabolizable energy (MER) and of feed supplementation on fecal nutrient and microbial C concentrations were evaluated. In experiment 1, Rhodes grass hay only was offered to Boran steers at 80%, 60%, and 40% of individual MER, while steers at 100% MER additionally received a concentrated mixture. This reduction in MER decreased N, increased fungal C but did not affect bacterial C concentrations in feces. In experiment 2, Holstein × Boran heifers were offered a poor-quality roughage diet without supplement, with sweet potato vine silage or with a urea-molasses block. These two supplements did not affect the fecal chemical composition or fungal C but increased bacterial C concentrations in feces. Across all data, the fungal C/bacterial C ratio was positively related to N and negatively to neutral detergent fiber concentrations in feces, indicating diet-induced shifts in the fecal microbial community.

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Morakinyo, Oyewale, Matlou Mokgobu, Murembiwa Mukhola, and Tshifhiwa Godobedzha. "Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040629.

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There is a growing concern that exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) with biological composition (bioaerosols) may play a key role in the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in humans. This study determined the bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 and their inhalation health risks in an industrial vicinity in South Africa. Samples of PM2.5 collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter during winter and summer months were analysed for bacterial and fungal content using standard methods. The health risks from inhalation of bioaerosols were done by estimating the age-specific dose rate. The concentration of bacteria (168–378 CFU/m3) was higher than fungi (58–155 CFU/m3). Bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 were lower in winter than in the summer season. Bacteria identified in summer were similar to those identified in winter: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, the fungal floras identified include Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Children inhaled a higher dose of bacterial and fungal aerosols than adults. Bacteria and fungi are part of the bioaerosol components of PM2.5. Bioaerosol exposure may present additional health risks for children.

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Evans, Michael R., and Douglas Karcher. "Properties of Plastic, Peat, and Processed Poultry Feather Fiber Growing Containers." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 1008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1008.

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When the substrate surface and drainage holes of feather fiber, peat, and plastic containers were sealed with wax, hyperbolic growth curves were good fits to cumulative water loss on a per container and per cm2 basis, with R2 values ranging from 0.88 to 0.96. The effect of container type was significant as the differences in asymptotic maximum water loss (max) values for all container pairs were significant at P < 0.05 for both water loss per container and water loss per cm2. The predicted total water loss for peat containers was ≈2.5 times greater than feather containers, and the predicted water loss per cm2 for the peat container was ≈3 times greater than feather containers. Vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.] `Cooler Blush' and impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook f.) `Dazzler Rose Star' plants grown in feather and peat containers required more water and more frequent irrigations than those grown in plastic containers. However, plants grown in feather containers required less water and fewer irrigations than plants grown in peat containers. The surface area of containers covered by algal or fungal growth was significantly higher on peat containers than on feather containers. No fungal or algal growth was observed on plastic containers. Additionally, primarily algae were observed on peat containers whereas most discoloration observed on feather containers was due to fungal growth. Dry feather containers had a higher longitudinal strength than dry plastic containers but a lower longitudinal strength than dry peat containers. Wet feather containers had higher longitudinal strength than wet peat containers but a similar longitudinal strength as wet plastic containers. Dry feather and plastic containers had similar lateral strengths and both had significantly higher lateral strength than dry peat containers. Wet feather containers had significantly lower lateral strength than wet plastic containers but had higher lateral strength than wet peat containers. Dry and wet plastic containers had higher punch strength than wet or dry peat and feather containers. Dry peat containers had significantly higher punch strength than dry feather containers. However, wet feather containers had significantly higher punch strength than wet peat containers. Decomposition of peat and feather containers was significantly affected by container type and the species grown in the container. When planted with tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) `Better Boy', decomposition was not significantly different between the peat and feather containers. However, when vinca and marigold (Tagetes patula L.) `Janie Bright Yellow' were grown in the containers, decomposition was significantly higher for feather containers than for peat containers. Therefore, containers made from processed feather fiber provided a new type of biodegradable container with significantly improved characteristics as compared to peat containers.

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Li, Yuqi, Zhenxiang Meng, Yao Xu, Qicheng Shi, Yuping Ma, Min Aung, Yanfen Cheng, and Weiyun Zhu. "Interactions between Anaerobic Fungi and Methanogens in the Rumen and Their Biotechnological Potential in Biogas Production from Lignocellulosic Materials." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010190.

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Anaerobic fungi in the digestive tract of herbivores are one of the critical types of fiber-degrading microorganisms present in the rumen. They degrade lignocellulosic materials using unique rhizoid structures and a diverse range of fiber-degrading enzymes, producing metabolic products such as H2/CO2, formate, lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Methanogens in the rumen utilize some of these products (e.g., H2 and formate) to produce methane. An investigation of the interactions between anaerobic fungi and methanogens is helpful as it provides valuable insight into the microbial interactions within the rumen. During the last few decades, research has demonstrated that anaerobic fungi stimulate the growth of methanogens and maintain methanogenic diversity. Meanwhile, methanogens increase the fiber-degrading capability of anaerobic fungi and stimulate metabolic pathways in the fungal hydrogenosome. The ability of co-cultures of anaerobic fungi and methanogens to degrade fiber and produce methane could potentially be a valuable method for the degradation of lignocellulosic materials and methane production.

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Azad, Elnaz, Kelsey B. Fehr, Hooman Derakhshani, Robert Forster, Surya Acharya, Ehsan Khafipour, Emma McGeough, and Tim A. McAllister. "Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101543.

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Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat.

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Sabantina, Lilia, Franziska Kinzel, Thomas Hauser, Astrid Többer, Michaela Klöcker, Christoph Döpke, Robin Böttjer, Daria Wehlage, Anke Rattenholl, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Comparative Study of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Grown on Modified PAN Nanofiber Mats." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030475.

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Pleurotus ostreatus is a well-known edible mushroom species which shows fast growth. The fungus can be used for medical, nutritional, filter, or packaging purposes. In this study, cultivation experiments were carried out with Pleurotus ostreatus growing on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats in the presence of saccharose and Lutrol F68. The aim of this study was to find out whether modified PAN nanofiber mats are well suited for the growth of fungal mycelium, to increase growth rates and to affect mycelium fiber morphologies. Our results show that Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium grows on nanofiber mats in different morphologies, depending on the specific substrate, and can be used to produce a composite from fungal mycelium and nanofiber mats for biomedical and biotechnological applications.

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Gambhir, Monika, Shilpi Gupta, Priya John, Ramakanta Mahakud, Jitendra Kumar, and Om Prakash. "Surface Modified Long Period Fiber Grating Sensor for Rapid Detection of Aspergillus Niger Fungal Spores." Fiber and Integrated Optics 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2018): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468030.2018.1450036.

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Vendramin, Veronica, Gaia Spinato, and Simone Vincenzi. "Shellfish Chitosan Potential in Wine Clarification." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104417.

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Chitosan is a chitin-derived fiber, extracted from the shellfish shells, a by-product of the fish industry, or from fungi grown in bioreactors. In oenology, it is used for the control of Brettanomyces spp., for the prevention of ferric, copper, and protein casse and for clarification. The International Organisation of Vine and Wine established the exclusive utilization of fungal chitosan to avoid the eventuality of allergic reactions. This work focuses on the differences between two chitosan categories, fungal and animal chitosan, characterizing several samples in terms of chitin content and degree of deacetylation. In addition, different acids were used to dissolve chitosans, and their effect on viscosity and on the efficacy in wine clarification were observed. The results demonstrated that even if fungal and animal chitosans shared similar chemical properties (deacetylation degree and chitin content), they showed different viscosity depending on their molecular weight but also on the acid used to dissolve them. A significant difference was discovered on their fining properties, as animal chitosans showed a faster and greater sedimentation compared to the fungal ones, independently from the acid used for their dissolution. This suggests that physical–chemical differences in the molecular structure occur between the two chitosan categories and that this significantly affects their technologic (oenological) properties.

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Viegas, Carla, Marta Dias, Beatriz Almeida, Estela Vicente, Carla Candeias, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, and Célia Alves. "Loading Rates of Dust and Bioburden in Dwellings in an Inland City of Southern Europe." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030378.

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Sampling campaigns indoors have shown that occupants exposed to contaminated air generally exhibit diverse health outcomes. This study intends to assess the deposition rates of total settleable dust and bioburden in the indoor air of dwellings onto quartz fiber filters and electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs), respectively. EDC extracts were inoculated onto malt extract agar (MEA) and dichloran glycerol (DG18) agar-based media used for fungal contamination characterization, while tryptic soy agar (TSA) was applied for total bacteria assessment, and violet red bile agar (VRBA) for Gram-negative bacteria. Azole-resistance screening and molecular detection by qPCR was also performed. Dust loading rates ranged from 0.111 to 3.52, averaging 0.675 μg cm−2 day−1. Bacterial counts ranged from undetectable to 16.3 colony-forming units (CFU) m−2 day−1 and to 2.95 CFU m−2 day−1 in TSA and VRBA, respectively. Fungal contamination ranged from 1.97 to 35.4 CFU m−2 day−1 in MEA, and from undetectable to 48.8 CFU m−2 day−1 in DG18. Penicillium sp. presented the highest prevalence in MEA media (36.2%) and Cladosporium sp. in DG18 (39.2%). It was possible to observe: (a) settleable dust loadings and fungal contamination higher in dwellings with pets; (b) fungal species considered indicators of harmful fungal contamination; (c) Aspergillus section Candidi identified in supplemented media with voriconazole and posaconazole; (d) specific housing typologies and (e) specific housing characteristics influencing the microbial contamination.

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Schmidt, Olaf, Elisabeth Magel, Arno Frühwald, Lidia Glukhykh, Katharina Erdt, and Sergej Kaschuro. "Influence of sugar and starch content of palm wood on fungal development and prevention of fungal colonization by acid treatment." Holzforschung 70, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0181.

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Abstract Freshly harvested palm trunks and timber with their high moisture content (MC) are susceptible to fungi due to the high content of easily consumable sugars and starch as long as MC of the tissue is above fiber saturation point (FSP). To test the influence of sugars and starch on fungal development, small wood samples from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) were watered and their contents of the non-structural carbohydrates were measured. Glucose was the most abundant substance in the extract, followed by starch, fructose, and sucrose. Watering for 3 and 10 days with daily water exchange reduced the content of sugars and starch considerably. Untreated and watered samples were then subjected to spore suspensions of the moulds Aspergillus niger, Penicillium commune, to a natural infection by air-born spores and to the blue-stain-fungi Alternaria alternata and Aureobasidium pullulans. The former colonized the surface of the untreated samples within a few days, while the latter caused considerable mass loss. With increasing watering both fungal activities were reduced as the nutrients for the fungi were removed. The woods of E. guineensis and Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) with MC above FSP were treated with acetic and propionic acid and subsequently infected by moulds, staining and decay fungi. Short dipping in solutions of 2% acetic acid and 2% propionic acid, respectively, protected all samples for 3 months against the mould fungi. Staining fungi and wood-decay fungi were slightly inhibited by a treatment with 5% acid concentration. Treatment with these acids offers a protection technique for the practice. Their sodium salts were ineffective due to their high pH-value.

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Jonathan, Segun Gbolagade, Mary Adejoke Adeniyi, and Michael Dare Asemoloye. "Fungal Biodeterioration, Aflatoxin Contamination, and Nutrient Value of “Suya Spices”." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4602036.

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This work aimed to analyze the nutrient values, examine the biodeteriorating fungi biota, and analyze the mycotoxin contents of “Suya spices.” Fungi with highest percentage occurrence on all the samples areAspergillus niger,Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus parasiticus,Aspergillus ochraceus,Fusariumsp.,Rhizopus stolonifer, yeast, andTrichoderma koningii. Nutrient composition of the samples is significantly different statistically (P<0.05) with high protein (9.53% to 13.17%), fiber (9.27 to 13.17%), carbohydrate (46.27% to 50.90%), and ash (8.47% to 9.70%) contents but low moisture (9.03% to 9.47%) and fat (9.77% to 13.53%) contents. Aflatoxin analysis of the samples revealed that they all contain aflatoxin in varying amount but no detectible aflatoxin content in the control. 59.54% of the detected aflatoxin is aflatoxin B1with highest recorded in Agbowo, Mokola, and Sango samples (i.e., 28.03, 22.44, and 13.8 μg/kg, resp.). 4.78% of the aflatoxin is aflatoxin B2which is only found in Sango and Mokola samples (3.59 and 2.6 μg/kg, resp.). 32.76% of aflatoxin is aflatoxin G1with the highest found in Agbowo and Mokola samples (i.e., 18.63 and 10.41 μg/kg, resp.). 2.93% of the aflatoxin is aflatoxin G2which is only detected in Sango and Agbowo samples (i.e., 1.19 and 2.65 μg/kg, resp.).

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Brischke, Christian, Simon Stricker, Linda Meyer-Veltrup, and Lukas Emmerich. "Changes in sorption and electrical properties of wood caused by fungal decay." Holzforschung 73, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0171.

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Abstract As wet wood is prone to degradation by wood-destroying fungi, the monitoring of the moisture content (MC) of wood can be used to quantify the risk of fungal infestation. Fungal decay alters the sorption and electrical conductivity of wood, and thus the goal of the present study was to measure the electrical resistance (R) of wood after fungal decay as a function of MC. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) were submitted to decay by Coniophora puteana (a brown rot fungus, BR) and Trametes versicolor (a white rot fungus, WR) and the mass loss (ML) due to the fungal metabolism was measured. The sorption isotherms were determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and comparative gravimetric- and R-based MC measurements were conducted. BR and WR reduced the sorption of wood and lowered its R in the hygroscopic range, where the decay led to an overestimation of wood MC, while wood MC was dramatically underestimated above fiber saturation (FS). Specimens showed an MC well above FS if measured directly after harvesting and an increased R compared to undecayed wood at a given MC. BR-decayed specimens were dried and rewetted, and such specimens showed an elevated R beyond FS. In the case of WR-decayed wood, the R was reduced at a given MC.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungal fiber'

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