Journal articles: 'Fungal bioreactors'

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Kırdök, Onur, Berker Çetintaş, Asena Atay, İrem Kale, Tutku Didem Akyol Altun, and Elif Esin Hameş. "A Modular Chain Bioreactor Design for Fungal Productions." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040179.

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Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.

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Burton, Stephanie G. "Development of bioreactors for application of biocatalysts in biotransformations and bioremediation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173010077.

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Biotransformation systems, whether used for environmentally benign biocatalysis of synthetic reactions, or bioremediation of pollutants, require suitable biocatalysts and suitable bioreactor systems with particular characteristics. Our research focuses on the bioconversion of organic compounds, many of which are industrial residues, such as phenols, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The purpose of such biotransformations can be twofold: firstly, to remove them from effluents and convert them to less toxic forms, and secondly, to convert them into products with economic value. We conduct research in utilizing various isolated-enzyme and whole-cell biological agents; bioreactors, including novel membrane bioreactors, are used as a means of supporting/immobilizing, and hence applying, these biocatalysts in continuous systems. In addition, the enzyme systems are characterized biochemically, to provide information which is required in modification, adaptation, and scale-up of the bioreactors. The paper summarizes research on application of biofilms of fungal and bacterial cells and their enzymes, including hydrolases, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and laccase, in bioreactor systems including continuously operating membrane bioreactors.

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Kim, Chano H., Jonq H. Park, In S. Chung, Sung R. Kim, and Seung W. Lee. "ENHANCED ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION IN HAIRY ROOT CULTURE OF DAUCUS CAROTA BY FUNGAL ELICITOR." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 694b—694. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.694b.

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Secondary metabolite production by plant cell culture has been become of interest because of its commercial value in use. However, cultured plant cells usually yield lower levels of secondary metabolites than those of intact plants. In order to improve the anthocyanin productivity in hairy root culture of Daucus carota, fungal elicitors from 8 species of Fungi were examined. Through the studies of fungal elicitors in this work, it was turned out that fungal elicitors were very effective to improve the yield of anthocyanin. Despite of its low yield of anthocyanin, high density culture of hairy roots is achieved in fluidized-bed bioreactor, Anthocyanin production in fluidized-bed bioreactor with fungal elicitor treatment was increased greatly. We are currently researching more detailed aeration effects and scale-up in air-lift bioreactors. And these studies could provide important data to establish mass production system for secondary metabolites.

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Moreira, M. T., G. Feijoo, and J. M. Lema. "Fungal Bioreactors: Applications to White-Rot Fungi." Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2, no. 2-4 (2003): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:resb.0000040463.80808.dc.

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Svensson, Sofie E., Ludmila Bucuricova, Jorge A. Ferreira, Pedro F. Souza Filho, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Akram Zamani. "Valorization of Bread Waste to a Fiber- and Protein-Rich Fungal Biomass." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020091.

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Filamentous fungi can be used for the valorization of food waste as a value-added product. The goal of this study was the valorization of bread waste through fungal cultivation and the production of value-added products. The fungal cultivation was verified for upscaling from shake flasks to a bench-scale bioreactor (4.5 L) and a pilot-scale bioreactor (26 L). The fungus showed the ability to grow without any additional enzymes or nutrients, and it was able to consume a bread concentration of 4.5% (w/v) over 48 h. The biomass concentration in the shake flasks was 4.1 g/L at a 2.5% bread concentration, which increased to 22.5 g/L at a 15% bread concentration. The biomass concentrations obtained after 48 h of cultivation using a 4.5% bread concentration were 7.2–8.3 and 8.0 g/L in 4.5 and 26 L bioreactors, respectively. Increasing the aeration rate in the 4.5 L bioreactor decreased the amount of ethanol produced and slightly reduced the protein content of the fungal biomass. The initial protein value in the bread was around 13%, while the protein content in the harvested fungal biomass ranged from 27% to 36%. The nutritional value of the biomass produced was evaluated by analyzing the amino acids and fatty acids. This study presents the valorization of bread waste through the production of a protein- and fatty-acid-rich fungal biomass that is simultaneously a source of microfibers.

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Massadeh, Muhannad I., Khalid Fandi, Hanan Al-Abeid, Othman Alsharafat, and Khaled Abu-Elteen. "Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus niger Cultivated in Olive Mill Wastewater Using a Two-Stage Packed Column Bioreactor." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040153.

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For building a sustainable fermentation process, it is essential to reduce dependence on natural resources and lower the amount of pollution that is created. The reuse of agro-industrial wastewater after possible treatment leads to the achievement of these goals concurrently. This study investigates the production of citric acid and the cellulase enzyme by A. niger cultivated in olive mill wastewater (OMW) using a loofa sponge-packed column bioreactor. The process was conducted under batch conditions using a single-stage packed bioreactor and under continuous operation using two-stage packed-column bioreactors. Citric acid and cellulase enzyme production were enhanced when the culture was supplied with cellulose. Employing loofa sponge slices for cell entrapment/immobilization improved the efficiency of the process. The maximum citric acid concentration achieved was 16 g/L with a yield (YCit.A/BOD) of 38.5% and a productivity of 2.5 g/L/day. When the process parameters were translated into continuous operation employing two loofa sponge-packed column bioreactors, citric acid production was improved significantly to 25 g/L in a steady-state period of 5 days at a production rate of 3.6 g/L/day and an allover yield (YCit.A/BOD) of 57.5%. Cellulases and reducing sugars were continuously supplied to the second-stage bioreactor by the first-stage bioreactor, which in turn enhanced fungal growth and citric acid production.

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Santos, Ana Laura, and D. Barrie Johnson. "Design and Operation of Empirical Manganese-Removing Bioreactors and Integration into a Composite Modular System for Remediating and Recovering Metals from Acidic Mine Waters." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 4287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094287.

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Packed bed bioreactors were used to remove soluble manganese from a synthetic mine water as the final stage of an integrated bioremediation process. The synthetic mine water had undergone initial processing using a sulfidogenic bioreactor (pH 4.0–5.5) which removed all transition metals present in elevated concentrations (Cu, Ni, Zn and Co) apart from manganese. The aerobic bioreactors were packed with pebbles collected from a freshwater stream that were coated with black-colored, Mn(IV)-containing biofilms, and their capacity to remove soluble Mn (II) from the synthetic mine water was tested at varying hydraulic retention times (11–45 h) and influent liquor pH values (5.0 or 6.5). Over 99% of manganese was removed from the partly processed mine water when operated at pH 6.5 and a HRT of 45 h. Molecular techniques (clone libraries and T-RFLP analysis) were used to characterize the biofilms and identified two heterotrophic Mn-oxidizing microorganisms: the bacterium Leptothrix discophora and what appears to be a novel fungal species. The latter was isolated and characterized in vitro.

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McFarland, M. J., X. J. Qiu, J. L. Sims, M. E. Randolph, and R. C. Sims. "Remediation of Petroleum Impacted Soils in Fungal Compost Bioreactors." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (February 1, 1992): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0093.

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The ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to enhance the biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in contaminated soils was evaluated in compost bioreactors. Radiolabelled114C and chemical mass balances were used to evaluate: 1) rate of disappearance of test compound; 2) mineralization; 3) formation of bound contaminant residue; and 4) treatment costs. Mineralization of B(a)P was found to be insignificant over the duration of test period. Moreover, no radioactivity was recovered in volatile organic traps indicating that transformation of B(a)P resulted in chemicals intermediates that remained associated with the compost matrix. Bound contaminant residue formation was found to be the major mechanism of B(a)P removal accounting for nearly 100% of the contaminant loss from the solvent extract (methylene chloride/acetone). A maximum rate of bound contaminant removal of 1.36 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day was estimated in fungal inoculated system over the first thirty days of treatment. This was significantly different from the maximum rate of bound residue formation estimated in the noninoculated systems (0.83 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day) over the same time period. After thirty days, the rate of bound residue formation decreased to near zero in the inoculated system while remaining constant in the noninoculated reactors. The decrease in bound residue formation coincided with decline in benzo(a)pyrene removal. Data suggest that fungal activity may have been reduced over time by nutrient limitation.

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Awad, Mohamed F., and M. Kraume. "Fungal diversity in activated sludge from membrane bioreactors in Berlin." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 8 (August 2011): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-056.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of fungi in aerobic and anoxic activated sludge from membrane bioreactors. Thirty-six samples from each aerobic and anoxic activated sludge were taken from two membrane bioreactors treating domestic wastewater. Over a period of 9 months, four samples from each plant were taken per month. The samples were prepared for count and identification of fungi. Sixty species belonging to 30 genera were collected from activated sludge samples under aerobic and anoxic conditions. In terms of fungal identification, under aerobic conditions Geotrichum candidum was found at 94.4% followed by Penicillium species at 80.6%, yeasts at 75.0%, and Trichoderma species at 50.0%; under anoxic conditions G. candidum at 86.1%, yeasts at 66.6%, and Penicillium species at 61.1% were the most prevalent. The results indicate that activated sludge is a habitat for growth and sporulation of different groups of fungi, both saprophytic and pathogenic.

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Guryanov, D. V., V. D. Khmyrov, Yu V. Guryanova, B. S. Trufanov, and V. B. Kudenko. "Processing technology and electrical decontamination of bedding manure and litter in ground trenches and bioreactors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012155.

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Abstract The paper presents data on the effect of electric current on the quantitative index of Mucor and Bacillus fungal colonies in bedding litter. It was found that with an increase in direct current to 3A, the quantitative index (%) of Mucor fungal colonies sharply decreases from 45 to 3 (by 42%), and the quantitative index (%) of Bacillus fungal colonies decreases from 70 to 50 (by 20%). Fresh litter has high acidity, and it cannot be used without preliminary processing and electrical decontamination in ground trenches and bioreactors.

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Tucker, Keith G., and Colin R. Thomas. "Inoculum effects on fungal morphology: Shake flasks vs agitated bioreactors." Biotechnology Techniques 8, no. 3 (March 1994): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00161580.

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OKOLAFOR, F. I., and F. O. EKHAISE. "MICROBIAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL BIOREACTOR FROM COCA COLA AND GUINNESS BREWERIES IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v4i2.191.

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The microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the bioreactors used in Guinness Brewery and Coca Cola Company in Benin City were investigated using the standard microbiological methods. Three sampling points in the bioreactor that is, point of entrance of effluent to the bioreactor, midpoint of the bioreactor and point of exit of treated effluent were used for the study. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 1.40 ± 0.21 to 1.80 ± 0.76 –x107cfu/ml of for sampling point A, 1.17 ± 0.09 to 1.80 ± 0.90 for sampling point B and 1.27 ± 0.47 to 3.43 ± 0.21 for sampling point C. The mean result obtained for the total fungal counts ranged from 2.00 ± 0.46 to 2.00 ± 0.69 –x 107cfu/ml for sampling point A, 1.63 ± 0.43 to 2.27 ± 0.48 for sampling point B and 1.33 ± 0.13 2.17 ± 0.29 for sampling point C. The Microbial isolates isolated include Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Corynebacteria spp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Enterobacterae rogenese, Bacillus substilis, while the fungal isolates are Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergilius flavous, Aspergilius niger, Mucor and Chlonophoral. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed pH values ranged from 6.24 – 7.09, COD 135 – 385, BOD 30.4 – 108, TDS 506 – 824, TSS 87 – 108. SO4, PO4 had values ranging between 22 and 25 and 99.8 and 104 respectively. Some of the physicochemical parameters had values falling within the permissible limits while others were shown to be above the permissible limits.

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Lu, Hongzhong, Chao Li, Wenjun Tang, Zejian Wang, Jianye Xia, Siliang Zhang, Yingping Zhuang, Ju Chu, and Henk Noorman. "Dependence of fungal characteristics on seed morphology and shear stress in bioreactors." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 38, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 917–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1337-8.

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Mariner, Richard, D. Barrie Johnson, and Kevin B. Hallberg. "Development of a Novel Biological System for Removing Manganese from Contaminated Waters." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.267.

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Soluble manganese (Mn(II)) can cause nuisance and occasionally toxicity problems, both in surface and ground waters and in domestic water supplies. Many mine drainage waters contain highly elevated concentrations (often >100 mg l-1). Current systems for remediating mine waters, although effective for other metals, are often inefficient at removing manganese. This paper describes the development of self-sustaining, low-cost bioreactors that can be used in situ for passive removal of manganese from mine waters and other contaminated water courses of pH >4. A prototype bioreactor, set-up using Mn(IV)-coated pebbles from a fresh-water stream, was tested over one year and shown to be effective in removing Mn(II) from 10 to <0.25 mg l-1. Two species of fungi and one bacterial species were isolated from this system as Mn(II)-oxidizers. The fungi were identified as belonging to the order Pleosporales (Ascomycetes), and one was related (98 % 18S rRNA gene sequence identity) to a known Mn(II)-oxidising fungus. The bacterial isolate was closely related to the α-proteobacterium, Bosea thiooxidans. T-RFLP analysis showed that one or both of the fungal isolates were the dominant eukaryotes in the bioreactor community.

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Pal, Nirupam, and Christos Christodoulatos. "Fungal degradation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and nitroglycerin in batch and fixed-film bioreactors." Journal of Energetic Materials 13, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370659508019388.

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Spennati, F., M. Mora, V. Tigini, S. La China, S. Di Gregorio, D. Gabriel, and G. Munz. "Removal of Quebracho and Tara tannins in fungal bioreactors: Performance and biofilm stability analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 231 (February 2019): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.001.

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Bernats, M., and T. Juhna. "Removal of phenols-like substances in pharmaceutical wastewater with fungal bioreactors by adding Trametes versicolor." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.340.

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Abstract Fungi are known to be more resistant to toxic compounds and more effective in removing recalcitrant organics such as phenols than bacteria. Here we examined the removal of phenols (as a component of Zopliclone drugs), added to non-sterile pharmaceutical wastewater with continuous treatment fungal bioreactor by its augmentation with mono-species of white-rot fungi (WRF) Trametes versicolor. Results showed that WRF in a sterile reactor (a batch mode) were moderately effective for removal of phenols (40% in seven days); however, native wastewater microbes at optimal conditions for fungi (pH 5.5, 25 °C) were more effective (90%, both in batch and continuous flow modes). In continuous flow mode, addition of WRF was an effective way to mitigate high loads of phenols (up to 400 mg/L), by both fungal enzymes (growth rate 0.075 h−1, laccase enzymatic activity 4 nkat/mL) and biosorption. The study confirmed that naturaly occuring fungi in combination with fungus-augmentation is an effective approach for treatment of high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater.

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Bonilla Loaiza, Adriana M., Rosa M. Rodríguez-Jasso, Ruth Belmares, Claudia M. López-Badillo, Rafael G. Gomes, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Mónica L. Chávez, Miguel A. Aguilar, and Héctor A. Ruiz. "Fungal Proteins from Sargassum spp. Using Solid-State Fermentation as a Green Bioprocess Strategy." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123887.

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The development of green technologies and bioprocesses such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) is important for the processing of macroalgae biomass and to reduce the negative effect of Sargassum spp. on marine ecosystems, as well as the production of compounds with high added value such as fungal proteins. In the present study, Sargassum spp. biomass was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatments at different operating temperatures (150, 170, and 190 °C) and pressures (3.75, 6.91, and 11.54 bar) for 50 min, obtaining a glucan-rich substrate (17.99, 23.86, and 25.38 g/100 g d.w., respectively). The results indicate that Sargassum pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 170 °C was suitable for fungal growth. SSF was performed in packed-bed bioreactors, obtaining the highest protein content at 96 h (6.6%) and the lowest content at 72 h (4.6%). In contrast, it was observed that the production of fungal proteins is related to the concentration of sugars. Furthermore, fermentation results in a reduction in antinutritional elements, such as heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Sn), and there is a decrease in ash content during fermentation kinetics. Finally, this work shows that Aspergillus oryzae can assimilate nutrients found in the pretreated Sargassum spp. to produce fungal proteins as a strategy for the food industry.

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Vendramin, Veronica, Gaia Spinato, and Simone Vincenzi. "Shellfish Chitosan Potential in Wine Clarification." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104417.

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Chitosan is a chitin-derived fiber, extracted from the shellfish shells, a by-product of the fish industry, or from fungi grown in bioreactors. In oenology, it is used for the control of Brettanomyces spp., for the prevention of ferric, copper, and protein casse and for clarification. The International Organisation of Vine and Wine established the exclusive utilization of fungal chitosan to avoid the eventuality of allergic reactions. This work focuses on the differences between two chitosan categories, fungal and animal chitosan, characterizing several samples in terms of chitin content and degree of deacetylation. In addition, different acids were used to dissolve chitosans, and their effect on viscosity and on the efficacy in wine clarification were observed. The results demonstrated that even if fungal and animal chitosans shared similar chemical properties (deacetylation degree and chitin content), they showed different viscosity depending on their molecular weight but also on the acid used to dissolve them. A significant difference was discovered on their fining properties, as animal chitosans showed a faster and greater sedimentation compared to the fungal ones, independently from the acid used for their dissolution. This suggests that physical–chemical differences in the molecular structure occur between the two chitosan categories and that this significantly affects their technologic (oenological) properties.

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Zhang, Ning, Terry Walker, Bryan Jenkins, Stanley Anderson, and Yi Zheng. "Bioleaching of Sorghum Straw in Bioreactors for Biomass Cleaning." Fermentation 7, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040270.

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Pretreatments are often needed for lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks before either thermochemical or biochemical conversion processes. Our previous research has demonstrated the potential of bioleaching, with its superior capability of removing certain inorganic compounds compared to water leaching, to improve biomass quality for thermochemical conversion in biofuel production. In this study, the bioleaching process was scaled up from 250 mL beakers to be carried out in custom-designed 2.5 L bioreactors. The fungus Aspergillus niger was used in the bioreactors for leaching sorghum straw biomass with an initial ash content of 6.0%. The effects of three operating parameters on leaching efficiency (i.e., residual ash content) were extensively studied, including the fungal mass added to each reactor, leaching time, and glucose concentration in the starting liquid phase. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the experiment design. The results showed that the average residual ash content of the sorghum feedstock after bioleaching was significantly lower (3.63 ± 0.19%) than that of the ash content (4.72 ± 0.13%) after water leaching (p < 0.00001). Among the three parameters, glucose concentration in the starting liquid phase had the most significant effect on leaching effectiveness (p = 0.0079). Based on this outcome, subsequent bioleaching experiments yielded reductions in residual ash content to as low as 2.73%.

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Saira, Abdullah, Lalina Maroof, Madiha Iqbal, Saira Farman, Lubna, and Shah Faisal. "Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Bags by Fungi Isolated from Waste Disposal Soil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8286344.

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Plastics are available in different shapes nowadays in order to enhance the living standard. But unfortunately, most of these plastics are synthetic in nature that is why they show resistance to physical and chemical degradation processes and enhance environmental hazards. The aim of the present research study was to isolate and identify beneficial fungal species from soil that have the capability to degrade plastic. Soil samples from a waste disposal site at Peshawar district were diluted and inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungus isolation. After isolation, the identifications of fungal species were done using standard identification techniques such as colony morphology and microscopic examination. The isolated fungal species that were identified were Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, white rot, and brown rot fungi. After isolation, a degradation experiment was conducted to evaluate the capability of fungal isolates towards degradation of plastic. For this purpose, a 2 cm2 plastic piece was treated with fungal isolates for one month in a liquid culture system. The weight loss percentage was estimated at 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% by Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, brown rot, and white rot, respectively, which was confirmed by the Fourier transform analysis. The obtained FTIR peaks revealed the C–H bond deformation in alkenes, ketones, and esters. It has been concluded from the study that fungal species play a significant role in the degradation of synthetic plastic which can be used in bioreactors in future studies for the degradation of complex plastic materials.

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Eslahpazir Esfandabadi, Manely, Thomas Wucherpfennig, and Rainer Krull. "Agitation Induced Mechanical Stress in Stirred Tank Bioreactors^|^#8212;Linking CFD Simulations to Fungal Morphology." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 45 (2012): 742–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.12we019.

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Tan, Wenbing, Shuhan Wang, Niankai Liu, and Beidou Xi. "Tracing bacterial and fungal necromass dynamics of municipal sludge in landfill bioreactors using biomarker amino sugars." Science of The Total Environment 741 (November 2020): 140513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140513.

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Mateescu, Carmen, Nicoleta Oana Nicula, and Andreea Daniela Dima. "Enzymatic pretreatment of algal biomass for enhanced conversion to biogas." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 4, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2019.4.4.361.

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"This paper presents a method for the enzymatic pretreatment of algal biomass used as a fermentation substrate in anaerobic bioreactors for biogas production, in order to improve the energy efficiency of the biogas systems. The pretreatment method aims at breaking compact carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicelluloses) macromolecular structures from algal biomass under the action of a hydrolytic enzymes mixture secreted by the fungal species Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma versicolor, Penicillinum chrysosporium, Fusarium solani, Chaetomium thermophile and Myrothecium verrucaria, thus facilitating access of anaerobic fermentation bacteria to heavily biodegradable cellulosic fibres, reducing fermentation time length and implicitly increasing the biomethane yield of anaerobic reactors. The laboratory experiments involving the marine macroalgae Ulva sp. have proven a significant increase in the concentration and total volume of biomethane in the fermentation gas produced by the enzymatically pretreated sample with the selective fungal mixture, compared to the untreated sample. It is expected that such a non-corrosive pretreatment method can bring higher biomethane production with minimal conditioning costs and fewer process residues, thus increasing the biogas systems profitability."

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Joshi, Ritika, and Arindam Kuila. "Lipase and their different industrial applications: A review." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051004.

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Enzymes are also known natural catalysts. Lipases are flexible enzymes that are mostly used. These enzymes are found extensively all over the animal and plant kingdoms, likewise in molds and bacteria. Among all identified enzymes, lipases have concerned the mainly biotechnological attention. This review paper discusses the characteristic, microbial origin and application of lipases. The present review discussed about different characteristics and sources (fungal, bacteria’s) of lipase. The present article also discussed about different bioreactors used for lipase production and different biotechnological applications (food, detergent, paper and pulp, biofuels etc) of lipases. An observation to considerate lipases and their applications as bulk enzymes and high-value of production, these enzymes are having huge impact in different bioprocesses.

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Makanjuola, Oyenike, Darren Greetham, Xiaoyan Zou, and Chenyu Du. "The Development of a Sorghum Bran-Based Biorefining Process to Convert Sorghum Bran into Value Added Products." Foods 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080279.

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Sorghum bran, a starch rich food processing waste, was investigated for the production of glucoamylase in submerged fungal fermentation using Aspergillus awamori. The fermentation parameters, such as cultivation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, nitrogen source, mineral source and the medium loading ratio were investigated. The glucoamylase activity was improved from 1.90 U/mL in an initial test, to 19.3 U/mL at 10% (w/v) substrate concentration, pH 6.0, medium loading ratio of 200 mL in 500 mL shaking flask, with the addition of 2.5 g/L yeast extract and essential minerals. Fermentation using 2 L bioreactors under the optimum conditions resulted in a glucoamylase activity of 23.5 U/mL at 72 h, while further increase in sorghum bran concentration to 12.5% (w/v) gave an improved gluco-amylase activity of 37.6 U/mL at 115 h. The crude glucoamylase solution was used for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the sorghum bran. A sorghum bran hydrolysis carried out at 200 rpm, 55 °C for 48 h at a substrate loading ratio of 80 g/L resulted in 11.7 g/L glucose, similar to the results obtained using commercial glucoamylase. Large-scale sorghum bran hydrolysis in 2 L bioreactors using crude glucoamylase solution resulted in a glucose concentration of 38.7 g/L from 200 g/L sorghum bran, corresponding to 94.1% of the theoretical hydrolysis yield.

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Kowalska, Anna, Tomasz Boruta, and Marcin Bizukojć. "Performance of fungal microparticle-enhanced cultivations in stirred tank bioreactors depends on species and number of process stages." Biochemical Engineering Journal 161 (September 2020): 107696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107696.

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Ortega-Clemente, Alfredo, G. Marín-Mezo, M. T. Ponce-Noyola, M. C. Montes-Horcasitas, S. Caffarel-Méndez, Josefina Barrera-Cortés, and Héctor M. Poggi-Varaldo. "Comparison of two continuous fungal bioreactors for posttreatment of anaerobically pretreated weak black liquor from kraft pulp mills." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96, no. 4 (2007): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21134.

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Kubisch, Christin, and Katrin Ochsenreither. "Valorization of a Pyrolytic Aqueous Condensate and Its Main Components for L-Malic Acid Production with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863." Fermentation 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8030107.

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Pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) might serve as a cost-effective substrate for microbial malic acid production, as it is an unused side stream of the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass that contains acetol and acetate as potential carbon sources. In the present study, shake flask cultures were performed to evaluate the suitability of acetol and its combination with acetate as substrates for growth and L-malate production with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Acetol concentrations of up to 40 g/L were shown to be utilized for fungal growth. In combination with acetate, co-metabolization of both substrates for biomass and malate formation was observed, although the maximum tolerated acetol concentration decreased to 20 g/L. Furthermore, malate production on PAC detoxified by a combination of rotary evaporation, overliming and activated carbon treatment was studied. In shake flasks, cultivation using 100% PAC resulted in the production of 3.37 ± 0.61 g/L malate, which was considerably improved by pH adjustment up to 9.77 ± 0.55 g/L. A successful scale-up to 0.5-L bioreactors was conducted, achieving comparable yields and productivities to the shake flask cultures. Accordingly, fungal malate production using PAC was successfully demonstrated, paving the way for a bio-based production of the acid.

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Cantera, Sara, Martino López, Raúl Muñoz, and Raquel Lebrero. "Comparative evaluation of bacterial and fungal removal of indoor and industrial polluted air using suspended and packed bed bioreactors." Chemosphere 308 (December 2022): 136412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136412.

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McGuigan, Linda, Patrícia Fernandes, Allison Oakes, Kristen Stewart, and William Powell. "Transformation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) Using RITA® Temporary Immersion Bioreactors and We Vitro Containers." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111196.

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American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) was almost completely wiped out by the fungal pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr. Another invasive pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is devastating American chestnuts in the southern region of the United States. An alternative approach for controlling these pathogens is to use genetic engineering or gene editing. We successfully transformed American chestnut with a detoxifying enzyme, oxalate oxidase, to enhance blight tolerance and more recently with the Cast_Gnk2-like gene, which encodes for an antifungal protein, to be tested for P. cinnamomi putative tolerance. Eight somatic embryo lines were transformed using three methods of selection: semisolid medium in Petri plates, liquid medium in RITA® temporary immersion bioreactors, or liquid medium in We Vitro containers. No significant differences were found between the treatments. These methods will allow for further testing of transgenes and the development of enhanced pathogen resistance in chestnut. It can serve as a model for other tree species threatened by invasive pests and pathogens.

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Panagiotou, Gianni, Mikael R. Andersen, Thomas Grotkjaer, Torsten B. Regueira, Jens Nielsen, and Lisbeth Olsson. "Studies of the Production of Fungal Polyketides in Aspergillus nidulans by Using Systems Biology Tools." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 7 (January 23, 2009): 2212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01461-08.

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ABSTRACT Many filamentous fungi produce polyketide molecules with great significance as human pharmaceuticals; these molecules include the cholesterol-lowering compound lovastatin, which was originally isolated from Aspergillus terreus. The chemical diversity and potential uses of these compounds are virtually unlimited, and it is thus of great interest to develop a well-described microbial production platform for polyketides. Using genetic engineering tools available for the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, we constructed two recombinant strains, one expressing the Penicillium griseofulvum 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA) synthase gene and one expressing the 6-MSA synthase gene and overexpressing the native xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase gene (xpkA) for increasing the pool of polyketide precursor levels. The physiology of the recombinant strains and that of a reference wild-type strain were characterized on glucose, xylose, glycerol, and ethanol media in controlled bioreactors. Glucose was found to be the preferred carbon source for 6-MSA production, and 6-MSA concentrations up to 455 mg/liter were obtained for the recombinant strain harboring the 6-MSA gene. Our findings indicate that overexpression of xpkA does not directly improve 6-MSA production on glucose, but it is possible, if the metabolic flux through the lower part of glycolysis is reduced, to obtain quite high yields for conversion of sugar to 6-MSA. Systems biology tools were employed for in-depth analysis of the metabolic processes. Transcriptome analysis of 6-MSA-producing strains grown on glucose and xylose in the presence and absence of xpkA overexpression, combined with flux and physiology data, enabled us to propose an xpkA-msaS interaction model describing the competition between biomass formation and 6-MSA production for the available acetyl coenzyme A.

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Lopez-Barbosa, Natalia, Sergio Leonardo Florez, Juan C. Cruz, Nancy Ornelas-Soto, and Johann F. Osma. "Congo Red Decolorization Using Textile Filters and Laccase-Based Nanocomposites in Continuous Flow Bioreactors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061227.

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Removal of azo and diazo dye content from textile industry wastewaters is crucial due to their environmental impact. Here, we report on the use of the fungal laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43 immobilized on silica nanoparticles and entrapped in textile-based filters for the degradation of Congo Red. Laccase immobilization and synthesis of the nanocomposites were carried out by two different methods, one in the presence of acetone and the second using water as solvent. This led to a change in the hydrophobicity of the obtained biofilters. Successful preparation of the nanocomposites was confirmed via FTIR spectroscopy. Changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme were inspected through the second derivative of the FTIR spectra. Six different types of filter were fabricated and tested in a continuous flow bioreactor in terms of their decolorization capabilities of Congo Red. The results indicate removal efficiencies that approached 40% for enzymes immobilized on the more hydrophobic supports. Backscattered electron (BSE) images of the different filters were obtained before and after the decolorization process. Percentage of decolorization and activity loss were determined as a function of time until a plateau in decolorization activity was reached. Experimental data was used to recreate the decolorization process in COMSOL Multiphysics® (Stockholm, Sweden). These simulations were used to determine the proper combination of parameters to maximize decolorization. Our findings suggest that the treatment of textile-based filters with immobilized laccase in conjunction with hydrophobic nanocomposites provides a suitable avenue to achieve more efficient laccase dye decolorization (39%) than that obtained with similar filters treated only with free laccase (8%). Filters treated with silica-based nanocomposites and immobilized laccases showed an increase in their decolorization capability, probably due to changes in their wetting phenomena.

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Nielsen, Sheila, Kenna White, Kyle Preiss, Dakota Peart, Kathryn Gianoulias, Rachel Juel, James Sutton, et al. "Growth and Antifungal Resistance of the Pathogenic Yeast, Candida Albicans, in the Microgravity Environment of the International Space Station: An Aggregate of Multiple Flight Experiences." Life 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040283.

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This report was designed to compare spaceflight-induced cellular and physiological adaptations of Candida albicans cultured in microgravity on the International Space Station across several payloads. C. albicans is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for a variety of superficial infections as well as systemic and more severe infections in humans. Cumulatively, the propensity of this organism to be widespread through the population, the ability to produce disease in immunocompromised individuals, and the tendency to respond to environmental stress with characteristics associated with increased virulence, require a better understanding of the yeast response to microgravity for spaceflight crew safety. As such, the responses of this yeast cultivated during several missions using two in-flight culture bioreactors were analyzed and compared herein. In general, C. albicans had a slightly shorter generation time and higher growth propensity in microgravity as compared to terrestrial controls. Rates of cell filamentation differed between bioreactors, but were low and not significantly different between flight and terrestrial controls. Viable cells were retrieved and cultured, resulting in a colony morphology that was similar between cells cultivated in flight and in terrestrial control conditions, and in contrast to that previously observed in a ground-based microgravity analog system. Of importance, yeast demonstrated an increased resistance when challenged during spaceflight with the antifungal agent, amphotericin B. Similar levels of resistance were not observed when challenged with the functionally disparate antifungal drug caspofungin. In aggregate, yeast cells cultivated in microgravity demonstrated a subset of characteristics associated with virulence. In addition, and beyond the value of the specific responses of C. albicans to microgravity, this report includes an analysis of biological reproducibility across flight opportunities, compares two spaceflight hardware systems, and includes a summary of general flight and payload timelines.

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Olicón-Hernández, Dario Rafael, Cinta Gómez-Silván, Clementina Pozo, Gary L. Andersen, Jesús González-Lopez, and Elisabet Aranda. "Penicillium oxalicum XD-3.1 removes pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewater and outcompetes native bacterial and fungal communities in fluidised batch bioreactors." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 158 (March 2021): 105179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105179.

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Tormo-Budowski, Rebeca, Juan Carlos Cambronero-Heinrichs, J. Esteban Durán, Mario Masís-Mora, Didier Ramírez-Morales, José Pablo Quirós-Fournier, and Carlos E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez. "Removal of pharmaceuticals and ecotoxicological changes in wastewater using Trametes versicolor: A comparison of fungal stirred tank and trickle-bed bioreactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 410 (April 2021): 128210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128210.

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Qin, Shiyi, Steven Wainaina, Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi, Amir Mahboubi, Tao Liu, Huimin Liu, Yuwen Zhou, et al. "Fungal dynamics during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge combined with food waste at high organic loading rates in immersed membrane bioreactors." Bioresource Technology 335 (September 2021): 125296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125296.

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Araújo, Rafael G., Natalia Rodríguez Zavala, Carlos Castillo-Zacarías, Mario E. Barocio, Enrique Hidalgo-Vázquez, Lizeth Parra-Arroyo, Jesús Alfredo Rodríguez-Hernández, et al. "Recent Advances in Prodigiosin as a Bioactive Compound in Nanocomposite Applications." Molecules 27, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 4982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154982.

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Bionanocomposites based on natural bioactive entities have gained importance due to their abundance; renewable and environmentally benign nature; and outstanding properties with applied perspective. Additionally, their formulation with biological molecules with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities has been produced nowadays. The present review details the state of the art and the importance of this pyrrolic compound produced by microorganisms, with interest towards Serratia marcescens, including production strategies at a laboratory level and scale-up to bioreactors. Promising results of its biological activity have been reported to date, and the advances and applications in bionanocomposites are the most recent strategy to potentiate and to obtain new carriers for the transport and controlled release of prodigiosin. Prodigiosin, a bioactive secondary metabolite, produced by Serratia marcescens, is an effective proapoptotic agent against bacterial and fungal strains as well as cancer cell lines. Furthermore, this molecule presents antioxidant activity, which makes it ideal for treating wounds and promoting the general improvement of the immune system. Likewise, some of the characteristics of prodigiosin, such as hydrophobicity, limit its use for medical and biotechnological applications; however, this can be overcome by using it as a component of a bionanocomposite. This review focuses on the chemistry and the structure of the bionanocomposites currently developed using biorenewable resources. Moreover, the work illuminates recent developments in pyrrole-based bionanocomposites, with special insight to its application in the medical area.

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Sá, Helena, Michele Michelin, Teresa Tavares, and Bruna Silva. "Current Challenges for Biological Treatment of Pharmaceutical-Based Contaminants with Oxidoreductase Enzymes: Immobilization Processes, Real Aqueous Matrices and Hybrid Techniques." Biomolecules 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12101489.

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The worldwide access to pharmaceuticals and their continuous release into the environment have raised a serious global concern. Pharmaceuticals remain active even at low concentrations, therefore their occurrence in waterbodies may lead to successive deterioration of water quality with adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health. To address this challenge, there is currently an evolving trend toward the search for effective methods to ensure efficient purification of both drinking water and wastewater. Biocatalytic transformation of pharmaceuticals using oxidoreductase enzymes, such as peroxidase and laccase, is a promising environmentally friendly solution for water treatment, where fungal species have been used as preferred producers due to their ligninolytic enzymatic systems. Enzyme-catalyzed degradation can transform micropollutants into more bioavailable or even innocuous products. Enzyme immobilization on a carrier generally increases its stability and catalytic performance, allowing its reuse, being a promising approach to ensure applicability to an industrial scale process. Moreover, coupling biocatalytic processes to other treatment technologies have been revealed to be an effective approach to achieve the complete removal of pharmaceuticals. This review updates the state-of-the-art of the application of oxidoreductases enzymes, namely laccase, to degrade pharmaceuticals from spiked water and real wastewater. Moreover, the advances concerning the techniques used for enzyme immobilization, the operation in bioreactors, the use of redox mediators, the application of hybrid techniques, as well as the discussion of transformation mechanisms and ending toxicity, are addressed.

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Martí-Quijal, Francisco J., Sucheta Khubber, Fabienne Remize, Igor Tomasevic, Elena Roselló-Soto, and Francisco J. Barba. "Obtaining Antioxidants and Natural Preservatives from Food By-Products through Fermentation: A Review." Fermentation 7, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030106.

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Industrial food waste has potential for generating income from high-added-value compounds through fermentation. Solid-state fermentation is promising to obtain a high yield of bioactive compounds while requiring less water for the microorganism’s growth. A number of scientific studies evinced an increase in flavonoids or phenolics from fruit or vegetable waste and bioactive peptides from cereal processing residues and whey, a major waste of the dairy industry. Livestock, fish, or shellfish processing by-products (skin, viscera, fish scales, seabass colon, shrimp waste) also has the possibility of generating antioxidant peptides, hydrolysates, or compounds through fermentation. These bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, or antioxidant peptides) resulting from bacterial or fungal fermentation are also capable of inhibiting the growth of commonly occurring food spoilage fungi and can be used as natural preservatives. Despite the significant release or enhancement of antioxidant compounds through by-products fermentation, the surface areas of large-scale bioreactors and flow patterns act as constraints in designing a scale-up process for improved efficiency. An in-process purification method can also be the most significant contributing factor for raising the overall cost. Therefore, future research in modelling scale-up design can contribute towards mitigating the discard of high-added-value generating residues. Therefore, in this review, the current knowledge on the use of fermentation to obtain bioactive compounds from food by-products, emphasizing their use as natural preservatives, was evaluated.

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Sabtie, Hussein Ali, Khalid Falih Hassan, and Inaam Noori Ali. "Using Serial Fungal Bioreactor for Reducing the Colored Dyes Wastewater." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.4.386.

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Serial fungal bioreactor which contained two species of fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium spp. were used to reduce the colored dyes wastewater in the textile factories in Al-Kadhmia city/ Baghdad. Different biomass of two fungi species which cultured in the laboratory ranged five and ten grams for each treatment the colored dyes wastewater for both blue and red dyes that used in cotton textile factories. The activity of bio-reduction was increasing during multi-stages of fungal bioreactor due to more decreasing of colored wastewater of textile dyes specially when happening some specific changes in its processes. Another environmental factors were measured such as absorbance, transmission and turbidity before and after treatment. Positively relationship of fungal biomass quantities were recorded extrusive relationship in bio-reaction processes forreducingthe colored textile wastewater treatment by serial fungal bioreactor.

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Candia-Sanchez, Luis Felipe, Jorge Álvarez-Cervantes, Rubén Díaz, and Gerardo Díaz-Godínez. "Uso potencial de biorreactores para la producción de lacasas de hongos basidiomicetos." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2017.2.1.15.

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Las enzimas lacasas son un grupo de enzimas azúl cobre-oxidasas, las cuales catalizan la oxidación varios sustratos, como son polifenoles, aminofenoles, y aminas aromáticas, por lo cual son capaces de degradar la lignina así como muchos contaminantes ambientales altamente recalcitrantes. Estas enzimas son producidas por muchos hongos y son muy utilizadas en varios procesos biotecnológicos. El desarrollo de la biotecnología ha sido posible, gracias principalmente a técnicas de cultivo de células, incluyendo la tecnología de fermentación a gran escala, en la que son muy importantes biorreactores como el airlift o el tanque con agitación para producir biomasa y metabolitos. Tales técnicas han permitido el establecimiento de condiciones para el cultivo de hongos, para la síntesis de una diversidad de metabolitos de interés. En los últimos años, han realizado esfuerzos extraordinarios para producir laccasas y enfoques para mejorar la expresión funcional o la estabilidad. Los hongos basidiomicetos producen altos niveles de enzimas ligninolíticas tales como laccasas.

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Guryanov, Dmitry Valeryevich, Viktor Dmitrievich Khmyrov, and Yuliya Viktorovna Guryanova. "Aeration bioreactor-electric decontamination of droppings." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i4pp75-78.

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The article deals with decontamination during the processing of manure into organic fertilizer by an electric field of direct current. As a result of decontamination of the litter in this way, there is a significant destruction of fungal colonies. Microscopic analysis of the quantitative composition of fungal colonies was performed. The analysis showed that the fungal colonies of Mucor and Bacillus are reduced by 43 and 20 percent, respectively. It was revealed that the method of electric disinfection and processing of manure into organic fertilizer is low-cost, effective and environmentally safe.

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Supramani, Sugenendran, Nur Ardiyana Rejab, Zul Ilham, Rahayu Ahmad, Pau-Loke Show, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar. "Performance of Biomass and Exopolysaccharide Production from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum in a New Fabricated Air-L-Shaped Bioreactor (ALSB)." Processes 11, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030670.

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Conventional stirred-tank bioreactor (STR) designs are optimised for cultures of bacteria but not fungal cultures; therefore, a new Air-L-Shaped Bioreactor (ALSB) was fabricated. The ALSB was designed to eliminate the wall growth and clumping of fungal mycelium in STRs. Ganoderma lucidum was used as a fungal model and its biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were maximised by optimising the agitation rate, glucose concentration, initial pH, and aeration via response surface methodology (RSM). The ALSB system generated 7.8 g/L of biomass (biomass optimised conditions: 110 rpm, 24 g/L glucose, pH 5.6, and 3 v/v of aeration) and 4.4 g/L of EPS (EPS optimised conditions: 90 rpm, 30 g/L glucose, pH 4, and 2.5 v/v of aeration). In combination, for both optimised conditions, biomass (7.9 g/L) and EPS (4.6 g/L) were produced at 110 rpm, 30 g/L glucose, pH 4, and 3 v/v of aeration with minimal wall growth. The data prove that the ALSB is a blueprint for efficient economical fungal cultivation.

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Spennati, F., M. Mora, A. Bardi, S. Becarelli, G. Siracusa, S. Di Gregorio, D. Gabriel, G. Mori, and G. Munz. "Respirometric techniques coupled with laboratory-scale tests for kinetic and stoichiometric characterisation of fungal and bacterial tannin-degrading biofilms." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.315.

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Abstract In environmental biotechnology applications for wastewater treatment, bacterial-based bioprocesses are mostly implemented; on the contrary, the application of fungal-based bioprocesses, is still challenging under non-sterile conditions. In a previous laboratory-scale study, we showed that when specific tannins are used as the sole carbon source, fungi can play a key role in the microbial community, under non-sterile conditions and in the long term. In a previous study, an engineered ecosystem, based on fungal tannin biodegradation, was successfully tested in a laboratory-scale bioreactor under non-sterile conditions. In the present study, a kinetic and stoichiometric characterisation of the biomass developed therein was performed through the application of respirometric techniques applied to the biomass collected from the above-mentioned reactor. To this aim, a respirometric set-up was specifically adapted to obtain valuable information from tannin-degrading fungal biofilms. A mathematical model was also developed and applied to describe both the respirometric profiles and the experimental data collected from the laboratory-scale tests performed in the bioreactor. The microbial growth was described through a Monod-type kinetic equation as a first approach. Substrate inhibition, decay rate and tannin hydrolysis process were included to better describe the behaviour of immobilised biomass selected in the tannin-degrading bioreactor. The model was implemented in AQUASIM using the specific tool Biofilm Compartment to simulate the attached fungal biofilm. Biofilm features and transport parameters were either measured or assumed from the literature. Key kinetic and stoichiometric unknown parameters were successfully estimated, overcoming critical steps for scaling-up a novel fungal-based technology for tannins biodegradation.

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Rossi, MJ, DH Cardoso Cortez, AJ Giachini, VL Oliveira, and A. Furigo Jr. "EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PRE-SETTING CONDITIONS IN AIRLIFT BIOREACTOR TO DETERMINE THE RESPIRATORY KINETICS OF FUNGI." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 5, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v5i2.3828.

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in culture media and, therefore, used to obtain large volumes of fungal tissue to be used as inoculum. The implementation of controlled mycorrhization programs is dependent upon the production of commercially large volumes of inoculum. As of now, there is no such place around the globe where we can find people or companies that are able to achieve such goal. Information on the fungal growing kinetics is scant, and there are no studies that deal with the topic of oxygen transfer for the cultivation of these fungi (major impediment), making it hard to produce inoculum in large scales. Therefore, the current study used an airlift bioreactor to provide information on aspects, such as time of mixture, the effect of depressurization on the oxygen concentration readings and the delay of probe response, among others, that are fundamental for the commercial production of these fungal inocula. The study showed that the results obtained from the dynamic assay need adjustments prior to analytical interpretation. The data was obtained with operating specific air flow rates of 0.2, 0.36 and 0.52 vvm. In conclusion, the study provided essential information that can be used by others to continue the studies on the dynamic aspects of an airlift bioreactor operation intended for fungal biomass production.

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Fujita, M., M. Ike, K. Kusunoki, T. Ueno, K. Serizawa, and T. Hirao. "Removal of color and estrogenic substances by fungal reactor equipped with ultrafiltration unit." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0190.

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Removal/degradation of color components and endocrine disruptors (EDs) by a bioreactor employing a white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta IFO4917 equipped with ultramembrane filtration (UF) unit was proposed and experimentally investigated. Among 20 white-rot fungal strains, T. hirsuta IFO4917 was screened as a most effective white-rot fungus for removal/degradation of color and EDs. This strain could effectively decolorize humic acid and degrade a wide range of Eds: bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), 17 beta-estradiol, estrone and estriol, although di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could not be degraded. A bench scale (10 L), sequencing batch reactor using this fungus was developed and applied to decolorization of a melanoidin containing synthetic wastewater (4,200 color unit). The fungus was immobilized onto polyurethane foam cubes to stably maintain the biomass, and UF was applied to achieve a complete solid/liquid separation. The wastewater was decolorized in a main bioreactor and the resultant biologically treated wastewater was subjected to UF to obtain permeate as the effluent. The concentrate containing the remaining colored components with higher molecular weights was returned to the fungal bioreactor for further decolorization. In this fungal/UF system, 70% of the decolorization was constantly achieved at HRT of 2 days. The fungal/UF system was scaled up to a pilot-scale plant (200 L), and applied to the treatment of the secondary effluent from a night soil treatment process containing color components (1,000 color unit) and some EDs, NP, 4-t-octylphenol (OP), DEHP and benzophenone. 65-70% of decolorization efficiency was achieved at a 1.5 day cycle sequencing batch operation. NP, OP and benzophenone were removed efficiently with removal of 94%, 89% and 81%, respectively. However, the removal of DEHP was not so effective (45%).

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Zhang, Yongjun, and Sven-Uwe Geißen. "Elimination of carbamazepine in a non-sterile fungal bioreactor." Bioresource Technology 112 (May 2012): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.073.

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Negi, Bharat Bhushan, Arindam Sinharoy, and Kannan Pakshirajan. "Selenite removal from wastewater using fungal pelleted airlift bioreactor." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 992–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06946-6.

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Venkatachalam, Mekala, Gary Mares, Laurent Dufossé, and Mireille Fouillaud. "Scale-Up of Pigment Production by the Marine-Derived Filamentous Fungus, Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548, from Shake Flask to Stirred Bioreactor." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010077.

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Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548, a marine-derived fungus, produces Monascus-like azaphilone red/orange pigments which have the potential for various industrial applications. The objective of this study was to scale up pigment production in a 2 L bioreactor with a working volume of 1.3 L media and to compare its biomass growth and pigment production against small volume (500 mL) shake flasks with 200 mL working volume. Additionally, fungal morphology, pigment intensity, fermentation length and duration of pigment production were also compared. Experiments were carried out at laboratory scale in 200 mL shake flasks without controlling pH and oxygen. In parallel, fermentation was performed in a 2 L bioreactor as an initial scale-up to investigate the influence of dissolved oxygen, agitation speed and controlled pH on pigment production and biomass growth of T. albobiverticillius 30548. The highest orange and red pigment production in bioreactor at 24 °C was noticed after 160 h of fermentation (70% pO2) with 25.95 AU 470 nm for orange pigments and 22.79 AU 500 nm for red pigments, at pH set point 5.0. Meanwhile, the fermentation using 200 mL shake flasks effectively produced orange pigments with 22.39 AU 470 nm and red pigments with 14.84 AU 500 nm at 192 h under the same experimental conditions (24 °C, pH 5.0, 150 rpm). Regarding fungal morphology, growth of fungus in the bioreactor was in the form of pellets, whereas in the shake flasks it grew in the form of filaments. From the observed differences in shake flasks and closed bioreactor, it is known that the bioprocess was significantly influenced by dissolved oxygen saturation and agitation speed in scale-up. Thus, oxygen transfer appears to be the rate-limiting factor, which highly influences overall growth and production of pigments in Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548 liquid culture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungal bioreactors'

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