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Quan, Lianfeng. "Funds transfer pricing and performance evaluation." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/funds-transfer-pricing-and-performance-evaluation(dffbe8e5-21f4-4179-b123-b86f4b2fa3b6).html.
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Funds transfer pricing (FTP) is a management accounting technique used to identify the source of profits contributions for business units and products, and is a strategic tool to integrate risk management with decision-making. As very few studies have investigated the FTP model for commercial banks, this thesis attempts to identify the factors driving the bank FTP model and to develop the model. To develop the bank FTP model, the bank FTP process, which consists of the WHY, the WHAT, the WHO, the WHERE, the WHEN and the HOW factors, is designed. The WHY factor determines that the FTP model should be developed to enhance effective bank risk management process, and properly assign profit contributions within a bank to help achieve accurate bank performance evaluation. The WHERE factor demands that the FTP model should be developed at the bank business unit and instrument levels, and the WHEN factor requires that both the original and remaining term FTP models should be developed. The FTP model is developed with the responsibility accounting principles and financial risk management techniques, which are applied for the WHO, the WHAT and HOW factor design. The implications of the FTP model developed in this thesis are examined by applying the model in bank performance measurements. The FTP model is found to be able to properly assign bank risks to business unit managers who have control over the risks, and properly allocate profit contributions within a bank. The FTP model is also applied in the different types of banks, which have varying degrees of decentralization of risk management decision-making authority. It is found that the FTP model can achieves effective risk management and accurate business performance evaluation in the partially decentralized bank. The case study analysis of the FTP model in the Chinese bank shows that the bank FTP model developed in this thesis is more effective in risk management than the bank's FTP method.
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Abdulah, Samahir. "Legal risk associated with electronic funds transfer." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2910.
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The past thirty years have seen rapid advances in the technological component of banking services and as a consequence new legal issues have come to the fore, especially with regard to Electronic Fund Transfers (EFTs) which are now used to transfer money around the world, and have made fund transactions between payers and payees easier, faster and more secure. The method involves risks for both banks and customers, due to the possibility of unauthorized payments risks, credit and insolvency problems, and confidentiality issues. Most contracts and obligations now depend on the new technology, although there is a variety of methods for dealing with the concomitant risks. EFTs share a number of similarities with paper-based funds transfers in regard to methods of regulation, and the careful observer can identify patterns and themes. Today, the business world depends heavily on EFT systems for its procedures; and government and academia have also taken a keen interest in EFTs. This thesis reviews and examines the existing legal position of liability of banks and customers for risks associated with EFT transactions: unauthorized EFT instruction and the problem of customer identity, credit risk and privacy, especially, the systems employed for safeguarding the customer’s transactions and data. The thesis also makes recommendations for change. The rules for the allocation of risk are based on the various mechanisms used to access the account. Also, due to the complexities of EFT, consumer protection becomes a paramount goal and is a subject of much concern, particularly when it comes to determining liability for losses. The UK government implemented the Payment Services Directive 2007 by adopting the Payment Services Regulations 2009, to regulate the system. However, such Regulations do not constitute a comprehensive regime that applies to all legal issues arising in the context of the EFT system. This study argues the necessity for a re-examination of existing laws and proposes a model for the future approach to the issues associated with EFT payment. Different approaches to EFT will be assessed, and the comparative and contrasting elements will be analysed in order to propose a comprehensive solution to the deficiencies in the current framework. Central to the problem is the absence of any uniform standard: individual banks offer differing contractual terms and conditions and different means of accessing accounts. Consequently it is time to formulate new and comprehensive rules for the allocation of liability of risks associated with EFT transactions.
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Stovall, Shawn Eric. "Global electronic funds transfer between small and medium sized companies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37228.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 64).
Cross-border electronic funds transfer is a rapidly expanding field for business and consumer payments. Large multi-national corporations have been able to invest the capital necessary to create infrastructures or work with banking institutions to facilitate payments in the past, but small and medium sized companies were limited in their ability to utilize electronic payment systems. The growth of global business has created a need for effective payment systems for the many small and medium sized companies. The evolution of the industry is dependent on the convergence of business, technology and government regulation in order to succeed. This paper provides an overview of global funds transfer and future trends in the context of both business and consumer payments.
by Shawn Eric Stovall.
M.B.A.
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Katz, Alexander. "Pension Funds as Institutions for Intertemporal Risk Transfer Analysis and Simulation /." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05610217001/$FILE/05610217001.pdf.
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Lyons-Davis, Andrew E. "Electronic funds transfer systems and the household's transactions demand for money /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecl991.pdf.
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Trigler, Jacob. "Indicators of informal funds transfer systems a comparison of traditional and modern systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FTrigler.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on February 17, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-83). Also available in print.
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Ndlovu, Witness Nomfundo. "The regulation of electronic funds transfers : problematic aspects relating to banks liability." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77358.
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The evolution of various payment instruments shows a marked inclination away from the reliance on physical currency. This has, in turn, led to the construction of new manifestations of wealth. Due to revolution and developments of technology, payment can be made by various means such as physical delivery of conventional money (coins and bank notes) from the payer to the payee, but may also be made through tangible paying methods other than negotiable instruments such as debit or credit card or by way of electronic funds transfer.
The development of payment systems makes it a reality for consumers to choose their preferred method of payment suitable for their banking needs and circumstances. Electronic funds transfer is a generic term that embraces any transfer of funds in which electronic techniques replace one or more of the steps in the process that were previously done by paper-based techniques. This includes automated teller machines, the transfer of funds at the point of sale, direct deposit or withdrawal of funds and funds initiated by telephone.
The use of electronic funds transfer systems is described as the ultimate act of payment for not only is the value which is transferred reduced to a symbolic form, but the symbolic form itself is removed from the immediate possession of the parties to the transfer, payment also essentially becomes the transfer of information. Electronic funds transfer are easy and convenient to use. However, new technology has not only provided an ever-increasing range of electronic payment products, it has also had far-reaching effects on the way in which banks operate.
Owing to the lack of legislation in South Africa to regulate the use of electronic funds transfer, banks rely on the law of contract and mandate to exempt themselves from liability. Therefore, the research problem that this dissertation aims to address revolves around the legal implications of electronic funds transfer, This includes the
questions surrounding reversal and recovery of electronic funds transfer when payment is considered to be final and complete. Ultimately, I will attempt to address apportionment of liability between banks and consumers.Mini Dissertation (LLM (Banking Law))--University of Pretoria 2020.
GCRA Bursary
Mercantile Law
LLM (Banking Law)
Unrestricted
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Hong, Ki Young. "Why are electronic payments preferred? : evidence from international data /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060105.
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Guchshina, Yekaterina. "Pension system in the United Kingdom and the shift from DB to DC scheme." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18466.
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Mestrado em Actuarial ScienceThis paper examines the key issues relating to the UK pension system. It reviews the current system of pension provision, describes the recent reforms, and checks the legal regulatory and actuarial framework for occupational pension schemes. Also, it outlines the different types of risks and returns from membership of defined benefit and defined contribution pension schemes and advantages and disadvantages of transferring out from the defined benefits scheme to defined contribution one. The main point was to examine if the financial regulatory guidance that "an adviser should start from the assumption that a transfer will be unsuitable" is outdated and whether a transaction is right for the individual and should be assessed on a case by case basis from a neutral starting position.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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BEGAY, HAROLD GEORGE. "A DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF THE 1983-84 CAPITAL LEVY TRANSFER FUNDS IN SELECT PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT BUDGETING PRACTICES (ARIZONA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183940.
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The purpose of this exploratory study in school finance was to examine the relationship between transferred capital funds and budgeting practices for select public school districts in Arizona. Three major research questions were derived to examine public school fiscal management relative to budgeting efficiency, lapsing and depletion funds. The three research questions are as follows: (1) What variables can identify and are likely to maximally contribute to school districts' budget expenditures falling within a plus/minus 2% range of the adopted budget? (2) What factors would be maximally associated with school districts having either a credit or deficit ending fund balance in the general operations budget? (3) What variables are likely to maximally contribute to school districts budgeting practices leading to increased or decreased capital levy fund balance? A systematic stratified sample of 31 school districts constituted the study group. Discriminant Function Analysis was used in the statistical treatment of 11 discriminant variables for six budget classifications. Each hypothesis was rejected at the .01 level of significance. Capital Transfer Funds indicated maximum contribution in differentiating school budget groups which were within the plus/minus 2% range of the adopted budget. For the second research question and hypothesis, Revenue, in linear-combination with Beginning Fund Balance and expenditure, evidenced maximum ability to differentiate the credit fund balance. Capital Transfer Funds added minimal ability to discriminate budget groups. For the third hypothesis, Revenues, Expenditures, and Capital Transfer Monies indicated high ability to discriminate budget groups. Capital Transfer Monies, however, was statistically spurious.
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Davis, Albert L. "Implementation of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)/Financial Electronic Data Interchange (FEDI) in the Department of Defense : lessons learned from private industry /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA316495.
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Kambová, Andrea. "Analýza platebních systémů v ČR a Polsku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3957.
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This paper discusses the clearing process of interbank transfers in Czech Republic and Poland. It shows principals of payment systems functioning, the structure of each system's members, and step by step process of individual types of interbanking transfers. It finds and evaluates general system's differences and shows similarities with compliance to EU directives. Furtermore it shows the analysis of system's utilization based on the absolute value of transactions and adjusted this value by economical and demographical factors.
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Nimer, Muna. "A critical examination of aspects of liability for fraudulent electronic funds transfer in English, US and EU law with particular reference to the UNCITRAL Model Law." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31094.
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This thesis argues that the scope of the originator and the originator's bank's rights, duties and liabilities for fraudulent international wholesale EFT under English law, is unpredictable and uncertain. The argument relies on analysing the law applying to fraudulent international wholesale EFT in England. This includes the general principles of contract law, agency law and the rules which apply to forged cheques, and the UK Cross-Border Credit Transfer Regulations 1999 which implemented the EU Directive on Cross-Border Credit Transfers 1997. The English law is then compared with Article 4A of the U.S. Uniform Commercial Code 1989 and the UNCITRAL Model Law in International Credit Transfer 1992. Chapter one defines EFT, and demonstrates the legal concept of fraudulent EFT in English law. This chapter focuses on the significance of authority and the problem of identity authentication under English common law. Chapter two analyses the legal nature of payment orders and the rules applying to fraudulent EFT in English and EU law. Moreover, it examines the forms and legal validity of security procedures in the context of EFT in English and EU law. Chapter three discusses the rules of the UNCITRAL Model Law and Article 4A as applied to unauthorised EFT. It focuses on the legal concept and validity of security procedures under both legal frameworks. Chapter four deals with the basis of the originator's action against the originator's bank for fraudulent EFT in English law. Chapter five considers the basis of action and freedom of contract under the UNCITRAL Model Law and Article 4A. Chapter five examines the scope of the originator's bank's liabilities for direct and consequential damages occurring as a result of fraudulent EFT under both legal frameworks.
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Veto, Peter, Marvin Uhlig, Nikolaus F. Troje, and Wolfgang Einhäuser. "Cognition modulates action-to-perception transfer in ambiguous perception." Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31533.
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Can cognition penetrate action-to-perception transfer? Participants observed a structure-from-motion cylinder of ambiguous rotation direction. Beforehand, they experienced one of two mechanical models: An unambiguous cylinder was connected to a rod by either a belt (cylinder and rod rotating in the same direction) or by gears (both rotating in opposite directions). During ambiguous cylinder presentation, mechanics and rod were invisible, making both conditions visually identical. Observers inferred the rod's direction from their moment-by-moment subjective perceptual interpretation of the ambiguous cylinder. They reported the (hidden) rod's direction by rotating a manipulandum in either the same or the opposite direction. With respect to their effect on perceptual stability, the resulting match/nonmatch between perceived cylinder rotation and manipulandum rotation showed a significant interaction with the cognitive model they had previously been biased with. For the “belt” model, congruency between cylinder perception and manual action is induced by same-direction report. Here, we found that same-direction movement stabilized the perceived motion direction, replicating a known congruency effect. For the “gear” model, congruency between perception and action is—in contrast—induced by opposite-direction report. Here, no effect of perception-action congruency was found: Perceptual congruency and cognitive model nullified each other. Hence, an observer's internal model of a machine's operation guides action-to-perception transfer.
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Charvátová, Lenka. "Controllingový systém banky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125125.
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This thesis describes and analyzes the most important areas of bank controlling. Amongst them are: cost management, planning and budgeting, and performance management. The thesis focuses on the newest knowledge in bank controlling and on best practice examples. The thesis also includes practice examples of some bank controlling areas of a particular Czech bank, ČSOB.
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Morais, Hugo Miguel Pinheiro. "Cálculo de benefícios individuais de reforma no Reino Unido e reconcialiação de fundos de pensões." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10546.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisO estágio curricular tem como principal objetivo o primeiro contacto, por parte do aluno, com a prática empresarial. Teve a duração de três meses e três semanas e foi realizado na Mercer Portugal, mais especificamente no Retirement Service Center (RSC). A Mercer é uma multinacional do grupo MMC (Marsh & McLennan Companies) que está presente em Portugal desde 1993, líder mundial em serviços de consultoria nas áreas de capital humano, benefícios, pensões e investimentos. No final do estágio, o aluno deverá ter um conhecimento alargado sobre a área de fundos de pensões, mais especificamente os fundos de pensão afetos a um Plano de Contribuição Definida (PCD) e os fundos de pensão afetos a um Plano de Benefício Definido (PBD). Embora o RSC seja um centro de serviços partilhados, inseridos na linha de negócio de Retirement da Mercer com clientes de vários países, neste estágio serão desenvolvidos apenas serviços de reconciliação de fundos de pensões com o PCD para clientes da Irlanda como Unit Reconciliation e Bank Account Reconciliations, assim como o cálculo do Transfer Value para clientes do Reino Unido. No cálculo do Transfer Value, espera-se que o aluno utilize conhecimentos adquiridos em algumas unidades curriculares do mestrado, sobretudo nas unidades de matemática atuarial e fundos de pensões. Um dos desafios mais motivantes será a necessidade do estudo aprofundado dos regimes de pensões (pension schemes) do Reino Unido, numa perspetiva mais teórica e legislativa e conciliar com o conhecimento atuarial no cálculo do Transfer Value.
The internship has as main objective the first contact of the student with business practice. It lasted three months and three weeks and was held at Mercer Portugal, specifically in Retirement Service Center (RSC). Mercer is a multinational group MMC (Marsh & McLennan Companies) that has been present in Portugal since 1993. It is a world leader in consulting services in the areas of human capital, benefits, pensions and investments. At the end of the internship, the student must have extensive knowledge about the area of pension funds, specifically pension funds under the Defined Contribution Plan (DCP) and pension funds under the Defined Benefit Plan (PBD). Although RCS is a center for shared services, inserted in the Retirement business line of Mercer, with clients from various countries, during the internship will be developed only reconciliation service pension funds with PCD for customers in Ireland as Unit Reconciliations and Bank Account Reconciliations, as well as the calculation of Transfer Value for UK customers. In calculating the Transfer Value, are expected to use knowledge acquired in some units of the master, especially in actuarial mathematics units and pension funds. One of the challenges is motivating the need for in-depth study of pension systems (pension schemes) in the UK, in a more theoretical and legislative perspective, and reconcile with the actuarial knowledge in the calculation of Transfer Value.
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Checoli, Ana Garcia. "Preço de transferência de passivos sem vencimento de bancos comerciais: uma abordagem para aplicações automáticas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11346.
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Commercial banks have as main sources of funds demand deposits, savings and time deposits. These liabilities have daily liquidity, ie, may be withdrawn at any time by their owners. The outcome and risk management of these non-maturing liabilities is a difficult task for financial institutions. This study aims to identify the transfer price of these liabilities, especially for automatic applications. As a result, it´s presented a transfer price for the core and the non-core portion of the automatic applications and also the revenue funding paid by treasury to the commercial channels. The formula used for calculating the transfer price of non-maturing liabilities follows the Central Bank rules, and can be used by any commercial financial institution in Brazil. In order to identify the maturity the Nonmaturation model was applied and transfer price is calculated by the Matched Maturity Funds Transfer Marginal Price ( MMMFTP ) model .
Os bancos comerciais têm como principais fontes de recursos os depósitos à vista, poupança e depósitos a prazo. Estes passivos têm liquidez diária, ou seja, podem ser sacados a qualquer momento por seus titulares. O gerenciamento do resultado e risco destes passivos sem vencimento é uma difícil tarefa para as instituições financeiras. Este estudo busca identificar o preço de transferência destes passivos, em especial das aplicações automáticas. Como resultado, são apresentados preços de transferência para a parcela estável e para a parcela instável das aplicações automáticas e a receita de funding paga pela tesouraria aos canais comerciais . A fórmula utilizada para o cálculo do preço de transferência de passivos sem vencimento considera as regras de exigibilidade do BACEN, e pode ser utilizada por qualquer instituição financeira comercial do Brasil. Para a identificação da maturidade foi utilizado o modelo de Nonmaturation e o preço de transferência é calculado pelo modelo de Matched Maturity Marginal Funds Transfer Price (MMMFTP).
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Mainka, Alexander, Anton Poznyakovskiy, Ivan Platzek, Mario Fleischer, Johan Sundberg, and Dirk Mürbe. "Lower Vocal Tract Morphologic Adjustments Are Relevant for Voice Timbre in Singing." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-202679.
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The vocal tract shape is crucial to voice production. Its lower part seems particularly relevant for voice timbre. This study analyzes the detailed morphology of parts of the epilaryngeal tube and the hypopharynx for the sustained German vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/ by thirteen male singer subjects who were at the beginning of their academic singing studies. Analysis was based on two different phonatory conditions: a natural, speech-like phonation and a singing phonation, like in classical singing. 3D models of the vocal tract were derived from magnetic resonance imaging and compared with long-term average spectrum analysis of audio recordings from the same subjects. Comparison of singing to the speech-like phonation, which served as reference, showed significant adjustments of the lower vocal tract: an average lowering of the larynx by 8 mm and an increase of the hypopharyngeal cross-sectional area (+ 21.9%) and volume (+ 16.8%). Changes in the analyzed epilaryngeal portion of the vocal tract were not significant. Consequently, lower larynx-to-hypopharynx area and volume ratios were found in singing compared to the speech-like phonation. All evaluated measures of the lower vocal tract varied significantly with vowel quality. Acoustically, an increase of high frequency energy in singing correlated with a wider hypopharyngeal area. The findings offer an explanation how classical male singers might succeed in producing a voice timbre with increased high frequency energy, creating a singer‘s formant cluster.
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Carvalho, José Augusto Moreira de. "O federalismo fiscal brasileiro e o desvio de recursos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-02082011-121458/.
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A concepção tradicional de federação remete à possibilidade de uma melhor organização do Estado, proporcionando-lhe maior desempenho na execução da atividade financeira para satisfazer as necessidades públicas em níveis mais eficientes. As estruturas federativas existentes no mundo, porém, apresentam diferenças entre si e vários são os elementos que contribuem para essa ocorrência, motivo pelo qual não se pode conceber um modelo único de federação, imune a deficiências e problemas. Um Estado federado, dependendo do padrão de federação que adote (mais descentralizado ou menos descentralizado, por exemplo), pode não ser capaz de solucionar questões de vital interesse à sociedade. Na presente tese de doutorado, o autor analisa as características da federação brasileira e procura perscrutar se existe relação entre a estrutura do federalismo fiscal adotada no Brasil e a ocorrência de desvios de recursos públicos, dentre os quais os deflagrados por atos de corrupção. A preocupação contida no estudo não é apenas a de investigar essa relação, mas a de avaliar suas possíveis causas, analisando de forma criteriosa os níveis de descentralização presentes na federação e o grau de autonomia dos entes federados. No primeiro capítulo são discutidos o conceito, características e classificação dos Estados federais, a importância da federação para a atividade financeira estatal, os princípios do federalismo fiscal e as funções fiscais alocativa, distributiva e estabilizadora. A investigação sobre a possibilidade da existência de vínculo entre o desvio de recursos e o tipo de estrutura do federalismo fiscal é objeto de análise no segundo capítulo, no qual também serão expostas definições e características de condutas que tendem a provocar o mencionado transviamento, tais como o rent-seeking (comportamento caçador de renda), o patrimonialismo, o clientelismo, o coronelismo e a corrupção. O terceiro capítulo cuida da análise do arcabouço do federalismo fiscal brasileiro e procura examinar se os níveis de descentralização presentes no país são adequados para uma perfeita relação entre os entes subnacionais e o governo central, bem como se essa estrutura impede ou estimula as ocorrências de desvios de recursos públicos. No quarto capítulo, as hipóteses contidas nos capítulos anteriores são demonstradas por meio da análise do processo orçamentário federal (mais especificamente em relação às consequências advindas da elaboração da lei orçamentária anual) e das transferências intergovernamentais no Brasil.The traditional conception of a federation leads us to the possibility of a better organized Government, capable of satisfactorily performing the financial activity in order to meet the public needs at more efficient levels. However, the federative structures existing worldwide today are quite different from each other and various are the elements contributing to such occurrence and this is why we cannot conceive one single federation model unaffected by deficiencies and problems. A federate Union, depending on the federation model adopted thereby (either a more or less decentralized one, for instance), may be unable to solve issues of vital interest to the society as a whole. In this dissertation, the author analyzes the characteristics of the Brazilian federation and seeks to scrutinize whether there is a relation between the fiscal federalism structure adopted in Brazil and the occurrence of deviation of public funds, including those triggered by corruption acts. Rather than simply investigating such relation, this dissertation is concerned with evaluating the possible causes for deviation of public funds, minutely examining the levels of decentralization present in the federation and the degree of autonomy among the federated entities. In chapter one, the author discusses the concept, characteristics and classification of the federal states, the importance of the federation for the financial activity performed by the Government, the principles of fiscal federalism and the allocable, distributive and stabilizing fiscal functions. Whether there is a connection between the deviation of funds and the type of structure of fiscal federalism is investigated in chapter two, where definitions and characteristics of conducts prone to cause the mentioned deviation are expounded by the author, such as rent-seeking, patrimonialism, clientelism, coronelismo and corruption. In chapter three, the author analyzes the framework of Brazilian fiscal federalism and examines whether the levels of decentralization existing in Brazil are proper for a perfect relation between the subnational entities and the central Government, as well as whether such structure either impedes or otherwise fosters the occurrences of public fund deviation. Chapter three demonstrates the hypotheses contained in the previous chapters by means of an analysis of the federal budgetary process (more specifically in relation to the consequences derived from preparation of the annual budgetary law) and intergovernmental transfers in Brazil.
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Mainka, Alexander, Anton Poznyakovskiy, Ivan Platzek, Mario Fleischer, Johan Sundberg, and Dirk Mürbe. "Lower Vocal Tract Morphologic Adjustments Are Relevant for Voice Timbre in Singing." Public Library of Science, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29495.
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The vocal tract shape is crucial to voice production. Its lower part seems particularly relevant for voice timbre. This study analyzes the detailed morphology of parts of the epilaryngeal tube and the hypopharynx for the sustained German vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/ by thirteen male singer subjects who were at the beginning of their academic singing studies. Analysis was based on two different phonatory conditions: a natural, speech-like phonation and a singing phonation, like in classical singing. 3D models of the vocal tract were derived from magnetic resonance imaging and compared with long-term average spectrum analysis of audio recordings from the same subjects. Comparison of singing to the speech-like phonation, which served as reference, showed significant adjustments of the lower vocal tract: an average lowering of the larynx by 8 mm and an increase of the hypopharyngeal cross-sectional area (+ 21.9%) and volume (+ 16.8%). Changes in the analyzed epilaryngeal portion of the vocal tract were not significant. Consequently, lower larynx-to-hypopharynx area and volume ratios were found in singing compared to the speech-like phonation. All evaluated measures of the lower vocal tract varied significantly with vowel quality. Acoustically, an increase of high frequency energy in singing correlated with a wider hypopharyngeal area. The findings offer an explanation how classical male singers might succeed in producing a voice timbre with increased high frequency energy, creating a singer‘s formant cluster.
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Andrade, Alexandre Luis de. "GetLB: uma nova arquitetura para balanceamento de carga dinâmicos em sistemas de transações eletrônicas financeiras." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3703.
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Transações eletrônicas financeiras - em inglês EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) - representam uma realidade em expansão que impulsiona a aproximação entre consumidores e fornecedores. As transações podem ser originadas de diferentes meios de captura da informação e são transmitidas para um centro de processamento, que decodifica, executa e retorna os resultados no menor tempo possível. Em especial, a presente dissertação de mestrado está enquadrada no dia-a-dia da empresa GetNet e no balanceamento de carga sobre um de seus sistemas de processamento. O sistema em estudo dispõe atualmente de uma arquitetura na qual as transações são recebidas em um nó centralizador, representado por um chaveador Cisco, e são distribuídas para Máquinas Processadoras (MP) segundo o algoritmo de escalonamento Round Robin. Esse algoritmo é adequado para as situações onde as MP são homogêneas e o tempo de rede entre elas e o nó centralizador é também uniforme. Essa configuração pode ser restritiva para um sistema transacional que precisa estar dimensionado para atender uma empresa em expansão geográfica que use MP em diferentes localizações. Em adição, a atuação do algoritmo Round Robin permite que transações sejam repassadas para MP que já possuem alta carga de trabalho ou se encontram indisponíveis. Nesse contexto, essa dissertação descreve uma arquitetura para o sistema transacional chamada GetLB, que proporciona um balanceamento de carga a partir do chaveador com base em monitoração das máquinas de processamento. A infraestrutura GetLB propõe um novo escalonador chamado LL (Load Level). Diferente do Round Robin, para cada transação i, LL calcula n funções LL(i; j), onde j é a MP alvo e n a quantidade das mesmas. Para tal, serão verificadas as suas condições para atender à demanda conforme índices de ocupação de CPU, memória, disco e estado das filas das máquinas processadoras, entre outros. A eficiente combinação desses fatores, para o despacho de transações, configura a contribuição científica do trabalho. Assim como a eficiência em notificar o chaveador quando ocorrem eventos assíncronos no sistema, como parada ou perda de capacidade de processamento de alguma máquina. A arquitetura GetLB também visa proporcionar capacidade de operação com heterogeneidade de máquinas processadoras, possibilitando o uso de máquinas especialistas para certos tipos de transações e a integração de MPs de diferentes redes (domínios administrativos). Os resultados dos testes mostraram que GetLB é mais eficiente que Round-Robin em muitos aspectos, sobressaindo mais em situações de heterogeneidade de recursos e dinamicidade de eventos. Verificou-se também que as notificações acrescentam muito valor ao sistema, auxiliando na manutenção e melhoria contínua da solução.
Electronic financial transactions represents an expanding reality that drives the approach between consumers and suppliers. Transactions can be originated from different information’s capture terminals and are transmitted to a processing center, which decodes, executes and returns the results in the shortest time possible. In particular, this dissertation is framed in the day-to-day operations of GetNet, a network and service provider company, and load balancing on one of its processing systems. The system under study currently has an architecture in which transactions are received at a centralized node, represented by a Cisco switch, and are distributed to machines processors (MP) according to Round Robin scheduling algorithm. This algorithm is suitable for situations where the MP are homogeneous and network transfer time between them and the centralized node is also uniform. This setting can be restrictive for a transactional system that needs to be sized to meet an expanding company and uses geographic MP at different locations. In addition, the performance of Round Robin algorithm enables transactions to be passed to MP who already have high workload or are unavailable. In this context, this work describes an architecture for a transactional system called GetLB, which provides load balancing from the switch based on processing machines’s monitoring. The infrastructure GetLB proposes a new scheduler called LL (Load Level). Unlike the Round Robin, for each transaction i, LL calculates n functions LL (i, j) where j is the target MP and n quantity of machines. This will check their conditions to meet demand as occupancy rate of CPU, memory, disk, and state of the queues of processing machines, among others. The efficient mix of these factors to dispatch transactions, sets the scientific work. As well as the efficiency to notify the switch when asynchronous events occur in the system, such as stopping or loss of processing capacity of some machine. The architecture also aims to provide GetLB operation capability with heterogeneous processing machines, enabling the use of machinery specialists for certain types of transactions and the integration of MPs from different networks (administrative domains). The test results showed that GetLB is more efficient than Round-Robin in many aspects and stand out in case of heterogeneous resources and dynamic events. It was also found that the notifications adds much value to system, assisting in the maintenance and continuous solution’s improvement
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Lima, Carolina Caiado. "O convênio administrativo colaborativo para transferência de recursos públicos a entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos como instrumento dos mecanismos diretos de fomento público." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-26032012-135755/.
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O trabalho envolve o estudo do convênio administrativo colaborativo para transferência de recursos públicos a entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos, incluídas ou não no conceito de terceiro setor, no âmbito da atividade estatal de fomento. O tema foi tratado a partir da identificação do contexto no qual a utilização dos convênios administrativos intensificouse, de suas diferentes espécies e natureza jurídica. Foram estudados o fomento público, seus diversos mecanismos e instrumentos jurídicos existentes para formalizar parcerias entre entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos e poder público, visando à realização de certas atividades de interesse público e coletivo. Também integraram a análise os requisitos e características dos convênios administrativos colaborativos; seu tratamento normativo na legislação federal; mecanismos de controle; utilização no âmbito do fomento público; bem como a jurisprudência acerca de sua aplicação a esta atividade estatal, especialmente precedentes do Tribunal de Contas da UniãoThis dissertation comprises the study of the collaborative administrative agreement for the transfer of public funds to non profit private entities, with or without their inclusion in the concept of third sector, in the scope of governmental incentives. The subject was approached taking into consideration the identification of the increase in the utilization of administrative agreements, as well as the different species and legal nature of such agreements. Governmental incentives, their diverse mechanisms and the existing legal means to constitute partnerships by and between non profit private entities and the government to perform certain activities of public and collective interests were studied. Amalgamated to analysis are the prerequisites and characteristics of collaborative administrative agreements; their legal regime in the federal legislation; use in the scope of governmental incentives; as well as case law regarding their application to such state activity, mainly precedents from the Brazilian Court of Audits.
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Salinas, Natasha Schmitt Caccia. "Avaliação legislativa no Brasil: um estudo de caso sobre as normas de controle das transferências voluntárias de recursos públicos para entidades do terceiro setor." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-31032009-153959/.
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Esta dissertação se propõe a realizar um estudo de caso em avaliação legislativa sobre as normas que disciplinam as transferências voluntárias de recursos públicos a entidades pertencentes ao terceiro setor. A avaliação legislativa traduz-se num modelo teórico que se propõe a avaliar atos normativos sob o enfoque dos efeitos que estes produzem na sociedade. Sob essa perspectiva, a sociologia jurídica assume papel central no processo da avaliação legislativa, em que os critérios de eficácia, efetividade, eficiência e impacto da legislação são utilizados para verificar se as normas atingem os objetivos para os quais foram elaboradas. No presente estudo de caso, a avaliação legislativa será realizada sob a perspectiva do controle da destinação dos recursos públicos. Após considerações teóricas acerca do modelo de avaliação legislativa que se pretende aplicar, este trabalho fará uma reconstituição (i) dos problemas ou necessidades sociais que motivaram a edição das normas examinadas; (ii) dos objetivos declarados ou implícitos pelos editores das referidas normas; bem como (iii) dos instrumentos existentes na legislação ora examinada que se destinam a atingir os referidos objetivos normativos. Para tanto, serão examinados os dois principais instrumentos jurídicos que disciplinam as transferências de recursos para entidades sem fins lucrativos - os convênios e os termos de parceria - estritamente nos aspectos considerados relevantes para o controle da destinação dos recursos públicos. A reconstituição dos referidos problemas, objetivos e instrumentos será essencial para que se proceda à avaliação legislativa propriamente dita, a qual se apoiará em evidências empíricas da experiência dos órgãos de controle de recursos públicos na fiscalização da obediência das referidas normas e na pesquisa qualitativa da percepção que entidades sem fins lucrativos possuem da legislação a qual estão submetidasThis dissertation aims to carry out a case study on legislative evaluation concerning the rules that govern the voluntary transfer of public funds to third sector entities. Legislative evaluation uses a theoretical model whose proposal is to assess laws based on the effect they have on society. From this point of view, the sociology of law assumes a central role in the process of legislative evaluation, in which the criteria of efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency and the impact of the legislation are used to verify whether the laws attain their intended objectives. In this particular case study, an assessment of the aforementioned laws will be made, focusing on the control over the destination of the public funds. After the theoretical considerations regarding the legislative evaluation model intended to be applied, this work will reconstruct (i) the problems or social needs that motivated the enactment of the laws under examination; (ii) the objectives implied or declared by the enactors of such laws; (iii) the instruments provided by the legislation examined herein which seek to achieve the objectives of the rules. As such, the two main legal instruments that govern the transfer of funds to non-profit organizations - the convênios and the termos de parceria - will be strictly examined regarding aspects considered relevant to the control of the destination of public funds. The reconstruction of the aforementioned problems, objectives and instruments will be essential in carrying out the legislative evaluation itself, which will be based on empirical evidence from the experience of public organs in charge of the control of public funds, which inspect the adherence to the rules examined herein, and from qualitative research on the beliefs that non-profit organizations hold regarding the legislation to which they are submitted.
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Schöner, Axel, Wilhelm Meier, Jens Kubieziel, Uwe Berger, Sebastian Götz, Max Leuthäuser, Christian Piechnick, et al. "Chemnitzer Linux-Tage 2012." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-83272.
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Die Chemnitzer Linux-Tage sind eine Veranstaltung rund um das Thema Open Source. Im Jahr 2012 wurden 104 Vorträge und Workshops gehalten. Der Band enthält ausführliche Beiträge zu 14 Hauptvorträgen sowie Zusammenfassungen zu 90 weiteren VorträgenThe "Chemnitz Linux Days" is a conference that deals with Linux and Open Source Software. In 2012 104 talks and workshops were given. This volume contains papers of 14 main lectures and 90 abstracts
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Algudah, Fayyad. "The liability of banks in electronic fund transfer transaction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1902.
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The liability of banks in electronic fund transfer (EFT) transactions is discussed in this thesis under the British and the United States law. The thesis covers banks’ liability in electronic credit and debit transfers. It covers banks’ liability in Electronic Fund Transfer at the Point Of Sale (EFTPOS), Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and home and office banking. Liability of banks in credit card transactions and cheque truncation falls outside the scope of this thesis. In the absence of British legislation in this area, an analogy is made with the traditional methods of payment. An attempt is also made to extract the applicable rules from the general principles of law and the banking practice. The discussion, under the United States law, relies on analysing the Electronic Fund Transfer Act of 1978 and Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code, which concern banks’ liability in consumer and commercially based EFT transactions. The thesis starts by analysing the legal nature of payment orders. In particular, whether a payment order is a negotiable instrument, a creation of trust funds, an assignation or merely a mandate from a customer to his bank. Chapter two discusses banks’ liability for failure to make an EFT transaction. This encompasses banks’ liability for complete failure to effect an EFT transaction and for improper implementation of such a transaction. Chapter three discusses the right to stop payment, completion of payment, irrevocability and banks’ liability for failure to stop payment. Chapter four discusses banks’ liability for erroneous EFT transactions. This includes allocation of losses resulting from errors in payment orders and errors committed by banks during the execution process of such orders. Chapter five discusses banks’ liability for unauthorised EFT transactions. Issues such as authentication of payment orders, security measures adopted by banks and allocation of losses resulting from unauthorised transactions are discussed in this chapter. Chapter six discusses the recoverability of damages for banks’ failure to implement customers’ instructions properly. It discusses what measures of damages are applicable in certain situations such as banks’ complete failure to make an EFT transaction, failure to transfer funds on time etc. The thesis is completed by summary and conclusion.
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Ritchie, Iain Fraser. "Funding liquidity risk and fund transfer pricing in banking." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3273.
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Funding liquidity risk was one of the main reasons for bank failure during the global financial crisis in 2007-2008. New legislation has been released in the form of Basel III, in particular the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), to strengthen the liquidity requirements for banks; this makes funding liquidity a very important topic for banks. In this thesis, I will study the important factors that need to be taken into consideration when dealing with liquidity risk and how a bank can manage their funding liquidity risk. A key concept used in banks is Fund Transfer Pricing (FTP). This approach helps the banks to manage their interest rate risk. I will investigate how funding liquidity risk can be incorporated into this framework. It is important that this approach will still maximise the bank's overall profits. In order to achieve this I will initially evaluate a one time period model. This shows whether the bank's overall profits can be optimised using FTP. My results show that it is possible to allow each business unit to work independently and that, by using FTP, individual business units can be optimised consistently with the bank's overall profits. However, for this to occur, it is important to decide whether a bank is deposit rich or deposit poor as an incorrect assumption will lead to sub-optimal profits for the bank. Banks work in more than 1 time period; therefore, I will assess how the model can be extended and how FTP would work over multiple time periods. One major consideration is to account for the uncertainty regarding the timing of cash flows. This is because customers often have the option to prepay loans or withdraw their deposits. I will investigate an approach for calculating the cost of these options and how this can be included in the FTP framework. By applying a cost to the uncertainty, we can insure that the business units are incentivised in the correct way while still maximising the profits of the bank. Under my approach the treasury unit will be exposed to actual events in return for receiving a fair value for the cost of the option. The business units will be charged the cost of the option. There is potential for one party to act in their own interest by changing the value of the option. However, as both parties need to agree, this risk should be removed over time. I have shown how this can be done over 2 time periods but further research is needed to investigate over more time periods.
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Guo, Chen. "Improve the Diagnosis on Fundus Photography with Deep Transfer Learning." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1621674781655785.
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Carriere, Brian. "Public Policies Enabling Social Impact Investment Funds: Tax-Credits and Cash Transfers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38791.
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Over the past decade, Social Impact Investing (SII) has garnered increasing attention among public policy makers as a solution for multigenerational, complex, intractable social and environmental problems, or as some advocates like to say, ‘wicked’ problems. The growing interest in SII aligns with the expansion, since the 1980s, of a set of public sector reforms that make use of new public policy instruments to achieve public objectives. Neoliberal economists and New Public Management (NPM) theorists have long argued for these reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of government bureaucracies. These reforms have led to a paradigm shift that Lester M. Salamon has labeled ‘New Governance’, characterized by public policies that make use of market mechanisms, partnerships with new actors, networks and flexible rules. Public administration scholars have suggested focusing on public policy instruments instead of the traditional focus on programs and institutions to gain an understanding of the dynamics of the ‘New Governance’ paradigm and to address important questions that go beyond the dimensions of effectiveness and efficiency. This dissertation draws on Lester M. Salamon’s framework for analyzing public policy instruments combined with a conceptual framework developed by the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD). The thesis uses this framework to assess the SII market by examining three cases of Canadian federal public policy instruments designed and implemented to achieve socio-economic objectives. These policy instruments provide either a cash transfer or a tax incentive to create investment funds mandated to invest with a purpose of making a return and achieving a positive social outcome. The dissertation employs a qualitative research approach and case study method to explore questions of equity and effectiveness to produce findings and recommendations useful to pubic administration scholars who focus their research on public policy instruments and to public policy makers who are considering policy options for structuring and growing the SII market. Data was collected through an extensive document review and 19 semistructured interviews. A dimensional analysis, SII analysis and discourse analysis of the data were undertaken. The researcher made the choice of undertaking a discourse analysis in order to fill a gap in the public policy instrument literature and inform the debate on SII. This dissertation contributes to the body of knowledge on public policy instruments and SII by presenting the results of a comparative analysis of three public policy instruments that created investment funds mandated to produce socio-economic outcomes.
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Marais, Terrence K. "Electronic payment and security on the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52819.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The greatest potential worry that an on-line shopper has is what happens to his/her credit card details from the moment "submit" is pressed on the computer. Is it possible for someone on the Internet to intercept the message and use credit card details maliciously? Also, there is a lot of talk about personal details being encrypted, but how sure is one that this was indeed the case once "submit" has been pressed? Is there a way in which one can be sure that a transaction will occur only once? Many of the security issues are new and many experts are only learning how to deal with these now. This thesis offers suggestions and strategies a user can follow to minimize misuse and abuse of payment details. Electronic payment is the backbone of e-commerce, and the biggest threat towards widespread acceptance and usage of e-commerce is security. Many innovative solutions have been developed by vendors to address security issues. For example, the Secure Electronic Transfer (SET) protocol was developed to ensure that credit card transactions could be conducted safely and securely on the Internet. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) ensures that all communications and transactions are conducted in a tightly secure environment. This is critical for online or mobile banking and other financial activities. Others developments include payment systems that ensure that credit card details are never exposed to a merchant (e.g. SET), while some ensure that credit card numbers never enter the Internet. The five corner stones of security are confidentiality, privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. Authentication, non-repudiation and integrity can be resolved with digital certificates, digital timestamps and digital signatures. Message confidentiality, on the other hand, is ensured through the use of strong encryption. Encryption systems mutilate data or a message to such an extent that it is totally useless to someone who does not have the appropriate algorithm and key to decode it. The most widely used encryption schemes are the secret key and public key encryption systems. The public key cryptosystem generates two keys, called a public and private key. The public key can be made generally known, but the private key must be kept secret. A unique property of the scheme is that once data is encrypted with one key, only the corresponding other key of the pair can decrypt it. This makes it possible to address issues of authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. Traditional payment instruments such as cash, cheques, debit and credit card transactions are being replaced by their electronic equivalents. The driving forces behind these are transactional security, efficiency and speed. Novel payment solutions and strategies have been devised to meet the challenges of this new economy. For example, smart cards can act as an electronic purse that can hold electronic money. Other information, such as personal details, medical records, driver's licence, etc. can also be stored on the card. Whilst many security experts are in agreement that security is not a barrier anymore for wider usage of the Internet for financial transactions, many consumers are still apprehensive about how secure and safe it really is. This work aims to diminish those fears and show that the Internet is safe for business.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die grootste bekommernisse wat 'n kliënt met aankope op die Internet kan ondervind, is die onsekerheid wat presies gebeur nadat betalings aangegaan is en "Submit" is gedruk. Is dit moontlik dat iemand die boodskap kan onderskep en betaling besonderhede vir eie gebruik kan herwin? Daar is ook baie publisiteit oor kodifisering, maar hoe kan die klient verseker wees dat betalings besonderhede wel gekodifiseer is wanneer "Submit" gedruk was? Is daar 'n manier waarmee 'n mens verseker kan wees dat betaling slegs eenkeer gaan geskied? Baie van die sekuriteits lokvalle is nuut en sekuritiets kenners is tans besig om te leer hoe om die probleme te hanteer. Die werkstuk offer wenke en strategieë vir die verbruiker om die misbruik van betaling besondehede op die Internet te minimiseer. Elektronies betalings meganisme is die ruggraat van elektroniese besigheid, en die grootste struikelblok tot die grootskaalse gebruik daarvan is sekuriteit. Daar is baie innoverende oplossings om die probleme hok te slaan. By voorbeeld, die Secure Electronic Transfer (SET) protokol was ontwikkel om te verseker dat betalings met kredietkaart met hoë sekuriteit en veiligheid aangegaan kan word. Secure Socket Layers (SSL), verseker dat alle kommunikasies en transaksies in 'n sekuur en veilige omgewing plaasvind. Dit is veral krities wanneer die verbruiker gebruik maak van die Internet of vanaf selfone om transaksies aan te gaan met 'n bank. Ander ontwikkelinge sluit in betalings metodes wat verseker dat die handelaar nooit die kredietkaart besonderhede sien nie (bv. SET). Ander verseker weer dat die betalings besonderhede nooit oor die Internet hoef gestuur te word nie. Die vyf hoekstene van sekuriteit is konfidensialiteit, privaatheid, outentisiteit, integriteit en non-repudiasie. Outentisiteit, integriteit en non-repudiasie word opgelos deur die gebruik maak van digitale sertifikate, digitale tydstempels en digitale handtekeninge. Konfidensialiteit kan verseker word deur die boodskap te kodifiseer. Kodifikasie behels die verandering van data of boodskappe op so 'n wyse dat dit van geen betekenis is vir 'n persoon wat nie die korrekte algoritme en sleutel het om dit te dekodifiseer nie. Die geheime en publieke kodifiserings stelsels word die meeste gebruik om data te kodifiseer. Die publieke kodifiserings stelsel genereer twee sleutels, naamlik 'n privaat en publieke sleutel. Die publieke sleutel kan alom bekend gemaak word, maar die private sleutel moet slegs bekend wees aan sy gebruiker. 'n Unieke eienskap van die stelsel is dat indien 'n boodskap gekodifiseer is met een sleutel, slegs die ander sleutel van die paar dit sal kan dekodifiseer. Dit maak dit moontlik om outentisiteit, integriteit en non-repudiasie toe te pas. Die tradisionele metodes van betaling soos kontant, tjek en debiet of kredietkaart, gaan mettertyd vervang word deur hul elektroniese eweknie. Die dryfkrag agter die verskynsel is die hoë sekuriteit, doeltreffendheid en spoed waarmee transaksies op die manier gehanteer kan word. Vindingryke betaling metodes is ontdek om die besondere uitdagings van die nuwe ekonomie aan te speek. Byvoorbeeld, knap kaarte kan gebruik word as 'n elektroniese beursie wat elektroniese geld bêre. Ander persoonlike inligting, mediese records, bestuurlisensies, ens. kan ook op die kaart geberg word. Terwyl baie sekuriteits kenners glo dat sekuriteit nie meer 'n stuikelblok is om die Internet vir besigheids transaksies te gebruik nie, bly baie van die verbruikers skepties. Die werkstuk se doel is om daardie onsekerhede uit die weg te ruim, deur te verduidelik hoe sekuriteit toe gepas word, en om te bewys dat die Internet interdaad veilig is as a medium vir besigheids transaksies.
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Грищенко, В. В. "Порушення строків перерахування податків до бюджетів з вини банку: адміністративно-правові особливості." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62107.
Full textAbstract:
Встановлення пені засновано на
принципі, що прострочення виконання грошового зобов’язання, зокрема сплата
податку в пізніші терміни, заподіює державі збиток, який повинен бути
відшкодований. Цей принцип має на меті захистити державні фінансові
інтереси (тобто суспільні відносини) і тому був покладений в основу цієї
правової норми.
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Igudia, Patrick Ohunmah. "Exploring the factors influencing the adoption and extent of use of electronic payment systems (EPS) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229722.
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SMEs are slow adopters of new technologies and understandably so because they are entangled in a vicious cycle of poverty. It is even more so for SMEs located in developing markets such as the sub-Saharan Africa. SMEs in these areas are faced with several difficult institutional and cultural bottlenecks which often impede their access to and use of new technologies. In Nigeria, the recently introduced cashless policy is one of many strategies intended to enhance SMEs' chances in the global e-commerce market as much as the general Nigerian economy. Studies reveal that Nigerian SMEs are slow to adopt and use this new technological innovation called the e-payment system (EPS) even when it can improve their chances to participate successfully in e-commerce. However, there is little in the literature to understand why and what is needed to be done to encourage and facilitate their participation in adopting and using this technology. This area of study has not been sufficiently explored. Thus, this thesis fills the void and explores the factors influencing EPS adoption and extent of use by SMEs in Nigeria. The study develops an integrated model drawing from the Technology-Organisation- Environment (TOE) framework and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) model. We employed the mixed methods. 239 respondents were served the questionnaire. Also, 4 SMEs and two stakeholders were interviewed as a follow-up to the statistical analysis. We employed the Logistic regression analysis in addition to the personal interviews analysis. The results revealed that technological, environmental and owner/manager's factors majorly influenced the adoption of EPS among SMEs in Nigeria. The study finds that perceived benefit is the single major factor positively influencing the decision to adopt and use EPS in Nigeria. Others are owner/manager's educational level and knowledge in IT. The study also finds that perceived complexity, perceived insecurity and lack of government policy are major barriers to the adoption of EPS. Age, perceived benefits, and perceived trust facilitated frequent EPS usage while age, perceived complexity and competitive pressure positively influenced the number and type of EPS channels used by SMEs in Nigeria.
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Bernt, Isabella. "Der Überweisungsvertrag im deutschen und im französischen Recht : eine Untersuchung zur Stellung des Kunden gegenüber der überweisenden Bank nach Umsetzung der Richtlinie 97/5/EG /." Frankfurt (Main) ; New York : P. Lang, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015609589&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Schöner, Axel, Wilhelm Meier, Jens Kubieziel, Uwe Berger, Sebastian Götz, Max Leuthäuser, Christian Piechnick, et al. "Chemnitzer Linux-Tage 2012: Tagungsband – 17. und 18. März 2012." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2012. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19659.
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Die Chemnitzer Linux-Tage sind eine Veranstaltung rund um das Thema Open Source. Im Jahr 2012 wurden 104 Vorträge und Workshops gehalten. Der Band enthält ausführliche Beiträge zu 14 Hauptvorträgen sowie Zusammenfassungen zu 90 weiteren Vorträgen.The "Chemnitz Linux Days" is a conference that deals with Linux and Open Source Software. In 2012 104 talks and workshops were given. This volume contains papers of 14 main lectures and 90 abstracts.
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See-to, Wing Kuen. "Business impact of IT on firms and vendors : selected studies on computing technologies and electronic micro-payment system /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ISMT%202005%20SEETO.
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Scheibenpflug, Sara Matilda. "Internal Pricing and the Effect of Liquidity Requirements : A qualitative review of Swedish banks." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246024.
Full textAbstract:
The fundamental business model of banks is based on receiving short-term deposits and giving long-term loans which means that active banks are naturally subject to liquidity risk. During the last financial crisis poor liquidity risk management was seen as one of the main causes which has led to an increased focus on the management of liquidity risk and the introduction of the first minimum requirements for liquidity in banks, through Basel III. As the topic of internal pricing in banks and the effects of the introduction of the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and the net stable funding ratio (NSFR) is not extensively covered by existing research, the aim of this thesis is to identify and discuss internal pricing and liquidity cost allocation mechanisms used in practice by Swedish banks. The study also aims to investigate the impact of changes in liquidity requirements on internal pricing and liquidity cost-benefit allocation mechanisms in a Swedish setting. The key findings are that firstly, there are large variations regarding the sophistication of banks funds transfer pricing practices and liquidity cost allocation methods. The banks using less sophisticated methods may be exposed to model risk if they themselves are not aware of the implications of this. Two consequences of using simplified approaches may be distorted assessment of profitability and unwanted maturity transformation. Secondly, the findings indicate that the link between risk management and internal pricing in the banks is rather weak. Lastly, the introduction of LCR and NSFR have had a significant impact on the bank's risk management but the effect on internal pricing practices and methods for allocating liquidity costs is very limited.Den fundamentala affärsmodellen för en bank baseras på mottagandet av kortfristig inlåning och utgivandet av långfristiga lån vilket innebär att banker är utsatta för likviditetsrisk. I samband med den senaste finansiella krisen sågs undermålig hantering av likviditetsrisk som en av de centrala orsakerna vilket har lett till ett ökat fokus på likviditetsriskhantering samt införandet av det första minimikraven gällande likviditet på banker genom Basel III. Då internprissättning hos banker samt effekten av att likviditetstäckningsgrad (LCR) och stabil nettofinansieringsgrad (NSFR) införts är ämnen som inte i någon större utsträckning täckts av tidigare forskning är syftet med rapporten att identifiera och diskutera internprissättning och metoder för allokering av likviditetskostnader. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka effekten av ändringar och kommande ändringar av regelverk på internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader hos Svenska banker. De mest centrala slutsatserna är för det första, att det finns stora skillnader i hur avancerade bankernas metoder gällande internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader är. Bankerna som använder mindre avancerade metoder kan vara exponerade mot en modell-risk om de inte är medvetna om följderna av att använda en förenklad modell. Två konsekvenser av att använda en förenklade modeller är att bedömningen av lönsamhet kan bli snedvriden samt att det kan uppmuntra till oönskad löptidstransformering. För det andra indikerar resultatet på att kopplingen mellan bankernas riskhantering och internprissättning är relativt svag. Slutligen så indikerar studien att LCR och NSFR har haft en signifikant effekt på bankernas riskhantering men att effekten på internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader är mycket begränsad.
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Wells, Kirstin E. "The social costs of paper and electronic payments." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040441/.
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Dlouhý, Radim. "Analýza a optimalizace procesu tvorby manažerského reportu v bankovní instituci." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203908.
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This masters thesis tackles the issue of process management in a financial institution, spe-cifically the analysis and optimization of the creation of a certain management report. The first part of this masters thesis is dedicated towards explaining basic theoretical concepts, which will help the reader correctly understand the rest of the paper. There you can find explained the principles of reporting and process management, which will introduce the reader to the issues of processes, their analysis and subsequent optimization. The practical portion first introduces the reader to the particular financial institution, then it describes the organization structure and the activities of data governance, thorough analysis of the particular process, the identification of and a suggestion of optimization which should lead to a more effectively working employees as well as the elimination of narrow places of the process. The conclusion of the masters thesis introduces steps of real implementation of the suggested solutions.
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Liao, Weinian 1970. "Evolution of the payments system and the long-term demand for money in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85184.
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This dissertation starts by examining the evolution of the Canadian payments system from a historical perspective by reviewing the institutional evolution, as well as the development and adoption of some of the newest payment instruments. Two major trends in recent Canadian payment history are revealed, i.e., cash payments are being replaced by non-cash payments and paper-based payment instruments are being replaced by electronic payment instruments.Next, we adopt a model proposed by Snellman et al. (2000) to conduct a Canadian study of the retail cash payment flows. The estimated results imply that the share of cash, as well as cheques, in overall retail payments in Canada has declined quite considerably. We then investigate the cash substitution process, as well as the electronification of payments in Canada using S-shaped growth curve models. Our results indicate that although the card payments will continue to further substitute for cash, cash will still remain the preferred medium of retail payments in Canada. However, approximately 80% of all payments are forecasted to be electronic in just 20 years.
This dissertation then extends the existing literature on the long-run money demand relationship in Canada by employing information on the payment technology development as an instrument variable to account for financial innovations that might have caused structural shifts in the money demand equation. The econometric methodology employed is cointegration and error-correction modelling. It is found that our measure of financial innovations removes most of the structural breaks in the money demand equation over the sample period. A unique and significant long-run money demand relationship is detected. The short-run dynamic specifications of the VECM system imply the weak exogeneity of output and interest rates.
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Krishna, Kiran. "Measurement and prediction of aerosol formation for thesafe utilization of industrial fuids." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/306.
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Mist or aerosol explosions present a serious hazard to process industries. Heat transfer fluids are widely used in the chemical process industry, are flammable above their flash points, and can cause aerosol explosions. Though the possibility of aerosol explosions has been widely documented, knowledge about their explosive potential is limited. Studying the formation of such aerosols by emulating leaks in process equipment will help define a source term for aerosol dispersions and aid in characterizing their explosion hazards.
Analysis of the problem of aerosol explosions reveals three major steps: source term calculations, dispersion modeling, and explosion analysis. The explosion analysis, consisting of ignition and combustion, is largely affected by the droplet size distribution of the dispersed aerosol. The droplet size distribution of the dispersed aerosol is a function of the droplet size distribution of the aerosol formed from the leak. Existing methods of dealing with the problem of aerosol explosions are limited to enhancing the dispersion to prevent flammable concentrations and use of explosion suppression mechanisms. Insufficient data and theory on the flammability limits of aerosols renders such method speculative at best. Preventing the formation of aerosol upon leaking will provide an inherently safer solution to the problem.
The research involves the non-intrusive measurement of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays using a Malvern Diffraction Particle Analyzer. The aerosol is generated by plain orifice atomization to simulate the formation and dispersion of heat transfer fluid aerosols through leaks in process equipment. Predictive correlations relating aerosol droplet sizes to bulk liquid pressures, temperatures, thermal and fluid properties, leak sizes, and ambient conditions are presented. These correlations will be used to predict the conditions under which leaks will result in the formation of aerosols and will ultimately help in estimating the explosion hazards of heat transfer fluid aerosols. Heat transfer fluid selection can be based on liquids that are less likely to form aerosols. Design criteria also can incorporate the data to arrive at operating conditions that are less likely to produce aerosols. The goal is to provide information that will reduce the hazards of aerosol explosions thereby improving safety in process industries.
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Stanford, Myah D. "Transfer of Instructional Practices From Freedom Schools to the Classroom." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849712/.
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The instructional practices of three current classroom teachers who formerly served as Servant Leader Interns (SLIs) in the Children’s Defense Fund Freedom Schools (CDFFS) Program were examined. Haskell (2001) outlined eleven principles of transfer of learning, which were used to survey the levels of transfer established from service in Freedom Schools to practice in the traditional classroom. Individual surveys, The Freedom School Pedagogies Teacher Observation Record (FSPTOR) along with interviews of each participant were used for data collection; all three components were used to triangulate the findings. The findings from this study verified that low transfer was observed when the minimal application of the principles of learning was applied. This study revealed that for transfer to occur at high levels, it is imperative that adherence to all 11 principals is made, and the understanding of transfer, the application of transfer, and reflection on transfer are implemented. If the transfer of instructional practices is a goal of CDFFS for SLIs, the CDFFS program should consider implementing transfer of learning theory in future SLI training.
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Scheibenflug, Sara. "Internal Pricing and theEffect of Liquidity Requirements : A qualitative review of Swedish banks." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244311.
Full textAbstract:
The fundamental business model of banks is based on receiving short-term deposits and giving long-term loans which means that active banks are naturally subject to liquidity risk. During the last financial crisis poor liquidity risk management was seen as one of the main causes which has led to an increased focus on the management of liquidity risk and the introduction of the first minimum requirements for liquidity in banks, through Basel III. As the topic of internal pricing in banks and the effects of the introduction of the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and the net stablefunding ratio (NSFR) is not extensively covered by existing research, the aim of this thesis is to identify and discuss internal pricing and liquidity cost allocation mechanisms used in practice bySwedish banks. The study also aims to investigate the impact of changes in liquidity requirements on internal pricing and liquidity cost-benefit allocation mechanisms in a Swedish setting. The key findings are that firstly, there are large variations regarding the sophistication of banks funds transfer pricing practices and liquidity cost allocation methods. The banks using less sophisticated methods may be exposed to model risk if they themselves are not aware of the implications of this. Two consequences of using simplified approaches may be distorted assessment of profitability and unwanted maturity transformation. Secondly, the findings indicate that the link between risk management and internal pricing in the banks is rather weak. Lastly, the introduction of LCR and NSFR have had a significant impact on the bank's risk management but the effect on internal pricing practices and methods for allocating liquidity costs is very limited.Den fundamentala affärsmodellen för en bank baseras på mottagandet av kortfristig inlåning och utgivandet av långfristiga lån vilket innebär att banker är utsatta för likviditetsrisk. I sambandmed den senaste finansiella krisen sågs undermålig hantering av likviditetsrisk som en av de centrala orsakerna vilket har lett till ett ökat fokus på likviditetsriskhantering samt införandet av det första minimikraven gällande likviditet på banker genom Basel III. Då internprissättning hos banker samt effekten av att likviditetstäckningsgrad (LCR) och stabil nettofinansieringsgrad(NSFR) införts är ämnen som inte i någon större utsträckning täckts av tidigare forskning är syftet med rapporten att identifiera och diskutera internprissättning och metoder för allokering av likviditetskostnader. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka effekten av ändringar och kommande ändringar av regelverk på internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader hos Svenska banker. De mest centrala slutsatserna är för det första, att det finns stora skillnader i hur avancerade bankernas metoder gällande internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader är. Bankerna som använder mindre avancerade metoder kan vara exponerade mot en modell-risk om de inte är medvetna om följderna av att använda en förenklad modell. Två konsekvenser av att använda en förenklade modeller är att bedömningen av lönsamhet kan bli snedvriden sam tatt det kan uppmuntra till oönskad löptidstransformering. För det andra indikerar resultatet på att kopplingen mellan bankernas riskhantering och internprissättning är relativt svag. Slutligen så indikerar studien att LCR och NSFR har haft en signifikant effekt på bankernas riskhantering men att effekten på internprissättning och allokering av likviditetskostnader är mycket begränsad.
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Koether, Philipp. "On the basis of F.A.v. Hayek's idea of a free market monetary system and his publication "Denationalisation of money : an analysis of the theory and practice of concurrent currencies" (1976) about currency competition on financial markets in the times of electronic commerce and the introduction of "e-money" /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972810.
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Li, Ying. "An approach to online anonymous electronic cash." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2492916.
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Neto, Fernando Hamilton Manuel. "Cashless payment methods for informal traders." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2471.
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Thesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Over the past decade there was an increase in the availability and usage of cashless payment methods in Africa. Cashless payments allow users to make payments without using cash, and offer multiple benefits to both customers and merchants.These benefits include reduced costs, improved sales, improved security, convenience, etc. However, despite the increased variety, availability and popularity of cashless payment solutions in Africa, the usage of cashless payments methods in Africa is still mostly limited to money remittance and retail payments. While formal traders such as retailers are slowly adopting and reaping the benefits of cashless payments, the large majority of informal traders across the continent are yet to adopt cashless payments and still limited to use cash as their main (and often only) payment method. How cash and cashless payment methods differ from the informal trader’s point of view is not known yet; this study seeks to understand why cashless payment methods are yet to gain popularity amongst informal traders and meanwhile cash is widely adopted and used. This research analyses the characteristics, needs and limitations of informal traders and evaluates the ability of both cash and cashless payment methods to satisfy their payment needs.
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Wang, Yingzhuo. "PDF shopping system with the lightweight currency protocol." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2820.
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This project is a web application for two types of bookstores an E-Bookstore and a PDF-Bookstore. Both are document sellers, however, The E-Bookstore is not a currency user. The PDF-Bookstore sells PDF documents and issues a lightweight currency called Scart. Customers can sell their PDF documents to earn Scart currency and buy PDF documents by paying with Scart.
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Koether, Philipp. "On the basis of F.A.v. Hayek's idea of a free market monetary system and his publication: "Denationalisation ofmoney : an analysis of the theory and practice of concurrentcurrencies" (1976) about currency competition on financial markets inthe times of electronic commerce and the introduction of "e-money"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972810.
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Alomran, Abdullah. "Electronic banking business practices and marketing." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2068.
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The purpose of this study is to determine how banks and consumers are adapting to the Internet age; to understand the privacy, security and other issues involved with money transfers; to determine steps being taken to make e-banking adaptable to meeting the needs of the bank, customers, business and industry; to forecast e-banking potential; and to understand the role of marketing in the process.
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Chan, Wing-yi. "The smart card technology in the financial services /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19877183.
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Sousa, Augusto de Brito. "Mecanismos financeiros para a reduÃÃo de risco associado ao clima: contrato de opÃÃes, seguro baseado em Ãndice e fundo financeiro." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13796.
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Ãgua à um recurso essencial para o desenvolvimento social e econÃmico como
tambÃm para manutenÃÃo saudÃvel dos ecossistemas. Devido sua importÃncia
econÃmica e social à fonte de conflitos sociais entre os setores interessados em
adquiri-la e usufruÃ-la, sendo a Ãpoca de escassez o momento de maior conflito.
Assim, como forma de harmonizar conflitos de interesses entre os setores, este
trabalho objetivou pesquisar e desenvolver mecanismos financeiros de gestÃo do risco
climÃtico em recursos hÃdricos, fundamentado em seguro baseado Ãndice associado a
contrato de opÃÃo e fundo financeiro que possibilitem menores variaÃÃes nos preÃos
dos recursos hÃdricos, tendo como critÃrio o princÃpio da compensaÃÃo aos usuÃrios
pela transferÃncia hÃdrica quando das falhas no abastecimento. A metodologia de
avaliaÃÃo dos recursos financeiros que satisfizessem os setores foi a quantificaÃÃo
econÃmica dos recursos transferidos a partir das equaÃÃes de benefÃcios especÃficas
dos setores. Os valores dos recursos hÃdricos transferidos foram obtidos por meio da
permuta de metodologia de alocaÃÃo: sistema de prioridades e rateio linear. Foram
simulados cinco cenÃrios que dividiam as disponibilidades hÃdricas entre dois setores
(irrigaÃÃo e urbano) com os seguintes coeficientes, respectivamente, para esses
setores (0,10; 0,90), (0,25; 0,75), (0,50; 0,50), (0,75; 0,25) e (0,90; 0,10) para as
garantias de 98%, 95% e 90%. Os pagamentos de opÃÃes fundamentados nos
contratos de opÃÃes apresentaram linhas de tendÃncias semelhantes aos impactos
negativos da irrigaÃÃo (perdas), porÃm com valores abaixo destes para todos os
intervalos e garantias simulados. As perdas cresceram atà o cenÃrio de coeficientes
(0,52, 0,48), a partir do qual os impactos econÃmicos do setor urbano (ganhos)
superam aos da irrigaÃÃo. No entanto, para os cenÃrios de coeficientes acima de
(0,90, 0,10), os ganhos diminuem a valores abaixo dos das perdas. Quanto ao fundo
financeiro, somente para os cenÃrios com coeficientes localizados entre (0,50, 0,50)
e (0,90, 0,10), considerado cenÃrios viÃveis, Ã que esse fundo possui viabilidade
financeira, sendo, dentre os cenÃrios simulados, o de coeficientes (0,75, 0,25) que
possui os maiores valores acumulados. Por fim, conclui-se que a viabilidade
econÃmica das transferÃncias hÃdricas se concentrou apenas nos cenÃrios localizados
entre os coeficientes (0,50, 0,50) e (0,90, 0,10). AlÃm disso, conclui-se que a
associaÃÃo entre contrato de opÃÃes, seguro baseado no Ãndice vazÃo liberada e fundo financeiro pode contribuir para um entendimento mÃtuo entre os setores
interessados nos recursos hÃdricos locais/regionais quanto à necessidade de se
harmonizarem, principalmente, nos momentos mais conflituosos, no caso, Ãpocas de
escassez hÃdrica.Water is an essential resource for the social and economic development and to maintaining healthy ecosystems. Due to its economic and social importance is a source of social conflict between the sectors interested in acquiring it and enjoy it, being the lean season far more conflict. So, as a way to harmonize conflicting interests among sectors, this study aimed to investigate and develop financial mechanisms for climate risk management in water resources based on index-based insurance associated option contract and financial background to enable minor variations in resource prices water tended as the principle of compensation to users for transfer when the water supply disruption. The valuation methodology of financial resources that met the sectors was the quantification of economic resources transferred from the equations of specific benefits of sectors. The amounts of transferred water was obtained through the exchange of allocation methodology: linear priorities and assessment system. Five scenarios that divided water availability between two sectors (irrigation and urban) with the following coefficients, respectively, for these sectors (0.10, 0.90), (0.25, 0.75) were simulated, (0, 50, 0.50), (0.75, 0.25) and (0.90, 0.10) for guarantees of 98%, 95% and 90%. Payments of options based on options contracts had lines similar to the negative impacts of irrigation (losses) trends, but with values below these intervals for all warranties and simulated. Losses grew to the scene of coefficients (0.52, 0.48), from which the economic impacts of the urban sector (gains) outweigh the irrigation. However, scenarios for the above coefficients (0.90, 0.10), the gain values decrease below losses. On financial background, only for scenarios with localized coefficients between (0.50, 0.50) and (0.90, 0.10), considered viable scenarios, is that this fund has financial viability, being among the scenarios simulated, the coefficients (0.75, 0.25) having the highest accumulated values. Finally, it is concluded that the economic viability of water transfers only focused on scenarios located between the coefficients (0.50, 0.50) and (0.90, 0.10). Furthermore, it is concluded that the association between options contract based insurance index released flow and financial background can contribute to mutual understanding between the sectors interested in local / regional on the need to harmonize, especially in times water more conflicting in the case, times of water scarcity.
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Yu, Ya Yan. "Challenges in electronic payment methods : legal issues with a specific reference to the development in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944045.
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