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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Funding; Communism; Communist

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Academic literature on the topic 'Funding; Communism; Communist'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Drake, Richard. "The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism." Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 3 (July 2004): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397041447355.

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This essay reviews two books that provide diverging views of the relationship between the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Soviet Union. The first book, a lengthy collection of declassified documents from the former Soviet archives, provides abundant evidence of the PCI's crucial dependence on Soviet funding. No Communist party outside the Soviet bloc depended more on Soviet funding over the years than the PCI did. Vast amounts of money flowed from Moscow into the PCI's coffers. The Italian Communists maintained their heavy reliance on Soviet funding until the early 1980s. The other book discussed here a memoir by Gianni Cervetti, a former senior PCI financial official seeks to defend the party's policy and to downplay the importance of the aid provided by Moscow. Nonetheless, even Cervetti's book makes clear, if only inadvertently, that the link with the Soviet Union helped spark the broader collapse of Marxism-Leninism as a mobilizing force.

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Rigdon, Susan. "Communism or the Kingdom: 'Saving' China, 1924-1949." Social Sciences and Missions 22, no. 2 (2009): 168–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489309x12517973174365.

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AbstractThis paper identifies commonalities between Marxian economic principles and the socio-economic goals of Social Gospel missionaries in China in the quarter century between 1924 and 1949. It argues that the unbreachable divisions between missionaries, including those who advocated for a "Christian communism," and the communist party were rooted, on the Christian side, in a rejection of violence and coercive methods of policy implementation rather than in opposition to socialism. On the communist side opposition was not to specific tenets of Christianity but to foreign-funding and leadership and to the perception of American Christians as agents of an imperialist country.

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Tucker, Joshua A. "Comparative Opportunities." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, no. 2 (May 2015): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325414559051.

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As the theoretical rationale (and funding opportunities!) for considering Eastern Europe as a distinct region diminish as we move farther away from the momentous events of 1989, the value of including East-Central European countries in comparative studies has only increased. This article outlines how comparative studies of political behavior involving East-Central European countries have evolved in the author’s own research from comparative studies including Russia along with four East European countries, to more broadly based comparative studies including multiple East European countries and former Soviet Republics, to studies where behavior is analyzed in both East European countries and more established democracies, and finally to large cross-national studies focused on questions related to post-communist politics (namely, the legacy of communism on post-communist attitudes and behavior) but relying on the comparative analysis of survey data from countries around the world. In a way, the research has come full circle, from studies of East European political behavior to better understand East European political behavior, to studies including East European countries to better understand general questions of political behavior not specific to post-communist countries, to now the most extensive comparative studies that are, however, designed once again to better understand East European political attitudes and behavior.

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Inštitorisová, Dagmar, and Daniela Bačová. "Across Two Eras: Slovak Theatre from Communism to Independence." New Theatre Quarterly 16, no. 2 (May 2000): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00013683.

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At the cusp of the ‘eighties and ’nineties, theatre in what was soon to become the Slovak Republic had to come to terms not only with the disintegration of the communist system, but with the break-up of the former Czechoslovakia into its constituent nations. During the previous decade, the theatre had in many ways helped to undermine the decaying authoritarian regime, but now many of its practitioners found themselves disaffected by the disappointment of early ideals, and their livelihoods threatened by the loss of state funding, which had at least acknowledged the importance of theatre to the nation's cultural prestige. In this article, the authors trace the distinguishing strands of the work of major directors and writers of both the older and the younger generations, and attempt to define the changing role of theatre – not forgetting the influence of the puppet theatre tradition – as the Slovak nation seeks a renewed vitality through reclaiming its cultural past while re-defining its present. Daniela Bacova teaches English literature and drama at the Department of English and American Studies in the University of Constantine the Philosopher, Nitra, Slovakia, and is one of the editors of the journal Dedicated Space. Dagmar Institorisová works in the Institute of Literary Communication in the University of Constantine the Philosopher, and has just published her doctoral thesis on Variety of Expression in a Theatrical Work.

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Agarin, Timofey, and Miķelis Grīviņš. "Chasing the green buck? Environmental activism in post-communist Baltic States." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 49, no. 3 (June 17, 2016): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.06.001.

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The paper investigates the dynamics and volution of issues on the agenda of Baltic environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) since the collapse of communism. The past research on Baltic environment activism suggests that these enjoy high visibility because they tapped the core societal views of natural environment as a crucial asset of a nation. As we demonstrate in this paper, the changes in agendas of Baltic environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) make clear that the rhetorical toolbox of ‘national environment’ is often used to mainly achieve greater financial gains for individual members, rather than for society at large. We illustrate how the dearth of economic opportunities for domestic public has impacted perceptions of ‘nature’ advocated by the environmental activists, focussing specifically on national perceptions of ownership and the resulting actions appropriating ‘nature’ as a source for economic development, only tangentially attaining environmental outcomes on the way. The vision that the ‘environment’ is an economic resource allowed ENGO activists to cooperate with the domestic policymaking, while tapping international networks and donors for funding. Throughout the past decades they worked to secure their own and their members’ particularistic economic interests and, as we demonstrate, remained disengaged from the political process and failed to develop broader reproach with publics.

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Iatrides, John O. "Revolution or Self-Defense? Communist Goals, Strategy, and Tactics in the Greek Civil War." Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no. 3 (June 2005): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397054377179.

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At the end of World War II the Greek Communist party (KKE) claimed that it would seek an accommodation with its domestic opponents, but the party soon launched a full-scale insurrection on its own initiative in the expectation of receiving decisive support from the Soviet Union.With civil war under way, the head of the KKE, Nikos Zahariadis, repeatedly told Soviet of ficials that victory was certain if the Greek Communists could obtain funding, weapons, and other equipment from the USSR and its allies.Although Soviet leaders were concerned that the KKE's aggressiveness would provoke a U.S. reaction, they permitted the clandestine shipment of large quantities of supplies that delayed but could not avert the insurgents'defeat.U.S.of ficials at the time largely misperceived the causes of the insurrection, but they correctly sensed that the KKE's dependence on Soviet-bloc assistance would ensure that a Communist victory would bring Greece into Moscow's orbit.

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Novosák, Jiří, Oldřich Hájek, Peter Horváth, and Jana Nekolová. "Structural Funding and Intrastate Regional Disparities in Post-Communist Countries." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 2017, no. 51E (June 28, 2017): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.51e.4.

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Szczerbiak, Aleks. "Cartelisation in post‐communist politics: State party funding in post‐1989 Poland." Perspectives on European Politics and Society 2, no. 3 (September 2001): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1570585018458771.

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Wang, Yuhua. "Coercive capacity and the durability of the Chinese communist state." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47, no. 1 (February 14, 2014): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.01.009.

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Why has the Chinese communist state remained so durable in an age of democratization? Contrary to existing theories, this article argues that the strong state coercive capacity has survived the authoritarian rule in China. We demonstrate that the Chinese Communist Party has taken deliberate actions to enhance the cohesion of its coercive organizations—the police, in particular—by distributing “spoils of public office” to police chiefs. In addition, the state has extended the scope of its coercion by increasing police funding in localities where the state sector loses control of the population. We use and rely on mixed methods to test this theory.

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Boström, Magnus. "Environmental SMOs and resource mobilization in the post-communist vs the Northwest European context." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-01-2017-1467.

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Purpose This paper focuses on differences in resource mobilization opportunities among environmental social movement organizations (ESMOs), with empirical focus on ESMOs from five European Union countries – two Northwest European countries (Sweden, Germany) and three post-communist countries (Poland, Croatia, and Slovenia). Whereas mass-membership mobilization is a reality in the Northwest European context, ESMOs from post-communist countries fundamentally rely on international support and project-based funding. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and discuss what implications this difference has for domestic capacity building among ESMOs. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws theoretically and empirically on literature on social movements, including environmental movements. It uses a qualitative methodology with figures, field observations, and interview data from ESMO representatives. The empirical material is based on field studies of ESMOs from the five focused countries. Findings The findings demonstrate strong pessimism regarding the possibilities for mass-membership mobilization in the post-communist context, and indicate a set of challenges related to the strong reliance on project funding and international sources. Issues such as short-termism, lack of independence, critical distance, and learning potential are discussed. The findings also indicate avenues for creativity and how various buffers can help to cope with challenges, and that ESMOs from the Northwest European context also face pressures relating to resource mobilization that can negatively affect their critical edge. Originality/value By the chosen focus and comparative approach, the paper contributes to our understanding if and how ESMOs can work as powerful and critical political actors in various contexts. The paper thus contributes theoretically and empirically to literature on social movements, and specifically environmental movements.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Kersh, Natasha. "Processes of transition in education in Latvia : aspects of policy reforms and development with particular reference to financing and privatisation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365568.

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Westbrook, Jane (Juanita Jane). "State Funding for Community Education Projects." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501099/.

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The problem of this study was an analysis of the funding procedures in states which provide funding for local community education projects. The purpose of the study was to identify states which appropriate funds for community education and to provide an analysis of the guidelines for operation and use of state funds for community education at the local level. Twenty-five states were initially identified as having some type of state funding for community education, Eleven of the twenty-one states responding do provide funding for use at the local level. The guidelines and applications for obtaining these funds were compared in the areas of purpose of state legislation, minimum elements required of community education projects, eligibility requirements, use of state funds, grant periods, and annual reporting requirements.

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Hurley, Charles A. "Capital Maintenance Funding of Two-year Colleges in the Tennessee Board of Regents System and Selected Funding Models." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1993. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2737.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between selected state capital maintenance models and the model used in Tennessee. Research questions addressed the differences between the other selected models and the Tennessee model; the quantitative results of the models using data collected from the 14 Tennessee public two-year colleges, and the policy issue differences of the selected models. Research involved gathering information for each specific selected model including common factors used to calculate capital maintenance needs. Comparisons were made of the major components of each model. Actual data from the 14 Tennessee public two-year colleges was incorporated into each model. The quantitative results were then compared. Research also revealed policy issue differences between the selected models. These differences were examined. Results of this study included suggestions for enhancements to the Tennessee model which would provide more equitable funding of capital maintenance needs for each institution. Other suggestions and conclusions included the development of specific training and guidelines for the proper completion of model calculations. It was also suggested that an awareness campaign be initiated to strengthen the funding authority's commitment to the capital maintenance problem.

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Askin, Jacalyn Ann. "Community college funding: Environmental and institutional influences." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282905.

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Community colleges are unique among higher education institutions in their potential access to local appropriations as well as state funding. Twenty-six states reported to the Education Commission of the States in 2001 that community colleges in their states received some share of local funding. In research question one, using data for 781 public community colleges, we explore the implications of resource dependency theory for mission differentiation between dual-funded and state-funded colleges. Research question two studies the influences of state demographics, economics, politics and college governance on state and local appropriations. We examine how these factors similarly and differently influence the two streams of public funding as well as how the two interact. We also investigate the question of whether local appropriations "pay off" for community colleges. This work extends prior research that has focused on funding for higher education in the aggregate or for four-year colleges and universities.

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Akakpo, Koffi C. "Community College Administrators’ Perceptions of Ohio’s Performance-Funding Policy." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513287655583264.

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Ruter, Allen D. "An analysis of the funding of Pennsylvania community colleges." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1997. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1997.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2773. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaves [1-3]. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-122).

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Melancon, Girard. "Community College Funding and its Association to Nontraditional Students." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1234.

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The funding of community and technical colleges has been a major topic of discussion in many states because community and technical colleges are critical for states' economic development and talent development strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the type of funding at community and technical colleges in southeastern states and their nontraditional student enrollment trends. The researcher investigated the growth of community and technical college enrollment by analyzing southeastern United States community and technical colleges' part-time 25 to 44 year-old undergraduate enrollment rates for the years of 1995, 2000 and 2005, and how the funding of these schools was associated with the states' enrollment of nontraditional students. It was found that community and technical colleges that received local appropriation revenue for the years of 1995, 2000, and 2005 had higher percentages of nontraditional students enrolled in their systems than community and technical colleges that did not receive local appropriation. Community and technical college administrators and their governing boards can use these findings as additional justification to policy makers for support options to include the use of local appropriation revenues or maintain local appropriation revenues for community and technical colleges as an alternative to increasing tuition and fees.

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Bradley, Helen. "Learning out of the funding box: investigating ruling relations through the funding work of community organizations." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119404.

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This study is an institutional ethnography that examines the social relations of power organizing the work of non-profit community organizations, specifically through funding processes. Starting in the experiences of workers at three Montreal community organizations, it draws attention to the ways in which the capitalist state downloads the responsibilities of health and social services onto 'community', and coordinates the depoliticization of community organizations through funding agreements that limit political work. The study also attends to the informal and incidental learning that happens through the funding work of community organizations. The data consists of semi-structured interviews, and textual analysis of key funding documents used by the Canada Revenue Agency and Centraide of Greater Montreal. In the context of rising neoliberalism, the study reveals points of disjuncture between official funding documents and ideology, and the actual experiences of workers in community organizations. It also draws attention to the ambiguous, contradictory nature of learning in community organizations, and provides a base from which to conduct further studies in this realm.
Cette étude aborde, sous la forme d'une ethnographie des institutions, les relations de pouvoir sociales qui régissent le travail des organismes communautaires à but non lucratif, plus spécifiquement dans le cadre des processus de financement. En prenant comme point de départ les expériences d'intervenants communautaires œuvrant pour trois organismes montréalais, nous attirons l'attention sur la façon dont le gouvernement capitaliste transfère les responsabilités des services sociaux et de santé vers la « communauté », et coordonne la dépolitisation des organismes communautaires par le biais d'accords de financement qui limitent la dimension politique des interventions. Nous prenons également en considération les apprentissages informels et fortuits qui accompagnent le travail de financement. L'étude est basée sur des entretiens semi dirigées, ainsi que sur l'analyse textuelle des principaux documents de financement utilisés par l'Agence du revenu du Canada et par la fondation Centraide du Grand Montréal. Dans le contexte d'un néolibéralisme croissant, notre recherche révèle des points de disjonction entre les documents de financement officiels ainsi que l'idéologie qui les sous-tend, et les expériences concrètes des travailleurs communautaires. Cette étude souligne également la nature ambigüe et contradictoire des apprentissages au sein des organismes communautaires, et ouvre la voie à des recherches plus approfondies dans ce domaine.

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Simpson, James Hightower. "Leadership Adaptation to Changes in Public Funding of Community Colleges." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3369.

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Although growth in U.S. community colleges has been exponential, a major challenge accompanying that growth has been the source of funding, which has consisted of shifting proportions of tuition, local taxes, and state aid. The shift away from state aid toward fundraising, profit-oriented research, sophisticated financing, and higher tuition presents challenges and unintended consequences. This shift could threaten the community college access mission and contribute to a perception of higher education as a private good rather than a public good. With a framework of academic capitalism and resource dependency theories, the purpose of this basic qualitative interview study with 7 leaders from executive teams in community colleges was to explore strategies used in adapting to the changes in funding models. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling, and interview data were analyzed to identify recurring themes. Findings indicated a need for strategies to replace state funding; grants and fundraising were not considered sufficient. Strategies such as working cash bonds, prioritization studies, and differential tuition programs were reported to have long-term potential, but their efficacy remained to be confirmed. Restoring state funding would require that colleges align interests with legislators and donors, research and develop bold initiatives, craft successful communication and marketing strategies, and facilitate a culture shift within their institution that embraces the need for alternative revenue streams. This study raises awareness that rising tuition and education costs in general may threaten the community college mission, limiting access to higher education for students, especially for lower SES students who cannot afford the debt to fund the higher tuition.

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Agatha, Rachelle. "The Community College Funding Model| Changes for Success and Sustainability." Thesis, Fielding Graduate University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10599139.

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The California Community Colleges funding model has rich historical, political, and cultural ties embedded in the model foundation. The general funding of the California Community Colleges is enrollment-based and shaped by a long history of legislation based on the K-12 education model. The funding is not tied to performance or outcomes and is driven by how many students are enrolled. Although there has been increased categorical funding in the California Community Colleges over the past 3 years to improve student success and equity, the overall persistence or completion rates of students remains low. Research has demonstrated that many other states are implementing an outcome-based or performance-based funding model to reduce the gaps and improve student success and fiscal sustainability. The purpose of the study was to explore the gaps in the current California Community Colleges funding model and the effect of these gaps on student success and fiscal sustainability for the California Community Colleges. The study additionally investigates effective models in order to design and develop a funding model that will support the mission and outcomes of the California Community Colleges system while planning for fiscal strength.

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Books on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Firestone, Karen. Community corrections funding. Lansing, Mich: Senate Fiscal Agency, 1999.

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Board, Illinois Community College. Illinois community colleges: Funding plan. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Community College Board, 1985.

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Commission, European. Sources of European Community funding. 2nd ed. [London]: Representatives of the European Commission in the United Kingdom, 1992.

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Commission of the European Communities. Representation (Great Britain). Sources of European community funding. 2nd ed. London: Representation of the European Commission in the United Kingdom, 1995.

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Board, Illinois Community College. Illinois community colleges: Funding plan. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Community College Board, 1987.

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Office, Commission of the European Communities London. Sources of European Community funding. London: Commission of theEuropean Communities, 1993.

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Lazarev, V. V. (Valeriĭ Vasilʹevich), ed. Funding loyalty: The economics of the Communist Party. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.

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Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy. New funding and new responsibilities: Community care funding two years on. London: Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, 1995.

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Mortimer, Amy. Analysis of the Community Information Exchange funding database. Washington, D.C: The Exchange, 1988.

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Auditor-General, Victoria Office of the. Funding of the Home and Community Care Program. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Reece, Bryan. "Funding Higher Education Equitably." In Social Justice and Community College Education, 76–92. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003131786-5.

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Sutin, Stewart E. "Reducing Reliance on Public Funding: The Place Where Creativity and Practicality Converge." In Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model, 143–59. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230120006_10.

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Mullin, Christopher M., and Robert A. Frost. "Maintaining an Agreement: The One-Third Funding Philosophy in Illinois and New York." In Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model, 161–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230120006_11.

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Choi, Jung Min, John W. Murphy, Ramsey Dahab, and Charlene Holkenbrink-Monk. "Community-Based Funding and Budgeting: Participatory Budgeting as a Transformative Act." In International Perspectives on Social Policy, Administration, and Practice, 39–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24654-9_4.

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Jones, Tiffany, Sosanya Jones, Kayla C. Elliott, LaToya Russell Owens, Amanda E. Assalone, and Denisa Gándara. "Impacting the Whole Community: Two-Year Minority-Serving Institutions and Performance and Outcomes-Based Funding in Texas." In Outcomes Based Funding and Race in Higher Education, 61–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49436-4_4.

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Campbell, Malcolm, Jesse Wiki, Lukas Marek, Matthew Hobbs, Matthew Wilson, and Simon Kingham. "The Value of a Policy-Responsive Research Funding Model: The Geohealth Laboratory Collaboration in New Zealand." In COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 469–74. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181590-45.

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Wilkins, Chris, and Marta Rychert. "The risks of cannabis industry funding of community and drug treatment services." In Legalizing Cannabis, 393–408. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427794-23.

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Jephcote, Martin. "The Unintended Consequences of Funding Policies on Student Achievement at Colleges of Further Education in Wales and England." In Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model, 265–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230120006_20.

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Miller, Camden, and Alex Bitterman. "Commemorating Historically Significant Gay Places Across the United States." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 339–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_15.

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AbstractThe stories of gay spaces across the United States are largely unrecorded, undocumented, and are not centrally collected or archived beyond informal reports and oral histories. Evidence demonstrates that the preservation of historic sites allows for future generations to benefit from intangibles related to community and identity. However, the LGBTQ+ community has been unable to gain benefits that place-based, historic sites can provide, due to an inability to commemorate spaces that have shaped LGBTQ+ history in significant ways. This chapter explores the disparities between the preservation and commemoration of significant LGBTQ+ spaces and the amount of funding distributed to these sites. As of 2016, LGBTQ+ sites comprised only 0.08 percent of the 2,500 U.S. National Historic Landmarks and 0.005 percent of the more than 90,000 places listed in the National Register of Historic Places. This representation is well short of the share of American adults that identify as LGBTQ+ , which in 2017 was approximately five percent of the United States population. In 2010 the Administration of President Barack Obama launched the LGBTQ Heritage Initiative under the National Historic Landmarks Program. This effort underscored a broader commitment to include historically underrepresented groups, including LGBTQ+ individuals. As a result, LGBTQ+ communities became eligible to receive funding for projects through the Underrepresented Community Grant Program. An analysis of the distribution of Underrepresented Community Grant Program funds revealed that the LGBTQ+ community receives considerably less funding compared to other underrepresented communities. The findings from this study suggest that there is still a significant amount of work that remains to be done to integrate LGBTQ+ histories into historic preservation programs that exist at various levels of programming (local, state, and federal).

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Golubev, Alexey. "Digitizing Archives in Russia: Epistemic Sovereignty and Its Challenges in the Digital Age." In The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies, 353–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42855-6_20.

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AbstractThe chapter discusses the production of digital archives in Russia as part of a complex political economy of historical knowledge. Several high-profile digital archives have been produced within the framework of grant funding provided by international agencies and commercial content providers and have reflected the priorities of the funding organizations by focusing on state violence in Russia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), international Communist movement, as well as other politicized or easily monetized content. At the same time, national and regional archives in Russia also engaged in the digitization of their collections by soliciting federal and local funding. These latter projects emphasized complexity and objectivity as the two key categories of the digitization of archives while pursuing an underlying political agenda to restore epistemic sovereignty over Russian history.

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Conference papers on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Hidajat, Taofik, Ina Primiana, Sulaeman Nidar, and Erie Febrian. "Crowd Funding: Financial Service for Unserved Crowds in Indonesia." In International Conference, Integrated Microfinance Management for Sustainable Community Development(IMM 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/imm-16.2016.17.

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Rosenblatt, Rebecca. "Investigating partnerships and funding for the Physics Education Research community." In 2020 Physics Education Research Conference. American Association of Physics Teachers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/perc.2020.pr.rosenblatt.

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Susanti, Raini. "Increasing the Health of the Disadvantaged Indonesians through the Dana Sehat (Health Funding) Program as a Contribution to Integrated Microfinance Management." In International Conference, Integrated Microfinance Management for Sustainable Community Development(IMM 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/imm-16.2016.18.

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Roháčiková, Oľga, Peter Moritz, Michal Hrivnák, and Katarína Melichová. "Význam komunít pre činnosť miestnych rozvojových iniciatív: prípadová štúdia top down a bottom-up aktérov v meste Nitra." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-77.

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Various spatial actors can reduce costs, raise efficiency of activities and contribute to the social development of the territory also through the own community. A community is a fellowship of citizens or other spatial actors who are united by a common interest in relation to a space in which they want to contribute to a certain socio-economic change. Community initiatives are, in essence, found mainly on the bottom-up principle, from the initiative of local actors who are interested in meeting their needs together with other individuals or entities. Similarly, in some cases also top-down institutions in local development utilize membership base, or partnership to achieve its goals. The aim of this paper is to shed a light on the importance of community development, to demonstrate the importance of active communities for the development of local society and economy through case studies of model examples of good practice. In this paper, we compare a selected community initiative in local development established according to law (top-down), and due the activity and enthusiasm of local people (bottom-up). The results hypothesize that bottom-up community initiatives may grow faster and provide wider benefits to the institution's activities, but are less stable and do not provide a strong basis for the long-term sustainability of community initiative funding.

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Piergiorgio, Fedeli, Cingolani Mariano, Nunzia Cannovo, Roberto Scendoni, and Rosa Guarino. "THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC - HOW WELL ARE WE BALANCING HEALTH, FREEDOM, AND THE ECONOMY?" In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.9.

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The worsening healthcare emergency with the COVID-19 pandemic has demanded a prompt reaction from authorities to contain the damage related to the spread of the virus. Our aim is to provide a bioethical contribution, with a careful analysis about the balance of individual rights with those of the whole community. The protection of the right to health in the emergency phase, with the restriction of the right to work and other rights, can have long-term negative consequences on the economy, with fallout affecting funding for the healthcare system as well. The right to health in its community dimension can sometimes clash with the protection of the sacrosanct dignity of the individual. Choices to protect health may have social and economic repercussions that could undermine the stability of many national governments.

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Wosczyna-Birch, Karen, Paola Jaramillo, John Birch, and Ronald Adrezin. "Problem Based Learning Initiative in Collaboration With the CT College of Technology’s Center for Life Support and Sustainable Living." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66229.

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The Connecticut (CT) College of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) has established the Center for Life Support and Sustainable Living. The Center is the result of partnerships with the CT Community Colleges, four-year institutions, local hospitals and industry, and the collaboration with NASA through the CT Space Grant College Consortium. The primary goals of the Center are the following: (1) to provide teams of community colleges and four-year university students opportunities to apply science, engineering and technology knowledge as well as professional skills necessary to be successful in future employment to real-world problems that address life support and sustainable living issues; (2) to strengthen the 2+2+2 pathways between community colleges and four-year institutions; (3) provide professional development opportunities for community college faculty; (4) implement strategies to recruit and retain a diverse population of students interested in STEM disciplines; and (5) develop multi-media curriculum modules using contextual or problem-based-case-based learning (PBCL). The project has instituted interdisciplinary teams of community college and university students who are initiated into the program with intensive instruction and project planning and management, leadership, teamwork, and behavioral diversity using DISC behavioral analysis profiles during an intense three-week period during the winter intersession. In addition to the initial training, student participants must commit to working approximately 250 hours during their school year for which they are working on their respective team-based projects. As part of their hours, they must meet as a full team a minimum of twice each month. Participating students are currently mentored by two and four-year faculty and industry representatives. So far, the research has been conducted during the summer months and the academic year on life support and sustainable living projects for NASA, the U.S. Coast Guard, medical facilities, such as the CT’s Children’s Medical Center, and industry partners such as Hamilton Sundstrand and Kaman Aerospace. As a result of these research projects, the community college and four-year faculty are implementing real-world life support and sustainable living projects and collaboratively are writing multi-media Project-Based-Case Based Learning modules, which incorporate technology and science skill standards. The Problem-Based-Case-Based multi-media modules are being piloted at the CT College of Technology’s community colleges and universities.

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Pernía-Espinoza, Alpha, Enrique Sodupe-Ortega, Sergio Peciña-Marqueta, Sergio Martínez-Bañares, Andres Sanz-Garcia, and Julio Blanco-Fernandez. "Makerspaces in Higher Education: the UR-Maker experience at the University of La Rioja." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5400.

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According to the CDIO (Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate) Syllabus, apart from technical knowledge, labour markets are demanding engineers with personal, interpersonal and system building skills. The current educational system, however, is based on teaching theoretical concepts rather than on practical activities. Makerspaces could become a bridge between universities and industry, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) carriers. Makerspaces, also known as hackerspaces, hack labs and fab labs, are open-access spaces where a community shares tools, machines and knowledge in order to implement an idea. This communication reviews the makerspaces at the world’s top 10 engineering universities and three of the most recognized in Spain. The qualitative data was collected through the universities’ websites. We observed that most of the reviewed universities have outstanding makerspaces for engineering students, generally open to the entire university community. In Spain, the ‘Maker UPV’ was found exceptionally successful in activities and projects performed in spite of their lack of material resources. Lastly, the authors describe their experience implementing a campus makerspace at the University of La Rioja, sharing interesting information about the organization, budget, funding and activities.

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Norton, Evan. "Soft Tissue Fixation and Implant Development: Venture Capital." In ASME 2009 4th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2009-83072.

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This talk will discuss venture capital trends globally and specifically how these trends are impacting the orthopedic market. The discussion will include: a. Current areas of interest in the venture community — i. Spin, ii. Knee/Hip, iii. Extremities/Small Bone; b. Choosing a financial partner; c. How to approach venture firms — i. Stage focus and how it impacts the entrepreneur, ii. General investment criteria; d. Making the pitch — i. How to make contact, ii. Key content/format, iii. Who is going to read what?, iv. Preparing for success, v. Market size, vi. Team, vii. Cap table, viii. All about milestones; e. Alternative funding sources; f. The costs associated with other people’s money.

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Liao, Y. Gene, Chih-Ping Yeh, Joseph Petrosky, and Donald Hutchison. "Education and Workforce Development Programs in the Center for Advanced Automotive Technology." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23881.

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Abstract The automotive industry is currently experiencing a revolutionary technological transformation including electrification, connectivity, automated/autonomous, lightweighting, and sustainability. This paper presents the education and workforce development programs developed and delivered by Wayne State University and Macomb Community College partnership in meeting industry needs for future workforce in advanced automotive technology. Through funding from the National Science Foundation, a Center for Advanced Automotive Technology (CAAT) was established as an Advanced Technological Education center to support the partnering work, developing and leading systemic curricula reforms. The center worked with industry partners identifying curriculum gaps and provided professional development for teachers to fill those gaps. CAAT also supported new automotive technology university/college programs through its seed funding program which funded others to create, implement, and share new curricula. The center is a preeminent resource for educating engineers and technicians in advanced automotive technology as all materials that were developed in partnership with CAAT were reviewed by industry experts and offered as a free resource through website. CAAT continues its tasks supporting the United States in its efforts to build and maintain a competent workforce ready to use the skills of the 21st century to move industries ahead.

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Feather, Celeste, Sara Rouhi, Anneliese Taylor, and Kim Armstrong. "The Time Has Come…For Next-Generation Open Access Models." In Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317200.

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Libraries, consortia, and publishers are exploring new models to support Open Access (OA) content. Native OA journal publishers are facing a different set of challenges as there is no existing library subscription base to transform into support for OA. Author-pays OA models are challenging to the ecosystem for a variety of reasons. Large institutions with heavy scholarly output may pay more, small institutions that use the content but publish less are wondering what role they will play, and authors from the global south may not have funding to pay Article Processing Charges (APCs). What new models are under exploration to address the complexity of funder mandates, reduce administrative burden of complex APC models, and the need to be more inclusive of a diverse community?

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Reports on the topic "Funding; Communism; Communist"

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Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Michael Kremer. Outside Funding of Community Organizations: Benefiting or Displacing the Poor? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7896.

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Southwell, Brian, Angelique (Angel) Hedberg, Christopher Krebs, and Stephanie Zevitas, eds. Building and Maintaining Trust in Science: Paths Forward for Innovations by Nonprofits and Funding Organizations. RTI Press, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.cp.0010.1909.

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In July 2019, participants gathered in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, for an event organized by RTI International called Trust in Science. Our goal with the Trust in Science event was to foster collaborations and strengthen connections between nonprofit and funding organizations to address trust-related challenges that are affecting science and scientists. Collaboration between professionals and organizations is easy to cite as an abstract goal but can be challenging to pursue in practice for various reasons. Participants generated and considered both broad challenges and specific contexts in which trust has been strained. We discussed, for example, the use of wearable technologies for data collection, vaccine acceptance, biofuel research, survey research on topics such as sexual harassment monitoring, tools to help people navigate online information, and the development of physical spaces for local community discussion about science and technology. We offer an overview of key themes and ideas that emerged from our interactions. We hope that readers will consider this an open-source set of suggestions for future initiatives and innovations.

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Morgan, Susan, Alexandra Mosser, and John Bixby. University of Miami Laboratory for Integrative Knowledge (U-LINK) Program Evaluation Report. University of Miami, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33596/ovprs-19-2.

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As one of the Roadmap Initiatives, U-LINK (University of Miami Laboratory for INtegrative Knowledge) is the University of Miami’s (UM’s) program to support innovative, problem-based interdisciplinary research. The U-LINK initiative is premised on the idea that the most significant challenges facing humanity, and therefore the most important research problems, require innovative and integrative approaches resulting from collaborations that bridge disciplines. The goal of U-LINK is to bring together faculty and trainees from multiple disciplines in collaboration with community stakeholders to develop and act on a shared vision of innovative solutions to grand societal challenges. To accomplish this goal, U-LINK provides training and funding opportunities for research teams, identifies common space(s) for teams to work together, creates interdisciplinary opportunities for UM undergraduate and graduate students, and helps UM faculty identify and pursue collaborative initiatives with faculty in other departments, schools, and colleges. This document details the features of the U-LINK program and provides data about outcomes of the program through 2019.

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Hilbrecht, Margo, David Baxter, Alexander V. Graham, and Maha Sohail. Research Expertise and the Framework of Harms: Social Network Analysis, Phase One. GREO, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2020.006.

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In 2019, the Gambling Commission announced a National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Underlying the strategy is the Framework of Harms, outlined in Measuring gambling-related harms: A framework for action. "The Framework" adopts a public health approach to address gambling-related harm in Great Britain across multiple levels of measurement. It comprises three primary factors and nine related subfactors. To advance the National Strategy, all componentsneed to be supported by a strong evidence base. This report examines existing research expertise relevant to the Framework amongacademics based in the UK. The aim is to understand the extent to which the Framework factors and subfactors have been studied in order to identify gaps in expertise and provide evidence for decision making thatisrelevant to gambling harms research priorities. A social network analysis identified coauthor networks and alignment of research output with the Framework. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed items and covered the 12-year period from 2008 to 2019. Articles were selected using a Web of Science search. Of the 1417 records identified in the search, the dataset was refined to include only those articles that could be assigned to at least one Framework factor (n = 279). The primary factors and subfactors are: Resources:Work and Employment, Money and Debt, Crime;Relationships:Partners, Families and Friends, Community; and Health:Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health. We used Gephi software to create visualisations reflecting degree centrality (number of coauthor networks) so that each factor and subfactor could be assessed for the density of research expertise and patterns of collaboration among coauthors. The findings show considerable variation by framework factor in the number of authors and collaborations, suggesting a need to develop additional research capacity to address under-researched areas. The Health factor subcategory of Mental Health comprised almost three-quarters of all citations, with the Resources factor subcategory of Money and Debt a distant second at 12% of all articles. The Relationships factor, comprised of two subfactors, accounted for less than 10%of total articles. Network density varied too. Although there were few collaborative networks in subfactors such as Community or Work and Employment, all Health subfactors showed strong levels of collaboration. Further, some subfactors with a limited number of researchers such as Partners, Families, and Friends and Money and debt had several active collaborations. Some researchers’ had publications that spanned multiple Framework factors. These multiple-factor researchers usually had a wide range of coauthors when compared to those who specialised (with the exception of Mental Health).Others’ collaborations spanned subfactors within a factor area. This was especially notable forHealth. The visualisations suggest that gambling harms research expertise in the UK has considerable room to grow in order to supporta more comprehensive, locally contextualised evidence base for the Framework. To do so, priority harms and funding opportunities will need further consideration. This will require multi-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration consistent with the public health approach underlying the Framework. Future research related to the present analysis will explore the geographic distribution of research activity within the UK, and research collaborations with harms experts internationally.

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Quail, Stephanie, and Sarah Coysh. Inside Out: A Curriculum for Making Grant Outputs into OER. York University Libraries, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38016.

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Catalyzed by the passing of the York University Open Access Policy last year, a recognition has been growing at York University, like most other institutions, about the value of Open Educational Resources (OER) and more broadly, open education. This heightened awareness led to the formation of a campus-wide Open Education Working Group in January 2020. The group advocated that faculty members who receive internal funding for teaching innovation projects through York’s Academic Innovation Fund (AIF) should include a Creative Commons license on their grant outputs to facilitate the re-use, and potentially re-mixing, of the content by educators inside and outside of York University. A copy and/or link to their grant output would also be deposited into York’s institutional repository, YorkSpace. To support the 71 funded projects in achieving these lofty goals, an open education and open licensing curriculum was developed by two of the librarian members of the Open Education Working Group. This session describes how the librarians created the training program and participants will leave the session better understanding: How to develop learning modules for adult learners and apply these best practices when teaching faculty online (synchronously & asynchronously); How to access York’s open education training program and learn how they can remix the content for their own institution’s training purposes; The common types of questions and misconceptions that arise when teaching an open education and Creative Commons licensing program for faculty. Originally the program was conceived as an in-person workshop series; however, with the COVID-19 campus closure, it was redesigned into a four module synchronous and asynchronous educational program delivered via Moodle, H5P and Zoom. Modeled after the SUNY OER Community Course and materials from Abbey Elder’s OER Starter Kit, the program gave grant recipients a grounding in open educational resources, searching open course material repositories, copyright/Creative Commons licensing, and content deposit in York’s institutional repository, including OER metadata creation and accessibility considerations. The librarians modeled best practices in the use and creation of Creative Commons licensed resources throughout the program. Qualitative feedback was gathered at the end of each module in both the synchronous and asynchronous offerings of the program and will be shared with participants. The presenters will also discuss lessons learned, next steps, and some of the challenges they encountered. https://youtu.be/n6dT8UNLtJo

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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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