Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fundamental limitations'
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1
Rider, Todd H. (Todd Harrison). "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11412.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-305).
by Todd Harrison Rider.
Ph.D.
2
Pino, Giorgio. "Fundamental rights and the proportionality principle." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118697.
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The paper assesses the widespread use of the test of proportionality in fundamental rights adjudication. While constitutional and human rights courts all over the world appear to be consistently engaged in deploying the test of proportionality in order to assess the permissibility of a given rights limitation, this approach is under severe criticism insofar as it is considered an attack to the very idea of fundamental rights. The paper will discuss this criticism of the use of proportionality, and will provide a defense of its use by courts in light of some basic features of the contemporary discourse of fundamental rights.El artículo evalúa el uso generalizado de la prueba de proporcionalidad en la adjudicación de derechos fundamentales. Mientras que los tribunales constitucionales y de derechos humanos de todo el mundo parecen estar constantemente involucrados en el despliegue de la prueba de proporcionalidad para evaluar la permisibilidad de una determinada limitación de derechos, este enfoque está sometido a severas críticas en tanto que se considera un ataque a la idea misma de Derechos fundamentales. El artículo discutirá esta crítica al uso del principio de proporcionalidad y ofrecerá una defensa de su uso por los tribunales a la luz de algunas características básicas del discurso contemporáneo de los derechos fundamentales.
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Herath, Narmada Kumari. "Fundamental limitations between noise and back-action in bio-molecular networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82396.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
In an interconnection of two components in a bio-molecular network, noise in the downstream component can be reduced by increasing the magnitude of the down-stream signal. However, this method of reducing noise increases the back-effect to the upstream system, called 'retroactivity', thereby increasing the perturbation to the upstream system. In this thesis, we seek to quantify the total error in the system caused by the perturbations due to retroactivity and noise, and to analyze the trade-off between the two errors. We model the system as a set of non-linear chemical Langevin equations and quantify the trade-off for two different approximations of this non-linear model. First we consider a system linearized about a fixed point and quantify the trade-off using transfer functions. Next we use a linear approximation of the propensity functions in the Langevin equation and quantify the error by calculating upper bounds using contraction theory for deterministic and stochastic systems. Future research directions in improving the upper bounds are discussed.
by Narmada Kumari Herath.
S.M.
4
Xiao, Chucheng. "An Investigation of Fundamental Frequency Limitations for HF/VHF Power Conversion." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28393.
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The volume reduction in power converters over the past several decades can chiefly be attributed to increases in switching frequency. It is to be expected that the trends towards miniaturization will maintain steady pressure to keep this pace of increasing switching frequencies of power converters. However certain fundamental limits in high frequency power conversion are being reached as frequencies are being pushed deeper into the megahertz range, inhibiting substantial further increases.
The work reported in this dissertation is intended to systematically investigate the fundamental frequency limitations, identify some of the solutions for HF/VHF power conversion and to provide guidelines and tools to optimize the performance of power converters by maximizing frequency.
A number of multi-megahertz power converters are examined to evaluate the present status and future trend of HF/VHF power conversion. An interesting trend between power level and frequency is observed. A general limitation about the power level and frequency, independent of design details, is derived from the physics of the semiconductor devices, which determines the upper bound of the power levels as frequency increases.
A 250 MHz DC-DC power converter (derived from the Class E power amplifier) is analyzed and demonstrated with discrete components, which again verifies the trend between power level and frequency. The power losses in the semiconductor devices are discussed, and optimization criteria for minimizing the power losses of the devices, are discussed. By relating the power losses to the semiconductor materials' properties, a methodology for selecting proper materials is identified for high frequency and high efficiency power conversion.
The frequency scaling effects of passive components, still dominating the volume of the modern power converter, is analyzed. A generic multi-disciplinary methodology is developed to analyze and maximize frequency and performance of passive components in terms of power density and efficiency. It is demonstrated how the optimum frequency can be identified, and how power conversion efficiency deteriorates beyond this optimum under a fixed maximum temperature.
Power loss measurement is becoming more challenging as higher frequency and higher efficiency power conversion. To achieve an accurate power loss measurement in a high frequency, high efficiency power electronics system or component, limitations of electrical measurement are identified, and various calorimetric methods are surveyed. Calorimetric methods are more accurate due to the direct heat loss measurement. An advanced calorimetric system is proposed, analyzed, and tested, demonstrating about 5% error in total losses up to 25W.Ph. D.
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Osqui, Mitra M. 1980. "Frequency selective analog to digital converter design : optimality, fundamental limitations, and performance bounds." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79152.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-137).
In this thesis, the problem of analysis and design of Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) is studied within an optimal feedback control framework. A general ADC is modeled as a causal, discrete-time dynamical system with outputs taking values in a finite set. The performance measure is defined as the worst-case average intensity of the filtered input-matching error, i.e., the frequency weighted difference between the input and output of the ADC. An exact analytic solution with conditions for optimality of a class of ADCs is presented in terms of the quantizer step size and range, resulting in a class of optimal ADCs that can be viewed as generalized Delta-Sigma Modulators (DSMs). An analytic expression for the performance of generalized DSMs is given. Furthermore, separation of quantization and control for this class of ADCs is proven under some technical conditions. When the technical conditions needed for establishing separation of quantization and control and subsequently optimality of the analytical solution to ADC design problem are not satisfied, suboptimal ADC designs are characterized in terms of solutions of a Bellman-type inequality. A computational framework is presented for designing suboptimal ADCs, providing certified upper and lower bounds on the performance.
by Mitra M. Osqui.
Ph.D.
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Raabe, Johannes Nils [Verfasser]. "Fundamental Carrier-Envelope Phase Noise Limitations during Pulse Formation and Detection / Johannes Nils Raabe." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204926697/34.
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Taylor, Katherine P. "Noise models of A/D and D/A converters for determination of fundamental noise limitations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16910.
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Sjölin, Martin. "On the Fundamental Limitations of Timing and Energy Resolution for Silicon Detectors in PET Applications." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101790.
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De, Tathagata. "Systems approach based solution to fundamental limitations in unraveling spatial and temporal regimes in nano-interrogation and nano-positioning." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Tegling, Emma. "On performance limitations of large-scale networks with distributed feedback control." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186180.
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We address the question of performance of large-scale networks with distributed feedback control. We consider networked dynamical systems with single and double integrator dynamics, subject to distributed disturbances. We focus on two types of problems. First, we consider problems modeled over regular lattice structures. Here, we treat consensus and vehicular formation problems and evaluate performance in terms of measures of “global order”, which capture the notion of network coherence. Second, we consider electric power networks, which we treat as dynamical systems modeled over general graphs. Here, we evaluate performance in terms of the resistive power losses that are incurred in maintaining network synchrony. These losses are associated with transient power flows that are a consequence of “local disorder” caused by lack of synchrony. In both cases, we characterize fundamental limitations to performance as networks become large. Previous studies have shown that such limitations hold for coherence in networks with regular lattice structures. These imply that connections in 3 spatial dimensions are necessary to achieve full coherence, when the controller uses static feedback from relative measurements in a local neighborhood. We show that these limitations remain valid also with dynamic feedback, where each controller has an internal memory state. However, if the controller can access certain absolute state information, dynamic feedback can improve performance compared to static feedback, allowing also 1-dimensional formations to be fully coherent. For electric power networks, we show that the transient power losses grow unboundedly with network size. However, in contrast to previous results, performance does not improve with increased network connectivity. We also show that a certain type of distributed dynamic feedback controller can improve performance by reducing losses, but that their scaling with network size remains an important limitation.QC 20160504
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Ziemann, Ingvar. "Applications of Information Inequalities to Linear Systems : Adaptive Control and Security." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291203.
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This thesis considers the application of information inequalities, Cramér-Rao type bounds, based on Fisher information, to linear systems. These tools are used to study the trade-offs between learning and performance in two application areas: adaptive control and control systems security. In the first part of the thesis, we study stochastic adaptive control of linear quadratic regulators (LQR). Here, information inequalities are used to derive instance-dependent regret lower bounds. First, we consider a simplified version of LQR, a memoryless reference tracking model, and show how regret can be linked to a cumulative estimation error. This is then exploited to derive a regret lower bound in terms of the Fisher information generated by the experiment of the optimal policy. It is shown that if the optimal policy has ill-conditioned Fisher information, then so does any low-regret policy. This is combined with a Cramér-Rao bound to give a regret lower bound on the order of magnitude square-root T in the time-horizon for a class of instances we call uninformative. The lower bound holds for all policies which depend smoothly on the underlying parametrization. Second, we extend these results to the general LQR model, and to arbitrary affine parametrizations of the instance parameters. The notion of uninformativeness is generalized to this situation to give a structure-dependent rank condition for when logarithmic regret is impossible. This is done by reduction of regret to a cumulative Bellman error. Due to the quadratic nature of LQR, this Bellman error turns out to be a quadratic form, which again can be interpreted as an estimation error. Using this, we prove a local minimax regret lower bound, of which the proof relies on relating the minimax regret to a Bayesian estimation problem, and then using Van Trees' inequality. Again, it is shown that an appropriate information quantity of any low regret policy is similar to that of the optimal policy and that any uninformative instance suffers local minimax regret at least on the order of magnitude square-root T. Moreover, it shown that the notion of uninformativeness when specialized to certain well-understood scenarios yields a tight characterization of square-root-regret. In the second part of this thesis, we study control systems security problems from a Fisher information point of view. First, we consider a secure state estimation problem and characterize the maximal impact an adversary can cause by means of least informative distributions -- those which maximize the Cramér-Rao bound. For a linear measurement equation, it is shown that the least informative distribution, subjected to variance and sparsity constraints, can be solved for by a semi-definite program, which becomes mixed-integer in the presence of sparsity constraints. Furthermore, by relying on well-known results on minimax and robust estimation, a game-theoretic interpretation for this characterization of the maximum impact is offered. Last, we consider a Fisher information regularized minimum variance control objective, to study the trade-offs between parameter privacy and control performance. It is noted that this can be motivated for instance by learning-based attacks, in which case one seeks to leak as little information as possible to a system-identification adversary. Supposing that the feedback law is linear, the noise distribution minimizing the trace of Fisher information subject to a state variance penalty is found to be conditionally Gaussian.QC 20210310
QC 20210310
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Silva, Adriano Luís de Almeida. "A pretensão popular de tutela dos direitos fundamentais sociais por intermédio da função jurisdicional do poder público." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/753.
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The work is developed through a study about historic
origin of the principle of segregation of the powers until its modern
functional concept, aiming at demonstrating that it is not incompatible
with the popular control of the effectiveness of the fundamental social
rights through judicial function. Following, it was tried to give
evidence to which must be the juridical of the state financial limitations
as a main factor to the fundamental social rights, and the way they
have to be faced in the process ambient. Finally, the work was
submitted to the norms of the fundamental social rights with the
approval of the juridical concept of the subjective right in order to give
them the attribute of subjective pretension.O trabalho se desenvolve a partir do estudo da origem histórica do princípio da separação dos poderes estatais até a sua moderna concepção funcional, com o propósito de demonstrar que o mesmo não se incompatibiliza com o controle popular da efetividade dos direitos fundamentais sociais por meio da função judicial. Na seqüência, buscou-se evidenciar qual deve ser o conteúdo jurídico das limitações financeiras estatais como fator condicionante da efetividade dos direitos fundamentais sociais e a forma como devem ser enfrentadas no ambiente do processo. Por fim, o trabalho submeteu as normas de direitos fundamentais sociais ao crivo do conceito jurídico de direito subjetivo com o fim de conferir-lhes o atributo da pretensão judicial.
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Crawford, Jackie H. III. "Factors that limit control effectiveness in self-excited noise driven combustors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43647.
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A full Strouhal number thermo-acoustic model is purposed for the feedback control of self excited noise driven combustors. The inclusion of time delays in the volumetric heat release perturbation models create unique behavioral characteristics which are not properly reproduced within current low Strouhal number thermo acoustic models. New analysis tools using probability density functions are introduced which enable exact expressions for the statistics of a time delayed system. Additionally, preexisting tools from applied mathematics and control theory for spectral analysis of time delay systems are introduced to the combustion community. These new analysis tools can be used to extend sensitivity function analysis used in control theory to explain limits to control effectiveness in self-excited combustors. The control effectiveness of self-excited combustors with actuator constraints are found to be most sensitive to the location of non-minimum phase zeros. Modeling the non-minimum phase zeros correctly require accurate volumetric heat release perturbation models. Designs that removes non-minimum phase zeros are more likely to have poles in the right hand complex plane. As a result, unstable combustors are inherently more responsive to feedback control.
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Gervier, Pauline. "La limitation des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels par l’ordre public." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40058/document.
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La dialectique de l’ordre public et des libertés sillonne la pensée juridique depuis le XVIIIème siècle. Généré par de nouvelles formes de délinquance et de criminalité, le renforcement des exigences de l’ordre public impose de s’interroger sur la limitation des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels. En dépit de la place névralgique qu’il occupe entre ordre public et libertés, le processus de limitation demeure indéterminé en droit français. Cette recherche, organisée autour de la détermination des limites aux droits garantis, de l’identification des « limites aux limites » aux droits fondamentaux, puis de la redéfinition des droits fondamentaux par les limites, permet de préciser ce mécanisme, mais aussi de cerner les restrictions apportées à l’exercice des droits et libertés. L’autolimitation du Conseil constitutionnel marque un infléchissement progressif de la protection des droits fondamentaux. Ce constat invite à réfléchir sur l’encadrement supra-législatif de la limitation des droits garantis, et conduit à se positionner en faveur de l’insertion d’une clause de limitation des droits fondamentaux dans la ConstitutionThe dialectics of public order and freedoms has been traveling throughout legal thought since the 18th century. Sparked by new forms of delinquency and criminality, the strengthening of public order requirements leads to questioning the limitation of fundamental constitutional rights. Despite its crucible place between public order and freedoms, the limitation process remains undetermined in French law. This research, which aims at determining the limitations to protected rights, identifying the limitations to those limitations themselves, and then redefining fundamental rights through those limitations, not only helps to specify this mechanism, but also to identify the restrictions brought to the enjoyment of rights and freedoms. The Conseil constitutionnel self-restraint reveals a gradual shift in the protection of fundamental rights. Acknowledging the former leads to considering a supra legislative framework to the limitations to protected rights, and advocating in favor of the constitutional entrenchment of such a clause
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Soberanis, Solís Laura Marina. "La configuración constitucional de la detención preventiva como límite especifico al derecho a la libertad personal. Sus consecuencias e incidencia sobre otros derechos fundamentales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457895.
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Esta Tesis Doctoral analiza la detención preventiva y los derechos fundamentales con los que ésta se relaciona, en ambos casos considerándolos como instituciones jurídicas de origen ius fundamental. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se tuvo en cuenta, ex arts. 10 y 93 CE, la integración –diferenciada—de distintos sistemas de derechos fundamentales: el de la Constitución, el que nace a partir del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, el derivado de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y el Universal de Derechos Humanos; por tal razón, el método de análisis utilizado permitió la construcción del referente constitucional de cada una de las instituciones abordadas a partir de su previsión en: 1) el texto constitucional y su interpretación a cargo del Tribunal Constitucional, 2) el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos interpretado por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, 3) la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y la interpretación realizada por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y, de manera complementaria, las previsiones del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y su órgano de vigilancia. En consecuencia, esta Tesis Doctoral descansa principalmente en la doctrina jurisprudencial de los órganos jurisdiccionales previamente mencionados, buscando su sistematización y armonización y, de manera complementaria, se apoya en bibliografía especializada. El trabajo se estructura en cuatro capítulos: El primero se aboca al análisis de la configuración constitucional de la detención a partir de la identificación y estudio de los elementos que la perfilan como institución jurídica constitucional (estructura, finalidad, presupuesto habilitante, contenido, titularidad, ejercicio y límites), los cuales permiten comprender su justificación, naturaleza y eventuales consecuencias. En el segundo se identifican y estudian los derechos fundamentales que deberían asegurarse a toda persona detenida, también se identifican los elementos que delinean el perfil de cada uno de los derechos-garantía (marco constitucional, estructura, función, presupuesto habilitante, contenido, titularidad, ejercicio y límites) para determinar sus alcances, finalidad y trascendencia durante el íter de la detención. En el tercero se analizan las restricciones que con motivo o en el marco de la detención preventiva pueden padecer, al margen de la libertad personal, otros derechos tales como los derechos a la integridad física y moral, a la intimidad personal y al secreto de las comunicaciones, a fin de determinar que afectaciones pueden resultar constitucionalmente válidas o no. En el cuarto se estudian las excepciones que puede haber al régimen general de la Detención Preventiva, sea con motivo de una suspensión general de derechos –art. 55.1 CE— o sea con motivo de la suspensión individual de derechos para el caso de investigaciones correspondientes a la actuación de bandas armadas o elementos terroristas –art. 55.2 CE—.This Doctoral Thesis analyses the preventive detention and those fundamental rights which it is related to, in any case considered as legal institutions on an ius fundamental basis. The research was carried out ex arts. 10 and 93 SC, taking account of the integration of different systems of fundamental rights: the one stablished by the Constitution, the one arising from the European Convention on Human Rights, the one emerging from the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the one identified as Universal System of Human Rights. On account of this, the method of analysis allowed the construction of the constitutional reference of each of the abovementioned legal institutions, considering: 1) The constitutional provisions and its interpretation by the Constitutional Court of Spain, 2) The European Convention on Human Rights as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights, 3) The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and its interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union, and to complement the above, the International Civil and Political Rights Covenant provisions and some of its relevant interpretations. Therefore, this Doctoral Thesis mainly relies on jurisprudential doctrine of the Courts previously referred, seeking to systematise and harmonise it and, as a complement, some specialised bibliography was also used. The Thesis is structured in four chapters: Chapter one discusses the constitutional configuration of preventive detention from the identification and study of the elements shaping it as a constitutional legal institution (structure, purpose, enabling conditions, content, entitlement, exercise and limitations), which allow to understand its justification, nature and potential consequences. The second chapter identifies and scrutinises those fundamental rights which should be guaranteed to every arrested person, furthermore the elements outlining the profile of each of the guarantee-rights are identified (constitutional framework, structure, function, enabling conditions, content, entitlement, exercise and limits) determining the concrete scope, purpose and significance of every right during the detention period. The third chapter analyses possible restrictions on the right to physical and mental integrity, the right to private life and the right to privacy of communications, either by reason or in the context of preventive detention, in order to distinguish between affectations suffered during detention which could have constitutional acceptance and the ones going beyond the constitutional limits. The fourth chapter examines possible exceptions to the ordinary regime of preventive detention, either due to the general suspension of rights –art. 55.1 SC— or on the occasion of the individual suspension of rights in case of investigations related to activities of armed bands or terrorist elements –art. 55.2 SC—.
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Belmkaddem, Kawtar. "Contrôle du rayonnement des antennes miniatures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT031.
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Dans le contexte actuel où l’évolution des systèmes sans-fil est jugée importante, il estnécessaire de pouvoir réduire les pollutions électromagnétiques qui limitent l’acceptabilité descommunications et la cohabitation des systèmes. D’une façon générale, les besoins de contrôle durayonnement des antennes miniatures répondent donc à une demande croissante pour améliorer lesportées mais aussi pour limiter les interférences dans les systèmes sans-fil. Ces dernières années,malgré le développement connu dans les domaines des antennes, la question du contrôle durayonnement des antennes miniatures connait plusieurs barrières empêchant leur déploiementtechnologique. L’approche retenue dans le cadre de cette thèse est le développement de nouveauxconcepts de contrôle du rayonnement des antennes miniatures par la mise en oeuvre de différentestechniques. Cette étude a pour objectif de soulever quelques questions concernant un sujet d’étude peuexploréIn the current context where the evolution of communicating objects is important indifferent growing fields such as: localization, wireless multimedia systems, etc., controlling theradiation pattern of antennas is one of the most important issues for future radio communicationsystems. In recent years, despite the growth experienced in the areas of antennas, the issue of smallantennas radiation control knows several barriers preventing their deployment. This thesis focuses onthe analysis of the problem of controlling the radiation pattern of small antennas and aims to raisesome questions about a little-explored subject of study. This work gives an approach using differenttechniques to develop new concepts of controlling the radiation pattern of antennas
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Altarejos, Marina Obal. "Filipino basic ecclesial community between limitation and self-transcendence : a Lonergan-based elucidation of fundamental spirituality /." Nijmegen : Radboud University, 2008. http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/a/altarejos_m/filibaecc.pdf.
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Melo, Samuel de Castro Barbosa. "O princípio da proteção especial da família: uma vertente da extrafiscalidade no Direito Tributário." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6931.
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-27Resulting from the study of the structural combination of the legal, political and family systems carried out by the Constitution and based on systems theory by Niklas Luhmann, this investigation examines the applicability of the special protection of the family within the national tax system. In general terms, after identifying the structures of the different systems that coexist in the constitutional sphere, this study analyzes the de-patrimonialization and repersonalization of Family Law before constitutional principles. Going deep into the national tax system, we examined the normative dimensions of the limiting principles of the taxing power. Departing from the study of the doctrine and decisions of international Constitutional Courts, it was sought a new conceptual analysis of the principles of tax equality and ability to pay upon the incidence of the principle established in Article 226, caput, of the 1988 Federal Constitution. Other issues like the doctrinal discussion on the evolution and establishment of fundamental rights in international instruments and in the current Constitution, and the transposition of the overprinciple of human dignity under the tax law will also be addressed. It will be also to brought to light the influence of fundamental human rights under the tax law as well as their application to non-taxation of the existential minimum. This study will then examine the various aspects of the normative content of family s special protection principle: institutional guarantee, constitutional limitation on the power to tax, immunizing norm of the family existential minimum and extra fiscal function. The system of family taxation will be addressed, going further to the examination of the techniques adopted in alien and national law. It will be also analyzed the flaws made by national legislation on the taxation of goods and expenses, essential for family maintenance. Finally, the tax on household income will be considered as a tool to promote it, evidencing its extra fiscal aspect
A partir do estudo do acoplamento estrutural realizado pela Constituição entre os sistemas jurídico, político e familiar, com fundamento na teoria sistêmica de Niklas Luhmann, inicia-se o estudo da aplicabilidade do princípio da proteção especial da família no âmbito do sistema tributário nacional. Em linhas gerais, após identificar as estruturas dos diferentes sistemas que convivem no espaço constitucional, o trabalho analisa a despatrimonalização e a repersonalização do Direito das Famílias perante os princípios constitucionais. Imergindo-se no sistema tributário nacional, o trabalho examina as dimensões normativas dos princípios limitadores do poder de tributar. A partir do estudo da doutrina e de decisões proferidas por Cortes Constitucionais estrangeiras, buscar-se-á nova análise conceitual dos princípios da isonomia tributária e da capacidade contributiva ante a incidência do princípio positivado no artigo 226, caput, da Constituição Federal de 1988. A discussão doutrinária acerca da evolução e da sedimentação dos direitos fundamentais nos diplomas internacionais e na atual Carta Magna e a transposição do sobreprincípio da dignidade da pessoa humana no âmbito do direito tributário também serão abordados. Buscar-se-á trazer a lume a influência dos direitos fundamentais do homem no âmbito do direito tributário, bem como os contornos por eles tracejados em relação à intributabilidade do mínimo existencial. Examinar-se-á o plúrimo conteúdo normativo do princípio da proteção especial da família: garantia institucional, limitação constitucional ao poder de tributar, norma imunizante do mínimo existencial familiar e função extrafiscal. O sistema de tributação das famílias será abordado, avançando-se para o exame das técnicas adotadas no direito alienígena e nacional. Analisar-se-ão os equívocos cometidos pela legislação nacional acerca da tributabilidade dos bens e despesas imprescindíveis para a manutenção da família. Por fim, o imposto sobre a renda das famílias será analisado como instrumento para a sua promoção, evidenciando-se o seu aspecto extrafiscal
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Dahinten, Augusto Franke. "A proteção dos consumidores como direito fundamental e as negativas de cobertura em contratos securitários: cláusulas limitativas versus cláusulas abusivas à luz da jurisprudência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/8107.
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Previous issue date: 2015This essay aims to analyze the incidence of consumer law in the insurance contracts, mainly regarding the discussion between the limitative and abusive clauses, in light of the jurisprudence. With this goal, it starts, in the first half, with the analysis of the theoretical fundamentals that underlie the objective of this research. It begins with the presentation of the consumer protection as a fundamental right and its insertion in the Brazilian legislative context. Next, it exams the insurance contracts, its concept, its purpose and importance, its characteristics and features, as well as the actors that figure in the domestic insurance market. Following, are commented some of the most important contractual aspects, including the evolution and the transformations that the Contract Law suffered, the principles that govern the contractual bonds and the main rules related to consumer contractual protection. In the second part, it’s worked on some of the major coverage negatives involving insurance contracts in the light of the national jurisprudence, which is done three stages, subdivided according to the insurance modalities. In each part, it’s worked on the general aspects of each controversy, including the arguments summoned by the parties, followed by the jurisprudential understandings. All with the end goal of analyzing which understandings and fundaments are presented in these kinds of demands.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a incidência do direito do consumidor nos contratos de natureza securitária, principalmente no âmbito da discussão entre as cláusulas limitativas e abusivas, à luz da jurisprudência. Com esta meta, inicia-se, na primeira parte, com a análise dos fundamentos teóricos que subjazem ao objetivo desta pesquisa. Começa-se com a apresentação da proteção do consumidor como direito fundamental, analisando-se a sua evolução e o seu enquadramento no contexto legislativo brasileiro. Na sequência, examinam-se os contratos de seguros, seu conceito, sua finalidade e sua importância, seus elementos e características, bem como os atores que compõem o mercado de seguros nacional. Após, são comentados alguns dos mais importantes aspectos contratuais, incluindo a evolução e as transformações que sofreu o direito dos contratos, os princípios que regulam as relações contratuais e as principais normas de proteção contratual dos consumidores. Na segunda parte, são trabalhadas algumas das principais negativas de cobertura, envolvendo contratos de seguro, à luz da jurisprudência pátria, o que se faz em três etapas, subdivididas conforme as modalidades securitárias. Em cada parte, são trabalhados os aspectos gerais de cada controvérsia, inclusive com os argumentos invocados em litígio pelas partes, seguidos dos entendimentos jurisprudenciais. Tudo com o objetivo final de se analisar quais os entendimentos e fundamentos que são apresentados nestas espécies de demandas.
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Istamati, Gisela Barroso. "Liberdade de expressão: humor e política." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7039.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-11The debate regarding the limits of expression have always been present in several scopes of discussion, whether political, social or academic. Notwithstanding, the analysis of the humoristic manifestation of this right is proposed when it concerns politicians, the people s legal representatives, thus questioned: does humor directed to politicians have constitutional limits? In this sense, the hypothesis of this work is that it shall have a greater tolerance in relation to the comunicative excesses of humor when concentrated to politicians and candidates. To verify if this work theory is subject to being concrete, the solid theoretical base exam was developed to comprehend the concept regarding the right to freedom of expression considering, essentially, of four focuses: a) negative and positive freedom; b) instrumental and constructive justification; c) prima facie preferential position; and d) internal and external theory to the limits of the fundamental rights. Furthermore, it is verified to which interpretation the Supreme Federal Court grants this right. Subsequently, these aspects examined were confronted with being applied to the analysis of the Direct Action of Inconstitutionality No. 4.451 ( jornalistic humor on candidature case ). With this, in conjunction with the theorical base developed, I seek to provide an adequate answer to the problem proposed in this work and, thus, verifying if the hypotheses becomes concrete in face of the Brazilian judicial order
O debate sobre os limites da liberdade de expressão sempre esteve presente em diversos âmbitos de discussão (políticos, sociais ou acadêmicos). Não obstante, o que se propõe é a análise da manifestação humorística deste direito quando se volta a políticos, representantes legais do povo, assim problematizado: o humor direcionado a políticos tem limites constitucionais? Neste sentido, a hipótese deste trabalho é que deve haver uma maior tolerância em relação aos excessos comunicativos do humor quando concentrado aos políticos e candidatos. Para verificar se esta hipótese de trabalho é passível de ser concretizada, desenvolveu-se o exame de sólida base teórica para compreender o conceito acerca do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir, essencialmente, de quatro enfoques: a) liberdade negativa e positiva; b) justificação instrumental e construtiva; c) posição preferencial prima facie; e d) teoria interna e externa aos limites dos direitos fundamentais. Ainda, verifica-se qual interpretação o Supremo Tribunal Federal confere a este direito. Em seguida, estes aspectos examinados foram aplicados à análise da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 4.451 ( caso humor jornalístico sobre candidaturas ). Com isso, em conjunto com a base teórica desenvolvida, busco fornecer uma resposta adequada ao problema proposto neste trabalho e verificar, assim, se a hipótese se concretiza frente ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro
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Moosa, Fareed. "The 1996 Constitution and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 : balancing efficient and effective tax administration with taxpayers' rights." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5532.
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Doctor Legum - LLDTaxation is fundamental for development in South Africa (SA), a developing country with an emerging economy in which taxation is essential to capacitate the government so that it can fulfil its mandate under the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution). This mandate includes bringing about socio-economic transformation, part of transformative constitutionalism, through progressively realising socio-economic rights. This dissertation examines the way in which tax administration may take place efficiently and effectively with due respect for taxpayers' rights. A clear link is shown between taxation, human rights and the South African government's responsibilities to attain its transformation targets. To facilitate this process, the Constitution creates a legal framework for the imposition of tax and for the equitable distribution of tax revenue among the three spheres of government. For historical, political and other reasons, South Africans generally, as happens elsewhere in the world, lack a strong culture of voluntary tax compliance. Wilful non-payment of tax is antithetical to the values of democracy, ubuntu and the rule of law. Tax non-compliance minimises revenue collected from taxation. This, in turn, hinders the attainment of transformation in all its facets. A pressing need exists for laws that, on the one hand, promote tax morality and, on the other, strengthen the South African Revenue Service (SARS) so that it can effectively administer SA's national tax system (or grid). To this end, the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) is pivotal. It regulates tax administration, a part of public administration. Under the Constitution, SARS is obliged to execute its functions in a manner respectful of taxpayers' rights and that upholds the Constitution’s values and democratic principles. Consequently, the TAA must strike a fair balance between, on the one hand, protecting taxpayers' rights and, on the other, arming SARS with adequate powers with which it can effectively combat the mischief of tax non-compliance. This dissertation shows that, when viewed through the prism of s 36 of the Bill of Rights (BOR), the powers conferred on SARS by ss 45(1), (2), 63(1) and (4) of the TAA to conduct warrantless inspections and searches, as the case may be, limit taxpayers' rights to, inter alia, privacy. It concludes that, whilst ss 63(1) and (4) ought to pass muster, ss 45(1) and (2) are susceptible to a declaration of invalidity under s 172(1) of the Constitution.
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Dahinten, Augusto Franke. "A prote??o dos consumidores como direito fundamental e as negativas de cobertura em contratos securit?rios : cl?usulas limitativas versus cl?usulas abusivas ? luz da jurisprud?ncia." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6612.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This essay aims to analyze the incidence of consumer law in the insurance contracts, mainly regarding the discussion between the limitative and abusive clauses, in light of the jurisprudence. With this goal, it starts, in the first half, with the analysis of the theoretical fundamentals that underlie the objective of this research. It begins with the presentation of the consumer protection as a fundamental right and its insertion in the Brazilian legislative context. Next, it exams the insurance contracts, its concept, its purpose and importance, its characteristics and features, as well as the actors that figure in the domestic insurance market. Following, are commented some of the most important contractual aspects, including the evolution and the transformations that the Contract Law suffered, the principles that govern the contractual bonds and the main rules related to consumer contractual protection. In the second part, it?s worked on some of the major coverage negatives involving insurance contracts in the light of the national jurisprudence, which is done three stages, subdivided according to the insurance modalities. In each part, it?s worked on the general aspects of each controversy, including the arguments summoned by the parties, followed by the jurisprudential understandings. All with the end goal of analyzing which understandings and fundaments are presented in these kinds of demands.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a incid?ncia do direito do consumidor nos contratos de natureza securit?ria, principalmente no ?mbito da discuss?o entre as cl?usulas limitativas e abusivas, ? luz da jurisprud?ncia. Com esta meta, inicia-se, na primeira parte, com a an?lise dos fundamentos te?ricos que subjazem ao objetivo desta pesquisa. Come?a-se com a apresenta??o da prote??o do consumidor como direito fundamental, analisando-se a sua evolu??o e o seu enquadramento no contexto legislativo brasileiro. Na sequ?ncia, examinam-se os contratos de seguros, seu conceito, sua finalidade e sua import?ncia, seus elementos e caracter?sticas, bem como os atores que comp?em o mercado de seguros nacional. Ap?s, s?o comentados alguns dos mais importantes aspectos contratuais, incluindo a evolu??o e as transforma??es que sofreu o direito dos contratos, os princ?pios que regulam as rela??es contratuais e as principais normas de prote??o contratual dos consumidores. Na segunda parte, s?o trabalhadas algumas das principais negativas de cobertura, envolvendo contratos de seguro, ? luz da jurisprud?ncia p?tria, o que se faz em tr?s etapas, subdivididas conforme as modalidades securit?rias. Em cada parte, s?o trabalhados os aspectos gerais de cada controv?rsia, inclusive com os argumentos invocados em lit?gio pelas partes, seguidos dos entendimentos jurisprudenciais. Tudo com o objetivo final de se analisar quais os entendimentos e fundamentos que s?o apresentados nestas esp?cies de demandas.
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Sheikh, Muhammad Hassan. "Time-Modulated Array Co-Simulation with the Aid of Commercial Software." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13957/.
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This thesis report exhibits an integrated Electromagnetic/Circuit level technique to analyze the time modulated arrays. I restate this work in commercial software which was already developed in CAD domain i.e. combining the exact harmonic balanced based analysis of non-linear switches with the electromagnetic characterization of the radiating elements. In this commercial software I try to perform a full-wave co-simulation to compute the radiated far-field envelope to show the array behavior. Simulation in this new software allows a precise evaluation of several non-linear performance aspects of the radiating system, such as power usage capabilities and the switch modulation frequency boundary.
Secondly I also discuss a TMA wireless power transfer technique which is based on two step procedure. In this case I carry out the full wave co-simulation in this new commercial software to analyze the antenna array with modulated non-linear feeding network. Schottky-diode based network provide proper modulated RF excitations of the array elements. Therefore, the array architecture is extremely simple, if compared to phased arrays, only simple control circuit board.
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Lu, Tyler (Tian). "Fundamental Limitations of Semi-Supervised Learning." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4387.
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The emergence of a new paradigm in machine learning known as semi-supervised learning (SSL) has seen benefits to many applications where labeled data is expensive to obtain. However, unlike supervised learning (SL), which enjoys a rich and deep theoretical foundation, semi-supervised learning, which uses additional unlabeled data for training, still remains a theoretical mystery lacking a sound fundamental understanding. The purpose of this research thesis is to take a first step towards bridging this theory-practice gap.
We focus on investigating the inherent limitations of the benefits SSL can provide over SL. We develop a framework under which one can analyze the potential benefits, as measured by the sample complexity of SSL. Our framework is utopian in the sense that a SSL algorithm trains on a labeled sample and an unlabeled distribution, as opposed to an unlabeled sample in the usual SSL model. Thus, any lower bound on the sample complexity of SSL in this model implies lower bounds in the usual model.
Roughly, our conclusion is that unless the learner is absolutely certain there is some non-trivial relationship between labels and the unlabeled distribution (``SSL type assumption''), SSL cannot provide significant advantages over SL. Technically speaking, we show that the sample complexity of SSL is no more than a constant factor better than SL for any unlabeled distribution, under a no-prior-knowledge setting (i.e. without SSL type assumptions). We prove that for the class of thresholds in the realizable setting the sample complexity of SL is at most twice that of SSL. Also, we prove that in the agnostic setting for the classes of thresholds and union of intervals the sample complexity of SL is at most a constant factor larger than that of SSL. We conjecture this to be a general phenomenon applying to any hypothesis class.
We also discuss issues regarding SSL type assumptions, and in particular the popular cluster assumption. We give examples that show even in the most accommodating circumstances, learning under the cluster assumption can be hazardous and lead to prediction performance much worse than simply ignoring the unlabeled data and doing supervised learning.
We conclude with a look into future research directions that build on our investigation.
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Wu, Ming Chia, and 吳明佳. "Fundamental Transmission Limitations on both Ultra-Dense WDM and Subcarrier Multiplexed CATV Systems." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42fj5e.
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博士國立交通大學
電信工程系所
92
This thesis investigates fiber nonlinearity limitation in both ultra dense wavelength division multiplexing (U-DWDM) digital systems and subcarrier multiplexing analog lightwave transmission systems. The main research results are organized into four parts. First of all, transmission performance of ultra-dense 2.5 and 10 Gbps NRZ IM/DD wavelength division multiplexing systems in various single-mode fibers is investigated. Fundamental limiting factors and their remedies by using optimum dispersion compensation for periodically amplified systems in C-band are presented. Second, we found that the combined effects of self- and external-phase modulations must be considered in order to precisely predict the CSO distortions in a long-distance 1550 nm externally-modulated AM-CATV system, especially when the applied phase modulation index and modulating tone frequency to the integrated phase modulator are high. This result has important implications to the optimum design of 1550 nm transmitter for long-distance AM- and QAM-CATV systems. Third, the validity of using multiple CW tones as the signal source to test the linearity of a multichannel M-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (M-QAM) subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) lightwave system was investigated. We consider the following representative optical fiber system nonlinearities: (1) laser clipping, and (2) the combined effect of laser frequency chirp and fiber dispersion. The results show that, if all orders of nonlinear distortions (NLDs) in a signal bandwidth are included in the total NLD power, the error caused by replacing M-QAM signals with CW tones can be within measurement uncertainty. Finally, a long-distance 1550 nm subcarrier multiplexed lightwave trunk system which transported 78 channels of 64-QAM signals was demonstrated in a recirculating loop experiment. Each channel can achieve a carrier-to-(noise + nonlinear distortion) ratio of 30 dB after 740 km transmission through conventional single-mode fiber without dispersion compensation.
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Toochinda, Varodom. "Fundamental limitations of ANC in one -dimensional ducts using 2 sensors and 1 actuator." 2002. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3039397.
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Active noise control (ANC) has remained a challenging problem in the controls community, even with the rapid development of computers and state-of-the-art digital signal processors (DSP). Despite some limited success in commercial applications, there exists very little published theoretical work that can be used for design purposes. One possible obstacle is that the area of ANC comprises a combination of unrelated backgrounds. In general, a control engineer does not have sufficient knowledge in the physics of acoustics. This may explain why much of the ANC research focuses on adaptive control solutions which does not require deep insight into the acoustics. An adaptive system, however, is nonlinear and has its own open problems. For example, closed-loop stability and achievable performance of an adaptive ANC system cannot be predicted a priori and is generally difficult to analyze. This is the main reason we choose to discuss only linear, fixed-filter ANC systems. In this research we study in detail ANC systems designed to cancel noise in acoustic ducts. Due to the geometry of duct aspect ratio, we can simplify the description of the sound wave propagation along the duct to one-dimensional. Our emphasis is on analysis and design of fixed-controllers using at most two sensors and one actuator. The main thrust of this dissertation is to develop fundamental limitation theories tailored to such duct ANC problems. In particular, we apply the recently developed theories on single-input-two-output (SITO) feedback system. The alignment angle approach is found to be well suited to our ANC setup and has become the main machinery used in the development of stability and performance analysis, as well as in the selection of sensor and actuator locations. We present a new tradeoff between closed-loop stability margins and achievable performance resulting from constraints imposed by certain duct configurations. This inherent limitation can be hard to overcome with one-sensor design schemes such as feedforward controllers prevalently used in ANC literature. We demonstrate via analysis and simulations the advantages of using a two-input-single-output (TISO) controller.
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Rojas, Norman Alejandro Jose. "Feedback control over signal to noise ratio constrained communication channels." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24913.
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The present thesis addresses the problem of stabilisability of a linear time invariant (LTI) output feedback control loop in the presence of a communication link. The communication link itself can be either located between the controller and the plant or between the plant and the controller. The communication link is assumed to be an additive coloured Gaussian noise channel with (or without) bandwidth limitation (memory) in the continuous-(or discrete-)time domain. The requirement for stabilisability of the feedback loop is then characterised as a lower bound on the channel signal to noise ratio (SNR). This lower bound is tight and it will depend on the channel model, plant and channel model NMP zeros, plant time delay and plant unstable poles. Performance requirements are also investigated, by loop shaping in the continuous-time domain, whilst a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control approach is suggested for the discrete-time domain.PhD Doctorate
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Rojas, Norman Alejandro Jose. "Feedback Control over Signal to Noise Ratio Constrained Communication Channels." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24913.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis addresses the problem of stabilisability of a linear time invariant (LTI) output feedback control loop in the presence of a communication link. The communication link itself can be either located between the controller and the plant or between the plant and the controller. The communication link is assumed to be an additive coloured Gaussian noise channel with (or without) bandwidth limitation (memory) in the continuous-(or discrete-)time domain. The requirement for stabilisability of the feedback loop is then characterised as a lower bound on the channel signal to noise ratio (SNR). This lower bound is tight and it will depend on the channel model, plant and channel model NMP zeros, plant time delay and plant unstable poles. Performance requirements are also investigated, by loop shaping in the continuous-time domain, whilst a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control approach is suggested for the discrete-time domain.PhD Doctorate
29
Juh, Yuh Luen, and 祝煜倫. "The Fundamental Limitation of Mellin Transform in Applying to Pattern Recognition." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60682444738243511928.
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碩士中原大學
應用物理學系
84
Vander Lugt相關器已被廣泛使用在圖形辨識的應用上。但是其所能辨識 的圖形則必需和當初製作匹配濾波器時所用的圖形大小相等，否則便無法 達成辨識的目的。為此Casasent發表一序列利用Mellin Transform改進相 關器大小不變性的論文。原理為先將輸入的圖形經由Mellin Transform變 成和原圖形大小無關的圖形後，再輸入相關器做比較，如此即可得到一和 輸入圖形大小無關的相關器。但是Casasent在他的論文中，所使用的輸入 圖形都是具有中空和對稱的圖形，因此在運算過程中，巧妙的規避了 Mellin Transform所具有的基本限制。在我們的實驗中，由於所使用的圖 形為中文字，因此造成辨識上的困難。經由深入的討論後，我們可發現其 困難的來源乃是由於Mellin Trans- form的基本性質所造成的。原因為 Mellin Transform可分解為兩個步驟來完成。第一個步驟為對數轉換，而 第二個步驟為傅立葉轉換。在上述的兩個步驟中，要是使大小不同的兩個 圖形相等，只有在對數轉換這個步驟才有可能完成。但是要完成此一轉換 ，則必需小心的將不同大小的圖形移至不同的位置，才有可能完成 Mellin Transform。而此一特性則給于 Mellin Transform一個基本的限 制。我們提出一個和Casasent不同的架構去應用Mellin Transform，以改 進相關器的大小不變性。雖然此一架構無法移除Mellin Transform的基本 限制，但是辨識率卻比Casasent的架構更成功。 The Vander Lugt correlator has been widely used to perform pattern recognition. However , if the input pattern is different in size from the pattern stored in memory then the recognition is almost impossible . Casasent has published a series of articles in which he claimed size-invariant pattern recognition can be achieved by using Mellin transform to preprocess both the input and the stored patterns. The Vander Lugt correlator is then applied to the preprocessed patterns. This thesis investi- gates his claim by using more complicated patterns such as Chi- nese characters. The results were totally unsuccessful. Upon further analysis, it has been found that the limitation of Mellin transform is inherent in nature, which is detailed as follows. The Mellin transform is composed of two steps. The first step is log transform of the original object, while the second step is the Fourier transform of the log- transformed object. In these two steps, the only step possible making different-size objects identical is the log- transformation. In order to achieve this identical transformation, one must be careful in placing the different size objects with respect to each other in the coordinate space. Thus, this operation imposes the limitation on the cases that the Mellin transform can help in achieving scale- invariant pattern recognition. We then propose an alternate scheme by centering the objects then applying the Vander Lugt Correlator directly on the log-trans- formed pattern. Although we were unable to remove the fundamental limitation imposed by the Mellin transform, we have found that the result is more successful than the Casasent's scheme.
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Van, Heerden Cornelia Maritha. "Invloed van die grondwet op die bewyslas in die lasterreg." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16302.
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Summaries in Afrikaans and EnglishText in Afrikaans
Die siviele lasterreg word gekenmerk deur verdeeldheid aangaande bewyspligtigheid. 'n Unieke situasie doen horn voor: weerlegbare regsvermoedens van onregmatigheid en animus iniuriandi word opgevolg deur verskeie regsverdigingsgronde. Bykomend hiertoe stel die Grondwet die vereiste van konstitusionele regverdiging vir beperkings op fundamentele regte. 'n Oorsig oor die regspraak in sowel die voorgrondwetlike - as na-grondwetlike bedeling, dui op 'n versuim deur die howe om behoorlik aandag te skenk aan die bewyspligtigheidsgevolge van die regverskynsels wat hulself in die lasterreg voordoen. In hierdie verhandeling word bewyspligtigheid in lastersake krities ondersoek om vas te stel of dit die reg korrek weerspieel en om 'n werkbare bewyslasformule vir lasteraksies in 'n konstitusionele litigasie te vind. Daar word voorgestel dat die probleem opgelos word deur 'n tweefase-benadering: Die eiser moet in die eerste fase die omvang van sy reg bewys en dat daarop inbreuk gemaak is. In die tweede fase moet die verweerder sy regverdigingsgronde bewys, asook dat dit konstitusioneel regverdigbaar is.
The civil law of defamation is marked by discord regarding onus of proof. A unique situation evidences itself: rebuttable presumptions of law concerning unlawfulness and animus iniuriandi are followed by various grounds of justification. In addition thereto the Constitution sets the requirement of constitutional justification for limitations on fundamental rights. An overview of case law in the pre-constitutional as well as the post-constitutional dispensation, indicates a failure by the courts to pay proper attention to the evidentiary consequences of the legal phenomena found in the law of defamation. In this dissertation onus of proof in defamation cases is critically examined to ascertain whether it reflects the law correctly and to find a workable "onus of proof" -formula for defamation cases in a constitutional dispensation. It is suggested that the problem be solved by a two stage approach: in the first phase, the plaintiff must prove the extent of his right and the encroachment thereof . In the second phase the defendant must prove his grounds of justification and show that they are constitutionally justifiable.
Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL.M.
31
Taba, Lucas Makomane. "Measuring the successful implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC) in the South African post office." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1506.
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Measuring the success of Activity Based Costing (ABC) is part of a more general challenge of measuring the success of any major change in managerial methods. The past thirteen years have seen accelerated rates of change in the South African Post Office (SAPO). However little is known about `'Measuring the successful implementation of ABC in (SAPO)''.
The objectives of this study is to research the perceptions of staff regarding the successful implementation of ABC, the benefits of ABC implementation and the conditions that affect the potential benefits from the successful implementation of ABC. This will allow organisations and provide them with relevant information that will enable them to make better decisions with regard to measuring the successful implementation of ABC.
To achieve these objectives a questionnaire was prepared and handed out to the finance staff of the SAPO. They were asked to respond to the questionnaire on their experience and their perceptions on the implementation of ABC. 121 questionnaire were returned generating a 38% response rate.
The findings in this study highlighted that top management fails in giving active support to the implementation of ABC and the technical factors were perceived as standing in the way of the successful implementation of ABC. These were training, the high cost of implementing ABC, the lack of software packages, the lack of data requirements and co-operation between departments.
From the finding the recommendation was made were general strategies were suggested for the SAPO for measuring the successful implementation of ABC.Business Management
M.Tech. (Business Administration)
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Bimpong-Buta, S. Y. 1940. "The role of the Supreme Court in the development of constitutional law in Ghana." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2386.
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The theme running through this dissertation is intended to prove that the Supreme Court has a role to play in the promotion, enforcement and sustenance of a proper democratic system of government, good governance and fundamental human rights and freedoms in Ghana.
The Study would therefore address the role of the Supreme Court in the development of Constitutional Law in Ghana, with particular emphasis on the court's contribution to the underlying concepts of the Fourth Republican Constitution of 1992; the guiding principles of constitutional interpretation and the vexed issue of whether the court should adopt a mechanical and literal approach to the interpretation of the Constitution or adopt a liberal, beneficent and purposive approach. The Supreme Court has asserted in the locus classicus decision: Tuffuor v Attorney-General [1980] GLR 637 that the 1979 Constitution as the supreme law, must be construed as a living political document capable of growth. Is there any evidence now to support that claim?
The study shall also investigate the question of the power of the Supreme Court to review legislative and executive action. We shall also examine the role of the Supreme Court in the interpretation and enforcement of the Constitution and Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms in relation to the rights and obligations of the individual and the State with the view to achieving good governance. The 1992 Constitution itself is founded on the premise that there are limitations to the enjoyment of fundamental human rights and freedoms. What is the extent of such limitations as determined by the Supreme Court?
What has been the Supreme Court's contribution to the sustenance of political stability and democratic governance and, especially, in matters relating to coup d'etats and to enforcement of the Constitution itself as distinct from the enforcement of fundamental human rights and freedoms? Has the Supreme Court power to enforce the Constitution and the existing law where there is proven case of injustice and illegality? Has the Supreme Court power to enforce Directive Principles of State Policy as formulated in chapter 6 of the 1992 Ghana Constitution?Jurisprudence
LL.D.