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Journal articles on the topic 'Fundamental chemistry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

KATO, Masayoshi. "Fundamental chemistry of etching." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 38, no. 5 (1987): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.38.172.

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2

MATSUMOTO, Osamu. "Fundamental aspects of plasma chemistry." Jitsumu Hyomen Gijutsu 34, no. 10 (1987): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1970.34.379.

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3

LÜ, Ping, and Yanguang WANG. "Stereoelectronic Effects in Fundamental Organic Chemistry." University Chemistry 33, no. 12 (2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx201811001.

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4

ISHIKAWA, Masamichi. "Fundamental Physics and Chemistry under Microgravity." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 107, no. 1025 (2004): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.107.1025_258.

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5

Canac, Yves. "Carbon Ligands: From Fundamental Aspects to Applications." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082132.

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6

Chaloner, Penny A. "Organotransition metal chemistry; fundamental concepts and applications." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 317, no. 1 (December 1986): C17—C18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(00)99355-0.

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7

ROSS, LINDA. "UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY NSF to promote fundamental changes." Chemical & Engineering News 71, no. 21 (May 24, 1993): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n021.p004.

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8

S, S. J. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts and Applications." Journal of Molecular Structure 172 (February 1988): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(88)87036-4.

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9

Skull, Alan. "Eurozone crisis, green chemistry, and fundamental research." Focus on Surfactants 2012, no. 9 (September 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4210(12)70237-8.

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10

Krebs, Bernt, and Jan Reedijk. "Bioinorganic Chemistry - From Fundamental Research to Applications." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 639, no. 8-9 (July 2013): 1295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201310001.

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11

Mataga, N. "Development of exciplex chemistry: Some fundamental aspects." Pure and Applied Chemistry 69, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199769040729.

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12

Agostinelli, E., M. P. M. Marques, R. Calheiros, F. P. S. C. Gil, G. Tempera, N. Viceconte, V. Battaglia, S. Grancara, and A. Toninello. "Polyamines: fundamental characters in chemistry and biology." Amino Acids 38, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0396-7.

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13

Маммино, Лилиана, and Liliana Mammino. "Interdisciplinarity as a key to green chemistry education and education for sustainable development." Safety in Technosphere 7, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b5f0a8eb0c255.92407680.

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Green chemistry is the chemists’ contribution to sustainable development — a contribution whose fundamental role derives from the fundamental role of chemistry for development, embracing nearly all forms of industry and nearly all products used in everyday life. The ‘development’ concept entails a myriad of components related to various disciplines; pursuing sustainable development requires careful attention to all the aspects of each component. Green chemistry interfaces with all the areas of chemistry: organic chemistry, because most substances used in the chemical industry are organic; chemical engineering, because of the need to design new production processes; computational chemistry, because its role in the design of new substances with desired properties is apt for the design of new environmentally benign substances; and many others. Their inherently interdisciplinary nature needs to be reflected in the education for sustainable development and in green chemistry education at all levels of instruction, for learners to mature a comprehensive and realistic vision. The paper highlights the importance of such interdisciplinary outlooks and considers a number of illustrative examples.
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14

Clark, Timothy, and Martin G. Hicks. "Models of necessity." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (July 13, 2020): 1649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.137.

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The way chemists represent chemical structures as two-dimensional sketches made up of atoms and bonds, simplifying the complex three-dimensional molecules comprising nuclei and electrons of the quantum mechanical description, is the everyday language of chemistry. This language uses models, particularly of bonding, that are not contained in the quantum mechanical description of chemical systems, but has been used to derive machine-readable formats for storing and manipulating chemical structures in digital computers. This language is fuzzy and varies from chemist to chemist but has been astonishingly successful and perhaps contributes with its fuzziness to the success of chemistry. It is this creative imagination of chemical structures that has been fundamental to the cognition of chemistry and has allowed thought experiments to take place. Within the everyday language, the model nature of these concepts is not always clear to practicing chemists, so that controversial discussions about the merits of alternative models often arise. However, the extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in chemistry, with the aim of being able to make reliable predictions, will require that these models be extended to cover all relevant properties and characteristics of chemical systems. This, in turn, imposes conditions such as completeness, compactness, computational efficiency and non-redundancy on the extensions to the almost universal Lewis and VSEPR bonding models. Thus, AI and ML are likely to be important in rationalizing, extending and standardizing chemical bonding models. This will not affect the everyday language of chemistry but may help to understand the unique basis of chemical language.
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15

Ruette, F., C. Gonzalez, and A. Octavio. "Fundamental properties of parametric functionals in quantum chemistry." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 537, no. 1-3 (March 2001): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00659-x.

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16

Muroya, Yusa. "Future prospects of fundamental study on water chemistry." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 61, no. 4 (2019): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.61.4_322.

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17

Wentrup, Curt. "Carbenes and Nitrenes: Recent Developments in Fundamental Chemistry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, no. 36 (September 3, 2018): 11508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804863.

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18

Vickers, Andrew J., and Hans Lilja. "Cutpoints in Clinical Chemistry: Time for Fundamental Reassessment." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.114694.

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19

Komiya, S. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry from Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances. Part 1. Fundamentals of Organotransition Metal Chemistry: Concepts of Chemical Bonding." International Polymer Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (March 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1604300301.

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20

Cekovic, Zivorad. "Challenges for chemical sciences in the 21st century." Chemical Industry 58, no. 4 (2004): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0404151c.

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Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed very significantly in the last half century. From classical sciences they have broadened their scope into biology, medicine, physics, material science, nanotechnology, computation and advanced methods of process engineering and control. The applications of chemical compounds, materials and knowledge have also dramatically increased. The development of chemical sciences in the scientifically most advanced countries, at the end of the last century was extrapolated to the next several decades in this review and challenges for chemists and chemical engineers are described. Research, discovery and invention across the entire spectrum of activities in the chemical sciences, from fundamental molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology are summarized. The strong integration of chemical science and engineering into all other natural sciences, agriculture, environmental science, medicine, as well as into physics, material science and information technology is discussed. Some challenges for chemists and chemical engineers are reviewed in the following fields: i) synthesis and manufacturing of chemical products, ii) chemistry for medicine and biology, iii) new materials, iv) chemical and physical transformations of materials, v) chemistry in the solving of energy problems (generation and savings), vi) environmental chemistry: fundamental and practical challenges.
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21

Garza-Velasco, Raúl, Sylvia Patricia Garza-Manero, and Luis Manuel Perea-Mejía. "Microbiota intestinal: aliada fundamental del organismo humano. Gut microbiota: our fundamental allied." Educación Química 32, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2021.1.75734.

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<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La microbiota intestinal desempeña relevantes funciones mediante las cuales contribuye directa o indirectamente a la estabilidad del organismo humano; actualmente su papel es incuestionable en la modulación del sistema inmune, la regulación del sistema nervioso, la síntesis de vitaminas, la defensa del intestino y el movimiento peristáltico.</p><p>Las nuevas herramientas de la biología molecular han sido determinantes para la revelación de los sorprendentes hallazgos publicados en los últimos lustros, los cuales han dado origen a términos y frases tales como “psicobióticos”, “un órgano adicional del humano”, “el segundo cerebro” y “el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro”.</p><p>Por otra parte, el desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal se traduce en la generación o agravamiento de diversas enfermedades crónicas, entre las que destacan la obesidad, diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad inflamatoria del intestino, síndrome metabólico, depresión, ansiedad.</p><p>De aquí que la comunidad científica se encuentre trabajando intensamente en el conocimiento de su composición y en el impacto de la proporción o ausencia de las principales especies en el funcionamiento global de la microbiota intestinal y, consecuentemente, del organismo humano.</p><p>La presente revisión contribuye a la actualización del tema “Microbiota Habitual” que se imparte en las carreras de Química Farmacéutico Biólogo, Química de Alimentos y carreras afines.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The gut microbiota plays relevant functions in the human organism, contributing directly or indirectly to its homeostasis. To name a few, it participates in the immune and the nervous system modulation, the vitamins synthesis, the gut defence and the peristaltic movement.</p><p>Novel molecular biology techniques have been determinant to reveal amazing findings in recent years, and now the authors use terms and phrases such as “psychobiotics”, “an additional human tissue”, “the second brain”, and “the microbiota-gut-brain axis”, when referring to the gut microbiota functions.</p><p>In contrast, misregulation of gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenicity of chronical diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, gut inflammatory disease, depression and anxiety, among others. Therefore, it is important to investigate the gut microbiota composition and the individual contribution of each specie to the gut microbiota function, and subsequently, to the human organism physiology.</p><p>This review article summarizes recent contributions in the field, suitable when teaching the theme of “Habitual Microbiota” in the Biological Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Food Chemistry, and related bachelor degrees.</p>
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22

Vaccaro, Luigi, Massimo Curini, Francesco Ferlin, Daniela Lanari, Assunta Marrocchi, Oriana Piermatti, and Valeria Trombettoni. "Definition of green synthetic tools based on safer reaction media, heterogeneous catalysis, and flow technology." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0409.

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AbstractGreen/Sustainable Chemistry is the scientific platform where chemists are contributing from different areas to develop modern and efficient processes aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of chemical production. To reach these goals scientists, from both academia and industry, need to strongly focus their fundamental and innovative research towards the application of modern principles of Green Chemistry. In this contribution a description of our efforts in this direction is presented.
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23

Watson, Allan J. B. "The Problem with Problems: Fundamental to Applied Research Using Palladium." Synlett 31, no. 13 (May 5, 2020): 1244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690904.

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This Account describes the development of our cross-coupling and medicinal chemistry research from its origins at the outset of my independent career through to the present day. Throughout, the decisions and motivations as well as the mistakes and pitfalls are discussed.1 Introduction2 Hobbies and Interests3 Scooped before Starting4 Opportunity from Collaboration5 Chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling6 Applications to the Medicinal Chemistry Campaign7 Autotaxin and Heterocycle Synthesis8 ATX Hybrids and Pd(II) Speciation9 Conclusions
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24

Tokunaga, Yuji. "Boroxine Chemistry: From Fundamental Studies to Applications in Supramolecular and Synthetic Organic Chemistry." HETEROCYCLES 87, no. 5 (2013): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/rev-13-767.

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25

Vasilevsky, S. F., and A. A. Stepanov. "FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF ACETYLENYLQUINONES." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 4 (February 27, 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2019/4/266.

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In addition to the reported synthetic routes for the acetylene derivatives of quinones, a detailed analysis of the fundamental chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of this class of compounds is presented herein. The advantages of Pd- and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with iodarenes via the Sonogashira reaction to produce new acetylenylquinones with predetermined properties are examined. Here, combining quinoid and acetylene residues into one molecule gives the resulting compounds chemical specificity, as demonstrated by several reported examples of non-trivial transformations. In particular, the presence of the quinoid cycle significantly increases the electrophilicity of the triple bond and determines the range of transformation possibilities. Moreover, acetylenylquinones have heightened sensitivity to both external (such as the reaction temperature and the nature of the solvent) and internal (e.g., the structure of substituents in the nucleus and the acetylene fragment) factors. For example, regioselective cleavage of a strong triple bond under the action of amines is possible in the absence of a metal catalyst. Peri-substituted acetylenyl-9,10-anthraquinones are most suited for the synthetic route because of the proximity of the acetylene and carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of reactions of selective alkynylquinones are described.
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26

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry-From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 88, no. 7 (2015): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.270.

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27

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry - From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 88, no. 8 (2015): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.329.

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28

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry - From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 88, no. 10 (2015): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.418.

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29

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry - From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 88, no. 12 (2015): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.479.

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30

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry - From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 89, no. 2 (2016): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.89.42.

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31

KOMIYA, Sanshiro. "Organotransition Metal Chemistry - From Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 89, no. 3 (2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.89.73.

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32

Fenselau, Catherine. "The 2013 Fundamental and Applied Reviews in Analytical Chemistry." Analytical Chemistry 85, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac303593q.

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33

Personick, Michelle L., Matthew M. Montemore, Efthimios Kaxiras, Robert J. Madix, Juergen Biener, and Cynthia M. Friend. "Catalyst design for enhanced sustainability through fundamental surface chemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2061 (February 28, 2016): 20150077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0077.

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Decreasing energy consumption in the production of platform chemicals is necessary to improve the sustainability of the chemical industry, which is the largest consumer of delivered energy. The majority of industrial chemical transformations rely on catalysts, and therefore designing new materials that catalyse the production of important chemicals via more selective and energy-efficient processes is a promising pathway to reducing energy use by the chemical industry. Efficiently designing new catalysts benefits from an integrated approach involving fundamental experimental studies and theoretical modelling in addition to evaluation of materials under working catalytic conditions. In this review, we outline this approach in the context of a particular catalyst—nanoporous gold (npAu)—which is an unsupported, dilute AgAu alloy catalyst that is highly active for the selective oxidative transformation of alcohols. Fundamental surface science studies on Au single crystals and AgAu thin-film alloys in combination with theoretical modelling were used to identify the principles which define the reactivity of npAu and subsequently enabled prediction of new reactive pathways on this material. Specifically, weak van der Waals interactions are key to the selectivity of Au materials, including npAu. We also briefly describe other systems in which this integrated approach was applied.
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34

Blomberg, Margareta R. A. "How quantum chemistry can solve fundamental problems in bioenergetics." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 115, no. 18 (January 24, 2015): 1197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.24868.

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35

Comisarow, Melvin B. "Fundamental aspects of FT-ICR and applications to chemistry." Hyperfine Interactions 81, no. 1-4 (1993): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00567261.

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36

Evans, William. "Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Organo-f-Element Chemistry." Organometallics 5, no. 3 (March 1986): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00134a903.

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37

Rasmussen, Søren B., and Billie L. Abrams. "Fundamental chemistry of V-SCR catalysts at elevated temperatures." Catalysis Today 297 (November 2017): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.056.

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38

Randall Creighton, J., George T. Wang, and Michael E. Coltrin. "Fundamental chemistry and modeling of group-III nitride MOVPE." Journal of Crystal Growth 298 (January 2007): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.10.060.

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39

Seddon, Kenneth R. "Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Organo-f-Element Chemistry;." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 301, no. 2 (February 1986): C38—C39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(86)80024-9.

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40

Lillford, Peter J. "Physical chemistry of food processes vol. 1: Fundamental aspects." Trends in Food Science & Technology 4, no. 4 (April 1993): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90095-r.

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41

Seidler, Peter. "Seven Well Known Fundamental Flaws against Innovations in Construction Chemistry." Key Engineering Materials 466 (January 2011): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.466.15.

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Construction chemistry is underdeveloped compared to other chemical branches. Innovation is realized by new products, improved pro¬cesses or / and more efficient organization. Innovation becomes evident when a noticeable progress is achieved by implementing changes. There are seven fundamental hindrances or flaws possible which are briefly considered. The state-of-the-art must be known. Innovation is measured in comparison to this state-of-the-art. If this level is not yet attained, progress is easily realized by introducing the actual knowledge. The realization is measured according to qualitative or preferably quantitative bench¬marks. Unfortunately, this is not currently done in the field of construction chemistry. Before benchmarking starts, communication based on truth and trust must be effective. The available scientific me¬tho¬dology must be known. Benchmarking will possibly show deficiencies in education and training. This will stress the need for adequate trans¬parency to improve efficiency. Hope¬ful¬ly, a self-regulating process improving pro-ducts and processes will be created in this way.
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42

Mohr, Peter J. "The fundamental constants and theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1834 (July 28, 2005): 2123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1641.

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The Committee on Data for Science and Technology has recently recommended a new self-consistent set of values of basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry. These values are based on a least-squares analysis that takes into account all of the latest relevant experimental and theoretical information in a consistent framework. Theory plays a role, because the experimental data are compared to the corresponding theoretical predictions which are functions of the fundamental constants. The best values of the constants are taken to be those that give the best agreement between the data and these predictions, in the least-squares sense. An overview of the calculations that influence the recommended values of the constants will be given.
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43

Fergus, Suzanne, and Geeta Hitch. "Assessing the status of fundamental chemistry knowledge Using a visually displayed chemistry diagnostic test." New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, no. 10 (June 1, 2014): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/ndtps.v0i10.517.

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Students in the classroom may possess varying levels of knowledge and understanding of fundamental chemical concepts so it is necessary to ascertain if any misalignment exists with their expected prior knowledge; if left un-addressed, such misalignment may create difficulties for students beyond the first year of their undergraduate study. The aim of this initial diagnostic test study is to assess students' knowledge of basic concepts in chemistry that underpin the science of patient safety in pharmacy practice using a novel approach which enables a variety of question types. Adiagnostic test using Microsoft PowerPoint© consisting of 40 individually timed questions was presented to an entire cohort of Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree programme undergraduate students in both the first year (n = 163) and third year (n = 118). The questions ranged from basic chemical nomenclature to more complex areas such as stereochemistry. Our results showed that the third year undergraduates performed significantly better than those in their first year (p ≤ 0.004) with both cohorts performing well in the basic questions such as recognition of elements and bonding. However, a more in-depth analysis of the questions indicated areas such as chemical structures and mole calculations that caused difficulty for both cohorts. This test highlights problem areas in fundamental chemistry concepts which students find difficult either tograsp or to solve, and as such it serves as a useful diagnostic tool enabling a more targeted approach to teaching.
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44

Armentrout, P. B., and J. L. Beauchamp. "The chemistry of atomic transition-metal ions: insight into fundamental aspects of organometallic chemistry." Accounts of Chemical Research 22, no. 9 (September 1989): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar00165a004.

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45

Fergus, Suzanne, and Geeta Hitch. "Assessing the Status of Fundamental Chemistry Knowledge Using a Visually Displayed Chemistry Diagnostic Test." New Directions 10, no. 1 (June 2014): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/ndir.2014.00018.

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46

McNaught, Ian J., and Gavin D. Peckham. "Two fundamental constants." Journal of Chemical Education 64, no. 12 (December 1987): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed064p999.

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47

Brinn, Ira M. "Fundamental vibrational frequency correlation." Journal of Molecular Structure 176 (May 1988): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(88)80243-6.

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48

Khaeruman, Khaeruman, and Hulyadi Hulyadi. "DEVELOPING INTERACTIVE FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY MULTIMEDIA IN GROWING GENERIC SKILL FOR TEACHER TRAINING STUDENTS." Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v4i1.46.

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Chemistry investigates interactions and reactions of particles as atom, ion, molecule, and their tendencies. Interactions occurred are so abstract that make them become difficult to be observed and documented. This becomes a problem in learning chemistry. It happens due to the separation of macroscopic and microscopic concepts. In fact, to be able to obtain the concept of chemistry as whole requires learning model which can integrate three aspects namely macroscopic, symbolic-conducted through practicum, and microscopic-conducted through modeling interactive media. This study aimed to developed interactive learning media for fundamental chemistry class. This study belongs to Educational Research and Development. In general, there were three steps conducted by the researcher namely analyzing, designing, and developing. Data obtained from this study was in the form of qualitative data consisted of suggestions and responses in likert scale. Validations result in interactive multimedia appearance showed that the average 85 was obtained-this was indicated as very good, in materials appropriateness the average 84 was obtained-this was indicated as good, and in programming appropriateness the average 85 was obtained-this was indicated as very good. The result in small group showed that interactive multimedia development was categorized as very good. This proven by the percentage appropriateness was 93.14%. Further, the researcher hopes that the product of this study can be useful in improving interest, motivation, and concept understanding of chemistry teacher training students so that they can relate learning material to real world in order to conduct meaningful learning.
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49

Ni, Xiaomin, and W. K. Chow. "Fundamental Suppression Chemistry of Clean Fire Suppressing Agents: A Review." Journal of Applied Fire Science 21, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 223–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/af.21.3.e.

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50

Cox, Robin A. "A Greatly Under-Appreciated Fundamental Principle of Physical Organic Chemistry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2011): 8316–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12128316.

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