Journal articles on the topic 'Fundamental Causes of Death'
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1
Choprapawon, C., Y. Porapakkham, O. Sablon, R. Panjajaru, and B. Jhantharatat. "Thailand's National Death Registration Reform: Verifying the Causes of Death between July 1997 and December 1999." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 17, no. 2 (July 2005): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950501700209.
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A fundamental aspect of public health is the accuracy of death certification. Assessing the death registration system is a step toward improving the quality of death reporting. Thailand implemented a more rigorous and informative pilot death registration system in March 2001 in 18 provinces, followed by nationwide implementation in August 2003. Since Thailand is an industrializing nation, its experiences will be of interest to other developing nations planning similar reforms. The causes of all deaths in the 15 provincial pilot projects (of Thailand's 76 provinces) and a random sampling in Bangkok were investigated between July 1997 and December 1999. Health workers interviewed close relatives and three medical doctors reviewed hospital records to verify the causes of death. We were able to interview 78% of the relatives ( i.e. 47,632 in number). Three-quarters (76%) of the deceased had sought prior medical care; 41% died in hospital and 54% at home. The overall agreement between the causes of death in our survey vs. that reported on the death certificate was 29%. The highest agreement was for: III-defined' causes (33%), 'Cancer and Tumors' (17%), 'External Causes' (16%), and 'Infectious Diseases' (10%). Considering the different patterns among age groups and sex, hypertension with stroke, cancer of the liver and bile duct, and HIV infection, were the highest ranking causes among females. Infectious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), hypertension with stroke and accidents, were the leading causes of deaths among males. External causes were highest among children and young adults. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005; 17(2): 110-116.
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Anderson, James R. "Chimpanzees and death." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1754 (July 16, 2018): 20170257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0257.
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Information about responses to death in nonhuman primates is important for evolutionary thanatology. This paper reviews the major causes of death in chimpanzees, and how these apes respond to cues related to dying and death. Topics covered include disease, human activities, predation, accidents and intra-species aggression and cannibalism. Chimpanzees also kill and sometimes eat other species. It is argued that, given their cognitive abilities, their experiences of death in conspecifics and other species are likely to equip chimpanzees with an understanding of death as cessation of function and irreversible. Whether they might understand that death is inevitable—including their own death, and biological causes of death is also discussed. As well as gathering more fundamental information about responses to dying and death, researchers should pay attention to possible cultural variations in how great apes deal with death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.
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Durante, Alessandro, Pietro L. Laforgia, Andrea Aurelio, Giovanni Foglia-Manzillo, Sofia Bronzato, Mauro Santarone, and Giovanni Corrado. "Sudden cardiac death in the young: the bogeyman." Cardiology in the Young 25, no. 3 (September 17, 2014): 408–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114001723.
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AbstractSudden cardiac death in the young is a relatively uncommon but marked event usually related to congenital diseases or anomalies. Despite the prevalence of each condition being variable, most common causes include primary myocardial diseases and arrhythmic disorder, frequently with inheritance pattern. Sudden cardiac death is usually preceded by symptoms, thus making personal and family history fundamental for its prevention. Nevertheless, in more than 50% of cases, sudden cardiac death is the first manifestation of the disease. In this review, we describe the different causes of sudden cardiac death, their incidence, and currently used preventive strategies.
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Paganelli, Christina R., Nicholas Kassebaum, Kathleen Strong, Parminder S. Suchdev, Wieger Voskuijl, Quique Bassat, Dianna M. Blau, and Donna M. Denno. "Guidance for Systematic Integration of Undernutrition in Attributing Cause of Death in Children." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, Supplement_5 (December 15, 2021): S374—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab851.
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Abstract Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is increasingly being used to better understand causes of death in low-resource settings. Undernutrition (eg, wasting, stunting) is prevalent among children globally and yet not consistently coded or uniformly included on death certificates in MITS studies when present. Consistent and accurate attribution of undernutrition is fundamental to understanding its contribution to child deaths. In May 2020, members of the MITS Alliance Cause of Death Technical Working Group convened a panel of experts in public health, child health, nutrition, infectious diseases, and MITS to develop guidance for systematic integration of undernutrition, as assessed by anthropometry, in cause of death coding, including as part of the causal chain or as a contributing condition, in children <5 years of age. The guidance presented here will support MITS and other researchers, public health practitioners, and clinicians with a systematic approach to assigning and interpreting undernutrition in death certification.
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Futterman, LG, and L. Lemberg. "Sudden cardiac death--preventable--reversible." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.6.472.
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SCD is defined as unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occurs within 1 hour of acute symptoms. SCD can be reversed with the use of an ICD. These devices now can be implanted by catheter techniques, obviating thoracotomy. SCD is preventable. The incidence of SCD can be significantly reduced by addressing the fundamental pathophysiology of SCD, which primarily is CAD. Our combined and aggressive implementation of preventive regimens to reduce the risk of cardiac events will save lives. These measures include diet, weight reduction, smoking cessation, regular exercise, and therapeutic drugs. Amiodarone, although effective in preventing lethal ventricular arrhythmias, has not matched the long-term results of the ICD in the successful management of SCD.
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Lau, G. "Amniotic Fluid Embolism as a Cause of Sudden Maternal Death." Medicine, Science and the Law 34, no. 3 (July 1994): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400305.
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The aetiology of amniotic fluid embolism has remained very much an enigma, although recent evidence points towards a combination of a severe haemodynamic disturbance, consisting of transient pulmonary hypertension, profound hypoxia and left ventricular failure, followed by secondary coagulopathy in about 40 per cent of patients who survive the initial event. Leucotrienes, prostaglandins and other vasoactive substances contained in amniotic fluid are postulated to play a fundamental role in its pathogenesis. In addition, amniotic fluid is also thought to possess thromboplastin-like properties. In common with all other causes of maternal death, it warrants a thorough and careful medico-legal investigation.
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Ohnishi, Takashi, Norimasa Iwasaki, and Hideki Sudo. "Causes of and Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Review." Cells 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11030394.
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Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a pathological condition that can lead to intractable back pain or secondary neurological deficits. There is no fundamental cure for this condition, and current treatments focus on alleviating symptoms indirectly. Numerous studies have been performed to date, and the major strategy for all treatments of IVDD is to prevent cell loss due to programmed or regulated cell death. Accumulating evidence suggests that several types of cell death other than apoptosis, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, are also involved in IVDD. In this study, we discuss the molecular pathway of each type of cell death and review the literature that has identified their role in IVDD. We also summarize the recent advances in targeted therapy at the RNA level, including RNA modulations through RNA interference and regulation of non-coding RNAs, for preventing cell death and subsequent IVDD. Therefore, we review the causes and possible therapeutic targets for RNA intervention and discuss the future direction of this research field.
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Miech, Richard, Fred Pampel, Jinyoung Kim, and Richard G. Rogers. "The Enduring Association between Education and Mortality." American Sociological Review 76, no. 6 (July 7, 2011): 913–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122411411276.
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This article examines how educational disparities in mortality emerge, grow, decline, and disappear across causes of death in the United States, and how these changes contribute to the enduring association between education and mortality over time. Focusing on adults age 40 to 64 years, we first examine the extent to which educational disparities in mortality persisted from 1989 to 2007. We then test the fundamental cause prediction that educational disparities in mortality persist, in part, by shifting to new health outcomes over time. We focus on the period from 1999 to 2007, when all causes of death were coded to the same classification system. Results indicate (1) substantial widening and narrowing of educational disparities in mortality across causes of death, (2) almost all causes of death with increasing mortality rates also had widening educational disparities, and (3) the total educational disparity in mortality would be about 25 percent smaller today if not for newly emergent and growing educational disparities since 1999. These results point to the theoretical and policy importance of identifying social forces that cause health disparities to widen over time.
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Brämer, G. R. "Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases — In Progress." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, S1 (May 1988): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295585.
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Classification is fundamental to science and a standard classification of diseases and injury is essential for the systematic statistical study of illness and death. This was recognised as early as the seventeenth century when such studies started and in 1853 Dr William Farr of London and Marc d'Espine of Geneva were entrusted with the task of preparing ‘a uniform nomenclature of causes of death applicable to all countries’. This led eventually to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). In 1948, when the World Health Organization (WHO) was created, the newborn agency was asked to review and revise the classification regularly. The ICD is now undergoing its tenth revision.
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Cohen, Marta C., and Irene Scheimberg. "Forensic Aspects of Perinatal Deaths." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 452–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362118797725.
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From a forensic pathologist’s perspective, there are several aspects of the perinatal postmortem that are particularly important. If a fetus is found abandoned, the pathologist needs to ascertain the fetal age, the appropriateness of growth, if the baby was born alive or dead, and the possible causes of death. In cases of litigation for perinatal deaths occurring in hospitals, access to the obstetric and neonatal notes (if the baby is born alive and dies a few hours or days later) is fundamental to reach a correct interpretation and conclusion. The most important points to consider in cases of intrapartum death are the roles of asphyxia and trauma in the causation of the baby’s death. Timing of the fetal death in relation to delivery may also be an important point in these cases. Finally, intrapartum lesions should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of possible child abuse in babies aged two months or less.
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Nichols, Larry, and Brandon Chew. "Causes of sudden unexpected death of adult hospital patients." Journal of Hospital Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 28, 2012): 706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhm.1980.
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Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine. "Maternal alcohol-use disorder is associated with increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome and infant death from other causes." Evidence Based Nursing 17, no. 2 (August 30, 2013): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2013-101376.
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Terleira-Fernández, Ana, Ramón Lecumberri, Mª Suárez-Gea, Gonzalo Calvo-Rojas, Emilio Vargas-Castrillón, and Antonio Gómez-Outes. "Causes of Death in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism Anticoagulated with Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 44, no. 04 (May 3, 2018): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642644.
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AbstractDeath is more frequent than nonfatal recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding after acute VTE. The analysis of the causes of death is fundamental to explore new strategies to reduce mortality rates in these patients. The authors performed a meta-analysis to analyze mortality and independently adjudicated causes of death in anticoagulated patients due to VTE, and to evaluate potential differences between different anticoagulant schemes. They searched MEDLINE and CENTRAL, from January 1, 2000, to January 31, 2017, and performed additional searches in Web sites of regulatory agencies, clinical trial registers, and conference proceedings. Two investigators independently selected studies and extracted the data. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized studies. Seven prospective randomized trials in 29,844 patients (22,025 patient-year follow-up) were included, comparing dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban with the standard anticoagulant treatment of VTE. A total of 718 patients died during the follow-up (3.4% per year; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–4.8). The most frequent causes of death were cancer (42%), followed by VTE (20%), infections (13%), hemorrhage (6%), heart disease (4%), and stroke (2%). There were no differences in the overall survival and causes of death according to the anticoagulant type. Concomitant active cancer during the study was significantly associated with death (odds ratio: 15.2; 95% CI: 9.2–25.1). Cancer is the leading cause of death in contemporary VTE trials. Interventions beyond anticoagulation, particularly in patients with active cancer, are needed.
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Arias, Carolina, Adriana Zapata, Francisco Ludueña-Almeida, Marcelo Zacharonok, and Ana Macías. "Genital disc growth in Drosophila." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 1-2 (2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180292am.
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Prior to completion, apoptosis causes the secretion of different signals, including proliferative signals. Signaling associated with death was discovered in Drosophila and mostly characterized by the induction of experimental death. Thus, less is known about physiological death. Here, we analyzed physiological death in the genital disc, a structure with bilateral symmetry, in different growth scenarios. To this end, we prevented or promoted death in regions or in genetic mosaics. We observed that physiological death in the genital disc was associated with proliferative signals and that both processes were JNK-dependent. The proliferative signals promoted growth in the genitalia primordia but not in the analia. Due to the proliferative signaling, the prevention of death that produced undead cells provoked asymmetric growth, high variability in proliferation, and size reduction. Death can occur in the absence of JNK but without signaling. JNK is fundamental for growth and death associated with signaling.
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Harrington, Charlene. "Time to Ensure Sufficient Nursing Home Staffing and Eliminate Inequities in Care." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/ggm-8662/100099.
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The overwhelming nursing home resident infection and death rates from the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the question: What policies can best protect nursing home residents now and in the future? In this article we present data that inadequate nurse staffing levels and high staff turnover rates are the fundamental underlying causes of poor quality care in many nursing homes.
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Moghaddam, Sirous Mehrani, Stephane Picot, and Ehsan Ahmadpour. "Interactions between hydatid cyst and regulated cell death may provide new therapeutic opportunities." Parasite 26 (2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019070.
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Cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are chronic zoonotic infections, transmitted throughout the world. Development of the cestode larval stages in the liver and lungs causes damage to intermediate hosts, including humans. Several pathways leading to the suppression of host immune response and the survival of the cysts in various hosts are known. Immune response modulation and regulated cell death (RCD) play a fundamental role in cyst formation, development and pathogenesis. RCD, referring to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, can be triggered either via intrinsic or extrinsic cell stimuli. In this review, we provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of RCD during echinococcosis. The study of interactions between RCD and Echinococcus spp. metacestodes may provide in-depth understanding of echinococcosis pathogenesis and open new horizons for human intervention and treatment of the disease.
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Egorov, Vladimir G. "USSR: From Emergence to Collapse of the Great Power." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 526–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-4-526-540.
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The article presents the actual historiographical situation on the problem of determining the causes and factors of the death of the USSR. The presentation of a diverse palette of views on the causes and fac-tors of the USSR demise is accompanied by arguments and author's judgments on the correctness of the available assessments of historians and social scientists. At the same time, the aim of the article is to show the fundamental causes of the imbalance of the socio-economic system of real socialism. The fundamental reasons for the non-viability of the socio-economic system of real socialism, designed to eliminate the “flaws” of capitalism, was the level of development of productive forces insufficient to overcome the “rarity of goods.” Even today, humanity is at the very beginning of the path of achieving economic progress capable of ensuring universal satisfaction of needs. The lack of a sufficient material basis for overcoming the imperfection of distribution was the cause of another structural “ailment” - low motivation of social labor and increasing alienation of workers from public property. In turn, the replacement of market mechanisms with administrative and command principles of eco-nomic management caused a chronic shortage of consumption and manifested social apathy. Diverse political, ideological and other “man-made” factors only intensified the processes of systemic failure and gave the centrifugal forces that initiated secession an irreversible and total character.
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Horák, Jan, Lukáš Nalos, Vendula Martínková, Jan Beneš, Milan Štengl, and Martin Matějovič. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Sepsis and Associated Organ Dysfunction: A Promising Future or Blind Alley?" Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7304121.
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Sepsis, newly defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, is the most common cause of death in ICUs and one of the principal causes of death worldwide. Although substantial progress has been made in the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of sepsis, translation of these advances into clinically effective therapies has been disappointing. Given the extreme complexity of sepsis pathogenesis, the paradigm “one disease, one drug” is obviously flawed and combinations of multiple targets that involve early immunomodulation and cellular protection are needed. In this context, the immune-reprogramming properties of cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent an emerging therapeutic strategy in sepsis and associated organ dysfunction. This article provides an update of the current knowledge regarding MSC in preclinical models of sepsis and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Recommendations for further translational research in this field are discussed.
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Bowman, William. "Despair unto Death? Attempted Suicide in Early 1930s Vienna." Austrian History Yearbook 39 (April 2008): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0667237808000084.
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From the late eighteenth century until the present, suicide has become a fundamental issue for professional Europeans' understanding of themselves and especially of the supposed health of their societies. From the second half of the eighteenth century onward, medical doctors, moral statisticians, sociologists, psychologists, and other professionally trained and university-educated experts produced increasing numbers of studies on suicide. Prior to 1750, suicide had been a popular theme for commentary from moralists, philosophers, and, above all, theologians and clerics. Of course, these groups of commentators have continued to write on the topic through the modern period, but the emergence of doctors, sociologists, and psychologists, among others, in the debates surrounding suicide has been a hallmark of the modern era. Claiming to offer complete or partial answers to the issue and causes of suicide, these professional groups increasingly asserted their own pivotal roles in analyzing the problems of European societies. Suicide was supposedly a modern problem that required expert commentary and intervention.
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Carey, L. "Physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes among postmenopausal women." Evidence-Based Nursing 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.1.1.23.
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Grosso, Michael. "The Next World: Extraordinary Experiences of the Afterlife by Gregory Shushan." Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222677.
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Our culture allows us to quantify death with precise statistics. We know that at least a million Americans so far have lost their lives to Covid-19. We have the daily numbers of mass killings in the United States; of those killed at the hands of Vladimir Putin’s criminal war; of deaths due to starvation, specific diseases, obesity, psychosis, suicide, and so on. There are new technologies that claim they will be able to predict exactly when we will die from natural causes. And so on. What seems completely absent are platforms that entertain rational discussion of what exactly death and dying are, what they mean. What happens to a person when he or she dies?
Why so silent about this fundamental question? It turns out there is a small subculture of serious investigators curious about reports and conceptual issues that speak to this question. Gregory Shushan’s book, The Next World: Extraordinary Experiences of the Afterlife is an original treatment of the subject, as wide-ranging in thought and feeling as it is rigorous and scholarly. Heartily recommended.
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Ali, Muhammad Ghafoor, and Saima Narjees Husain. "Analysis of occupation skills on all cause mortality in Pakistan." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195833.
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Background: Occupational injuries/diseases are considered as leading problems for workers, especially in less developed countries. Based on International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-08) four broad skill levels are defined. Employment has been established as a fundamental determinant of health and review of occupation/all cause mortality has been carried to observe the impact of occupation skill on cause of death.Methods: A retrograde study conducted on mortality data of State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan. Randomly 500 death cases were collected during study period between 2006 to 2018.The death claim instrument were proposal forms and death claim register. The data about occupation and cause of death was inserted on spread sheet of excel and finally analyzed through SPSS for occupation skill and cause of death.Results: Almost equal proportion of data found in skill-1 (14%) and skill-4 (12.6%) while maximum contribution found in skill level-2 (49.40%) followed by skill-3 (24%).The maximum percentages of mortality seen cause wise as CVS (49.39% skill-2), cancer (17.46% skill-4), road side accident (14.28% skill-1), multiple causes (6.67% skill-3), liver disorder (5.71% skill-1), CNS (3.17% skill-4), kidney disorder (5.71% skill-1), GIT (6.35% skill-4), respiration (3.17% skill-4), un-natural (2.02% skill-2), idiopathic (2.85% skill-1), endocrine (1.58% skill-4), body temperature (1.42% skill-1), poisoning (0.83% skill 3), electric shock (2.85% skill-1), sepsis (1.58% skill-4), obstetric (0.83% skill-3) and burn (1.42% skill-1) while lowest found as CVS(46.67% skill-3), cancer (7.14% skill-1), road accident (7.93% skill-4), multiple causes (2.85% skill-1), liver (1.58% skill-4), GIT (2.02% skill-2), respiration (1.61% skill-2) and idiopathic (0.40% skill-2). Many causes in skill-1 and skill-4 found no mortality.Conclusions: Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases found highest in all skills while lower frequency of death seen in other systematic disorders. Mostly highest and lowest mortality percentages found either in skill-1 or skill-4 whereas comparatively higher percentages have steadily been maintained in skill-2 and skill-3.
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Samiphak, Sara, and S. Leonard Syme. "The Battle of Worldviews: A Case Study of Liver Fluke Infection in Khon Kaen, Thailand." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 22, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587217723497.
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Control efforts to reduce infection from the parasitic flatworm Opisthorchis viverrini have progressed through understanding the epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini, antiparasitic drug developments, technological innovations, health education promoting cooking of fish, and improved hygienic defecation. Yet the problem persists. The case study method was used to examine the fundamental cause of the liver fluke infection problem. Evidence shows that the liver fluke–infected population does not care about living a long life. For them, suffering and death are simply a part of life, and expected. Thus, the cause(s) leading to death is not important. They believe morally bad actions, and predetermined fate associated with kamma in Buddhism, play a big role whether or not one is infected with the liver fluke. Health interventions may be made more effective if they take into account the liver fluke–infected population’s worldviews about ethics, morality, life, and death. We researchers should not feel concerned only about medically determined causes of death.
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Kim, Sanghyun, and Chankyu Kang. "Analysis of the Complex Causes of Death Accidents Due to Mobile Cranes Using a Modified MEPS Method: Focusing on South Korea." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052948.
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The convenience and efficiency of mobile cranes are expanding their applicability in industrial sites, but fatal accidents continue to occur as their use increases. There were 56 cases in South Korea from 2015 to 2019, killing 59 workers. To accurately investigate the cause of a fatal accident, accident investigation reports were used. Since they are used not only as the cause of the accident but also as a result of judicial treatment, only direct causes are mentioned. Thus, indirect causes in this study were separately analyzed to induce a complex cause analysis. The man-made, management, economic, physical, political, and social (MEPS) analysis method, developed by the National Institute of Disaster in South Korea, is a type of root cause analysis (RCA), used to derive the fundamental causes of various types of disasters, mainly social ones. The complex causes of fatal accidents were analyzed by applying a modified MEPS method to mobile cranes. The MEPS method investigated three categories, namely man-made, management, and physical factors, among six categories and a newly established level four, to find the root cause of fatal accidents. The analysis results showed that violations of procedures and regulations were the most frequent causes in the man-made factors. A lack of general and special safety education was the most common cause in the management factor, and the overturning, falling, and jamming of the mobile crane were the most frequent causes in the physical factor.
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Maiese, Aniello, Arianna Baronti, Alice Chiara Manetti, Marco Di Paolo, Emanuela Turillazzi, Paola Frati, and Vittorio Fineschi. "Death after the Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Approved by EMA: Has a Causal Relationship Been Demonstrated?" Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020308.
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More than eight billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally so far and 44.29% of people are fully vaccinated. Pre-authorization clinical trials were carried out and the safety of vaccines is still continuously monitored through post-commercialization surveillance. However, some people are afraid of vaccine side effects, claiming they could lead to death, and hesitate to get vaccinated. Herein, a literature review of COVID-19-vaccine-related deaths has been carried out according to the PRISMA standards to understand if there is a causal relationship between vaccination and death and to highlight the real extent of such events. There have been 55 cases of death after COVID-19 vaccination reported and a causal relationship has been excluded in 17 cases. In the remaining cases, the causal link between the vaccine and the death was not specified (8) or considered possible (15), probable (1), or very probable/demonstrated (14). The causes of deaths among these cases were: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) (32), myocarditis (3), ADEM (1), myocardial infarction (1), and rhabdomyolysis (1). In such cases, the demonstration of a causal relationship is not obvious, and more studies, especially with post-mortem investigations, are needed to deepen understanding of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of fatal vaccine side effects. In any event, given the scarcity of fatal cases, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks and the scientific community needs to be cohesive in asserting that vaccination is fundamental to containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Rodrigues, Solangge Cristina, Thaís De Almeida Moreira, Fernanda Gatti Oliveira Nascimento, Willian Torres Blanca, Rafael Rocha de Souza, and Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros-Ronchi. "Causes of death of domestic cats in a veterinary hospital of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state: a retrospective study." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 54, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.125341.
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Os gatos apresentam papel relevante como animal de estimação na sociedade atual. Neste sentido, o conhecimento das principais enfermidades e causas de morte desses animais é fundamental para prevenção de várias patologias. No entanto, quanto ao gato doméstico, essas pesquisas ainda são escassas na medicina veterinária. Assim, este trabalho realizou um estudo retrospectivo das causas de morte de gatos registradas das necropsias efetuadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em um período de 36 anos, no qual 350 gatos foram necropsiados. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as mais frequentes (48 gatos – 13,71%) e destas, a lipidose hepática foi a etiologia de maior ocorrência (18,75%). O sistema respiratório foi o segundo mais afetado (10,86%), sendo pneumonia aguda, edema pulmonar e hérnia diafragmática as principais doenças deste sistema responsáveis pela morte de gatos. Outras causas de óbito importantes foram raiva, carcinoma de células escamosas, osteodistrofia fibrosa, fraturas e traumatismos, choque hipovolêmico e síndrome urológica felina. Este tipo de análise pode fornecer informações básicas sobre as enfermidades que mais acometem os felinos de uma determinada região, contribuindo para que os profissionais médicos veterinários passem a adotar as respectivas ações de prevenção e controle.
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Laflamme, Lucie, Marie Hasselberg, and Stephanie Burrows. "20 Years of Research on Socioeconomic Inequality and Children's—Unintentional Injuries Understanding the Cause-Specific Evidence at Hand." International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/819687.
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Injuries are one of the major causes of both death and social inequalities in health in children. This paper reviews and reflects on two decades of empirical studies (1990 to 2009) published in the peer-reviewed medical and public health literature on socioeconomic disparities as regards the five main causes of childhood unintentional injuries (i.e., traffic, drowning, poisoning, burns, falls). Studies have been conducted at both area and individual levels, the bulk of which deal with road traffic, burn, and fall injuries. As a whole and for each injury cause separately, their results support the notion that low socioeconomic status is greatly detrimental to child safety but not in all instances and settings. In light of variations between causes and, within causes, between settings and countries, it is emphasized that the prevention of inequities in child safety requires not only that proximal risk factors of injuries be tackled but also remote and fundamental ones inherent to poverty.
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Park, Jae Sung. "A Study on Human Characteristics of the Dead of Apartment House Fires." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.4.95.
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Apartment houses account for majority of Korean houses in terms of housing types. Apartment houses have the second largest number of fire accidents, after detached houses, causing loss of human lives. To reduce the damage to human lives caused by fires in apartment houses, it is important to analyze fundamental relations of death between fire, human, space, and human characteristics, and thereby identify improvement factors. Therefore, this study conducted a factor based cross analysis on human characteristics of the people who died due to fires in apartment houses over the last five years by considering the cause of death, action at the time of death, degree of burns, age, and time of fire occurrence as main factors. Regarding gender, the death rate for women was about 15% higher than that of men. Considering age, most of the fatalities were found in the age groups of 40 to 59 and over 70 years. With regard to the cause of death, the number of deaths caused by burns was higher for men than for women. Therefore, there were main causal relations and differential characteristics in terms of human characteristics of the victims of apartment houses fire.
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Mukherjee, Rukmini, and Oishee Chakrabarti. "Mitochondrial Quality Control: Decommissioning Power Plants in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/180759.
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The cell has an intricate quality control system to protect its mitochondria from oxidative stress. This surveillance system is multi-tiered and comprises molecules that are present inside the mitochondria, in the cytosol, and in other organelles like the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. These molecules cross talk with each other and protect the mitochondria from oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a fundamental part of early disease pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders also damage the cellular quality control machinery that protects the cell against oxidative stress. This exacerbates the oxidative damage and causes extensive neuronal cell death that is characteristic of neurodegeneration.
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Méndez-López, Iago, Francisco J. Sancho-Bielsa, Tobias Engel, Antonio G. G. García, and Juan Fernando Padín. "Progressive Mitochondrial SOD1G93A Accumulation Causes Severe Structural, Metabolic and Functional Aberrations through OPA1 Down-Regulation in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158194.
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In recent years, the “non-autonomous motor neuron death” hypothesis has become more consolidated behind amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It postulates that cells other than motor neurons participate in the pathology. In fact, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system is fundamental since patients die of sudden death when they become unable to compensate for cardiorespiratory arrest. Mitochondria are thought to play a fundamental role in the physiopathology of ALS, as they are compromised in multiple ALS models in different cell types, and it also occurs in other neurodegenerative diseases. Our study aimed to uncover mitochondrial alterations in the sympathoadrenal system of a mouse model of ALS, from a structural, bioenergetic and functional perspective during disease instauration. We studied the adrenal chromaffin cell from mutant SOD1G93A mouse at pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages. The mitochondrial accumulation of the mutated SOD1G93A protein and the down-regulation of optic atrophy protein-1 (OPA1) provoke mitochondrial ultrastructure alterations prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. These changes affect mitochondrial fusion dynamics, triggering mitochondrial maturation impairment and cristae swelling, with increased size of cristae junctions. The functional consequences are a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and changes in the bioenergetics profile, with reduced maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity of mitochondria, as well as enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. This study identifies mitochondrial dynamics regulator OPA1 as an interesting therapeutic target in ALS. Additionally, our findings in the adrenal medulla gland from presymptomatic stages highlight the relevance of sympathetic impairment in this disease. Specifically, we show new SOD1G93A toxicity pathways affecting cellular energy metabolism in non-motor neurons, which offer a possible link between cell specific metabolic phenotype and the progression of ALS.
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Moreau, Adrien, Mohamed Boutjdir, and Mohamed Chahine. "Induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes: cardiac applications, opportunities, and challenges." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 95, no. 10 (October 2017): 1108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0726.
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Chronic diseases are the primary cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 67% of deaths. One of the major challenges in developing new treatments is the lack of understanding of the exact underlying biological and molecular mechanisms. Chronic cardiovascular diseases are the single most common cause of death worldwide, and sudden deaths due to cardiac arrhythmias account for approximately 50% of all such cases. Traditional genetic screening for genes involved in cardiac disorders is labourious and frequently fails to detect the mutation that explains or causes the disorder. However, when mutations are identified, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from affected patients make it possible to address fundamental research questions directly relevant to human health. As such, hiPSC technology has recently been used to model human diseases and patient-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) thus offer a unique opportunity to investigate potential disease-causing genetic variants in their natural environment. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding hiPSC-CMs, including their potential, limitations, and challenges and to discuss future prospects.
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Ferdinand, Siarl. "Situation of the Csángó Dialect of Moldavia in Romania." Hungarian Cultural Studies 9 (October 11, 2016): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2016.231.
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The following paper analyses the situation of the Csángó dialect spoken in the Romanian region of Moldavia. After a review of the global phenomenon of language death, its causes, and some resources to evaluate language vitality, the study focuses on the Csángó community and its Hungarian dialect. A short description of some fundamental facts about the group, such as ethnicity, religious affiliation, and linguistic background sets the base for an in-depth study of the language situation. In order to achieve that goal, the language was scrutinized according to the nine factors proposed by the UNESCO’s Language Vitality and Endangerment (LVE) framework. The results confirm previous research in the field and show that Csángó is experiencing a decisive and most difficult phase in its history. It is expected, however, that this paper can contribute to create a successful planning to preserve not only Csángó but many other languages and dialects in similar situations.
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Mariner, Wendy K. "Beyond Lifestyle." American Journal of Law & Medicine 42, no. 2-3 (May 2016): 284–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858816658268.
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Non-communicable and chronic diseases have overtaken infectious diseases as the major causes of death and disability around the world. Despite recognition that reduction in the chronic disease burden will require governance systems to address the social determinants of health, most public health recommendations emphasize individual behavior as the primary cause of illness and the target of intervention. This Article argues that focusing on lifestyle can backfire, by increasing health inequities and inviting human rights violations. If States fail to take meaningful steps to alter the social and economic structures that create health risks and encourage unhealthy behavior, health at the population level is unlikely to improve significantly. Viewing the global health challenge from the perspective of human rights, however, reveals opportunities for positive change in all sectors of governance. Explicit recognition of human rights can help refocus attention on the fundamental causes of health and protect individuals from unnecessary harm.
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Sani, Muhammad, and Abida Parveen. ""Sati" A Critical Analysis of Socio Religious Tradition imposed on Widows." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v7i1.477.
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Hinduism Tradition of Sati - burning of a wife on the fire after her husband's death. Its historical and critical review. The custom of Sati has gained a peculiar notoriety with reference to Hindu Society and Hinduism in the civilizations and cultural system of the world and in world religions. There is a fundamental importance of various customs and rituals in Hinduism. The customs and ceremonies of Hindu civilization, culture and their religious values and teachings the part of them. In these rituals, Sati is also a ritual which has been practiced from a long time, having the certification from religion in Hindu social system. It has been existing in the Hindu Civilization and social system for centuries. Widows, with the name of Sati, have been putting themselves on the pyres of husband in fire, after their death. This research based article is written after making a thorough study of the books of Hindu religion, its history, books and literature written on custom observing in society. It presents its reasons and causes of historical view, critically besides its historical background. It opens up the causes and reasons of this human's ritual from its start to practice and its evolution in the Hindu Social System. L
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Semyonova, V. G., A. E. Ivanova, T. P. Sabgayda, A. V. Zubko, V. G. Zaporozhchenko, N. S. Gavrilova, G. N. Evdokushkina, and I. O. Chizhikova. "MORTALITY FROM EXTERNAL CAUSES AMONG THE RUSSIAN POPULATION AND SPECIFICS OF ITS REGISTRATION." Social Aspects of Population Health 67, no. 2 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2021-67-2-7.
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The study is substantiated: first, by extremely high mortality rates from external causes in Russia compared to the Western Europe and, second, by problems related to its registration. The purpose of this study is to track evolution of mortality from external causes in Russia against the background of processes in the Western Europe, as well as explore the problem of its registration in the context of the leading risk factors. Material and methods. To analyze situation in Russia, the authors used the Rosstat data calculated in the FAISS-Potential system. To assess situation in the Western Europe (the European Union until May 2004), the authors used information available from the European Mortality Database. Unfortunately, the European Database data are limited to 2015. The authors also used age-specific and standardized (European standard population) indicators by causes of death in line with the ICD-10. Results and discussion The study shows that, first, decline in mortality from injury and poisoning in the 2000s in Russia was determined by all major age groups and external causes, while the rate of positive trends in Russia usually outpaced the Western European ones. Second, injury of undetermined intent turned out to be the exception; against the background of abnormally high mortality rates injury with undetermined intent demonstrated a minimum rate of decline in indicators. Third, mortality from external causes in Russia is associated with deaths from symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions, at least in working-ages. Fourth, these circumstances have resulted in distortion of the mortality from external causes by the following aspects: in terms of ill-defined conditions its scale is distorted; in terms of injury with undetermined intent – distorted is its structure. Both of these factors jeopardize the real scale of deaths from external causes as well as rates of the observed trends in mortality from injury and poisoning both in general and by individual causes, including homicides and suicides. Fifth, the abnormally high and ever-increasing share of alcohol poisoning with undetermined intent calls for an update of the diagnoses: all alcohol poisoning should be considered as accidents, each diagnosis of "alcohol poisoning with undetermined intent" should be subject to a thorough analysis in the professional community. Sixth, the abnormally low number of deaths due to drug abuse suggests a systematic underestimation: to assess the real scale of drug-related deaths, a fundamental revision of approaches to their diagnosis is required. Seventh, currently Russia needs to develop a system of complete registration of deaths associated with the leading risk factors - alcohol and drugs, based on both deaths from external causes and deaths from somatic pathologies. Eighth, it takes a comprehensive update of the existing regulatory framework to eliminate these problems that have acquired a chronic nature in Russia, unfortunately. This update should be a complex one, aimed at taking into account the results of forensic medical examinations by statistical authorities on the one hand, and law enforcement agencies on the other hand, and be based on ICD – 10.
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BAKİR, Ali, and Eyüp ERSOY. "The Rise and Fall of Homegrown Concepts in Global IR: The Anatomy of ‘Strategic Depth’ in Turkish IR." All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 11, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1150360.
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Asymmetry of knowledge production in global international relations manifests itself in a variety of forms. Concept cultivation is a foundational form that conditions the epistemic hierarchies prevalent in scholarly encounters, exchanges, and productions. The core represents the seemingly natural ecology of concept cultivation, while the periphery appropriates the cultivated concepts, relinquishing any claim of authenticity and indigeneity in the process. Nonetheless, there have been cases of intellectual undertakings in the periphery to conceive, formulate, and articulate conceptual frames of knowledge production. This paper, first, discusses the fluctuating fortunes of homegrown concepts in the peripheral epistemic ecologies. Second, it introduces the concept of ‘strategic depth’ as articulated by the Turkish scholar Ahmet Davutoğlu and reviews its significance for the formulation and implementation of recent Turkish foreign policy. Third, it examines the causes of its recognition and acclaim in the local and global IR communities subsequent to its inception. The paper contends that there have been three fundamental sets of causes for the initial ascendancy of the concept. These are categorized as contemplative causes, implementative causes, and evaluative causes. Fourth, it traces the sources of its fall from scholarly grace. The paper further asserts that the three fundamental sets of causes were also operational in the eventual conceptual insolvency of strategic depth. The paper concludes by addressing remedial measures to vivify concept cultivation in the periphery and to conserve the cultivated concepts.
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Gandhi, Rajesh T., Benjamin K. Chen, Stephen E. Straus, Janet K. Dale, Michael J. Lenardo, and David Baltimore. "HIV-1 Directly Kills CD4+ T Cells by a Fas-independent Mechanism." Journal of Experimental Medicine 187, no. 7 (April 6, 1998): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.7.1113.
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The mechanism by which HIV-1 induces CD4+ T cell death is not known. A fundamental issue is whether HIV-1 primarily induces direct killing of infected cells or indirectly causes death of uninfected bystander cells. This question was studied using a reporter virus system in which infected cells are marked with the cell surface protein placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Infection by HIV-PLAP of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cell lines leads to rapid depletion of CD4+ T cells and induction of apoptosis. The great majority of HIV-induced T cell death in vitro involves direct loss of infected cells rather than indirect effects on uninfected bystander cells. Because of its proposed role in HIV-induced cell death, we also examined the Fas (CD95/Apo1) pathway in killing of T cells by HIV-1. Infected PBMCs or CEM cells display no increase in surface Fas relative to uninfected cells. In addition, HIV-1 kills CEM and Jurkat T cells in the presence of a caspase inhibitor that completely blocks Fas-mediated apoptosis. HIV-1 also depletes CD4+ T cells in PBMCs from patients who have a genetically defective Fas pathway. These results suggest that HIV-1 induces direct apoptosis of infected cells and kills T cells by a Fas-independent mechanism.
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Bosetti, Rita, and Lode Vereeck. "On Cancer Nanotechnology." Key Engineering Materials 441 (June 2010): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.441.307.
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Although governments invest billions of dollars in cancer research, cancer remains one of the major causes of death worldwide (Liu et al., 2007). During the last decades, outstanding results have been attained in fundamental cancer biology but, unfortunately, they have not been translated in even distantly comparable progressions in the clinic. The main reason for this gap being the inability to administer therapeutic agents so that they can reach target cells without or with minimal side-effects (Ferrari, 2005). Today, scientists are faced with the recognition that very few molecules reach the desired locations and thus fail to selectively reach the target cells. Consequently, patients experience a very poor quality of life (Ferrari, 2004; Ferrari, 2005; Chan, 2006).
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Okada, Futoshi, Runa Izutsu, Keisuke Goto, and Mitsuhiko Osaki. "Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Lessons from Animal Models to Clinical Aspects." Cancers 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040921.
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Inflammation-related carcinogenesis has long been known as one of the carcinogenesis patterns in humans. Common carcinogenic factors are inflammation caused by infection with pathogens or the uptake of foreign substances from the environment into the body. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis as a cause for cancer-related death worldwide accounts for approximately 20%, and the incidence varies widely by continent, country, and even region of the country and can be affected by economic status or development. Many novel approaches are currently available concerning the development of animal models to elucidate inflammation-related carcinogenesis. By learning from the oldest to the latest animal models for each organ, we sought to uncover the essential common causes of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. This review confirmed that a common etiology of organ-specific animal models that mimic human inflammation-related carcinogenesis is prolonged exudation of inflammatory cells. Genotoxicity or epigenetic modifications by inflammatory cells resulted in gene mutations or altered gene expression, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines/growth factors released from inflammatory cells promote cell proliferation and repair tissue injury, and inflammation serves as a “carcinogenic niche”, because these fundamental biological events are common to all types of carcinogenesis, not just inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Since clinical strategies are needed to prevent carcinogenesis, we propose the therapeutic apheresis of inflammatory cells as a means of eliminating fundamental cause of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Rezaei, Jamal, Ebrahim Nasiri, Mostafa Moalemi, Sohrab Padashi, and Mahbobeh Hatami. "Epidemiology of Acute Poisoning in Mazandaran Province, Iran." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 10, no. 3 (September 27, 2020): 27632. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i3.27632.
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Background: Poisoning is a critical medical emergency worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients admitted to the poisoning department.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March 2015 to September 2016 (for 18 months). We explored the epidemiology of poisoned patients hospitalized at Razi and Imam hospitals in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The obtained results were described as the frequency of poisoning, percentages, confidence intervals (95% CI), and mean values. The standard deviation scores were also presented for quantitative variables. The Student t-test and Chi-squared test were used for data analysis.Results: The prevalence rate of poisoning equaled 4.98% of the total hospitalized patients. Of 71192 of the investigated cases, 3544 patients were hospitalized for acute poisoning. In terms of poisoning type, 65.2% belonged to drug toxicity, (95% CI) (64.7-77.2); 6.7% were related to methadone; 5.7% to an agricultural pesticide; 4.15% to aluminum phosphide (rice tablets); 2.2% to rat poison paste, and the remaining cases were caused by other poisons. There was a gender-wise significant difference in the poisoning method (P<0.001). The mortality rate in this study was calculated as 1.71% of all cases. The most frequent causes of death were aluminum phosphide (33.33%) and narcotics (16.16%) poisonings. Conclusion: Acute poisoning is a fundamental health problem in Mazandaran Province, i.e., located in the north of Iran. Pharmaceutical medications, opioid agents, and aluminum phosphide were the main means of poisoning in the investigated adult patients. Most cases of poisoning occurred in the young-adult groups. Aluminum phosphide and organophosphate agents consumption generated the most critical states and were the main causes of death. It is suggested that aluminum phosphate be recalled from the market, as appropriate training must be provided for its proper use.
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Formanowicz, Dorota, Marcin Radom, Agnieszka Rybarczyk, Krzysztof Tanaś, and Piotr Formanowicz. "Control of Cholesterol Metabolism Using a Systems Approach." Biology 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030430.
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Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cells and is involved in many fundamental physiological processes; hence, its homeostasis in the body is tightly controlled, and any disturbance has serious consequences. Disruption of the cellular metabolism of cholesterol, accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress, promotes the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and, consequently, is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. Therefore, new drugs to regulate disturbed cholesterol metabolism are used and developed, which help to control cholesterol homeostasis but still do not entirely cure atherosclerosis. In this study, a Petri net-based model of human cholesterol metabolism affected by a local inflammation and oxidative stress, has been created and analyzed. The use of knockout of selected pathways allowed us to observe and study the effect of various combinations of commonly used drugs on atherosclerosis. The analysis results led to the conclusion that combination therapy, targeting multiple pathways, may be a fundamental concept in the development of more effective strategies for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Lee, John D. "Driving Safety." Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1, no. 1 (June 2005): 172–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155723405783703037.
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Driving is a common and hazardous activity that is a prominent cause of death worldwide. Driver behavior represents a predominant cause, contributing to over 90% of crashes. In this review, I will focus on how driver behavior influences driving safety by describing the types of crashes and their general causes, the driving process, the perceptual and cognitive characteristics of drivers, and driver types and impairments. Evidence from each of these perspectives suggests that breakdowns of a multilevel control process are the fundamental factors that undermine driving safety. Drivers adapt and drive safely in a broad range of situations but fail when expectations are violated or when feedback is inadequate. The review concludes by considering driving safety from a societal risk management perspective.
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Sasaki, Norihiko, and Masashi Toyoda. "Vascular Diseases and Gangliosides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246362.
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Vascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, are most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include lifestyle and aging. It has been reported that lifespan could be extended in mice by targeting senescent cells, which led to the suppression of aging-related diseases, such as vascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of aging to vascular diseases are still not well understood. Several types of cells, such as vascular (endothelial cell), vascular-associated (smooth muscle cell and fibroblast) and inflammatory cells, are involved in plaque formation, plaque rupture and thrombus formation, which result in atherosclerosis. Gangliosides, a group of glycosphingolipids, are expressed on the surface of vascular, vascular-associated and inflammatory cells, where they play functional roles. Clarifying the role of gangliosides in atherosclerosis and their relationship with aging is fundamental to develop novel prevention and treatment methods for vascular diseases based on targeting gangliosides. In this review, we highlight the involvement and possible contribution of gangliosides to vascular diseases and further discuss their relationship with aging.
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Goldsteins, Gundars, Vili Hakosalo, Merja Jaronen, Meike Hedwig Keuters, Šárka Lehtonen, and Jari Koistinaho. "CNS Redox Homeostasis and Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020405.
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A single paragraph of about 200 words maximum. Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pose a global challenge in the aging population due to the lack of treatments for their cure. Despite various disease-specific clinical symptoms, ND have some fundamental common pathological mechanisms involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The present review focuses on the major causes of central nervous system (CNS) redox homeostasis imbalance comprising mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mitochondrial disturbances, leading to reduced mitochondrial function and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are thought to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of ND. ER dysfunction has been implicated in ND in which protein misfolding evidently causes ER stress. The consequences of ER stress ranges from an increase in ROS production to altered calcium efflux and proinflammatory signaling in glial cells. Both pathological pathways have links to ferroptotic cell death, which has been implicated to play an important role in ND. Pharmacological targeting of these pathological pathways may help alleviate or slow down neurodegeneration.
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Notaro, Domenico. "Scientists and Earthquake Risk Prediction: “Ordinary” Liability in an Extraordinary Case?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003573.
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This article aims to consider whether classic criminal offences (such as manslaughter) are adequate to reprove the scientists’ behaviour when major calamities are being judged to have caused the death of people and wide destructions. The fundamental problem hinges on the role of risk-assessment and consultancy carried out by the scientists, as well as on the unknown state of major risks. Then, to establish a link of causality between the defendants’ behaviour and the death-events affecting the victims, it must be proved that: a) the scientists “psychically” influenced the victims to leave any safety precaution in relation to the risk; b) the deaths of the inhabitants are not to be considered an “extraordinary” circumstance, even by experts. The difficulties faced by the Judge to fulfil these tasks prompt us to wonder whether other types of criminal charges would be more appropriate for sanctioning scientists who are found to be derelict in their duty of risk-assessment to authorities and citizens.
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Kantsurova, M. R., A. N. Rymashevsky, and R. S. Sapronov. "Features of the state of a woman’s reproductive function after previously undergoing organ-preserving surgical hemostasis." Medical Herald of the South of Russia 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2020-11-2-117-121.
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Today one of the main state tasks in the Russian Federation is to save people, which cannot be implemented without increasing the birth rate. Despite the fact that maternal mortality tends to decrease, bleeding remains one of the leading causes of death of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, so the fight against bleeding is one of the fundamental tasks in obstetric practice. The existing standards of step-by-step medical care for obstetric bleeding are successfully applied in practical health care, but the state of a woman’s reproductive function after the use of surgical hemostasis has not been sufficiently studied. This article presents an overview of a clinical case of reproductive function preservation in a 38-year-old woman after undergoing surgical hemostasis due to obstetric bleeding in the anamnesis.
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BENEDETTO, FRANCESCO ANTONIO, FRANCESCA MALLAMACI, GIOVANNI TRIPEPI, and CARMINE ZOCCALI. "Prognostic Value of Ultrasonographic Measurement of Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Dialysis Patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 11 (November 2001): 2458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v12112458.
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Abstract. High-resolution carotid ultrasonography is considered a fundamental technique for the investigation of the vascular system. However, it is still very unclear whether ultrasonographic studies of carotid arteries are useful for the prediction of cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease. The prediction power of carotid ultrasonography for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was tested in a cohort of 138 patients receiving chronic dialysis treatment (91 receiving hemodialysis treatment and 47 receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatment; follow-up, 29.8 ± 15.0 mo), and the relationship between this parameter and alterations in left ventricular mass (LVM) and geometry was examined. On univariate analysis, intima media thickness (IMT) was directly related to LVM as well as to the absolute and relative thicknesses of LV walls but independent of LV end-diastolic volume. Data analysis based on LV geometry patterns revealed that patients with concentric hypertrophy were those with the highest IMT. The internal diameter of the common carotid artery (DCCA) was also related to concentric hypertrophy, but the strength of this relationship was of borderline significance (P= 0.06). During the follow-up period, 63 patients died: 32 (51%) of them of cardiovascular causes. IMT was significantly higher (P= 0.006) in patients who died of cardiovascular causes (1.10 ± 0.21 mm) than in patients who survived (0.99 ± 0.24 mm), In a Cox regression model, this parameter turned out to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular death, and it retained an independent effect in a model that included LVM. Treatment modality failed to independently predict this outcome. The risk of cardiovascular death was progressively higher from the first IMT tertile onward. DCCA failed to predict cardiovascular outcomes. IMT in dialysis patients is associated with LV concentric hypertrophy and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death. IMT may be usefully applied for risk stratification in the dialysis population.
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Nedelsky, Natalia B., and J. Paul Taylor. "Pathological phase transitions in ALS-FTD impair dynamic RNA–protein granules." RNA 28, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.079001.121.
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The genetics of human disease serves as a robust and unbiased source of insight into human biology, both revealing fundamental cellular processes and exposing the vulnerabilities associated with their dysfunction. Over the last decade, the genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have epitomized this concept, as studies of ALS-FTD-causing mutations have yielded fundamental discoveries regarding the role of biomolecular condensation in organizing cellular contents while implicating disturbances in condensate dynamics as central drivers of neurodegeneration. Here we review this genetic evidence, highlight its intersection with patient pathology, and discuss how studies in model systems have revealed a role for aberrant condensation in neuronal dysfunction and death. We detail how multiple, distinct types of disease-causing mutations promote pathological phase transitions that disturb the dynamics and function of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. Dysfunction of RNP granules causes pleiotropic defects in RNA metabolism and can drive the evolution of these structures to end-stage pathological inclusions characteristic of ALS-FTD. We propose that aberrant phase transitions of these complex condensates in cells provide a parsimonious explanation for the widespread cellular abnormalities observed in ALS as well as certain histopathological features that characterize late-stage disease.
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van Leeuwen, Ingeborg M. M., Julio Vera, and Olaf Wolkenhauer. "Dynamic energy budget approaches for modelling organismal ageing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1557 (November 12, 2010): 3443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0071.
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Ageing is a complex multifactorial process involving a progressive physiological decline that, ultimately, leads to the death of an organism. It involves multiple changes in many components that play fundamental roles under healthy and pathological conditions. Simultaneously, every organism undergoes accumulative ‘wear and tear’ during its lifespan, which confounds the effects of the ageing process. The scenario is complicated even further by the presence of both age-dependent and age-independent competing causes of death. Various manipulations have been shown to interfere with the ageing process. Calorie restriction, for example, has been reported to increase the lifespan of a wide range of organisms, which suggests a strong relation between energy metabolism and ageing. Such a link is also supported within the main theories for ageing: the free radical hypothesis, for instance, links oxidative damage production directly to energy metabolism. The Dynamic Energy Budgets (DEB) theory, which characterizes the uptake and use of energy by living organisms, therefore constitutes a useful tool for gaining insight into the ageing process. Here we compare the existing DEB-based modelling approaches and, then, discuss how new biological evidence could be incorporated within a DEB framework.
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Laster Pirtle, Whitney N. "Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 4 (April 26, 2020): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120922942.
Full textAbstract:
Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.