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Academic literature on the topic 'Fundamental Causes of Death'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

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Choprapawon, C., Y. Porapakkham, O. Sablon, R. Panjajaru, and B. Jhantharatat. "Thailand's National Death Registration Reform: Verifying the Causes of Death between July 1997 and December 1999." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 17, no. 2 (July 2005): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950501700209.

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A fundamental aspect of public health is the accuracy of death certification. Assessing the death registration system is a step toward improving the quality of death reporting. Thailand implemented a more rigorous and informative pilot death registration system in March 2001 in 18 provinces, followed by nationwide implementation in August 2003. Since Thailand is an industrializing nation, its experiences will be of interest to other developing nations planning similar reforms. The causes of all deaths in the 15 provincial pilot projects (of Thailand's 76 provinces) and a random sampling in Bangkok were investigated between July 1997 and December 1999. Health workers interviewed close relatives and three medical doctors reviewed hospital records to verify the causes of death. We were able to interview 78% of the relatives ( i.e. 47,632 in number). Three-quarters (76%) of the deceased had sought prior medical care; 41% died in hospital and 54% at home. The overall agreement between the causes of death in our survey vs. that reported on the death certificate was 29%. The highest agreement was for: III-defined' causes (33%), 'Cancer and Tumors' (17%), 'External Causes' (16%), and 'Infectious Diseases' (10%). Considering the different patterns among age groups and sex, hypertension with stroke, cancer of the liver and bile duct, and HIV infection, were the highest ranking causes among females. Infectious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), hypertension with stroke and accidents, were the leading causes of deaths among males. External causes were highest among children and young adults. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005; 17(2): 110-116.
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Anderson, James R. "Chimpanzees and death." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1754 (July 16, 2018): 20170257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0257.

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Information about responses to death in nonhuman primates is important for evolutionary thanatology. This paper reviews the major causes of death in chimpanzees, and how these apes respond to cues related to dying and death. Topics covered include disease, human activities, predation, accidents and intra-species aggression and cannibalism. Chimpanzees also kill and sometimes eat other species. It is argued that, given their cognitive abilities, their experiences of death in conspecifics and other species are likely to equip chimpanzees with an understanding of death as cessation of function and irreversible. Whether they might understand that death is inevitable—including their own death, and biological causes of death is also discussed. As well as gathering more fundamental information about responses to dying and death, researchers should pay attention to possible cultural variations in how great apes deal with death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.
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Durante, Alessandro, Pietro L. Laforgia, Andrea Aurelio, Giovanni Foglia-Manzillo, Sofia Bronzato, Mauro Santarone, and Giovanni Corrado. "Sudden cardiac death in the young: the bogeyman." Cardiology in the Young 25, no. 3 (September 17, 2014): 408–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114001723.

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AbstractSudden cardiac death in the young is a relatively uncommon but marked event usually related to congenital diseases or anomalies. Despite the prevalence of each condition being variable, most common causes include primary myocardial diseases and arrhythmic disorder, frequently with inheritance pattern. Sudden cardiac death is usually preceded by symptoms, thus making personal and family history fundamental for its prevention. Nevertheless, in more than 50% of cases, sudden cardiac death is the first manifestation of the disease. In this review, we describe the different causes of sudden cardiac death, their incidence, and currently used preventive strategies.
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Paganelli, Christina R., Nicholas Kassebaum, Kathleen Strong, Parminder S. Suchdev, Wieger Voskuijl, Quique Bassat, Dianna M. Blau, and Donna M. Denno. "Guidance for Systematic Integration of Undernutrition in Attributing Cause of Death in Children." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, Supplement_5 (December 15, 2021): S374—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab851.

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Abstract Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is increasingly being used to better understand causes of death in low-resource settings. Undernutrition (eg, wasting, stunting) is prevalent among children globally and yet not consistently coded or uniformly included on death certificates in MITS studies when present. Consistent and accurate attribution of undernutrition is fundamental to understanding its contribution to child deaths. In May 2020, members of the MITS Alliance Cause of Death Technical Working Group convened a panel of experts in public health, child health, nutrition, infectious diseases, and MITS to develop guidance for systematic integration of undernutrition, as assessed by anthropometry, in cause of death coding, including as part of the causal chain or as a contributing condition, in children <5 years of age. The guidance presented here will support MITS and other researchers, public health practitioners, and clinicians with a systematic approach to assigning and interpreting undernutrition in death certification.
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Futterman, LG, and L. Lemberg. "Sudden cardiac death--preventable--reversible." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.6.472.

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SCD is defined as unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occurs within 1 hour of acute symptoms. SCD can be reversed with the use of an ICD. These devices now can be implanted by catheter techniques, obviating thoracotomy. SCD is preventable. The incidence of SCD can be significantly reduced by addressing the fundamental pathophysiology of SCD, which primarily is CAD. Our combined and aggressive implementation of preventive regimens to reduce the risk of cardiac events will save lives. These measures include diet, weight reduction, smoking cessation, regular exercise, and therapeutic drugs. Amiodarone, although effective in preventing lethal ventricular arrhythmias, has not matched the long-term results of the ICD in the successful management of SCD.
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Lau, G. "Amniotic Fluid Embolism as a Cause of Sudden Maternal Death." Medicine, Science and the Law 34, no. 3 (July 1994): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400305.

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The aetiology of amniotic fluid embolism has remained very much an enigma, although recent evidence points towards a combination of a severe haemodynamic disturbance, consisting of transient pulmonary hypertension, profound hypoxia and left ventricular failure, followed by secondary coagulopathy in about 40 per cent of patients who survive the initial event. Leucotrienes, prostaglandins and other vasoactive substances contained in amniotic fluid are postulated to play a fundamental role in its pathogenesis. In addition, amniotic fluid is also thought to possess thromboplastin-like properties. In common with all other causes of maternal death, it warrants a thorough and careful medico-legal investigation.
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Ohnishi, Takashi, Norimasa Iwasaki, and Hideki Sudo. "Causes of and Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Review." Cells 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11030394.

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Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a pathological condition that can lead to intractable back pain or secondary neurological deficits. There is no fundamental cure for this condition, and current treatments focus on alleviating symptoms indirectly. Numerous studies have been performed to date, and the major strategy for all treatments of IVDD is to prevent cell loss due to programmed or regulated cell death. Accumulating evidence suggests that several types of cell death other than apoptosis, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, are also involved in IVDD. In this study, we discuss the molecular pathway of each type of cell death and review the literature that has identified their role in IVDD. We also summarize the recent advances in targeted therapy at the RNA level, including RNA modulations through RNA interference and regulation of non-coding RNAs, for preventing cell death and subsequent IVDD. Therefore, we review the causes and possible therapeutic targets for RNA intervention and discuss the future direction of this research field.
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Miech, Richard, Fred Pampel, Jinyoung Kim, and Richard G. Rogers. "The Enduring Association between Education and Mortality." American Sociological Review 76, no. 6 (July 7, 2011): 913–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122411411276.

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This article examines how educational disparities in mortality emerge, grow, decline, and disappear across causes of death in the United States, and how these changes contribute to the enduring association between education and mortality over time. Focusing on adults age 40 to 64 years, we first examine the extent to which educational disparities in mortality persisted from 1989 to 2007. We then test the fundamental cause prediction that educational disparities in mortality persist, in part, by shifting to new health outcomes over time. We focus on the period from 1999 to 2007, when all causes of death were coded to the same classification system. Results indicate (1) substantial widening and narrowing of educational disparities in mortality across causes of death, (2) almost all causes of death with increasing mortality rates also had widening educational disparities, and (3) the total educational disparity in mortality would be about 25 percent smaller today if not for newly emergent and growing educational disparities since 1999. These results point to the theoretical and policy importance of identifying social forces that cause health disparities to widen over time.
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Brämer, G. R. "Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases — In Progress." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, S1 (May 1988): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295585.

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Classification is fundamental to science and a standard classification of diseases and injury is essential for the systematic statistical study of illness and death. This was recognised as early as the seventeenth century when such studies started and in 1853 Dr William Farr of London and Marc d'Espine of Geneva were entrusted with the task of preparing ‘a uniform nomenclature of causes of death applicable to all countries’. This led eventually to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). In 1948, when the World Health Organization (WHO) was created, the newborn agency was asked to review and revise the classification regularly. The ICD is now undergoing its tenth revision.
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Cohen, Marta C., and Irene Scheimberg. "Forensic Aspects of Perinatal Deaths." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 452–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362118797725.

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From a forensic pathologist’s perspective, there are several aspects of the perinatal postmortem that are particularly important. If a fetus is found abandoned, the pathologist needs to ascertain the fetal age, the appropriateness of growth, if the baby was born alive or dead, and the possible causes of death. In cases of litigation for perinatal deaths occurring in hospitals, access to the obstetric and neonatal notes (if the baby is born alive and dies a few hours or days later) is fundamental to reach a correct interpretation and conclusion. The most important points to consider in cases of intrapartum death are the roles of asphyxia and trauma in the causation of the baby’s death. Timing of the fetal death in relation to delivery may also be an important point in these cases. Finally, intrapartum lesions should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of possible child abuse in babies aged two months or less.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

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Akizuki, Mayumi. "Optineurin suppression causes neuronal cell death via NF-κB pathway." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188648.

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宋新明 and Xinming Song. "The epidemiological transition in mainland China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31239298.

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Rajamani, Uthra. "Hyperglycemia-induced activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway causes myocardial cell death." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1142.

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Thesis (PhD (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE – Oxidative stress increases flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) resulting in greater O-GlcNAcylation of target proteins. Since increased oxidative stress and HBP flux are associated with insulin resistance, we hypothesized that its activation leads to greater O-GlcNAcylation of BAD (pro-apoptotic) and increased myocardial apoptosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS – To investigate our hypothesis, we employed two experimental models: 1) H9c2 cardiomyoblasts exposed to high glucose (33 mM glucose) ± HBP modulators ± antioxidant treatment vs. matched controls (5.5 mM glucose); and 2) a rat model of high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. We evaluated apoptosis in vitro by Hoechst nuclear staining, Annexin-V staining, caspase activity measurements and immunoblotting while in vivo apoptosis was assessed by immunoblotting. In vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified by H2DCFDA staining (fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry). We determined overall and BAD O-GlcNAcylation, both by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. As BAD-Bcl-2 dimer formation enhances apoptosis, we performed immunoprecipitation analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy (co-localization) to determine BAD-cl-2 dimerization. In vivo overall O-GlcNAcylation, BAD O-GlcNAcylation and BAD-Bcl-2 dimerization was determined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. 4 RESULTS – High glucose treatment of cells significantly increased the degree of apoptosis as revealed by Hoechst nuclear staining (54 ± 9%, p<0.01 vs. 5.5 mM), Annexin-V staining (43 ± 5%), caspase activity assay (26 ± 2%) and immunoblotting. In parallel, overall OGlcNAcylation (p<0.001 vs. 5.5 mM), BAD O-GlcNAcylation (p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM) and ROS levels were increased (fluorescence microscopy – p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM; flow cytometry – p<0.001 vs. 5.5 mM). HBP inhibition using DON and antioxidant treatment (α-OHCA) attenuated these effects while HBP activation by PUGNAc exacerbated it. Likewise, insulin resistant rat hearts exhibited significantly higher caspase-3 (p<0.05 vs. controls), overall O-GlcNAcylation (p<0.05 vs. controls) and BAD O-GlcNAcylation levels (p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM). BAD-Bcl-2 dimer formation was increased in cells exposed to hyperglycemia [immunoprecipitation analysis and co-localization] and in insulin resistant hearts. CONCLUSIONS - Our study identified a novel pathway whereby hyperglycemia results in greater oxidative stress, resulting in increased HBP activation and increased BAD OGlcNAcylation. We also found greater BAD-Bcl-2 dimerization increasing myocardial apoptosis, suggesting that this pathway may play a crucial role in the onset of the diabetic cardiomyopathy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: DOELWIT – Oksidatiewe stres verhoog fluks deur die heksosamien biosintetiese weg (HBW) wat in „n groter O-GlcNAsetilering van teiken proteïene resulteer. Weens die feit dat verhoogde oksidatiewe stres en HBW fluks verband hou met insulienweerstandigheid, hipotetiseer ons dat die aktivering hiervan tot groter O-GlcNAsetilering van BAD (pro-aptoptoties) en verhoogde miokardiale apoptose lei. NAVORSINGS ONTWERP EN METODES – Om die hipotese te ondersoek het ons twee modelle ontplooi: 1) H9c2 kardiomioblaste is blootgestel aan hoë glukose konsentrasie (33mM glucose) ± HBW moduleerders ± antioksidant behandeling vs. gepaarde kontrole (5.5mM glucose); en 2) „n hoë vet dieetgeïnduseerde insulienweerstandige rotmodel en hiperglukemie. Ons het apoptose in vitro deur middel van Hoescht nukleuskleuring geëvalueer, kasapase aktiwiteit bepalings en immunoblotting terwyl apoptose in vivo getoets is deur immunoblotting. Reaktiewe suurstofspesie (RSS) vlakke is deur middel van H2DCFDA verkleuring (fluoresensie mikroskopie, vloeisitometrie) bepaal. Algehele en BAD O-GlcNAsetilering is beide deur immunoblotting en immunofluoresensie mikroskopie bepaal. BAD-Bcl-2 dimeervorming bevorder apoptose, om BAD-cl-2 dimerisasie te bepaal is daar van immunopresipitering analise en immunofluoresensie mikroskopie (ko-lokalisasie) gebruik gemaak. In vivo is algehele OGlcNAsetiliering, BAD O-GlcNAsetiliering en BAD-Bcl-2 dimerisasie deur immunopresipitasie en immunoblotting bepaal. 6 RESULTE – Hoë glukose behandeling van selle het die graad van apotpose betekenisvol verhoog soos blootgelê deur Hoechst nukleuskleuring (54 ± 9%, p<0.01 vs. 5.5 mM), Annexin-V kleuring (43 ± 5%), kaspase aktiviteit assay (26 ± 2%) en immunoblotting. In parallel, algehele OGlcNAsetilering (p<0.001 vs. 5.5 mM), BAD O-GlcNAsetilering (p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM) en RSS vlakke is verhoog (fluoresensie mikroskopie– p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM; vloeisitometrie– p<0.001 vs. 5.5 mM). HBW inhibering deur van DON en van antioksidant behandeling gebruik te maak (α- OHCA) het hierdie effekte verlaag terwyl HBW aktivering deur PUGNAc dit verhoog het. Netso, het insulienweerstandige rotharte betekenisvolle hoë kaspase -3 (p<0.05 vs. kontrole), algeheel O-GlcNAsetilering (p<0.05 vs. kontrole) en BAD O-GlcNAsetiliering vlakke (p<0.05 vs. 5.5 mM) getoon. BAD-Bcl-2 dimeervorming is verhoog in hiperglukemies blootgestelde selle [immunopresipitering analise en ko-lokalisering] en in insulienweerstandige harte. GEVOLGTREKKINGS – Ons studie het „n nuwe weg geïdenifiseer waar hiperglukemie in groter oksidatiewe stres resulteer wat weer HBW aktivering verhoog en BAD O-GlcNAsetilering verhoog het. Ons het verder bevind dat groter BAD-Bcl-2 dimerisasie miokardiale apoptose verhoog wat voorstel dat hierdie weg „n belangrike rol in diabetiese kardiomiopatie speel.
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Reinholt, Brad Michael. "Inactivation of Stac3 causes skeletal muscle defects and perinatal death in mice." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76784.

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The Src homology 3 domain (SH3) and cysteine rich domain (C1) 3 (Stac3) gene is a novel gene copiously expressed in skeletal muscle. The objective of this research was to determine the role of Stac3 in development, specifically in skeletal muscle. We achieved this objective by evaluating the phenotypic effects of Stac3 gene inactivation on development in mice. At birth homozygous Stac3 null (Stac3-/-) mice died perinatally and remained in fetal position with limp limbs, but possessed otherwise normal organs based on gross and histological evaluations. The primary phenotypes displayed at term in Stac3-/- mice were reduced late gestational body weights, increased prevalence of myotubes with centrally located nuclei and severe deformities throughout all skeletal muscles. At embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) Stac3-/- mice displayed a 12.7% reduction (P < 0.001) in weight compared to wild type (Stac3+/+) or heterozygous (Stac3+/-) littermates while at E15.5 body weights and morphology were similar. At birth (P0) and at E17.5, Stac3-/- mice had 59% and 24% (P < 0.001) more myotubes with centrally located nuclei, respectively, than Stac3+/- or Stac3+/+ littermates. Stac3-/- mice also displayed increased myotube and myofiber cross sectional area at P0 (P < 0.001) and E17.5 (P < 0.05) with disorganized fiber bundling. Overall, these data show Stac3 is necessary for development of viable offspring and suggest Stac3 plays a critical role in fetal development where its primary phenotype is exhibited in skeletal muscle.
Master of Science
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Salawu, Emmanuel Oluwatobi. "Spatiotemporal Variations in Coexisting Multiple Causes of Death and the Associated Factors." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6108.

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The study and practice of epidemiology and public health benefit from the use of mortality statistics, such as mortality rates, which are frequently used as key health indicators. Furthermore, multiple causes of death (MCOD) data offer important information that could not possibly be gathered from other mortality data. This study aimed to describe the interrelationships between various causes of death in the United States in order to improve the understanding of the coexistence of MCOD and thereby improve public health and enhance longevity. The social support theory was used as a framework, and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the coexistence of MCOD in approximately 80 million death cases across the United States from 1959 to 2005. The findings showed that in the United States, there is a statistically significant relationship between the number of coexisting MCOD, race, education, and the state of residence. Furthermore, age, gender, and marital status statistically influence the average number of coexisting MCOD. The results offer insights into how the number of coexisting MCOD vary across the United States, races, education levels, gender, age, and marital status and lay a foundation for further investigation into what people are dying from. The results have the long-term potential of helping public health practitioners identify individuals or communities that are at higher risks of death from a number of coexisting MCOD such that actions could be taken to lower the risks to improve people's wellbeing, enhance longevity, and contribute to positive social change.
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Garaas, Marte, and Stevning Geir Ole Hiåsen. "Case-Based Reasoning in identifying causes of fish death in industrial fish farming." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15401.

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Fish farming is a million dollar business world wide, and fish is in fact the third mostimportant export product after oil/gas and metal in Norway. There are a lot of different aquaculture sites which produce fish along our long coast line and they all have somedifferences in the production rates and procedures. The fish farmer at these sites holdvaluable information about the production, which is almost impossible to derive onlyfrom empirical data.In this thesis we introduce Glaucus, a Case-Based Reasoning system which aims tohelp the fish farmers with their decision making when conduction sorting operations attheir aquaculture sites. The system is built in Java and uses the jColibri developmentframework for Case-Based Reasoning. It retrieves cases based on similarity function frommyCBR and jColibri in addition to custom made ones. The case base is generated fromreal world data and the case queries are populated by a combination of user input anddata from a database with continuous data flow.Our approach is just the beginning of what we hope will be a even greater journeytowards a complete decision support system that will meet the expectations of the fishfarmers.Keywords: Case-Based Reasoning, Machine learning, Fish farming, jColibri, myCBR
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Gushue, Sharon. "Underlying causes of death among patients with cancer in Nova Scotia, 1969-1989." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/MQ42151.pdf.

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Bishop, Matthew R. "Iraqi Civilian Death in American Mass Media| The Causes and Consequences of Silence." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1586654.

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This thesis sets out to explain the causes and consequences of American mass media silence on the subject of civilian death in Iraq in the 2003-2012 war. The thesis finds the principal causes of silence to be: The embedding program, the need for fast, marketable, American-sourced "officialdom", the cultural-political shift to the right after 9/11 and the rise of Fox News, the takeover of advertising interests in media executive management, and various psychological causes including group diffusion of responsibility. The thesis finds the principal consequence of media silence to be dehumanization through omission, effecting widespread American public ignorance (and consequent apathy) of civilian death in Iraq. The concept dehumanization through omission is introduced in this thesis as a variant of traditional dehumanization that can be either intentional or naturally occurring. In this particular variant, the absence of like-identification across ingroups and outgroups, the absence of socially supportive affiliates interested in forming a humanizing counter-narrative, the denial of and disinterest regarding ingroup sin, the denial of event importance, the denial of individual agency, occasional overt dehumanization, sustained infrahumanization, and finally the assumption on the part of the American people that their media was vigilant against civilian death paired with that media's actual and complete absence of vigilance against death and against the delegitimizing and prevailing war narrative, form a dehumanization that is softer, quieter, and more elusive than overt propaganda, but which in all likelihood is just as fatal to those who suffer its consequences.

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Lewington, Sarah. "Blood pressure, cholesterol and premature death : towards the real relationships." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:517a1b6c-4752-46e7-868b-48a4ea078e69.

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This thesis is based on a worldwide overview (meta-analysis) of prospective observational studies of blood pressure and cholesterol, involving a centralised collection of data on over one million individuals from 59 studies, which I have co- ordinated since its inception. Analytically, the aim has been to develop and to use appropriate statistical techniques to assess the age- and sex-specific associations of usual blood pressure and of usual cholesterol with cause-specific mortality. Since the data set is uniquely large, and because appropriate methods of analysis (with full account taken of the time-dependent nature of the regression dilution bias) have been developed and used, these associations have been established more reliably. An integral part of the methodological element of the thesis has been to investigate the systematic underestimation of associations between risk factor and disease that are obtained when only a single baseline measurement is used to assess levels of such risk factors (the regression dilution bias). The extent of this bias has been investigated in each study that had repeat measurements of risk factors during follow-up. One particularly novel aspect has been the emphasis on, and methods developed to account for, the regression dilution bias in several studies simultaneously and in an appropriately time-dependent way. This thesis illustrates the extent to which random error and inappropriate statistical analysis lead to misleading conclusions concerning the importance of blood pressure and blood cholesterol, particularly in premature death. Only by studying adequate numbers of deaths (136,000 deaths among 1 million adults during 13 million person- years of follow-up) and by using appropriate statistical techniques - taking proper account of (a) the regression dilution bias; (b) the full range of blood pressure and cholesterol; (c) the opposing effects of HDL.and the remaining non-HDL cholesterol; and (d) age at death - did it become possible to provide reliable results on the true relationships between blood pressure, cholesterol fractions and vascular and other causes of death. These analyses have demonstrated reliably that, as causes of IHD death in early middle age, blood pressure and blood lipids are three to five times more important than suggested by inappropriate analyses, with no clinically relevant inverse associations with cancer or other non-vascular mortality (except, surprisingly, COPD).
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Hong, Lei, and 洪镭. "The association of dietary habits and socioeconomic factors with dietary related causes of death." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50561674.

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Background： Previous studies indicated that dietary habit or food-purchasing behaviors was associated with socioeconomic status. However, there is no study about potential association between social economic factors (individual and neighborhood levels) and dietary related mortality risks. Objective: 1) To provide population based information on food consumption pattern among Hong Kong people from a diversity of socio-economic background. 2) Investigate the dietary habits and different food related death in Hong Kong people who were 65 or over. 3) Investigate the association of socioeconomic factors and food related death at individual (SES) and neighborhood (SDI) level. Method: The subjects we recruited in a lifestyle and mortality (LIMOR)study forall deceased people aged 65 or older. The LIMOR data was conducted by The University of Hong Kong, School of Public health in the year of 1997. I got access to part of the data for my study from the leading investigator (Dr. Daniel SY Ho). Dietary habits were measured by using semi-quantitative food frequency questions on seven most commonly consumed food groups by Hong Kong residents: vegetables, fruits, soy and dairy products fish, meat and Chinese tea.Mortality in 1998 due to non-accidental causes (ICD9: 001—799) was examined. In my study, mortality due to specific categories of cardio-respiratory causes was regarded as the case and the due to pneumonia was regarded as the control. Binary logistic regression was used for assessment of odds ratio with adjustment for confounders. Result: Regular consumption of fruit was significantly (P<0.01) related to lower mortality due to COPD with adjusted OR =0.77 (95%CI 0.63-0.94) and regular consumption of vegetables was significantly(p<0.05) related to lower mortality due tocolon cancer with adjusted OR =0.58 (95%CI 0. 33-1.00). Milk consumption was significantly(p<0.05) related to higher mortality for both ischemicheart disease (adjusted OR=1.25; 95%CI 1.02-1.51) and COPD (p<0.01 adjusted OR=1.37; 95%CI 1.08-1.73) for people aged over 65. In my study, fish consumption was significantly (p<0.05) associated with lower mortality due to stomach cancer with adjusted OR=0.47 (95%CI 0.30-0.75). Meat consistently showed positive correlation with all f the causes of death, however, none of them were significant. Soy consumption was consistently and non-significantly shown to have a negative association with different causes of death, except COPD. Tea was negatively associated with COPD and hypertension, though none of them were significant. For those who lived in homeowner‘s scheme house, they were more likely (p<0.05) to have hypertension (OR=1.79; 95%CI 1.03-3.13). Also for people who lived in private houses, they were more likely (p<0.05) to died from IHD (OR=1.27; 95%CI 1.09-1.60) and colon cancer (OR=1.27; 95%CI 1.01-1.59) death. People who had primary (OR=1.45; 95%CI 1.12-1.86) and secondary and above education(OR=1.27; 95%CI 1.01-1.59) had a significantly (p<0.05) association with mortality due to colon cancer. People who had low SES and lived in high SDI area were less likely (p<0.05) to die fromischemic heart disease (OR=0.41; 95%CI 0.17-0.98). Conclusion: In Hong Kong, people who had higher education tended to consume more dairy products than lower education group and they were more likely to die from colon cancer. People who lived in private houses had higher consumption of dairy products than those lived in public estate and they were more likely to die from IHD and colon cancer. For people who had high SES, no matter which SDI areas they lived, they tended to have a more frequent consumption of fruit, bean, dairy products and meat than those oflow SES. People who had low SES and lived in high SDI area, as we considered as the poorest people, were less likely to die withischemic heart disease.
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Books on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

1

International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death (1st 1999 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Summary of the proceedings of the International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death, 22-24 February, 1999, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. [Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1999.

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International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death (1st 1999 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Summary of the proceedings of the International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death, 22-24 February, 1999, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. [Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1999.

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International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death (1st 1999 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Summary of the proceedings of the International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death, 22-24 February, 1999, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. [Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1999.

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International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death (1st 1999 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Summary of the proceedings of the International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death, 22-24 February, 1999, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. [Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1999.

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Kremer, Heinrich. The silent revolution in cancer and AIDS medicine: New fundamental insights into the real causes of illness and death confirm the effectiveness of biological compensation therapy. [Berlin, Germany?]: H. Kremer, 2008.

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Kremer, Heinrich. The silent revolution in cancer and AIDS medicine: New fundamental insights into the real causes of illness and death confirm the effectiveness of biological compensation therapy. [Berlin, Germany?]: H. Kremer, 2008.

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International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death (1st 1999 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Counting the dead in India in the 21st century: Summary of the proceedings of the International Workshop on Certification of Causes of Death, 22-24 February, 1999, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. [Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1999.

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Vas, C. J. Determination of death. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd., 1993.

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Rich, Maloof, ed. This will kill you: A guide to the ways in which we go. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2009.

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Clark, Steven C., Ph. D., ed. The medicolegal death investigtor: A systematic training program for the professional death investigator. Big Rapids, Mich: Occupationa Research and Assessment, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

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Koch, Maria, John Hanson, Herta Gaedke, and Diane Wilson. "Competing Causes of Death in Breast Cancer Patients." In Fundamental Problems in Breast Cancer, 265–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2049-4_31.

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Payne-James, Jason, and Richard Jones. "Death from natural causes." In Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 69–82. 14e. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2019. | Preceded by Simpson's forensic medicine / Jason Payne-James … [et al.]. 13th ed. c2011. |: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315157054-6.

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Blainey, Geoffrey. "Death-Watch and Scapegoat Wars." In The Causes of War, 68–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19395-0_5.

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Tabuchi, Takahiro, Mayuko Yonejima, Tomoya Hanibuchi, and Tomoki Nakaya. "Other Major Causes of Death." In The Atlas of Health Inequalities in Japan, 247–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22707-4_6.

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Turillazzi, Emanuela, Stefania Bello, and Vittorio Fineschi. "Natural Causes of Sudden Death." In Handbook of Forensic Medicine, 597–629. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118570654.ch33.

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Cunningham, Kris S., and Michael S. Pollanen. "Sudden Death from Pulmonary Causes." In Forensic Pathology Reviews, 47–74. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-249-6_3.

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Rau, Roland, Christina Bohk-Ewald, Magdalena M. Muszyńska, and James W. Vaupel. "Seasonality of Causes of Death." In Visualizing Mortality Dynamics in the Lexis Diagram, 99–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64820-0_9.

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Scott, Philip R. "Common Causes of Sudden Death." In Illustrated Textbook of Clinical Diagnosis in Farm Animals, 319–39. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003106456-40.

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Benjamin, B. "Mortality—Death Rates and Causes." In Health and Vital Statistics, 72–91. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003281900-5.

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Du Port, François. "The Signs and Causes of Death." In The Decade of Medicine or The Physician of the Rich and the Poor, 20–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73715-2_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

1

SILVA, SÉRGIO E. LEMOS DA, SAMANTHA CRISTINE BALDUINO, KETHLEN TAINAH XAVIER RIBEIRO, RUTHELE CAMATA MENEZES, MARIA LUíSA MAURICIO FREITAS, and MARIA LUíSA NASCIUTTI MARRA. "CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BOVINE CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEALTH-DISEASE PROCESS IN POPULATION." In II South Florida Congress of Health. brazco, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/iisfchv2022.0007.

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Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution, caused by protozoa of the Cryptosporidium genus. In cattle, the main species involved is Cryptosporidium parvum, considered to be an important agent that causes diarrhea in naturally infected neonates, which can lead to death. This article sought to investigate and describe, based on a literature search, aspects related to the epidemiological chain, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prophylaxis of bovine cryptosporidiosis (CB), in order to improve knowledge of the health-disease process in the population. The results showed that the disease is transmitted by the oro-fecal route, through the ingestion of food and water contaminated by sporulated oocysts of the agent. The asymptomatic picture is related to infection of the abomasum by Cryptosporidium andersoni in adult animals and by Cryptosporidium bovis or cervid genotype in weaned calves. Symptomatic symptoms usually appear in calves up to 30 days of age. The morbidity and mortality of the disease are high and low, respectively, affecting mainly lactating animals. It was concluded that investigations related to CB are fundamental to establish the clinical diagnosis and control and prevention measures of the disease.
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Chesnutt, Jennifer K. W., and Hai-Chao Han. "Contributions of Platelet Activation and Collision to Thrombus Formation in Tortuous Venules." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80579.

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Vessel tortuosity is often seen in humans in association with various conditions, including thrombosis.1–3 Thrombosis is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Tortuosity can increase shear stress that can activate platelets, which can lead to thrombosis.4 A fundamental gap exists in understanding how vessel tortuosity regulates thrombosis through such microscale physical mechanisms. Solving this problem is essential to assess the risk of thrombosis and to develop new treatment strategies.
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Nagel, Thomas, Sascha Müller, Uwe-Jens Görke, Carol Muehlemann, and Markus A. Wimmer. "Depth Dependent Strain Analysis of Articular Cartilage Under Impaction Loading." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176644.

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Lesions in the cartilage of the knee can lead to degenerative arthritis of the joint. Therefore, procedures such as osteochondral grafting are used to repair the cartilage. Osteochondral grafting procedures are of interest, because the lesion is replaced with true hyaline cartilage. This procedure involves press-fitting a cylindrical bone-cartilage plug by impaction to repair the damaged cartilage area. Recently, it has been shown that impact insertion of osteochondral grafts generates damaging loads that cause chondrocyte death, particularly in the superficial zone [1]. Using high speed video analysis, it has been shown that the highest local deformations occur within the superficial zone of the osteochondral plug [2,3]. However, the exact strain condition of the tissue during impaction and any depth dependent strain differences remain unknown. Assuming uniaxial load conditions of an ideal cylinder exposed to high strain rates, the stress-strain response of cartilage plugs during the impaction process is reported in this study. We hypothesized that the highest strain levels would occur in the superficial zone. Based on the experimental results, the fundamental material effects substantial for the load case under consideration can be studied. Consequently, suitable material models for subsequent numerical simulations can be established.
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Golubev, A. P. "LATE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE - UNKNOWN GLOBAL АNTROPOGENIC ECOLOGICAL CRISIS XIII - XII CENTURIES BC." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-7-11.

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The Late Bronze Age Collapse, or the Crisis of Producers, is the definition for the process of the gradual decline of agricultural production in the states of the Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley regions, which culminated at the end of XIII-XII centuries BC. It was caused not by individual private mistakes, but by fundamental and irreparable defects in the then dominant system of agriculture in region mentioned. First of all, they were the widespread deforestation, overgrazing and salinization of arable lands as a result of excessive irrigation. This led to a catastrophic decline in their fertility and food shortages. The crisis of producers became the main reason for the death of largest states of those epoch (the First Babylonian Kingdom, Ancient Egypt, Harappa, etc.), which were at the forefront of the world civilizational progress, which delayed the technological and cultural development of the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and South Asia, by at least for a millennium.
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Sampaio, Jorge H. B., and Ahmed K. Mansour. "Selecting the Best 3D Wellbore Trajectory Using a Fast Stiff Semi-Analytical 3D Torque and Drag Simulator." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96385.

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Abstract The process of designing a 3D wellbore trajectory, in general, takes into consideration only the expected initial and final coordinates, some “drillable” curvatures that can be delivered by the current technologies, and any of the various 3D planning models, each with a particular number of defining parameters. Some of the questions usually disregarded are: which model to take to design the trajectory, which values to take for the defining parameters, what to measure in the process of design, and what should be optimized. The objective of this work is to provide a systematic approach to 3D trajectory design based on torque and drag performance. For this purpose, it is unquestionable that the torque and the drag caused by the trajectory curvature, which are, considering all other variables the same, determined by the trajectory model and its parameters, dominate the discussion. Other things like trajectory length, borehole diameter, tubular good geometry, although influential, are irrelevant in the decision process because if they affect one model, they affect all others. Therefore, the use of an efficient, accurate, and general T&D model is of fundamental importance, and then we are left with the duty of measuring the adequate cost (or loss, or objective) function and optimizing this function. In this endeavor, a fast and accurate 3D stiff analytical T&D solution that allows analyzing a large number and wide range of parameters is of fundamental importance. Armed with such tool, and with the guidelines resulting from this work, the well designer can quickly determine the best trajectory and parameters that optimize the borehole construction and yet reaching the fundamental purpose of the well to be designed. Instead of requiring an extensive experience and/or creative (non-replicating) capacity of the well designer, the process delivers a systematic approach to trajectory design, based on the relevant objective parameters (e. g., minimum T&D, minimum equipment wear, reduced casing, cementing, hole cleaning and pipe sticking difficulties, and so far). To reach this goal a reasonable, but not thorough, understanding of the causes and effects of torque and drag is necessary in order to effectively play with the trajectory parameters. The causes and consequences of wellbore tortuosity is particularly discussed. In the process, several types of trajectory common in the industry are used and compared. To effectively compare the various models, it is assumed that all trajectories (based on the same initial and final conditions) have the same length (measured depth). This is not a necessary condition because different trajectory construction may require different amount of curvature control, which affects its cost. The T&D model itself is not covered because it has been discussed in another publication; however, a brief discussion is presented in the Annex 2. Any appropriate model serves the purpose although the requirement of being fast, accurate, 3D, and using a stiff model is necessary. Flexibility and efficiency on how the data are entered and changed are also important to a successful, efficient analysis.
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Sousa, Giovanna Carvalho, Gustavo Bomfim Barreto, Lanna Victória Loula, Louise Seixas Lordêllo, Gustavo Sampaio Vilas-Boas, Raíssa Barreto Lima, Lara Teixeira de Oliveira, et al. "Analysis of stroke treatment outcomes in hospital setting in Brazil, between the years 2010 and 2019." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.447.

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Background: Stroke is an important cause of death and is a major cause of serious disability in Brazil and in the world. Therefore, it is fundamental to analyze its treatment in the hospital setting in Brazil. Objectives: To describe the progression of the stroke treatment in the hospital setting in Brazil between the years 2010 and 2019 and the outcomes associated to the disease. Design and Setting: Transversal, retrospective and quantitative study, with secondary data collected in the Hospital Information System of SUS (SIH / SUS) between 2010 and 2019, in Brazil. Methods: Data from number of hospitalizations for stroke treatment, mortality rate and average length of hospital stay were collected and analyzed. A comparison has been made between these data over the selected years. Results: The number of hospitalizations for stroke treatment had a 16,83% growth between 2010 and 2019. In comparison, the average length of hospital stay was 7,7 days in 2010 and 7,6 days in 2019. The mortality rate had a reduction of 10,52% between these years. Conclusions: Despite the growth of hospitalization to stroke treatment, there was a reduction in the average length of hospital stay and in the mortality rate associated to the procedure. It is possible to infer an optimization in the stroke lead in intensive care units in Brazil.
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Simonovska, Lijlana, Mirjana Trajcevska, Vladimir Mitreski, and Iva Simonovska. "The causes of death among patients with tuberculosis." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa2713.

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Al Natsheh, Anas, Saheed Adebayo Gbadegeshin, Kawtar Ghafel, Omar Mohammed, Ashten Koskela, Antti Rimpiläinen, Joonas Tikkanen, and Antti Kuoppala. "THE CAUSES OF VALLEY OF DEATH: A LITERATURE REVIEW." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1943.

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"Forecasting leading death causes in Australia using extended CreditRisk+." In 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.e1.shevchenko.

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Bozzo, Isabella, Marco Amabili, Prabakaran Balasubramanian, Ivan Breslavsky, and Giovanni Ferrari. "Experimental Determination of Layer-Specific Hyperelastic Parameters of Human Descending Thoracic Aortas." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10667.

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Abstract Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada resulting in $20.9 billion annual healthcare expenditures [1,2]. Understanding the mechanics of the human descending thoracic aorta is fundamental for comprehending the development of pathologies and improving surgical prostheses. This study presents hyperelastic and viscoelastic material characterizations of the human descending thoracic aorta from twelve different donors, with a mean age of 49.4 years. The specimens were dissected into the three constituent layers: intima, media and adventitia. Evaluating the layer-specific opening angles led to the computation of the circumferential residual stresses. Uniaxial tensile tests of each layer, in both the circumferential and axial direction, were used to model the hyperelastic behavior according to the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel model (GOH). The storage modulus and loss tangent for the layers were obtained from uniaxial harmonic excitations at varied frequencies, to model the viscoelastic behavior with the generalized Maxwell model. The results showed a positive correlation between age and stiffness for all layers, both axially and circumferentially. Similar loss tangent values were found across the three layers. A large increase in the storage modulus from static to dynamic experiments further corroborates the importance of a viscoelastic model of the aorta, rather than solely hyperelastic.
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Reports on the topic "Fundamental Causes of Death"

1

Heron, Melonie. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2018. National Center for Health Statistics, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104186.

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This report presents final 2018 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, along with leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.

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Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant­ microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non­ pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant­ microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.
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Gorbunov, I. V., and Yu V. Zima. THE CAUSES OF THE DEATH OF THE FORESTS OF THE BAIKAL REGION (TRANSBAIKALIAN REGION). Издательский Дом "Академия Естествознания", 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/yr.z.1.

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Curtin, Sally, and Jiaquan xu. Death Rates for Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 25–44 Among the Three Largest Race and Ethnicity Groups: United States, 2000–2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121796.

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This report presents trends for the three leading causes of death to people aged 25–44 in 2020 (unintentional injuries, heart disease, and suicide) for non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic people.
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Curtin, Sally, and Merianne Rose Spencer. Trends in Death Rates in Urban and Rural Areas: United States, 1999–2019. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:109049.

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González Díez, L., T. Birkner, B. Puebla Martínez, and P. Pérez Cuadrado. Newspaper design as a fundamental element of the tabloid press. An analysis of the causes of the closure of Claro newspaper. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2015-1075en.

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Nantung, Tommy E., Jusang Lee, John E. Haddock, M. Reza Pouranian, Dario Batioja Alvarez, Jongmyung Jeon, Boonam Shin, and Peter J. Becker. Structural Evaluation of Full-Depth Flexible Pavement Using APT. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317319.

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The fundamentals of rutting behavior for thin full-depth flexible pavements (i.e., asphalt thickness less than 12 inches) are investigated in this study. The scope incorporates an experimental study using full-scale Accelerated Pavement Tests (APTs) to monitor the evolution of each pavement structural layer's transverse profiles. The findings were then employed to verify the local rutting model coefficients used in the current pavement design method, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Four APT sections were constructed using two thin typical pavement structures (seven-and ten-inches thick) and two types of surface course material (dense-graded and SMA). A mid-depth rut monitoring and automated laser profile systems were designed to reconstruct the transverse profiles at each pavement layer interface throughout the process of accelerated pavement deterioration that is produced during the APT. The contributions of each pavement structural layer to rutting and the evolution of layer deformation were derived. This study found that the permanent deformation within full-depth asphalt concrete significantly depends upon the pavement thickness. However, once the pavement reaches sufficient thickness (more than 12.5 inches), increasing the thickness does not significantly affect the permanent deformation. Additionally, for thin full-depth asphalt pavements with a dense-graded Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) surface course, most pavement rutting is caused by the deformation of the asphalt concrete, with about half the rutting amount observed within the top four inches of the pavement layers. However, for thin full-depth asphalt pavements with an SMA surface course, most pavement rutting comes from the closet sublayer to the surface, i.e., the intermediate layer. The accuracy of the MEPDG’s prediction models for thin full-depth asphalt pavement was evaluated using some statistical parameters, including bias, the sum of squared error, and the standard error of estimates between the predicted and actual measurements. Based on the statistical analysis (at the 95% confidence level), no significant difference was found between the version 2.3-predicted and measured rutting of total asphalt concrete layer and subgrade for thick and thin pavements.
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8

Gregory, Elizabeth, Claudia Valenzuela, and Donna Hoyert. Fetal Mortality: United States, 2019. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:109456.

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This report presents 2019 fetal mortality data by maternal race and Hispanic origin, age, tobacco use during pregnancy, and state of residence, as well as by plurality, sex, gestational age, birthweight, and selected causes of death. Trends in fetal mortality are also examined.
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9

Gregory C.W., Elizabeth, Claudia Valenzuela, and Donna Hoyert. Fetal Mortality: United States, 2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:118420.

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This report presents 2020 fetal mortality data by maternal race and Hispanic origin, age, tobacco use during pregnancy, and state of residence, as well as by plurality, sex, gestational age, birthweight, and selected causes of death. Trends in fetal mortality are also examined.
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10

Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.

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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.
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