Journal articles: 'Functionally graded materials (FGMs)'

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Shareef, Mahdi M. S., Ahmed N. Al-Khazraji, and Samir A. Amin. "Flexural Properties of Functionally Graded Polymer Alumina Nanoparticles." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 5A (May 25, 2021): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i5a.1949.

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In this paper, a functionally graded polymer nanocomposite (FGPNC) was arranged via mixing the Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles (50 – 100 nm) with an epoxy matrix through five layers of 1.2 mm thickness for each layer using hand lay–up technique. Different volume fractions were taken (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) % of the used nanoparticles and were cast in molds made from acrylic for creating the graded composite sheet in the thickness direction. The prepared isotropic specimen was tested by tensile and compressive test. The results showed that the (4% Vf of Al2O3) has the best enhancement of the ultimate tensile strength (85.25% from neat epoxy) and decreased thereafter. Flexural properties of three different types of functionally graded materials (FGMs), including FGM1, FGM2 and FGM3, isotropic nanocomposite (2% Al2O3) and pristine epoxy were obtained. Flexural strength and flexural modulus of the functionally graded polymer nanocomposite for each type of FGMs enhanced by (51.7%) and (67%), respectively for the FGM1 loaded from the neat epoxy side, whereas for the FGM1 loaded from the (4%) side, the improvement in these properties was (17.8%) and (29.4%), correspondingly over those for the neat epoxy. For FGM2, the improvement in the flexural strength was (27%) and (71.8%) for the flexural modulus as compared with pristine epoxy. The enhancement in the flexural strength of FGM3 was (27%) and flexural modulus (57.7%). Design Modeler (ANSYS Workbench) was used to verify the experimental flexural test results. A very good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results with a maximum error of (3.92%) in the flexural modulus for FGM1 loaded from the composite side.

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Sunar, M. "Modeling of Functionally Graded Thermopiezoelectro-Magnetic Materials." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.487.

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Previous work has shown the importance of the mechanical behaviour of coatings and thin materals, where the elastic properties vary in depth. Such coatings and materials are investigated under the broad subject of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). There has been also a vast interest in the general coupled field analysis of thermopiezomagnetic materials under which smart piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials can be studied. The smart materials are often bonded as thin films on host structures for the purpose of sensing and/or actuation. This work aims to combine these two important areas of thermopiezoelectro-magnetism and FGMs. The thermopiezoelectro-magnetic materials are modeled using the finite element method assuming variations in material properties similar to FGMs. The resulting equations of modeling are then applied to an example problem in smart material sensing/actuation.

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Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the density increase with the increase the number of layer. Lateral shrinkage is one of the important parameter for estimating the quality of component gradation in an FGM structure. The Vickers hardness show higher value at FGM7, Finally the FESEM images showed a gradation in microstructure within the system from plate- like structure for the hard ferrite to spherical structure for the soft ferrite.

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Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the density increase with the increase the number of layer. Lateral shrinkage is one of the important parameter for estimating the quality of component gradation in an FGM structure. The Vickers hardness show higher value at FGM7, Finally the FESEM images showed a gradation in microstructure within the system from plate- like structure for the hard ferrite to spherical structure for the soft ferrite.

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Tohgo, Keiichiro, Hiroyasu Araki, and Yoshinobu Shimamura. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness Distribution in Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Materials." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.497.

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This paper deals with evaluation of fracture toughness in functionally graded materials (FGMs) consisting of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and austenitic stainless steel SUS 304. FGMs and non-graded composites (non-FGMs) with fine and coarse microstructures are fabricated by powder metallurgy using PSZ and two kinds of SUS 304 powders. The fracture toughness is determined by conventional tests for several non-FGMs with each material composition and by a method utilizing stable crack growth for FGMs. Based on the experimental results, fracture mechanism, influences of microstructure on fracture toughness, and difference in fracture toughness between the FGMs and non-FGMs has been discussed.

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Năstăsescu, Vasile, Ghiță Bârsan, and Silvia Marzavan. "On the Calculus of Functionally Graded Plates." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0090.

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Abstract This paper presents some of our results regarding calculus of the functionally graded plates (FGPs). Such plates are made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), which represent a new material class belonging to the composite materials. Our paper presents some material laws in a comparative way. But the main purpose of this paper is to provide calculus concepts and calculus methodologies, based on the means available in scientific research of mechanical engineering field, for the calculation of plates made of FGMs. Thus, the authors use the concepts of multilayer plate and equivalent plate, using both analytical and numerical calculus. The numerical method used are the Finite Element Method (FEM).The calculation aims both to determine the displacements and the stresses of the plates under statical loads, as well as to determine the free vibration frequencies. The research methodology is based on combining analytical calculation, where and when possible, with numerical simulation. The validation of our results is done by comparison with the analytical solution and the comparative analysis of the methods.

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Li, Jing Feng, and Huai Quan Zhang. "Functionally Graded Electrode Materials for Thermoelectric Devices." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1134.

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The electrodes for solar thermoelectric modules require high thermal conductivity in the thickness direction and high electrical conductivity in the plane direction; but the whole electrode must be electrically insulated in the thickness direction. To meet such requirements, two material systems of TiB2/AlN/Cu and Cu/AlN/Cu with AlN as a middle layer were designed and studied, because AlN has high thermal conductivity and electrical resistance. The TiB2/AlN/Cu FGMs were fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, in which a temperature gradient was achieved by using a specially designed mold. The Cu/AlN/Cu symmetrical FGMs were fabricated by an infiltration-like process using a symmetrical porosity-graded AlN plate as a preform.

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Jeon, Jae Ho, Hai Tao Fang, Zhong Hong Lai, and Zhong Da Yin. "Development of Functionally Graded Anti-Oxidation Coatings for Carbon/Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1851.

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The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was originated in the research field of thermal barrier coatings. Continuous changes in the composition, grain size, porosity, etc., of these materials result in gradients in such properties as mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. In recent years, functionally graded structural composite materials have received increased attention as promising candidate materials to exhibit better mechanical and functional properties than homogeneous materials or simple composite materials. Therefore the research area of FGMs has been expending in the development of various structural and functional materials, such as cutting tools, photonic crystals, dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics, thermoelectric semiconductors, and biomaterials. We have developed functionally graded structural ceramic/metal composite materials for relaxation of thermal stress, functionally graded anti-oxidation coatings for carbon/carbon composites, and functionally graded dielectric ceramic composites to develop advanced dielectric ceramics with flat characteristics of dielectric constant in a wide temperature range. This paper introduces functionally graded coatings for C/C composites with superior oxidation resistance at high temperatures.

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El-Wazery, M. S., A. R. El-Desouky, O. A. Hamed, N. A. Mansour, and A. A. Hassan. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of ZrO₂/Ni Functionally Graded Materials." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.463.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2/Ni functionally graded materials (FGMs) fabricated by powder metallurgy technique were investigated experimentally. The relative density of non-graded composite and functionally graded materials (FGM) was also measured. Microscopic examination exhibits that the material composition and microstructure of the FGMs vary gradually. The distributions of mechanical properties in the FGMs are obtained from the mechanical testing of homogeneous composite samples with different volume fractions of Ni. The results show that the elastic modulus and the bending strength decreases with increasing the nickel content from 0 to 50 % Ni, this is mainly affected by the weakly bonded ceramic/metal interface. Also, it was found that the fracture toughness and the elastic modulus in the FGMs are higher than that of the all non-graded composite.

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Martínez-Pañeda, Emilio. "On the Finite Element Implementation of Functionally Graded Materials." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020287.

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We investigate the numerical implementation of functionally graded properties in the context of the finite element method. The macroscopic variation of elastic properties inherent to functionally graded materials (FGMs) is introduced at the element level by means of the two most commonly used schemes: (i) nodal based gradation, often via an auxiliary (non-physical) temperature-dependence, and (ii) Gauss integration point based gradation. These formulations are extensively compared by solving a number of paradigmatic boundary value problems for which analytical solutions can be obtained. The nature of the notable differences revealed by the results is investigated in detail. We provide a user subroutine for the finite element package ABAQUS to overcome the limitations of the most popular approach for implementing FGMs in commercial software. The use of reliable, element-based formulations to define the material property variation could be key in fracture assessment of FGMs and other non-homogeneous materials.

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Kim, Jeong Ho, and Glaucio H. Paulino. "Mixed-Mode Crack Propagation in Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.409.

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This paper presents numerical simulation of mixed-mode crack propagation in functionally graded materials by means of a remeshing algorithm in conjunction with the finite element method. Each step of crack growth simulation consists of the calculation of the mixedmode stress intensity factors by means of a non-equilibrium formulation of the interaction integral method, determination of the crack growth direction based on a specific fracture criterion, and local automatic remeshing along the crack path. A specific fracture criterion is tailored for FGMs based on the assumption of local homogenization of asymptotic crack-tip fields in FGMs. The present approach uses a user-defined crack increment at the beginning of the simulation. Crack trajectories obtained by the present numerical simulation are compared with available experimental results.

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Ma, Li, Zhi Yong Wang, and Lin Zhi Wu. "Numerical Simulation of Mixed-Mode Crack Propagation in Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.121.

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This paper addresses the numerical simulation of mixed-mode crack propagation in Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) by means of eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM), endowed with elastic and toughness properties which gradually vary in space. The method allows to follow crack paths independently of the finite element mesh, this feature is especially important for FGMs, since the gradation of the mechanical properties may lead to complex propagation paths also in simple symmetric tests. Each step of crack growth simulation consists of the calculation of the mixed-mode stress intensity factor by means of a non-equilibrium formulation of the interaction integral method, determination of the crack growth direction based on a specific fracture criterion. A specific fracture criterion is tailored for FGMs based on the assumption of local homogenization of asymptotic crack-tip fields in FGMs. The present approach uses a user-defined crack increment at the beginning of the simulation. Crack trajectories obtained by the present numerical simulation agree well with available experimental results for FGMs. The computational scheme developed here serve as a guideline for fracture experiments on FGM specimens (e.g. initiation toughness and R-curve behavior).

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Nohut, Serkan, and Martin Schwentenwein. "Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials: A Review." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6010017.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) offer discrete or continuously changing properties/compositions over the volume of the parts. The widespread application of FGMs was not rapid enough in the past due to limitations of the manufacturing methods. Significant developments in manufacturing technologies especially in Additive Manufacturing (AM) enable us nowadays to manufacture materials with specified changes over the volume/surface of components. The use of AM methods for the manufacturing of FGMs may allow us to compensate for some drawbacks of conventional methods and to produce complex and near-net-shaped structures with better control of gradients in a cost-efficient way. Vat Photopolymerization (VP), a type of AM method that works according to the principle of curing liquid photopolymer resin layer-by-layer, has gained in recent years high importance due to its advantages such as low cost, high surface quality control, no need to support structures, no limitation in the material. This article reviews the state-of-art and future potential of using VP methods for FGM manufacturing. It was concluded that improvements in printer hardware setup and software, design aspects and printing methodologies will accelerate the use of VP methods for FGMs manufacturing.

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Zhang, Ruiying, Fan Jiang, Long Xue, and Junyu Yu. "Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Large-Scale Metal Functionally Graded Materials." Crystals 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060858.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which constitute a new type of composite material, have received considerable attention in industry because of the spatial gradient of their composition and the microstructure-induced gradient in their material performance, which make them better suited for high-performance multifunctional applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become one of the most promising techniques for the manufacture of materials and structures because of its high flexibility. The combination of advanced materials (FGMs) and advanced manufacturing methods (AM) is expected to facilitate the further development of such engineering materials. In this paper, the definition, historical development and material gradient types of FGMs are introduced. The classification, process principle and typical research results of the AM of metal FGMs are summarized and discussed. In particular, the research status of wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM), which is more suitable for the preparation of large-scale metal FGMs, is reviewed in detail according to the types of FGMs, and a double-wire bypass plasma arc additive manufacturing technique, which is suitable for inducing a gradient along the direction of single-pass cladding, is proposed. On the basis of this summary of the important achievements made to date, future research is proposed.

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Erdogan, F. "Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048934.

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In today's highly demanding technological environment, one of the main challenges in new material design is combining seemingly irreconcilable thermomechanical properties in the same component (e.g., high heat and corrosion resistance, high strength in elevated-temperature applications and high resistance to wear, and high toughness in load-bearing elements). In many cases, the problem may be solved by using coatings or by layering dissimilar materials. From a structural viewpoint, a major disadvantage of these techniques, particularly in ceramic coating of metals, has been the resulting high thermal and residual stresses and relatively poor bonding strength. Thus, in thin films, coatings, and layered materials, surface cracking and debonding or delamination have been common forms of mechanical failure. One effective way of reducing residual and thermal stresses and enhancing bonding strength has been to eliminate material-property discontinuities by grading the material composition near the interfaces or through the coating. These new materials, with continuously varying compositions or volume fractions, are known as functionally graded materials (FGMs).In developing FGMs, research on the mechanics, and particularly on the fracture mechanics of these inhomogeneous materials, is needed to provide technical support to materials scientists and to manufacturing and design engineers. In the past, fracture mechanics has been useful both as a screening tool during material processing and as a design and maintenance tool for service-life assessment. Broadly speaking, fracture mechanics involves studying the effect of the applied loads, the component/flaw geometry, and the environmental conditions on the fracture of engineering materials.

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Al-Hadrayi, Ziadoon M. R., Ahmed Naif Al-Khazraji, and Ahmed Adnan Shandookh. "Investigation of Fatigue Behavior for Al/Zn Functionally Graded Material." Materials Science Forum 1079 (December 26, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8umjsp.

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This paper presented an experimental and numerical study of functionally graded materials made by the permanent casting method and in three models with different mixing ratios between aluminum and zinc alloys (FGM1, FGM2, and FGM3) as in figure 1. In the permanent casting process, three models of the functionally graded material were produced and mechanical tests were conducted on them such as tensile and hardness tests, and the behavior of tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, and fatigue was analyzed on them. The fatigue test was conducted at six levels of load and at room temperature. Simulations were carried out for the three models and a simulated fatigue test for the functionally graded material into the Ansys program. The results of the fatigue test showed an apparent effect of the different mixing ratios of the functional-grade material. As well as the numerical results were, close to the experimental results. There was an improvement in the fatigue life compared to FGM3, by 23% to FGM2. In addition, the fatigue life of the FGM3 of 11% higher than from the FGM1 model. In addition to that, which is important, the improvement in the fatigue life characteristics of the third type was 36% compared to the alloys from which the functionally graded materials were made.

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Mohammadi, Majid, Masoud Rajabi, and Majid Ghadiri. "Functionally graded materials (FGMs): A review of classifications, fabrication methods and their applications." Processing and Application of Ceramics 15, no. 4 (2021): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2104319m.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are new materials whose properties change gradually in respect to their dimensions. This group of materials shows a tremendous improvement of previously used composite materials. FGM consists of two or more materials whose combination enables the achievement of specified properties in accordance with the desired application. The article gives an overview of different classifications, various fabrication methods and applications of the FGMs. It could also provide insight and perspective for researchers, university students and research and development teams since it has brought together diverse aspects of FGMs. As mentioned in section two, we took all FGMs fabrication methods under consideration, giving the reader an insight into how to make a product while satisfying the conditions of financial and mechanical efficiency. The classification section specifically goes over structures, types of gradients, sizes/scales, state of matter and finishes with the manufacturing processes. Section two deep dives into the fabrication methods used in the FGMs, which are divided into three sub-sections, including gas-based, liquid-based and solid-based. Lastly, various applications of the FGMs in different fields and industries, namely aerospace, energy, medicine, military, manufacturing and eventually other applications, are demonstrated.

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Zhao, Ning, Lei Lei Cao, and Hui Guo. "Transient Heat Conduction in Functionally Graded Materials by LT-MFS." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1664.

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: The LT-MFS approach is proposed to solve two-dimensional transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials (FGMs). First, a Laplace transform approach is used to move the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, the solution in Laplace space is approximated by the linear combination of fundamental solutions. Further, Stefest’s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time–space domain. Finally, the method is tested on several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

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Wong, K. L., and M. Danikas. "Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) for Spacers in Gas Insulated Systems: A Concise Review and Some Comments." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2021): 7887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4482.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) present a solution to control electrical stresses in high voltage applications. In this paper, a concise review is presented on the FGMs for spacers in gas-insulated systems. FGMs offer the possibility of a more even electric field distribution and thus a viable solution for industrial applications. FGMs are investigated here primarily as materials for permittivity control. Some aspects of FGMs are discussed as well as some thoughts on future challenges.

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Yevtushenko, Aleksander, Katarzyna Topczewska, and Przemysław Zamojski. "Influence of Thermal Sensitivity of Functionally Graded Materials on Temperature during Braking." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030963.

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The model of the frictional heating process during single braking to determine the temperature of the functionally graded friction elements with an account of the thermal sensitivity of materials was proposed. The basis of this model is the exact solution of the one-dimensional thermal problem of friction during braking with constant deceleration. The formulas approximating the experimental data of the temperature dependencies of properties of the functionally graded materials (FGMs) were involved in the model to improve the accuracy of the achieved results. A comparative analysis was performed for data obtained for temperature-dependent FGMs and the corresponding data, calculated without consideration of thermal sensitivity. The results revealed that the assumption of thermal stability of FGMs during braking may cause a significant overestimation of temperature of the friction pair elements.

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Parihar, Rityuj Singh, Srinivasu Gangi Setti, and Raj Kumar Sahu. "Recent advances in the manufacturing processes of functionally graded materials: a review." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0395.

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AbstractFunctionally graded materials (FGMs) are engineered materials that are inhomogeneous and can be purposefully processed to obtain discrete or continuously varying compositions/microstructures over a definable geometrical length. FGMs can be used in a number of applications, such as aircrafts, combustion nozzles, gas turbines, energy conversion cells, biomaterials, etc. The objective of this paper is to review the new developments in production processes and their prospects in the creation of next-generation FGMs. Traditionally, four potential methods were used for fabrications of FGMs, i.e. powder metallurgy, chemical vapor deposition, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and plasma spraying. Some of the recently developed methods are the cast-decant-cast process, friction stir processing, and laser-engineered net shaping, which are usually cost-effective and used to make a quiet change in properties. An effective production method for conversion of the concept of gradient into practice is still a challenge for the research community. In this paper, research works toward meeting these challenges will be highlighted, and the future scopes of investigation in this area will be explored.

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Zainal Abidin, Mohamad Rusydi, Saifulnizan Jamian, and Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor. "Prediction of Energy Absorption of Al-Based FGM Crash Box under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.557.

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In this study, simulations of quasi-static and dynamic loading on the Al functionally graded materials (Al FGM) crash boxes are carried out. The FGM crash box is fabricated by heat treatment method. Five different crash boxes, namely FGM0, FGM1, FGM2, FGM3 and FGM4 for the different heat treatment temperatures of 25, 500, 520, 540 and 560 °C, respectively are investigated. The simulation results of quasi-static loading test show that FGM1 has the maximum force of 97.515 kN and the highest specific energy absorption (SEA), 33.029 kJ/kg. As for dynamic loading test, FGM3 has recorded the highest maximum force, 59.379 kN and FGM2 has recorded the highest SEA, 24.17 kJ/kg. It can be concluded that the strength and SEA of crash box is increased by introducing FGM concept.

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NĂSTĂSESCU, VASILE. "The influence of Poisson's ratio in the calculus of functionally graded plates." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2022.7.4.393.

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A current problem, of increased difficulty, which is still under continuous development, is the calculus of functionally graded plates (FGPs). Functionally graded materials (FGMs) represent a special category of composite materials, usually made on the basis of two materials, with very different properties, so they vary continuously between the extreme surfaces of the material, where the properties are those of the respective materials in their pure state. Today, the most used materials used in the construction of FGMs are ceramic materials and metals. Their volume fractions, in the thickness direction, varies continuously, according to a material law, valid for all material properties. A problem, generally poorly substantiated, is the one related to the assumption of a constant value of the Poisson's ratio over the entire plate thickness of the functionally graded plates. This hypothesis admits an analytical solution, by direct integration, of the stiffness of the plate, but it certainly does not reflect reality. There are some ways of approaching the calculation of functionally graded plates, such as the multilayer plate concept or the equivalent plate concept, which can take into account the variation of the Poisson's ratio on the plate thickness. The paper highlights this aspect and, in addition, evaluates the influence of the variation of Poisson's ratio on the calculation of displacements, stresses and natural vibrations of functionally graded plates. The work represents both an original way of approaching the calculation of functionally graded plates and a quantitative substantiation of the hypothesis of a Poisson coefficient with a constant value.

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Krawczak, P. "Polymer-based functionally graded materials (FGMs): potential and challenges." Express Polymer Letters 4, no. 6 (2010): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.41.

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Namigata, Satoshi, and Hideaki Tsukamoto. "Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube/ Aluminum Matrix Functionally Graded Materials Using Centrifugal Slurry Methods." Key Engineering Materials 878 (March 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.878.31.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) has received broad scientific and industrial attention due to their excellent mechanical and functional properties. However, CNT has not been effectively used for high performance composites because of degradation of mechanical properties due to insufficient dispersibility of CNT in the matrix. In this study, CNT/ aluminum (Al) matrix functionally graded materials (FGMs) have been focused on. The processes of dispersion of CNT have been carried out with the solvent of dimethylacetamide, and the dispersing agent of potassium carbonate, which is an inorganic salt, under ultrasonic sonication conditions. Centrifugal slurry methods have been applied to obtain gradient of content of CNT in CNT/ Al matrix FGMs. Tribological characteristics on CNT/ Al matrix FGMs have been investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. It has been demonstrated that CNT contributes to enhance wear resistances.

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Shin, Ki Hoon, and Seong Kyun Cheong. "FEA-Based Design and Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1681.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are composite materials that have continuous material variation along with geometry. This paper introduces a method for FEA-based design and layered manufacturing (LM) of FGMs. An FGM solid model is first created by referring to the libraries of primary materials and composition functions. The model is then discretized into an object model onto which appropriate material properties are mapped. Next, the object model is adaptively meshed and converted into an FE model. FEA using ANSYS is finally performed to estimate stress levels. This FEA-based design cycle is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained. The object model is then fed to the fabrication system where a process planning is performed to create instructions for LM machines. As a laser-based LM method, Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) at the University of Michigan is briefly described. A specific example (FGM pressure vessel) is shown to illustrate the entire FEA-based design and DMD fabrication cycle.

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Ruzuqi, Rezza. "Analysis Two Dimension Heat Conduction in Functionally Graded Materials Using Finite Element Methods." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i2.96.

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Along with the progress of the industrial world, both the aviation industry, the health industry, the chemical industry, the electronics industry, and so on, the need for composite materials is increasing to meet market demand. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are an advanced material class of composite materials that have material properties that vary from one point to another. In this study, two-dimensional heat conduction analysis will be conducted in FGM using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Three models gradation FGMs properties examined in the study, namely polynomial, Trigonometry, and Exponential. The response temperature of FGMs using gradation three models compared and analyzed. The optimum temperature distribution of four models built with the ANSYS software. The result is that heat conduction in trigonometric variations is very good, resulting in low-temperature values when compared to both of them. Then, the performance and efficiency obtained using FEM to analyze two-dimensional heat conductivity in FGMs is also very good.

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Wang, Fei, Yu'e Ma, Yanning Guo, and Wei Huang. "Study on Transient Thermal Response for Functionally Graded Materials Based on Peridynamic Theory." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 5 (October 2019): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193750903.

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The transient heat conduction formula of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is presented based on peridynamics (PD). The simplified micro-heat conductivity model for FGMs is proposed and the numerical discretization and the peridynamic numerical formation are also illustrated. A FORTRAN program is coded to implement calculations. The accuracy of the program is verified by comparing the FEM and analytical results with PD solution. The FGM rectangle plate composed by titanium alloy coating zirconium oxide is performed to calculate temperature fields. The effects of material gradient, porosity and temperature load on thermal response are studied. It is shown that the ceramic proportion of FGMs is increased with an increasing material shape parameter and the thermal shielding performance of FGMs is also improved. The effect of the porosity on thermal response is more and more significant with the increasing time step. The increasing temperature load only affects the temperature response of FGM ceramic area. The thickness of temperature distribution area is increased with the increasing of heat conduction time.

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Kim, Dasom, Kwangjae Park, Minwoo Chang, Sungwook Joo, Sanghwui Hong, Seungchan Cho, and Hansang Kwon. "Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials Using Aluminum Alloys via Hot Extrusion." Metals 9, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020210.

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In this study, we have attempted to manufacture functionally graded materials (FGMs) using aluminum alloys 3003 and 6063 via a hot extrusion process to realize multifunctionality through achieving high strength and low weight. The FGMs were fabricated using Al3003 powder and Al6063 bulk to improve the interfacial properties. Particle size analysis and X-ray fluorescence of the Al3003 powder were used to analyze the composition of general Al3003; microstructure analysis revealed improved hardness with almost no defects, such as cracks at the interface between the two materials. The experimentally determined tensile strength of the composite was observed to be higher than the theoretical value calculated using the rule of mixtures; the strengthening mechanisms considered for the calculations were grain size reduction and precipitation hardening. In particular, we attempted to predict the strengthening effect resulting from the fine grain size of the powder and grain size reduction due to the extrusion process using the Hall–Petch equation. The Kelly–Tyson equation was also used to calculate the theoretical strength in the presence of the strengthening phases. Based on these results, it was confirmed that FGMs can be successfully produced using the hot extrusion process.

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Cao, B. Y., M. Di Domenico, B. D. Nie, and A. Sellitto. "Influence of the composition gradient on the propagation of heat pulses in functionally graded nanomaterials." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2221 (January 2019): 20180499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0499.

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A theoretical model to describe heat transport in functionally graded nanomaterials is developed in the framework of extended thermodynamics. The heat-transport equation used in our theoretical model is of the Maxwell–Cattaneo type. We study the propagation of acceleration waves in functionally graded materials (FGMs). In the special case of functionally graded Si 1− c Ge c thin layers, we point out the influence of the composition gradient on the propagation of heat pulses. A possible use of heat pulses as exploring tool to infer the inner composition of FGMs is suggested.

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Xu, Wenzhi, Zhuojia Fu, and Qiang Xi. "Thermal Conductivity Identification in Functionally Graded Materials via a Machine Learning Strategy Based on Singular Boundary Method." Mathematics 10, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030458.

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A machine learning strategy based on the semi-analytical singular boundary method (SBM) is presented for the thermal conductivity identification of functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this study, only the temperature or heat flux on the surface or interior of FGMs can be measured by the thermal sensors, and the SBM is used to construct the database of the relationship between the thermal conductivity and the temperature distribution of the functionally graded structure. Based on the aforementioned constructed database, the artificial neural network-based machine learning strategy was implemented to identify the thermal conductivity of FGMs. Finally, several benchmark examples are presented to verify the feasibility, robustness, and applicability of the proposed machine learning strategy.

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Zhao, Jun Feng, Jing Fang, and Yao Li. "Dynamic Analysis of Functionally Graded Euler Beam with Elastically Restrained Edges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 684 (October 2014): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.684.182.

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Free vibration of functionally graded materials (FGMs) Euler beam with elastically restrained edges is investigated. The material properties of the FGMs beam vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the power law form. The neutral axis site of the FGMs beam is determined by the static equilibrium condition. The governing equation and boundary conditions are found by applying the Hamilton’s principle. The linear combination of a Fourier cosine series and auxiliary Legendre polynomial function is used to obtain the natural frequencies of the FGMs beam. The effects of the rotational spring stiffness, the translational spring stiffness and the gradient index on the natural frequencies are discussed and analyzed for different material properties and different boundary conditions, indicating that the frequencies are sensitive to the gradient variation of material properties and the spring stiffness.

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Singh, Akant Kumar, and Siddhartha. "An investigation on the mechanical and thermal performance of a novel functionally graded materials–based thermoplastic composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 12 (October 9, 2018): 1691–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805124.

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This work investigates the mechanical, fracture toughness, and thermomechanical peculiarity of a novel functionally graded materials (FGMs)–based glass fiber–filled polyamide 66 (PA66) composites. FGMs-based PA66 are fabricated through a particularly designed mold and a punch. Punch is a rotating element of the mold and rotates at 1800 r/min for two min for the fabrication of FGMs. Gradation of fibers takes place in FGMs toward the periphery of the punch cavity due to the centrifugal force. Neat PA66 and homogeneous composites are also fabricated through the same mold for comparative study. Punch remains stationary during the fabrication of neat PA66 and homogeneous composites. PA66 granules filled with 15 wt% and 30 wt% of glass fibers are used to manufacture FGMs and homogeneous composites. Ignition loss test, hardness measurement, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis are used to verify the gradation of glass fibers within FGMs. Result analysis concluded that FGMs performed better as compared to neat PA66 and homogeneous composites. FGMs-based thermoplastic composites have full scope to fabricate polymer gears used in low load applications. This manufacturing route shows a promising potential for fabrication of FGMs-based thermoplastics which otherwise is difficult to manufacture because of their high solidification rate at room temperature.

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Chalivendra, Vijaya Bhaskar, and Arun Shukla. "Transient Elastodynamic Crack Growth in Functionally Graded Materials." Journal of Applied Mechanics 72, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1831292.

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A generalized elastic solution for an arbitrarily propagating transient crack in functionally graded materials (FGMs) is obtained through an asymptotic analysis. The shear modulus and mass density of the FGM are assumed to vary exponentially along the gradation direction. The out-of-plane displacement field and its gradients about the crack tip were obtained in powers of radial coordinates, with the coefficients depending on the time rates of change of crack tip speed and stress intensity factor. The effects of the transient terms on the contours of constant out-of-plane displacement are duly discussed.

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Jayachandran, Murali, Hideaki Tsukamoto, Hisashi Sato, and Yoshimi Watanabe. "Formation Behavior of Continuous Graded Composition in Ti-ZrO2Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Mixed-Powder Pouring Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/504631.

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A mixed-powder pouring method has been proposed to fabricate functionally graded materials (FGMs) with the desired compositional gradient. The experimental procedure involves preparation of mixed powders consisting of more than two types of particles with different size and/or density, which exhibit different velocities in suspension and sedimentation to form the green body under gravity conditions. The green body was sintered by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The initiation of the particle settlement was precisely controlled by using crushed ice as the suspension medium. Ti-ZrO2FGMs were fabricated, in this study, using different sizes of ZrO2and Ti particles. Vickers hardness confirmed the compositional gradient in the fabricated FGMs. A numerical simulation was also carried out to analyze the particle movement inside the suspension medium during the formation process and predict compositional gradient in the FGMs.

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Bertolino, N., M. Monagheddu, A. Tacca, P. Giuliani, C. Zanotti, F. Maglia, and U. Anselmi Tamburini. "Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of functionally graded materials as thermal protection systems for high-temperature applications." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0057.

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Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis was used to prepare boride-based functionally graded materials (FGMs) as thermal barriers for space re-entry vehicles. FGMs are characterized by inhomogeneous spatial composition, resulting in different spatial characteristics. In this work, the FGMs were composed of a ceramic [i.e., MB2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)] and a metallic (i.e., NiAl) side, joined together by composite layers of graded stoichiometries of the two components. Thus, in the same material, the boride end gives thermal insulation, while the intermetallic end offers an easy junction to the structure of the space aircraft. The prepared FGMs showed good adhesion between the layers and global compactness after preparation and thermal tests. The microhardness along the samples was measured, and their insulating capabilities were evaluated.

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Kisara, Katsuto, Tomomi Konno, and Masayuki Niino. "Report on FY 2007 Functionally Graded Materials Database." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.135.

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Functionally Graded Materials Database (hereinafter referred to as FGMs Database) has been run by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) since October, 2002. So far, the database contains 1,815 research paper information including 12,790 figures and tables, 2,632 author information, 904 PDFs, and 563 university, research institution and company information. The database had been used by 34,968 users from 113 countries in FY2007, where the effective total visits counted to 73,072. Approx. 20% of users had repeatedly visited the website. In FY 2007 users from Japan were significantly increased. Additionally, the interest of Europe and Middle east/Africa region was remarkable.

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Yu, Wei Qin. "Analysis of Bifurcations for a Functionally Graded Materials Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.988.

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Using the analytical and numerical approaches, the nonlinear dynamic behaviors in the vicinity of a compound critical point are studied for a simply supported functionally graded materials (FGMs) rectangular plate. Normal form theory, bifurcation and stability theory are used to find closed form solutions for equilibria and periodic motions. Stability conditions of these solutions are obtained explicitly and critical boundaries are also derived. Finally, numerical results are presented to confirm the analytical predictions

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Chen, Dan, Lisheng Liu, Liangliang Chu, and Qiwen Liu. "Analytical Solution of Thermo–Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials by Asymptotic Homogenization Method." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 23, 2022): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093073.

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In this work, a general mathematical model for functionally graded heterogeneous equilibrium boundary value problems is considered. A methodology to find the local problems and the effective properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with generalized periodicity is presented, using the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM). The present models consist of the matrix metal Mo and the reinforced phase ceramic ZrC, the constituent ratios and the property gradation profiles of which can be described by the designed volume fraction. Firstly, a new threshold segmentation method is proposed to construct the gradient structure of the FGMs, which lays the groundwork for the subsequent research on the properties of materials. Further, a study of FGMs varied along a certain direction and the influence of the varied constituents and graded structures in the behavior of heterogeneous structures are investigated by the AHM. Consequently, the closed–form formulas for the effective thermo–mechanical coupling tensors are obtained, based on the solutions of local problems of FGMs with the periodic boundary conditions. These formulas provide information for the understanding of the traditional homogenized structure, and the results also be verified the correctness by the Mori–Tanaka method and AHM numerical solution. The results show that the designed structure profiles have great influence on the effective properties of the present inhomogeneous heterogeneous models. This research will be of great reference significance for the future material optimization design.

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Tsukamoto, Hideaki. "Cyclic Thermal Shock Response of Zirconia/304 Stainless Steel Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Centrifugal Slurry Methods." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020069.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are multi-phase composites with gradual spatial variations of constituents. The compositional transitions in the FGMs are classified into two manners such as continuous gradient manners and stepwise manners. In this study, zirconia (ZrO2)/ 304 stainless steel (SUS304) FGMs with continuous gradient manners were fabricated by a combination of centrifugal slurry methods and spark plasma sintering (SPS). A variety of continuous gradient patterns were achieved by controlling the amount of dispersant such as ammonium polycarboxylic acid (PCA) in the slurry. With an increase in the amount of PCA, the gradient patterns in the FGMs changed from ceramic (ZrO2)-rich to metal (SUS304)-rich ones. According to Stokes sedimentation velocity simulations, the sedimentation velocity of SUS304 particles is higher than that of ZrO2 particles. With an increasing amount of PCA, the sedimentation velocity of the particles decreases. Cyclic thermal shock test results demonstrated that FGMs with metal (SUS304)-rich continuous gradient patterns showed the highest resistance among the samples of FGMs, 5-layered materials and ZrO2 single materials.

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Birman, Victor, and Larry W. Byrd. "Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures." Applied Mechanics Reviews 60, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2777164.

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This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing and design, applications, and fracture. The critical areas where further research is needed for a successful implementation of FGM in design are outlined in the conclusions.

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Imai, Yuto, Yusei Takemoto, and Hideaki Tsukamoto. "Effect of Ball Milling Treatment on Compositional Gradients in Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Centrifugal Slurry Methods." Materials Science Forum 1083 (April 6, 2023): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2uxp08.

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Ceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advantageous to two dissimilar materials joined directly together, which includes smoothing of thermal stress distributions, minimization or elimination of stress concentrations and singularities at the interface corners and increase in bonding strength. In this study, ZrO2/ 304 stainless steel (SUS304) FGMs with continuous gradient manners, not stepwise manners, were fabricated by a combination of centrifugal slurry methods and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The size and surface smoothness of the powders of SUS304 highly affected formation of compositional gradient patterns in the FGMs. Effects of ball milling time and ball sizes on such conditions of the powders as well as compositional gradients in the FGMs were investigated by microstructure observations with element analysis and hardness probing on the cross sections of the FGMs.

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43

Zhou, Hong Liang. "Implementation of Crack Problem of Functionally Graded Materials with ABAQUS^TM." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.297.

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An implementation method of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) for fracture problems of non-homogeneous materials such as functionally graded materials (FGMs) with commercial finite element software ABAQUSTMis introduced in this paper. In order to avoid the complex post proceeding to extract fracture parameters, the interface crack element based on the VCCT is developed. The heterogeneity of FGMs is characterized though user subroutine UMAT and the interface crack element is implemented by user subroutine UEL. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy of the present method.

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Hasezaki, Kazuhiro, and Yasutoshi Noda. "Approach to Optimum Layer Structure of Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.29.

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Minimum interlayer numbers of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are studied based on the empirical analysis of thermal stress due to the differences in the thermal expansion coefficient  and temperature T between sintering and room temperatures. It is found the maximum ,   and the minimum interlayer number necessary to produce a NiCr / Fly ash FGM structure without interface cracking were 4.0×10-6 K-1, 1080 K, 0.043 and 2, respectively. The condition  < 0.043 was derived and confirmed to be valid for available FGM systems.

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Sequeira, P. D., Yoshimi Watanabe, Hiroyuki Eryu, Tetsuya Yamamoto, and Kiyotaka Matsuura. "Effects of Platelet Size and Mean Volume Fraction on Platelet Orientation and Volume Fraction Distributions in Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by a Centrifugal Solid-Particle Method." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 2 (January 17, 2007): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712467.

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Background. A centrifugal solid-particle method has been successfully used as a means to fabricate functionally graded materials (FGMs). Various processing parameters significantly influence the formation of the graded microstructural and properties distribution in these FGMs. Method of Approach. Alloys with different Al3Ti platelet volume fractions and platelet sizes are used to study the effects of those parameters on graded distributions of the volume fraction and orientation of platelets. Al-platelet/plaster FGMs are used as a model system, and the effects of the same parameters are investigated. Results. It was found that an increase in initial volume fraction and particle size leads to steeper gradients of volume fraction and orientation distributions within the Al-Al3Ti FGMs. The results of the experimental studies are compared to those of the model material. Conclusions. It was verified that, although with some limitations, the proposed model system will be useful in the study of the formation mechanisms of the graded distributions in the FGMs.

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Anwar, Rabia, Madiha Ghamkhar, Muhammad Imran Khan, Rabia Safdar, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Wasim Jamshed, Esra Karatas Akgül, and M. Prakash. "Frequency Analysis for Functionally Graded Material Cylindrical Shells: A Significant Case Study." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4843321.

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Cylindrical shells play an important role for the construction of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Functionally graded materials are valuable in order to develop durable materials. They are made of two or more materials such as nickel, stainless steel, zirconia, and alumina. They are extremely beneficial for the manufacturing of structural elements. Functionally graded materials are broadly used in several fields such as chemistry, biomedicine, optics, and electronics. In the present research, vibrations of natural frequencies are investigated for different layered cylindrical shells, those constructed from FGMs. The behavior of shell vibration is based on different parameters of geometrical material. The problem of the shell is expressed from the constitutive relations of strain and stress with displacement, as well as it is adopted from Love’s shell theory. Vibrations of natural frequencies (NFs) are calculated for simply supported-simply supported (SS-SS) and clamped-free (C-F) edge conditions. The Rayleigh–Ritz technique is employed to obtain the shell frequency equation. The shell equation is solved by MATLAB software.

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Dandapat, Sourish, Sreyashi Das, and Subhankar Pramanik. "Dynamic Analysis of Simply Supported Functionally Graded Plates." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.470.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are considered as a special composite material that is synthesized for a specific purpose by gradual mixing of two or more different materials thus with varying material properties through their thickness. Due to smooth and continuous varying material properties from one face to another, FGMs are usually superior to the conventional composite materials in mechanical behavior. Hence the dynamic analysis of FGM plates is essential. In this paper, numerical solutions for free vibration analysis of moderately thick plates composed of functionally graded materials with simply supported boundary conditions using finite element analysis have been studied. First-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) has been applied in the research. Eight noded isoparametric serendipity plate bending elements have been used. Young’s modulus and density per unit volume are assumed to vary continuously through the plate thickness according to a power-law distribution. The results have been validated with the existing literature available from other analytical and numerical techniques. The effect of different plate parameters such as aspect ratios, edge constraints, thickness to length ratios, and gradient indices on the natural frequencies of FG rectangular plates are presented. It is found that the natural frequency depends considerably on the said parameters.

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Tang, Ye, Shun Zhong, Tianzhi Yang, and Qian Ding. "Interaction Between Thermal Field and Two-Dimensional Functionally Graded Materials: A Structural Mechanical Example." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 10 (December 2019): 1950099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825119500996.

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The buckling and free vibration of a Euler–Bernoulli beam composed of two-directional functionally graded materials (FGMs) in thermal environment are analyzed. The material properties and temperature distributions are considered to be continuously varied along both axial and thickness directions. Such two-directional FGMs provide the basis of a promising strategy to tune the dynamic behavior of a structure in a controlled fashion, achieving tunable response as desired. The dynamic equation of the beam and relevant boundary conditions are derived based on Hamilton’s principle. The generalized differential quadrature method is used for determining the exact buckling configuration and the natural frequencies of the beam with different boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented to examine the effects of material gradations on the critical buckling temperature. It is concluded that both temperature change and material properties have significant influences on the natural frequency, which suggests that it is possible to tailor or tune the dynamic behaviors of a beam by using man-made FGMs in a complex environment.

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Huang, Li Xin, Yue Chen, Ming Yang, Xiao Lei Zhang, and Qi Yao. "Damage Identification of Functionally Graded Bernoulli-Euler Beam Based on the Modal Strain Energy Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.394.

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An algorithm based on modal strain energy method was proposed to identify the existence, the location and the extent of damage for a functionally graded materials (FGMs) Bernoulli-Euler beam. ABAQUS standard finite element program was used for the dynamic analysis of the FGMs Bernoulli-Euler beam. The damage indicator for the damage identification of the FGMs Bernoulli-Euler beam was developed by way of modal strain energy method. A numerical example was given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in identifying the damage for the FGMs Bernoulli-Euler beam.

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Chavara, D. T., Cyndi X. Wang, and Andrew Ruys. "Biomimetic Functionally Graded Materials: Synthesis by Impeller-Dry-Blending." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 3 (July 2009): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.3.37.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) can be found naturally in many biological structures, for example bamboo and the mollusc shell. They are defined as having a compositional or microstructural gradient, for example the gradation in fibre content in bamboo stems. A continuous bulk functionally graded material has the potential to be an ideal orthopaedic implant for load bearing applications. Due to the fabrication complexities involved in the production of these continuous bulk functionally graded materials, commercialisation and fabrication are still proving to be a challenge to researchers worldwide. This paper presents an overview of the redesigned novel commercially viable process known as the Impeller-Dry-Blending (IDB) process. Results presented in this paper of fabricated functionally graded materials illustrate the potential of IDB to produce continuous bulk functionally graded materials consisting of either compositional or porosity concentration changes. The successful fabrication of these continuous bulk functionally graded materials at such a low cost clearly demonstrates the commercial viability of the IDB process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Functionally graded materials (FGMs)'

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