Relevant bibliographies by topics / Functionally graded materials (FGMs)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Functionally graded materials (FGMs)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Shareef, Mahdi M. S., Ahmed N. Al-Khazraji, and Samir A. Amin. "Flexural Properties of Functionally Graded Polymer Alumina Nanoparticles." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 5A (May 25, 2021): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i5a.1949.

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In this paper, a functionally graded polymer nanocomposite (FGPNC) was arranged via mixing the Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles (50 – 100 nm) with an epoxy matrix through five layers of 1.2 mm thickness for each layer using hand lay–up technique. Different volume fractions were taken (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) % of the used nanoparticles and were cast in molds made from acrylic for creating the graded composite sheet in the thickness direction. The prepared isotropic specimen was tested by tensile and compressive test. The results showed that the (4% Vf of Al2O3) has the best enhancement of the ultimate tensile strength (85.25% from neat epoxy) and decreased thereafter. Flexural properties of three different types of functionally graded materials (FGMs), including FGM1, FGM2 and FGM3, isotropic nanocomposite (2% Al2O3) and pristine epoxy were obtained. Flexural strength and flexural modulus of the functionally graded polymer nanocomposite for each type of FGMs enhanced by (51.7%) and (67%), respectively for the FGM1 loaded from the neat epoxy side, whereas for the FGM1 loaded from the (4%) side, the improvement in these properties was (17.8%) and (29.4%), correspondingly over those for the neat epoxy. For FGM2, the improvement in the flexural strength was (27%) and (71.8%) for the flexural modulus as compared with pristine epoxy. The enhancement in the flexural strength of FGM3 was (27%) and flexural modulus (57.7%). Design Modeler (ANSYS Workbench) was used to verify the experimental flexural test results. A very good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results with a maximum error of (3.92%) in the flexural modulus for FGM1 loaded from the composite side.
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Sunar, M. "Modeling of Functionally Graded Thermopiezoelectro-Magnetic Materials." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.487.

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Previous work has shown the importance of the mechanical behaviour of coatings and thin materals, where the elastic properties vary in depth. Such coatings and materials are investigated under the broad subject of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). There has been also a vast interest in the general coupled field analysis of thermopiezomagnetic materials under which smart piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials can be studied. The smart materials are often bonded as thin films on host structures for the purpose of sensing and/or actuation. This work aims to combine these two important areas of thermopiezoelectro-magnetism and FGMs. The thermopiezoelectro-magnetic materials are modeled using the finite element method assuming variations in material properties similar to FGMs. The resulting equations of modeling are then applied to an example problem in smart material sensing/actuation.
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Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the density increase with the increase the number of layer. Lateral shrinkage is one of the important parameter for estimating the quality of component gradation in an FGM structure. The Vickers hardness show higher value at FGM7, Finally the FESEM images showed a gradation in microstructure within the system from plate- like structure for the hard ferrite to spherical structure for the soft ferrite.
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Chyad, Fadhi, Akram Jabur, and Sabreen Abed. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Hard- Soft Ferrite Functionally Graded Materials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.007.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), with ceramic –ceramic constituents are fabricated using powder technology techniques. In this work three different sets of FGMs samples were designed in to 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers. The ceramic constituents were represented by hard ferrite (Barium ferrite) and soft ferrite (lithium ferrite). All samples sintered at constant temperature at 1100oC for 2 hrs. and characterized by FESEM. Some physical properties were measured for fabricated FGMs include apparent density, bulk density, porosity, shrinkage and hardness. The results indicated that the density increase with the increase the number of layer. Lateral shrinkage is one of the important parameter for estimating the quality of component gradation in an FGM structure. The Vickers hardness show higher value at FGM7, Finally the FESEM images showed a gradation in microstructure within the system from plate- like structure for the hard ferrite to spherical structure for the soft ferrite.
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Tohgo, Keiichiro, Hiroyasu Araki, and Yoshinobu Shimamura. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness Distribution in Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Materials." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.497.

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This paper deals with evaluation of fracture toughness in functionally graded materials (FGMs) consisting of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and austenitic stainless steel SUS 304. FGMs and non-graded composites (non-FGMs) with fine and coarse microstructures are fabricated by powder metallurgy using PSZ and two kinds of SUS 304 powders. The fracture toughness is determined by conventional tests for several non-FGMs with each material composition and by a method utilizing stable crack growth for FGMs. Based on the experimental results, fracture mechanism, influences of microstructure on fracture toughness, and difference in fracture toughness between the FGMs and non-FGMs has been discussed.
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Năstăsescu, Vasile, Ghiță Bârsan, and Silvia Marzavan. "On the Calculus of Functionally Graded Plates." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0090.

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Abstract This paper presents some of our results regarding calculus of the functionally graded plates (FGPs). Such plates are made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), which represent a new material class belonging to the composite materials. Our paper presents some material laws in a comparative way. But the main purpose of this paper is to provide calculus concepts and calculus methodologies, based on the means available in scientific research of mechanical engineering field, for the calculation of plates made of FGMs. Thus, the authors use the concepts of multilayer plate and equivalent plate, using both analytical and numerical calculus. The numerical method used are the Finite Element Method (FEM).The calculation aims both to determine the displacements and the stresses of the plates under statical loads, as well as to determine the free vibration frequencies. The research methodology is based on combining analytical calculation, where and when possible, with numerical simulation. The validation of our results is done by comparison with the analytical solution and the comparative analysis of the methods.
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Li, Jing Feng, and Huai Quan Zhang. "Functionally Graded Electrode Materials for Thermoelectric Devices." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1134.

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The electrodes for solar thermoelectric modules require high thermal conductivity in the thickness direction and high electrical conductivity in the plane direction; but the whole electrode must be electrically insulated in the thickness direction. To meet such requirements, two material systems of TiB2/AlN/Cu and Cu/AlN/Cu with AlN as a middle layer were designed and studied, because AlN has high thermal conductivity and electrical resistance. The TiB2/AlN/Cu FGMs were fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, in which a temperature gradient was achieved by using a specially designed mold. The Cu/AlN/Cu symmetrical FGMs were fabricated by an infiltration-like process using a symmetrical porosity-graded AlN plate as a preform.
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Jeon, Jae Ho, Hai Tao Fang, Zhong Hong Lai, and Zhong Da Yin. "Development of Functionally Graded Anti-Oxidation Coatings for Carbon/Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1851.

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The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was originated in the research field of thermal barrier coatings. Continuous changes in the composition, grain size, porosity, etc., of these materials result in gradients in such properties as mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. In recent years, functionally graded structural composite materials have received increased attention as promising candidate materials to exhibit better mechanical and functional properties than homogeneous materials or simple composite materials. Therefore the research area of FGMs has been expending in the development of various structural and functional materials, such as cutting tools, photonic crystals, dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics, thermoelectric semiconductors, and biomaterials. We have developed functionally graded structural ceramic/metal composite materials for relaxation of thermal stress, functionally graded anti-oxidation coatings for carbon/carbon composites, and functionally graded dielectric ceramic composites to develop advanced dielectric ceramics with flat characteristics of dielectric constant in a wide temperature range. This paper introduces functionally graded coatings for C/C composites with superior oxidation resistance at high temperatures.
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El-Wazery, M. S., A. R. El-Desouky, O. A. Hamed, N. A. Mansour, and A. A. Hassan. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of ZrO2/Ni Functionally Graded Materials." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.463.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2/Ni functionally graded materials (FGMs) fabricated by powder metallurgy technique were investigated experimentally. The relative density of non-graded composite and functionally graded materials (FGM) was also measured. Microscopic examination exhibits that the material composition and microstructure of the FGMs vary gradually. The distributions of mechanical properties in the FGMs are obtained from the mechanical testing of homogeneous composite samples with different volume fractions of Ni. The results show that the elastic modulus and the bending strength decreases with increasing the nickel content from 0 to 50 % Ni, this is mainly affected by the weakly bonded ceramic/metal interface. Also, it was found that the fracture toughness and the elastic modulus in the FGMs are higher than that of the all non-graded composite.
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Martínez-Pañeda, Emilio. "On the Finite Element Implementation of Functionally Graded Materials." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020287.

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We investigate the numerical implementation of functionally graded properties in the context of the finite element method. The macroscopic variation of elastic properties inherent to functionally graded materials (FGMs) is introduced at the element level by means of the two most commonly used schemes: (i) nodal based gradation, often via an auxiliary (non-physical) temperature-dependence, and (ii) Gauss integration point based gradation. These formulations are extensively compared by solving a number of paradigmatic boundary value problems for which analytical solutions can be obtained. The nature of the notable differences revealed by the results is investigated in detail. We provide a user subroutine for the finite element package ABAQUS to overcome the limitations of the most popular approach for implementing FGMs in commercial software. The use of reliable, element-based formulations to define the material property variation could be key in fracture assessment of FGMs and other non-homogeneous materials.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Tilbrook, Matthew Thomas Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Fatigue crack propagation in functionally graded materials." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/21885.

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Propagation of cracks in functionally graded materials (FGMs) under cyclic loading was investigated via experiments and finite element (FE) analysis. Alumina-epoxy composites with an interpenetrating-network structure and tailored spatial variation in composition were produced via a multi-step infiltration technique. Compressed polyurethane foam was infiltrated with alumina slip. After foam burn-out and sintering, epoxy was infiltrated into the porous alumina body. Non-graded specimens with a range of compositions were produced, and elastic properties and fatigue behaviour were characterised. An increase in crack propagation resistance under cyclic loading was quantified via a novel analytical approach. A simulation platform was developed with the commercial FE package ANSYS. Material gradient was applied via nodal temperature definitions. Stress intensity factors were calculated from nodal displacements near the crack-tip. Deflection criteria were compared and the local symmetry criterion provided the most accurate and efficient predictions. An automated mesh-redefinition algorithm enabled incremental simulation of crack propagation. Effects of gradient and crack-geometry parameters on crack-tip stresses were investigated, along with influences of crack-shape, crack-bridging, residual stresses and plasticity. The model provided predictions and data analysis for experimental specimens. Fatigue cracks in graded specimens deflected due to elastic property mismatch, concordant with FE predictions. In other FGMs, thermal or plastic properties may dominate deflection behaviour. Weaker step-interfaces influenced crack paths in some specimens; otherwise effects of toughness variation and gradient steps on crack path were negligible. Crack shape has an influence, but this is secondary to that of elastic gradient. Cracks in FGM specimens initially experienced increase in fatigue resistance with crack-extension followed by sudden decreases at step-interfaces. Bridging had a notable effect on crack propagation resistance but not on crack path. Similarly, crack paths did not differ between monotonic and cyclic loading, although crack-extension effects did. Recommendations for analysis and optimisation strategies for other FGM systems are given. Experimental characterization of FGMs is important, rather than relying on theoretical models. Opportunities for optimization of graded structures are limited by the properties of the constituent materials and resultant general crack deflection behaviour.
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Pratapa, Suminar. "Synthesis and character of a functionally-graded aluminium titanate/zirconia-alumina composite." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/988.

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A functionally-graded Al(subscript)2TiO(subscript)5/ZrO(subscript)2-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3 (AT/zirconia-alumina) composite has been successfully synthesized by an infiltration process involving an alpha-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3-ZrO(subscript)2 (90:10 by weight) green body and a solution containing titanium chloride. The mass gain after infiltration has been used to estimate the amount of new phase introduced into the system. The phase composition character of the functionally-graded material (FGM) has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at several depths which were made by polishing away the material. Absolute weight fraction determination using the Rietveld external standard method showed that the concentration of AT reduces linearly from the surface to the core. In contrast, the alpha-alumina content increases with depth in a complementary manner. Low level amorphous phase was also observed. Other functionally-graded microstructural profiles examined were x-ray characteristic line intensity of Ti, Ti dot-mapping, and alpha-alumina grain size. The FGM also exhibits graded character in both thermal and mechanical properties, i.e. thermal expansion, microhardness, and Young's modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the FGM increased with polishing-depth and approached that of the zirconia-alumina reference sample at a depth of 0.5 mm.Relatively lower thermal expansion and softer surface layer in comparison to those of the core (TEC value of 5.9 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and microhardness of 6 GPa compared to 7.4 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and 12 GPa, respectively) render possibilities to implement the material to which thermal shock resistance surface but hard core, such as a metal melting crucible, are required. Load-dependent microhardness was obviously observed on the surface of the material but only slight dependence was observed in the core. This observation indicated that the material exhibit "quasi-ductile" surface but brittle core. In comparison to the reference specimen, the FGM displayed damage-tolerance and remarkable machinability.
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Pratapa, Suminar. "Synthesis and character of a functionally-graded aluminium titanate/zirconia-alumina composite." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14696.

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A functionally-graded Al(subscript)2TiO(subscript)5/ZrO(subscript)2-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3 (AT/zirconia-alumina) composite has been successfully synthesized by an infiltration process involving an alpha-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3-ZrO(subscript)2 (90:10 by weight) green body and a solution containing titanium chloride. The mass gain after infiltration has been used to estimate the amount of new phase introduced into the system. The phase composition character of the functionally-graded material (FGM) has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at several depths which were made by polishing away the material. Absolute weight fraction determination using the Rietveld external standard method showed that the concentration of AT reduces linearly from the surface to the core. In contrast, the alpha-alumina content increases with depth in a complementary manner. Low level amorphous phase was also observed. Other functionally-graded microstructural profiles examined were x-ray characteristic line intensity of Ti, Ti dot-mapping, and alpha-alumina grain size. The FGM also exhibits graded character in both thermal and mechanical properties, i.e. thermal expansion, microhardness, and Young's modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the FGM increased with polishing-depth and approached that of the zirconia-alumina reference sample at a depth of 0.5 mm.
Relatively lower thermal expansion and softer surface layer in comparison to those of the core (TEC value of 5.9 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and microhardness of 6 GPa compared to 7.4 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and 12 GPa, respectively) render possibilities to implement the material to which thermal shock resistance surface but hard core, such as a metal melting crucible, are required. Load-dependent microhardness was obviously observed on the surface of the material but only slight dependence was observed in the core. This observation indicated that the material exhibit "quasi-ductile" surface but brittle core. In comparison to the reference specimen, the FGM displayed damage-tolerance and remarkable machinability.
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Arman, Eyup Erhan. "Jk-integral Formulation And Implementation For Thermally Loaded Orthotropic Functionally Graded Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610136/index.pdf.

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The main aim of this study is to utilize a Jk-integral based computational method in order to calculate crack tip parameters for orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs). The crack is subjected to mixed mode thermal loading. Mixed mode thermal fracture analysis requires the calculation of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors (KI ,KII ). In addition to stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress are calculated by means of Jk-integral. Jk-integral is defined as a line integral over a vanishingly small curve. Since it is difficult to deal with a line integral on a vanishing curve , Jk-integral is converted to a domain independent form containing area and line integrals by the help of plane thermoelasticity constitutive relations. Steady-state temperature distribution profiles in FGMs and the components of the Jk-integral are computed by means of the finite element method. In both thermal and structural analyses, finite element models that possess graded isoparametric elements are created in the general purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS. In the formulation of Jk-integral, all required engineering material properties are assumed to possess continuous spatial variations through the functionally graded medium. The numerical results are compared to the results obtained from Displacement Correlation Technique (DCT). The domain independence of Jk-integral is also demonstrated. The results obtained in this study show the effects of crack location and material property gradation profiles on stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress.
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DESHMUKH, PUSHKARAJ M. "MODELING ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE MODELING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1096036755.

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Okubo, Hitoshi, Hideki Shumiya, Masahiro Ito, and Katsumi Kato. "Insulation Performance of Permittivity Graded FGM (Functionally Graded Materials) in SF6 Gas under Lightning Impulse Conditions." IEEE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9496.

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Kosker, Sadik. "Three Dimensional Mixed Mode Fracture Analysis Of Functionally Graded Materials." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608795/index.pdf.

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The main objective of this study is to model and analyze a three dimensional inclined semi-elliptic surface crack in a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate with a bond coat. The parametric analyses on FGMs are based upon zirconia-yttria (ZrO2-8wt%-Y2O3) FGM coating bonded to a substrate made of a nickel-based superalloy. It is assumed that there is a nickel-chromium&
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aluminum&
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zirconium (NiCrAlY) bond coat between the FGM coating and substrate. Metal-rich, linear variation, ceramic-rich and homogeneous ceramic FGM coating types are considered in the analyses. The inclined semi-elliptic surface crack problem in the FGM coating-bond coat-substrate system is analyzed under transient thermal loading. This problem is modeled and analyzed by utilizing three dimensional finite elements. Strain singularity around the crack front is simulated using collapsed 20 &
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node quarter &
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point brick elements. Three &
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dimensional displacement correlation technique is utilized to extract the mixed mode stress intensity factors around the crack front for different inclination angles of the semi-elliptic surface crack. The energy release rates around the crack front are also calculated by using the evaluated mixed mode stress intensity factors. The results obtained in this study are the peak values of mixed mode stress intensity factors and energy release rates around the crack front for various inclination angles of the semi-elliptic surface crack embedded in the FGM coating of the composite structure subjected to transient thermal loading.
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Hosseinzadeh, Delandar Arash. "Finite element analysis of thermally induced residual stresses in functionally graded materials." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92519.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced materials and their main characteristic is microstructure and composition variation over the volume of the specimen. This variation of the composition results in changing of material properties in the component. In FGMs usually there are two different types of powder materials such as metal and ceramic powders which are mixed to build up the graded region. These grade layers are placed between the metal and ceramic layers and by this approach a smooth and gradual transient from metal to ceramic can be achieved.Sintering is the main technique to manufacture these types of materials. During the sintering process, cooling of the specimen from sintering temperature to room temperature results in generation of thermal residual stresses within the material. These thermal stresses may cause crack propagation and failure of the material.Distribution analysis of these thermally induced stresses within the material has been carried out in this thesis work. Finite element package ABAQUS has been used in order to simulate the distribution of the thermal residual stresses in the materials. In order to achieve the optimal design for different geometries the parametric study also has been performed. For example influence of number of layers, mixing ratio and porosity has been investigated.Based on the finite element results for cylindrical and cuboid models, non-linear composition variation for both geometries has no improving effect in terms of induced thermal residual stresses. Porous material shows less thermal stress than non-porous material. As the amount of porosity for individual layer was considered in simulation process, this approach resulted in decreasing of thermal stresses within the material. Moreover, non-uniform thickness of graded layers was not beneficial for stress reduction. This variation of thickness results in increasing of thermal residual stresses within the material.
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Mellachervu, Krishnaveni. "Study of the honeycomb structures and functionally graded materials using the BEM and FEM." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1206460053.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisor: Yijun Liu. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Feb.25, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Honeycomb; FGM; BEM; FEM. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sivakumar, V. "Processing, Characterization And Evaluation Of A Functionally Graded Ai - 4.6% Cu Alloy." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/183.

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In some applications the stress across the entire cross-section of a component is not uniform but varies with position. For example, maximum shear stress is highest at the inner surface of a thick-walled cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure and it decreases continuously towards the outer surface. In such applications it would be more appropriate for the component, too, to have varying strength across the cross-section matching with the stress profile it is subjected to. The present work deals with obtaining such a functionally graded material (FGM), characterizing it and testing its mechanical properties in compression. Differential aging heat treatment was used to produce the functionally graded material in a precipitation hardenable Al-4.6%Cu alloy by changing the microstructure. Temperature gradient furnace was used to achieve the gradation in microstructure from one end of the sample to the other end by differential aging of the solution treated sample. Mechanical properties can be varied in any precipitation hardenable alloy by means of producing various precipitates, which will form during the aging sequence. In Al-4.6%Cu alloy one end of the solution treated sample was aged for 38 hours at 170°C and the other end at 70°C by means of a temperature gradient furnace in which the coil density varies along the axis of the furnace. Thus we achieved a difference in mechanical properties from 70°C side to 170°C side as the precipitation during differential aging varied from GP zones at one end to θ' precipitate at the other end. Characterization was done on isothermally aged samples and in FGM using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). XRD result showed that the final equilibrium precipitate θ was not formed in any of the heat-treated samples. TEM result showed the various precipitation sequences from GP zones to θ' in the isothermally aged samples and the same was confirmed in the gradient sample by cutting the samples form 70°C side towards the 170°C side and doing TEM on each sample. The properties of FGM in compression were studied using a 9mmx9mmxl8mm-compression sample using DARTEC machine and it was compared with those of isothermally aged samples. For 70°C the 0.2% proof stress was 141MPa and for 170°C it was 226MPa. The corresponding ductility values at the point of inflection on the engineering stress-strain curve for 70°C sample was higher (33%) than the 170°C (22%) sample. For the gradient sample it gave a proof stress of 163MPa and a ductility value of 30%.
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Books on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Pandey, Pulak M., Sandeep Rathee, Manu Srivastava, and Prashant K. Jain. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976.

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Japan) International Symposium on MM & FGMs (10th 2008 Sendai-han. Multiscale, multifunctional and functionally graded materials: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 10th International Symposium on MM & FGMs, 22nd-25th September 2008, Sendai, Japan. Stafa-Zuriich, Switzerland: Trans Tech, 2010.

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International Conference on Multiscale and Functionally Graded Materials (9th 2006 Oahu, Hawaii). Multiscale and functionally graded materials: Proceedings of the international conference, FGM IX, Oahu Island, Hawaii, 15-18 October 2006. Edited by Paulino G. H. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2008.

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Miyamoto, Y., W. A. Kaysser, B. H. Rabin, A. Kawasaki, and Reneé G. Ford, eds. Functionally Graded Materials. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5301-4.

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Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. Functionally Graded Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53756-6.

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Reynolds, Nathan J. Functionally graded materials. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials (4th 1996 Tsukuba Kenkyū Sentā). Functionally graded materials, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997.

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Yoshinari, Miyamoto, ed. Functionally graded materials: Design, processing, and applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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Ichikawa, Kiyoshi, ed. Functionally Graded Materials in the 21st Century. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4373-2.

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1933-, Ghosh Asish, American Ceramic Society Meeting, and International Symposium on Manufacture, Properties, and Applications of Functionally Graded Materials (1996 : Indianapolis, Ind.), eds. Functionally graded materials: Manufacture, properties, and applications. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Yadav, Ashish, Pushkal Badoniya, Manu Srivastava, Prashant K. Jain, and Sandeep Rathee. "Functionally Graded Materials." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 217–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-10.

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Mahamood, Rasheedat, T. C. Jen, Stephen Akinlabi, Sunir Hassan, Michael Shatalov, Evgenii Murashkin, and Esther T. Akinlabi. "Functionally Graded Materials." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 1–12. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-1.

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Chalak, H. D., and Aman Garg. "Recent Advancements in Analysis of FGM Structures and Future Scope." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 119–38. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-7.

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Ranakoti, Lalit, Brijesh Gangil, and Shashikant Verma. "Liquid Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 39–48. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-3.

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Sinha, Agnivesh Kumar, Rityuj Singh Parihar, Raj Kumar Sahu, and Srinivasu Gangi Setti. "Fabrication of FGMs by Additive Manufacturing Techniques." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 77–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-5.

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Sarangi, Saroj Kumar. "Modeling and Analysis of Smart Functionally Graded Structures." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 139–68. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-8.

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Koppad, Praveennath G., M. R. Ramesh, S. Joladarashi, S. T. Aruna, Nagaraja C. Reddy, and C. Siddaraju. "Gaseous Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 49–76. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-4.

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Parihar, Rityuj Singh, Raj Kumar Sahu, and Srinivasu Gangi Setti. "Advances in Fabrication Techniques of Functionally Graded Materials." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 13–38. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-2.

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Nayak, Ankit, Vivek Kumar Gupta, and Prashant K. Jain. "Design and Fabrication of a Functionally Graded Model of Bone Using the Fused Filament Fabrication Process." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 101–18. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-6.

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Singh, Simran Jeet, and Suraj Prakash Harsha. "Dynamic Analysis of a Porous Sandwich Functionally Graded Material Plate with Geometric Nonlinearity." In Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), 169–216. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003097976-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Leung, Yuen-Shan, Huachao Mao, and Yong Chen. "Approximate Functionally Graded Materials for Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86391.

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Functionally graded materials (FGM) possess superior properties of multiple materials due to the continuous transitions of these materials. Recent progresses in multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the creation of arbitrary material composition, which significantly enlarges the manufacturing capability of FGMs. At the same time, the fabrication capability also introduces new challenges for the design of FGMs. A critical issue is to create the continuous material distribution under the fabrication constraints of multi-material AM processes. Using voxels to approximate gradient material distribution could be one plausible way for additive manufacturing. However, current FGM design methods are non-additive-manufacturing-oriented and unpredictable. For instance, some designs require a vast number of materials to achieve continuous transitions; however, the material choices that are available in a multi-material AM machine are rather limited. Other designs control the volume fraction of two materials to achieve gradual transition; however, such transition cannot be functionally guaranteed. To address these issues, we present a design and fabrication framework for FGMs that can efficiently and effectively generate printable and predictable FGM structures. We adopt a data-driven approach to approximate the behavior of FGM using two base materials. A digital material library is constructed with different combinations of the base materials, and their mechanical properties are extracted by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The mechanical properties are then used for the conversion process between the FGM and the dual material structure such that similar behavior is guaranteed. An error diffusion algorithm is further developed to minimize the approximation error. Simulation results on four test cases show that our approach is robust and accurate, and the framework can successfully design and fabricate such FGM structures.
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Cooley, W. Glenn, and Anthony Palazotto. "Finite Element Analysis of Functionally Graded Shell Panels Under Thermal Loading." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82776.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) have continuous variation of material properties from one surface to another unlike a composite which has stepped (or discontinuous) material properties. The gradation of properties in an FGM reduces the thermal stresses, residual stresses, and stress concentrations found in traditional composites. An FGM’s gradation in material properties allows the designer to tailor material response to meet design criteria. For example, the Space Shuttle utilizes ceramic tiles as thermal protection from heat generated during re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. However, these tiles are prone to cracking at the tile / superstructure interface due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients. An FGM made of ceramic and metal can provide the thermal protection and load carrying capability in one material thus eliminating the problem of cracked tiles found on the Space Shuttle. This paper will explore analysis of shell panels under thermal loading and compare performance of traditional homogeneous materials to FGMs using ABAQUS [1] finite element software. First, theoretical development of FGMs is presented. Second, finite element modeling technique for FGMs is discussed for a thermal stress analysis. Third, homogeneous curved panels made of ceramic and metal are analyzed under thermal loading. Finally, FGM curved panels created from a mixture of ceramic and metal are analyzed. FGM performance is compared to the homogeneous materials in order to explore the effect continuously grading material properties has on structural performance.
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Casari, Francesco, Mario Zadra, Luca Girardini, Alberto Molinari, Glaucio H. Paulino, Marek-Jerzy Pindera, Robert H. Dodds, Fernando A. Rochinha, Eshan Dave, and Linfeng Chen. "Design of Layered Metal-Ceramic FGMs Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering." In MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 2006. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896890.

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Ke, Zhang, Shen Weiping, Ge Changchun, Glaucio H. Paulino, Marek-Jerzy Pindera, Robert H. Dodds, Fernando A. Rochinha, Eshan Dave, and Linfeng Chen. "Effect of Additives on Thermal-Shock Resistance of W∕Cu FGMs." In MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 2006. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896891.

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Smith, W., T. J. Jewett, S. Sampath, C. C. Berndt, H. Herman, J. Fincke, and R. N. Wright. "Plasma Processing of Functionally Graded Materials: Diagnostics and Characterization." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0317.

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Abstract Functionally graded materials (FGMs) offer solutions to such engineering problems involving multi-layer systems with large differences in CTE, i.e. thermal barrier coatings, by allowing for a continuous change in the properties over a defined distance, thus minimizing sharp interface effects. By its nature, plasma spraying is well suited to the fabrication of FGMs. However, in order to achieve optimal performance from the material it is necessary to ensure the FGM is uniform in its compositional variation. The deposition efficiency of the particulate species as well as their trajectories will determine the degree of homogeneity of the FGM. It is therefore important that the inter-relationships between the particle size distributions, injection orientation and feed rates are determined. Towards this end, a series of investigations have been carried out to determine the effects of injection orientation on the particle segregation. Analysis of the particle segregation as a function of particle size distribution was then examined in the formation of FGMs. The results indicate that optimal deposition occurs when the various particle species trajectories converge as they approach the substrate.
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Hauber, Brett, Robert Brockman, Glaucio Paulino, Glaucio H. Paulino, Marek-Jerzy Pindera, Robert H. Dodds, Fernando A. Rochinha, Eshan Dave, and Linfeng Chen. "Effect of a Diffusion Zone on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Layered FGMs." In MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 2006. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896800.

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Jin, Zhi-He, and Glaucio H. Paulino. "Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of an Interior Crack in Functionally Graded Materials." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1697.

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Abstract An internal crack in a strip of a functionally graded material (FGM) is studied under transient thermal loading conditions. The FGM is assumed having constant Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, but the thermal properties of the material vary along the thickness direction of the strip. Thus the material is elastically homogeneous but thermally nonhomogeneous. This kind of FGMs include some ceramic/ceramic FGMs such as TiC/SiC and MoSi2/Al2O3, and also some ceramic/metal FGMs such as zirconia/nickel and zirconia/steel. Thermal stress intensity factors (TSIFs) are calculated for a TiC/SiC FGM with various volume fraction profiles of the constituent materials. It is found that the TSIF could be reduced if the thermally shocked cracked edge of the FGM strip is pure TiC.
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Dumont, Ney Augusto, Glaucio H. Paulino, Marek-Jerzy Pindera, Robert H. Dodds, Fernando A. Rochinha, Eshan Dave, and Linfeng Chen. "Linear Algebra Aspects in the Equilibrium-Based Implementation of Finite∕Boundary Element Methods for FGMs." In MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 2006. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896858.

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Song, Chang-Jiang, Jian-Guo Li, Zhen-Ming Xu, Glaucio H. Paulino, Marek-Jerzy Pindera, Robert H. Dodds, Fernando A. Rochinha, Eshan Dave, and Linfeng Chen. "Effect of Ti Additions on Structure of In-situ Al∕Si FGMs by Electromagnetic Separation Method." In MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 2006. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896906.

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Nomura, Seiichi, and Donna M. Sheahen. "Green’s Function Approach to the Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0647.

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Abstract A micromechanical approach is adopted to systematically obtain numerical Green’s function for functionally graded materials (FGMs) which enables expressing thermomechanical fields in FGMs as a convolution type of integrals between the Green’s function and a source function. The numerical Green’s function is sought by the eigenfunction expansion method. Computer algebra systems are essential to derive admissible functions that satisfy the given boundary conditions and manipulation of the algebra involved. Using the Green’s function for FGMs, physical fields in FGMs can be expressed semi-analytically while retaining all the relevant parameters. In addition, any change in boundary conditions such as temperature can be readily reflected without incurring the entire recalculation.
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Reports on the topic "Functionally graded materials (FGMs)"

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Hudnut, Steven, and Minoru Taya. Thermomechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398654.

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Almajid, A., S. Hudnut, and M. Taya. Thermomechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380011.

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Pulugurtha, Syamala R., Joseph Newkirk, Frank Liou, and Hsin-Nan Chou. Functionally Graded Materials by Laser Metal Deposition (PREPRINT). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada523926.

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Petrovic, J. J., and K. J. McClellan. Ceramic/polymer functionally graded material (FGM) lightweight armor system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307982.

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Nakamura, Toshio. Optimizing Functionally Graded Materials to Resist Failure under Dynamic Loadings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414727.

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Reimanis, Ivar, and John Berger. The Role of Interfaces in the Fracture of Functionally Graded Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430458.

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Reuter, Robert. An Exploration of Several Structural Measurement Techniques for Usage with Functionally Graded Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461271.

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Lherbier, Louis, W., Novotnak, David, J., Herling, Darrell, R., and Sears, James, W. Development of Functionally Graded Materials for Manufacturing Tools and Dies and Industrial Processing Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/949983.

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Bruck, Hugh A., Frederick M. Gallant, and Swami Gowrisankaran. Development of a Novel Continuous Processing Technology for Functionally Graded Composite Energetic Materials Using an Inverse Design Procedure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448033.

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Dinesh Agrawal and Rustum Roy. DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED DRILL COMPONENTS FOR BHA USING MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING CARBIDE, DIAMOND COMPOSITES AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833628.

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