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Shukalov, A. V., I. O. Zharinov, and O. O. Zharinov. "The cyber-physical production conveyor industrial safety." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 042089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/4/042089.
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Abstract The cyber-physical production industrial safety provision in emergencies is based on control technologies, which are applied in different combinations to prevent catastrophes. Emergencies are consequences of cyber-physical systems failures, which could lead to mass violations of equipment functionality modes and to a cascade distribution of failures through the entire cyber-physical production workshop. The techno-genic emergencies danger relates to construction and functional equipment violations completing technological operations with aggressive, explosive, highly flammable substances, which may penetrate out of the work chamber. Preventive measures reducing risks of safety accidents are address cyber-physical system control united in a conveyor line. The conveyor as a control object is regulated with actions produced with a virtual calculator based on control detectors data installed in cyber-physical systems and beyond them (in the technological environment). There is a scheme given how to control a cyber-physical production using the action dual mechanisms over the control objects.
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Moradkhani, Farzaneh, and Martin Fränzle. "Functional verification of cyber-physical systems containing machine-learnt components." it - Information Technology 63, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2021): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2021-0009.
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Abstract Functional architectures of cyber-physical systems increasingly comprise components that are generated by training and machine learning rather than by more traditional engineering approaches, as necessary in safety-critical application domains, poses various unsolved challenges. Commonly used computational structures underlying machine learning, like deep neural networks, still lack scalable automatic verification support. Due to size, non-linearity, and non-convexity, neural network verification is a challenge to state-of-art Mixed Integer linear programming (MILP) solvers and satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers [2], [3]. In this research, we focus on artificial neural network with activation functions beyond the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). We are thus leaving the area of piecewise linear function supported by the majority of SMT solvers and specialized solvers for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), the successful like Reluplex solver [1]. A major part of this research is using the SMT solver iSAT [4] which aims at solving complex Boolean combinations of linear and non-linear constraint formulas (including transcendental functions), and therefore is suitable to verify the safety properties of a specific kind of neural network known as Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) which contain non-linear activation functions.
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Balador, Ali, Anis Kouba, Dajana Cassioli, Fotis Foukalas, Ricardo Severino, Daria Stepanova, Giovanni Agosta, et al. "Wireless Communication Technologies for Safe Cooperative Cyber Physical Systems." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114075.
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Cooperative Cyber-Physical Systems (Co-CPSs) can be enabled using wireless communication technologies, which in principle should address reliability and safety challenges. Safety for Co-CPS enabled by wireless communication technologies is a crucial aspect and requires new dedicated design approaches. In this paper, we provide an overview of five Co-CPS use cases, as introduced in our SafeCOP EU project, and analyze their safety design requirements. Next, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the main existing wireless communication technologies giving details about the protocols developed within particular standardization bodies. We also investigate to what extent they address the non-functional requirements in terms of safety, security and real time, in the different application domains of each use case. Finally, we discuss general recommendations about the use of different wireless communication technologies showing their potentials in the selected real-world use cases. The discussion is provided under consideration in the 5G standardization process within 3GPP, whose current efforts are inline to current gaps in wireless communications protocols for Co-CPSs including many future use cases.
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Xie, Guoqi, Yang Bai, Wei Wu, Yanwen Li, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. "Human-Interaction-aware Adaptive Functional Safety Processing for Multi-Functional Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems." ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 3, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3337931.
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Gharib, Mohamad, Andrea Ceccarelli, Paolo Lollini, and Andrea Bondavalli. "A cyber–physical–social approach for engineering Functional Safety Requirements for automotive systems." Journal of Systems and Software 189 (July 2022): 111310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.111310.
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Śliwiński, M., E. Piesik, and J. Piesik. "Integrated functional safety and cyber security analysis." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 24 (2018): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.09.572.
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Xie, Guoqi, Hao Peng, Zhetao Li, Jinlin Song, Yong Xie, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. "Reliability Enhancement Toward Functional Safety Goal Assurance in Energy-Aware Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 12 (December 2018): 5447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2854762.
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Mubeen, Saad, Elena Lisova, and Aneta Vulgarakis Feljan. "Timing Predictability and Security in Safety-Critical Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems: A Position Paper." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093125.
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Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) are systems that are developed by seamlessly integrating computational algorithms and physical components, and they are a result of the technological advancement in the embedded systems and distributed systems domains, as well as the availability of sophisticated networking technology. Many industrial CPSs are subject to timing predictability, security and functional safety requirements, due to which the developers of these systems are required to verify these requirements during the their development. This position paper starts by exploring the state of the art with respect to developing timing predictable and secure embedded systems. Thereafter, the paper extends the discussion to time-critical and secure CPSs and highlights the key issues that are faced when verifying the timing predictability requirements during the development of these systems. In this context, the paper takes the position to advocate paramount importance of security as a prerequisite for timing predictability, as well as both security and timing predictability as prerequisites for functional safety. Moreover, the paper identifies the gaps in the existing frameworks and techniques for the development of time- and safety-critical CPSs and describes our viewpoint on ensuring timing predictability and security in these systems. Finally, the paper emphasises the opportunities that artificial intelligence can provide in the development of these systems.
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Petrenko, Vyacheslav, and Mikhail Gurchinskiy. "Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning concept for mobile cyber-physical systems control." E3S Web of Conferences 270 (2021): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127001036.
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High complexity of mobile cyber physical systems (MCPS) dynamics makes it difficult to apply classical methods to optimize the MCPS agent management policy. In this regard, the use of intelligent control methods, in particular, with the help of artificial neural networks (ANN) and multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MDRL), is gaining relevance. In practice, the application of MDRL in MCPS faces the following problems: 1) existing MDRL methods have low scalability; 2) the inference of the used ANNs has high computational complexity; 3) MCPS trained using existing methods have low functional safety. To solve these problems, we propose the concept of a new MDRL method based on the existing MADDPG method. Within the framework of the concept, it is proposed: 1) to increase the scalability of MDRL by using information not about all other MCPS agents, but only about n nearest neighbors; 2) reduce the computational complexity of ANN inference by using a sparse ANN structure; 3) to increase the functional safety of trained MCPS by using a training set with uneven distribution of states. The proposed concept is expected to help address the challenges of applying MDRL to MCPS. To confirm this, it is planned to conduct experimental studies.
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Kriaa, Siwar, Marc Bouissou, and Youssef Laarouchi. "A new safety and security risk analysis framework for industrial control systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18765885.
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The migration of modern industrial control systems toward information and communication technologies exposes them to cyber-attacks that can alter the way they function, thereby causing adverse consequences on the system and its environment. It has consequently become crucial to consider security risks in traditional safety risk analyses for industrial systems controlled by modern industrial control system. We propose in this article a new framework for safety and security joint risk analysis for industrial control systems. S-cube (for supervisory control and data acquisition safety and security joint modeling) is a new model-based approach that enables, thanks to a knowledge base, formal modeling of the physical and functional architecture of cyber-physical systems and automatic generation of a qualitative and quantitative analysis encompassing safety risks (accidental) and security risks (malicious). We first give the principle and rationale of S-cube and then we illustrate its inputs and outputs on a case study.
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Ali, Nazakat, Manzoor Hussain, and Jang-Eui Hong. "Fault-Tolerance by Resilient State Transition for Collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222851.
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Collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems (CCPS) are systems where several individual cyber-physical systems collaborate to perform a single task. The safety of a single Cyber-Physical System (CPS) can be achieved by applying a safety mechanism and following standard processes defined in ISO 26262 and IEC 61508. However, due to heterogeneity, complexity, variability, independence, self-adaptation, and dynamic nature, functional operations for CCPS can threaten system safety. In contrast to fail-safe systems, where, for instance, the system leads to a safe state when an actuator shuts down due to a fault, the system has to be fail-operational in autonomous driving cases, i.e., a shutdown of a platooning member vehicle during operation on the road is unacceptable. Instead, the vehicle should continue its operation with degraded performance until a safe state is reached or returned to its original state in case of temporal faults. Thus, this paper proposes an approach that considers the resilient behavior of collaborative systems to achieve the fail-operational goal in autonomous platooning systems. First, we extended the state transition diagram and introduced additional elements such as failures, mitigation strategies, and safe exit to achieve resilience in autonomous platooning systems. The extended state transition diagram is called the Resilient State Transition Diagram (R-STD). Second, an autonomous platooning system’s perception, communication, and ego-motion failures are modeled using the proposed R-STD to check its effectiveness. Third, VENTOS simulator is used to verify the resulting resilient transitions of R-STD in a simulation environment. Results show that a resilient state transition approach achieves the fail-operational goal in the autonomous platooning system.
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Y., Paramud, Rak T., and Torskyi M. "PRINCIPLES OF MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE CHARGING STATIONS NETWORK FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES." Computer systems and network 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/csn2020.01.059.
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This paper explores the principles of construction, monitoring, management, and safety organization in the network of charging stations for electric vehicles. The use of elements of modern client-server technologies and elements of cyber-physical systems in such networks is offered. The basic structure of the cyber-physical control system of the charging station network has been developed. Network server and client tools have been researched and developed. Structural and functional server solutions and client parts are submitted. An analysis of the potential cyberattacks vulnerability of the network. Suggestеtion to use effective methods of protection against cyberattacks. Keywords: monitoring, control, network, charging station, server, cybersecurity.
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Ding, Steven X. "A note on diagnosis and performance degradation detection in automatic control systems towards functional safety and cyber security." Security and Safety 1 (2022): 2022004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sands/2022004.
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This note addresses diagnosis and performance degradation detection issues from an integrated viewpoint of functionality maintenance and cyber security of automatic control systems. It calls for more research attention on three aspects: (i) application of control and detection unified framework to enhancing the diagnosis capability of feedback control systems, (ii) projection-based fault detection, and complementary and explainable applications of projection- and machine learning-based techniques, and (iii) system performance degradation detection that is of elemental importance for today’s automatic control systems. Some ideas and conceptual schemes are presented and illustrated by means of examples, serving as convincing arguments for research efforts in these aspects. They would contribute to the future development of capable diagnosis systems for functionality safe and cyber secure automatic control systems.
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Xie, Guoqi, Gang Zeng, Jiyao An, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. "Resource-Cost-Aware Fault-Tolerant Design Methodology for End-to-End Functional Safety Computation on Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems." ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3162052.
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Kachynskyi, A. B., and M. S. Stremetska. "Operational analytics as a data monitoring and event management tool of the cyber security management systems." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 1 (February 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2021.01.009.
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With growing demand for the digitalization of data collection, transmission, processing and storage processes in all life spheres of individual, society, and state, there is an urgent need to construct an infrastructure of infor-mation transmission networks which can provide a secure connection between endpoints and data centers. These networks must have high availability and provide the fast and efficient processing of information requests, espe-cially in case of critical infrastructure networks. A structural functional scheme of data management for SIEM systems which includes straight and reverse relations between physical, mathematical and analytical levels is proposed, based on the stratum theory by M. Messarovich. A model of multilevel system for the data monito ring and cyber security event management is built in order to provide a systematic approach to maintain the safety state of complex systems and to ensure mechanisms for the operative real-time cyber security incident response.
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Zöldy, Máté, Zsolt Szalay, and Viktor Tihanyi. "CHALLENGES IN HOMOLOGATION PROCESS OF VEHICLES WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Transport 35, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12904.
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The traditional automotive homologation processes aim to ensure the safety of vehicles on public roads. Autonomous Vehicles (AV) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) are difficult to account for in these conventional processes. This research aims to map and attempt to close the gaps in the areas of testing and approval of such automated and connected vehicles. During our research into the homologation process of traditional vehicles; functional safety issues, challenges of AI in safety critical systems, along with questions of cyber security were investigated. Our process focuses on the integration of the already existing functions and prototypes into new products safely. As a key result, we managed to identify the main gaps between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and automotive technology: the rigidity of the automotive homologation process, functional safety, AI in safety critical areas and we propose a solution.
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Pawlik, Marek. "Concept of the railway safety, security and cybersecurity functional integrity levels." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929403003.
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Observed growing changes in the character and severity of the risks in rail traffic safety and rail transport security are associated with present development of utilized technical solutions. New hazards are coming out, besides known ones, including hazards associated with cyber-crime. As a result it is fully justified to undertake works dedicated to collect and settle all risks associated with technical solutions using modern technologies for acquisition, computing and transfer of the data, which are vital from the rail traffic safety and rail transport security point of view. Article defines rail transport systems safety, security and cybersecurity functional integrity levels thanks to knock-out and differentiating questions regarding identified key safety related functionalities. Proposed methodology was used for safety and security verification of a chosen homogenous rail transport system separated from the overall Polish railway system. Results have shown discrepancies in utilized protection measures. Proposed methodology can be used for assessment of existing systems as well as for specifying scopes of investments both for infrastructure and rolling stock modernizations. Applicability range covers railway transport, light rail services, metro, urban rail transport systems as well as rail based transport systems using autonomous vehicles.
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Kosmowski, Kazimierz T., Emilian Piesik, Jan Piesik, and Marcin Śliwiński. "Integrated Functional Safety and Cybersecurity Evaluation in a Framework for Business Continuity Management." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103610.
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This article outlines an integrated functional safety and cybersecurity evaluation approach within a framework for business continuity management (BCM) in energy companies, including those using Industry 4.0 business and technical solutions. In such companies, information and communication technology (ICT), and industrial automation and control system (IACS) play important roles. Using advanced technologies in modern manufacturing systems and process plants can, however, create management impediments due to the openness of these technologies to external systems and networks via various communication channels. This makes company assets and resources potentially vulnerable to risks, e.g., due to cyber-attacks. In the BCM-oriented approach proposed here, both preventive and recovery activities are considered in light of engineering best practices and selected international standards, reports, and domain publications.
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MOROZOVA, OLGA, ARTEM TETSKYI, ANDRII NICHEPORUK, DENUS KRUVAK, and VITALII TKACHOV. "SMART HOME SYSTEM SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT." Computer systems and information technologies, no. 3 (April 14, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2021-5-11.
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The concept of the Internet of Things became the basis of the fourth industrial revolution, which allowed to transfer the processes of automation to a new saber. As a result, automation systems, such as smart homes, healthcare systems and car control systems, have become widespread. The developers of such systems primarily focus their efforts on the functional component, leaving safety issues in the background. However, when designing and operating IoT systems, it is equally important to assess potential bottlenecks and develop complete and comprehensive strategies to mitigate and eliminate the negative effects of cyberattacks.
The purpose of this study is to identify possible cyber threats and assess their impact on critical information objects in the smart home system. To achieve this goal, the three-level architecture of the smart home system is considered and a review of known cyber threats for each level is conducted. The critical information objects in the smart home system are the containers in which the information objects are stored, the risk assessment criteria and the cyber threat scenarios. The information security risks of the smart home system were assessed using the OCTAVE Allegro methodology for the information object that presents the information collected by the smart home sensors.
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Krini, Ossmane, and Edgar Laile. "Unambiguous and Reliable Positioning in the vehicle in terms of Functional Safety and Cyber Security." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821003013.
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Functional security and agile software development are two modern areas in product development, which initially have very opposite approaches. For example, formal tests are required by the relevant standards for the former, which must be documented very extensively. The agile software development, on the other hand, tries to come to its conclusion with as few documentation and flexible tests as possible. Also, the proof that testing and development are independent of each other for safety-critical projects is difficult in the context of the use of agile methods. However, taking the constraints of functional safety as given and taking advantage of the enormous flexibility of agile software development, e.g. With the use of Scrum, the Daily Team Meetings create new opportunities in product development. In contrast to previous positioning methods for linearly movable axles, a new developed approach for rear axle steering has not been used as an absolute value encoder, but a novel positioning concept has been researched and developed. Functional Safety first! A new safety concept must therefore be developed. The absolute value encoder, usually realized as an optical or magnetic bar-coded sensor, is used reliably but cost-effectively in a large number of systems. In order to save costs as well as space, the development of the new approach to the sensor will be dispensed with and the positioning will be realized via a new concept. The conventional concepts for position determination of axes is an absolute value encoder. However, this is not highly reliable and has no redundancy. With the new safety concept, the exact position of an axis can be determined and output with high accuracy by means of the various safety devices directly after switching on the system. As a result, the sensor system is hardly susceptible to errors. Here, a detailed error analysis has been carried out. Even after system crashes, there are enough detection points, which are constantly detected during normal operation and thus the plausibility check can be restored. The new explored approach allows the steering to work normally even in safe modes. However, the algorithms for protection have to take effect immediately if, for example, an expected index signal does not occur.
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Hendrix, Barry, Thomas Lewis, Melissa Emery, and Brian Rachele. "Model Based Functional Safety – How Functional Is It?" Journal of System Safety 57, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v57i2.192.
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As the engineering world embraces Model Based System Engineering (MBSE), the system safety discipline should also enfold and support MBSE methodology and approaches. The need for Model Based Functional safety, as part of the established system safety and software safety process, is becoming apparent due to existing and developing system design complexity. This paper is intended to show how valuable Model Based Functional Safety approaches can be when evaluating safety signification functions of complex software-intensive integrated systems. Using models can improve the accuracy during the Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) and can help validate Fault Tree Analyses (FTA) and subsequent system safety analysis (SSA) process and results because the model focuses on the architecture, the physical system, the computer system, as well as the applicable software/middleware/Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). Model Based Functional Safety may utilize use cases, structural architecture models, activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, functional flow diagrams, and state/mode models to depict safety attributes and to influence explicit safety requirements. SysML may be used to depict critical functions, functional threads, safety features, and expected behavior. Such augmented models (safety models) can also be used to analyze potential off nominal failure conditions and system behavior for various scenarios when conducting FHAs and subsequently detailed system and software safety analyses. This paper will provide an example of the MBSE framework and concepts for tool use in the functional safety analysis and the utilization of attributed models and artifacts to supplement system safety documentation.
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Kim, Aram, Junhyoung Oh, Kookheui Kwon, and Kyungho Lee. "Consider the Consequences: A Risk Assessment Approach for Industrial Control Systems." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (June 22, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3455647.
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The development of information and communication technologies extended the application of digitalized industrial control systems (ICSs) to critical infrastructure. With this circumstance, emerging sophisticated cyberattacks by adversaries, including nation-backed terrorists, target ICSs due to their strategic value that critical infrastructure can cause severe consequences to equipment, people, and the environment due to the cyberattacks on ICSs. Therefore, critical infrastructure owners should provide high assurance to those involved, such as neighboring residents and governments, that the facility is adequately protected against cyberattacks. The risk assessment that identifies, estimates, and prioritizes risks is vital to provide high assurance. This study proposes a framework for evaluating risks by quantifying the likelihood of cyber exploitation and the consequences of cyberattacks. The quantification of the likelihood of cyber exploitation is inspired by research on Bayesian attack graphs (BAGs), allowing probability evaluation that considers the causal relationship between ICSs and multistage attacks. For the cyberattack consequences quantification, we propose a methodology to evaluate how far an impact will spread and thus how many functions will be influenced when an ICS is exploited. The methodology is conducted by ICS experts identifying and listing functional dependencies and essential function goals among ICSs that they are already familiar with and do not require in-depth cybersecurity knowledge. Through experiments, we demonstrated how to apply our framework to assess the risks of the plant protection system, which is a safety-grade digital system used in nuclear power plants. The result shows that risk can be multidimensionally assessed than previous literature, such as discovering that components that were not considered important have high risk due to their functional connectivity.
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Or, Liran Bar, Shai Arogeti, and Daniel Hartmann. "Challenges in Future Mathematical Modelling of Hierarchical Functional Safety Control Structures within STAMP Safety Model." MATEC Web of Conferences 273 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927302011.
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In the STAMP model, based on control theory, the control relationships between various system elements enforced by the closed Control Loops (CLs) are logical and functional. A literature survey emphasized the fact that for the moment STAMP and its main tools STPA and CAST are not associated with any numerical tools. The main rationale of our work is to understand whether STAMP matches to be a quantitative model. Furthermore, in a case that we find that numerical tools can be used in STAMP, we intend to bridge the gap between the logical-functional approach in STAMP and any of the suitable quantitative approaches applied in Engineering Control Theory (ECT). As a first step, a literature comparison was performed between the basic control parameters existing explicitly at the moment in the STAMP model, and those well known in the literature of ECT. The results reveal that there are many similar terms, especially related to conceptual and general definitions. However, we have observed that there are also basic quantitative parameters from ECT which are not yet referred to in STAMP as quantitative safety evaluation parameters. Another main finding is an inherent difference in various ECT related parameters and the CLs at the various hierarchical levels. ECT was originally developed to deal with physical systems. Thus, any machine related internal control loops within the lower-physical level of a Sociotechnical System (STS) can be directly addressed with quantitative methods from ECT. However, most of the human-machine interactions in the lower levels and the human and societal controls in the higher levels are at the moment not suitable for those methods. We assume these ECT parameters may have an important role in designing and examining systems safety and hence we suggest, should be integrated into STAMP model, in purpose to be able to enhance systems safety.
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Grabchak, Evgeniy, Vladimir Grigoriev, and Evgeniy Loginov. "Creation of a system for automatic monitoring of electromagnetic effects on biological and technical systems." BIO Web of Conferences 43 (2022): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224302001.
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Using a digital “twin” of a convergent biological and technical supersystem of a certain region to develop measures to ensure environmental safety is because of the need to analyze and predict processes and the level of electromagnetic pollution of the environment because of geomagnetic storms in interaction with the operation of electric power facilities. The article proposes modeling a digital “twin” using indicators of the taxonomy of the identified functional relationships about the influence of natural and man-made electromagnetic fields. The study aims to develop fresh approaches to the development of methods for analyzing the influence of electromagnetic factors on people, animals, plants and technical systems using general and special technologies for recording the levels of pulsed electromagnetic effects. The authors use methods of management theory, expert decision-making methods, principles and approaches of international standards and recommendations in management, ecology and informatics. The article proposes an analysis and identification of the reactions of the digital “twin” of a convergent biological and technical supersystem of a certain region to different categories of signals (information) about the effect of a complex of electromagnetic pollutants, with the determination of indicators of environmental safety and critical electromagnetic effects. The new technology provides for the study of the amplitude of electromagnetic pulses in a wide frequency range, their interpretation, analysis and development of recommendations for maintaining the required modes of environmental monitoring. The necessity of creating new cyber-physical environmental monitoring systems based on the operation of the automatic monitoring system of electromagnetic influences based on noise-resistant sensors for registering the levels of pulsed electromagnetic influences is substantiated.
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Kachurenko, D. S. "Features safety model of industrial control system." Quality. Innovation. Education, no. 3 (2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31145/1999-513x-2021-3-63-70.
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The article examines the characteristics and functions of the automated process management system (ASU TP) in the format of ensuring its information security. The differences in information security between TP ASU and traditional IT systems are shown. Because of the importance of the time component, the high reliability, high availability and high security of the industrial management network, the differences between the security functions of the ASU TP and IT systems are presented as follows: functional requirements are more important in the IT environment in terms of risk, but the ASU TP is focused on the manufacturing process, and accessibility is considered to be the highest requirement and requires that production be sustainable; Resource requirements - the real-time ASU TP operating system is often limited by resources, and computational resources may not be available to update the security features of these systems in the ASU TP components; security implications - Unlike conventional IT systems, the loss of information in the ASU TP can damage the production process. In general, the security of the industrial management system can be divided into three areas: functional security to ensure the safety functions of equipment and enterprise, physical security is designed to reduce harm from physical factors and information security - preventing illegal or malicious intrusion into the industrial management system or interfering in the planned work. The article identifies the type of safety of the ASU TP and presents the structural model of the industrial management system, as well as the management scheme and components of the TP ASU.
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Wang, Yan Kun, Yun Xu Shi, and Hong Mei Fan. "Design of Mine Production Safety Monitoring System." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1330.
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The mine safety monitoring system is a set of sensor technology, electronics technology, power electronics technology, computer technology, wireless communication and network technology in one of China's leading multi-functional computer network systems, including underground, Inoue environment and equipment the detection of network systems and the Inoue monitoring data processing system. Environment and equipment for testing network system to achieve underground, of Inoue environment physical monitoring and control; monitoring data processing system is a comprehensive treatment of the collected data in order to achieve the sub-station set up and control equipment or detection sensors, through LAN detection information sharing, may constitute the enterprise information system.
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Iino, Kenji, and Masayuki Nakao. "Human Design Parameters for Safety of Products and Systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 223 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822301002.
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Designers spend much efforts in defining their products and systems, planning how they work during normal operation. Design assisting tools like Design Matrices in Axiomatic Design (AD) or Design Record Graphs (DRG) are available to the designer in search for ways to improve their work. Majority of accidents, however, take place during irregular operations like maintenance when interlocks are often bypassed and automatic processing are switched to manual. System safety is then in the hands of human operators. A number of past AD studies have addressed safety in products and systems, however, design parameters (DPs) have been physical parts or structures. This paper shows assignment of human actions, like, “reading the quantity display,” “making judgement,” or “pressing a control button,” as DPs in axiomatic design. Such human DPs play important roles during maintenance, nevertheless, designers often leave out safety evaluation of their designs in this maintenance mode. When a human DP fails to meet its functional requirement (FR), the product often faces failure and the system often heads into an accident. Identifying human DPs in products or systems thus alerts maintenance phase workers about actions that are critical for safety. Most accidents take place with excessive dependence on human DP of memory.
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NINK, ANDREAS, and MARTIN REUTER. "ON QUANTUM GRAVITY, ASYMPTOTIC SAFETY AND PARAMAGNETIC DOMINANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 05 (April 2013): 1330008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813300085.
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We discuss the conceptual ideas underlying the Asymptotic Safety approach to the nonperturbative renormalization of gravity. By now numerous functional renormalization group (RG) studies predict the existence of a suitable nontrivial ultraviolet (UV) fixed point. We use an analogy to elementary magnetic systems to uncover the physical mechanism behind the emergence of this fixed point. It is seen to result from the dominance of certain paramagnetic-type interactions over diamagnetic ones. Furthermore, the spacetimes of quantum Einstein gravity (QEG) behave like a polarizable medium with a "paramagnetic" response to external perturbations. Similarities with the vacuum state of Yang–Mills theory are pointed out.
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Aulin, Viktor, Andrey Grinkiv, and Artem Holovatyi. "Cyberphysical Approach to the Creation, Operation and Improvement of Transport and Production Systems." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).331-343.
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The content of the cyberphysical approach to the creation, functioning and improvement of transport and production systems is analyzed. It was found out how, on the basis of the approach, cyberphysical transport and production systems are created as the integration of special technologies of the Internet of Things; embedded systems; ubiquitous and cloud computing. It was revealed that cyberphysical transport and production systems have a trinitarian concept and are defined by three entities: communication, computation and control, which unites information. It is determined that the main functions of cyberphysical transport and production systems are: information processing, intelligent communications, performance and process control. A component model of such a system has been built, which includes two groups of components - evolutionary and technological. The evolutionary group of components includes subsystems: digital; integrated; robotic, intelligent distributed. These components are a kind of basis for the presence of prerequisites for the creation of transport and production systems. It is noted that the technology group of components is the basis for concrete implementations of the Internet of Things, embedded systems and ubiquitous and cloud computing. A cyberphysical system of technical service is proposed as a specific implementation of cyberphysical transport and production systems. It was determined that the modes of the proposed functional cyber system are: high adaptability; an appropriate level of efficiency; intelligence of management; high level of reliability; the use of a new on-net online simulation type; using a new type of self-verifying models; internal online optimization, etc. It is shown that the presence of intelligent models in the cyberphysical model of technical service makes the system resistant to cyberattacks and increases the degree of safety when ensuring traffic in transport and the development of an occupational safety system during maintenance and repair operations.
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Gusev, Sergey. "Automated data acquisition system of measuring installation for testing systems of hydrogen safety of nuclear power plants." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2018.3.05.
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n many branches of science and technology, as a rule, there is a question of construction and practical application of complex objects and systems, different in physical nature, functional purpose, specific implementation and architecture. Their full automation requires the introduction of such adequate control systems, which would be characterized by the ability to evaluate the unobservable variables of the object, predict the state of the object under specified or selected criteria and automate the synthesis of optimal control strategies.
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Kharchenko, V., and M. Yastrebenetsky. "Safety of Nuclear Power Plants and Big Safety in a Time of Covid-19." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(87) (September 15, 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2020.3(87).09.
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The paper analyzes challenges caused by Covid-19 pandemic to ensure NPP safety, considers experience accumulated in nuclear energy industry for many years, which may be used in other critical industries in the context of so-called “Big Safety”. The paper provides for measures implemented at Ukrainian NPPs and NPPs of other countries by energy companies in the conditions of Covid-19 to preserve personnel health, which is the main task of ensuring safety. Introducing of the “Big Safety” concept (sometimes called “infrastructure safety”) related to big and complex systems as NPPs is analyzed by analogy with the “Big Data” concept. The study proposes the “Big Safety” concept characterized by systemic, informational and generic aspects. NPP safety is an example of the “Big Safety” since it comprises such aspects. The paper also covers the analysis of “Big Safety” components including functional, informational, physical safety, which are supplemented by infectious safety. It defines possibilities and options of NPP operational experience feedback for other critical systems in the context of “Big Safety”: experience and structure of a powerful system of standards and regulation of their requirements; implementation of modern electronic and information technologies (for example, FPGA) taking into account safety deficits; development and application of advanced systems and tools for monitoring and diagnostics of equipment and various NPP systems; use of independency, diversity and defense in depth principles; implementation of independent verification and validation principle. The paper covers the aspects of the Black Swan effect analyzed on examples of Covid-19 pandemic and Chornobyl NPP accident. The strategies of ensuring strength or mitigating Black Swan consequences are proposed. The recommendations for implementing “Big Safety” concept are formulated.
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Fusaro, Roberta, and Nicole Viola. "Preliminary reliability and safety assessment methodology for trans-atmospheric transportation systems." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2016-0214.
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Purpose This paper aims to propose a methodology for a safety and reliability assessment for the conceptual and preliminary design of very complex and disrupting innovative systems like trans-atmospheric vehicles. The proposed methodology differs from existing ones because it does not rely on statistical data at aircraft-level but exploits the statistical population at components-level only. For the sake of clarity, the paper provides some preliminary results of the application of the methodology at system level. The example deals with the safety and reliability assessment of a very complex propulsion system aimed at guaranteeing vertical take-off and landing capabilities of a suborbital vehicle. Design/methodology/approach The proposed methodology is strongly based on a systems engineering approach. It exploits safety and reliability assessment analyses which have already been developed in both aeronautical and space engineering domains, but it combines them in an innovative way to overcome the lack of statistics at aircraft level. The methodology consists of two different steps: a qualitative top-down process, allowing a functional and physical decomposition of the transportation system and a following quantitative bottom-up approach, which provides the estimation of system-level reliability and safety characteristics starting from the statistical estimation of the components’ characteristics. Findings The paper presents a new methodology for the preliminary reliability and safety assessment of innovative transportation systems, such as hypersonic transportation systems. The envisaged methodology will overcome the poorness of statistical data that is usually affecting the conceptual design of breakthrough systems. Research limitations/implications The paper shows the application of the articulated methodology to a limited case study. A complete example of application of the methodology to estimate safety and reliability characteristics at vehicle level will be provided in feature works. Practical implications The methodology has been proposed to be exploited in international research activities in the field of hypersonic transportation systems. Furthermore, a massive application of this approach would allow to create a database for the generation and the update of semi-empirical models focused on high-level estimations of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) characteristics. Moreover, the proposed safety assessment has been conceived to be fully integrated within a typical conceptual design process. Originality/value The existing literature about safety and reliability assessment at the early design stages proposes pure statistical approaches which are usually not applicable to highly innovative products, where the statistical population is not existing, for example, in the case of trans-atmospheric vehicles. This paper describes how to overcome this problem, through the exploitation of statistical data at components-level only through the combination of these data to estimate RAMS characteristics at aircraft-level thanks to functional analysis, concept of operations and typical safety assessment tools, like functional hazard analysis, failure mode and effect analysis, reliability block diagram and fault tree analysis.
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Lavrov, Evgeniy, Olga Siryk, Aleksandr Volosiuk, Aleksandr Zolkin, and Nelly Sedova. "Sustainability and reliability ensurance models for automated technological systems in chemical industry: systemic ergonomic approach." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128002005.
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The paper considers accidents and potential hazards of the world chemical enterprises, and provides statistics of accidents and human casualties. The authors investigate harmful factors affecting the production process and a human-operator, showing the central role of a human in the technological process (both as a source of errors and as an active element that eliminates errors, failures and cyber attacks’ consequences). We essentially consider automated technological complex as a Human-Machine-Environment system, thus a human-system approach should be applied. The authors developed a complex of systemic components and morphological models, which describe the human-machine system in the sections required for analysis, to ensure sustainable and reliable design with initial data. The authors also propose a method and information technology for interfaces’ ergonomic assessment; the principles for adaptive interfaces design; and mathematical models and information technology to assess safety and timeliness indicators of the chemical production operators’ activities. The models are based on the principles of the functional-structural theory by Anatoly Gubinsky, Vladimir Evgrafov, Akiva Asherov, Pavel Chabaneko and others, and on the mathematical apparatus of functional networks. Further, the authors develop an optimization model for decision supporting organizing the human-machine control technology, using the criterion of minimizing losses from unreliability and unsustainability. Both the models and the information technology have undergone extensive testing, including solving the tasks of: choosing the automation level for the control process; distributing functions between operators; control algorithms design; user interface design, design of agent-managers to support the operators’ activities. The results can be used as the basis for a decision support system to ensure sustainability and reliability of automated technological systems in chemical industry.
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Yurchenko, Irina F. "Safety of Automated Technologies for Regulating the Reclamation Regime of Agroecosystem." Engineering Technologies and Systems 32, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202201.028-040.
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Introduction. To create the safety system for automated technologies of agricultural production, it is necessary to study the problem of protecting automation means. The aim of the work is to substantiate the normative and methodological provisions on safe operation of automated technology for regulating the agroecosystem reclamation regime at the level of the economic entity. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the key provisions of the information-analytical approach. In the course of the work, regulatory and methodological documents have been collected and analyzed, the experience of economic entities in the field of information protection of automated technologies has been systematized. The requirements of legislative acts for industrial safety of production facilities were summarized. Results. The tasks for information and physical protection of automated control systems of reclamation agricultural production are formulated. There are systematized and characterized information protection factors, such as software updates, access control and password implementation, incident management, control over network solutions, and personnel training. Requirements for physical protection of automated agricultural production systems in accordance with the legislative acts of industrial safety are presented. The functional structure of the physical protection system for controlling the automated processes of the reclamation complex is determined. Discussion and Conclusion. The application of the recommendations formulated in this work will help protect intellectual property, trade secrets, personal data and information resources, and solve the problem of information system security.
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Bleckmann, H.-W., and L. Weise. "The New Four-Wheel Anti-Lock Generation: A Compact Anti-Lock and Booster Aggregate and an Advanced Electronic Safety Concept." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 200, no. 4 (October 1986): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_191_02.
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An overview is given on hydraulic anti-lock systems with direrent pedal characteristics, power supply concepts, and physical configurations suitable for ‘add-on’ installation or functional integration. The integrated Teves anti-skid system is presented with special attention to a three-circuit configuration including ‘dynamic’ brake circuits. Different safety levels of electronic concepts compared to the advanced Teves approach, and the application of microprocessors are discussed.
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Shoji, Gaku, and Ayumi Toyota. "Function of Emergency Road Networks During the Post-Earthquake Process of Lifeline Systems Restoration." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0173.
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This paper aims to present a framework for evaluating the functionality of emergency road networks after an earthquake from the perspective of local assistance during the process of restoring lifeline systems, such as electric power supply systems, gas supply systems and telecommunication networks. For the analysis, an earthquake of M7.3 in the Tokyo metropolitan area is anticipated, and the following types of local assistance between the related bases and the lifeline systems in the Kanto area are assumed. We employ four indices to quantify the physical and functional states of emergency road networks to be used during the post-earthquake restoration process: distance exposed by seismic intensity spatial distribution and distance exposed by PL value spatial distribution, the indices of which denote the physical state of the road networks as a result of ground motions and liquefaction, distance weighted by traffic congestion level, and distance weighted by averaged traveling time during the congestion, the indices of which denote the functional state of the road networks before being subjected to the above-mentioned seismic disturbances. By using the indices to evaluate the function of the networks from the point of view of efficiency in terms of gathering human resources and restoration materials, we can determine the most effective emergency road networks and related bases to provide local assistance to lifeline systems.
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Dammacco, Giada, Dirk Wenzel, and Christian Hennigs. "Prosys-Laser: Smart Laser Protective Textile Systems." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.156.
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“Passive” and “active” laser-protective clothing and curtains are hardly available on the market today for the use with hand-held laser processing devices (HLD) and automated laser machines. However, the fact that serious laser injuries of the skin happen shows that skin protection against laser radiation is necessary. Thus, key developments described in this paper are on the one hand highly innovative functional multi-layer technical textiles, providing a high level of passive laser resistance. On the other hand, active systems, containing functional multi-layer smart fabrics which detect laser exposure and, by means of a safety control, deactivate the laser beam automatically, are depicted. Furthermore, test methods and testing set-ups to qualify such passive and active functional technical textiles and tailored personal protective equipment (PPE) are developed. The passive laser-protective textile system will be realized using the best combination of materials, providing, at the same time, laser, fire, and heat protection together with other properties. Designing active system means the realization of functionalized fabrics and to exploit their physical properties. The electronics which interface the active system, providing signal conditioning, acquisition, on-body pre-processing, local data storage and wireless communication, is a major part of the active approach. The electronics will provide alarms and ultimately enforce laser shutdown upon defined conditions.
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Matos, Luís Carlos, Jorge Pereira Machado, Fernando Jorge Monteiro, and Henry Johannes Greten. "Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis Be Parameterized and Standardized? A Narrative Review." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020177.
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The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Western health systems and research requires a rational communicable theory, scientific proof of efficacy and safety, and quality control measures. The existence of clear definitions and the diagnosis standardization are critical factors to establish the patient’s vegetative functional status accurately and, therefore, systematically apply TCM therapeutics such as the stimulation of reflex skin areas known as acupoints. This science-based conceptualization entails using validated methods, or even developing new systems able to parameterize the diagnosis and assess TCM related effects by objective measurements. Traditionally, tongue and pulse diagnosis and the functional evaluation of action points by pressure sensitivity and physical examination may be regarded as essential diagnostic tools. Parameterizing these techniques is a future key point in the objectification of TCM diagnosis, such as by electronic digital image analysis, mechanical pulse diagnostic systems, or the systematic evaluation of acupoints’ electrophysiology. This review aims to demonstrate and critically analyze some achievements and limitations in the clinical application of device-assisted TCM diagnosis systems to evaluate functional physiological patterns. Despite some limitations, tongue, pulse, and electrophysiological diagnosis devices have been reported as a useful tool while establishing a person’s functional status.
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Hromada, Martin, David Rehak, and Ludek Lukas. "Resilience Assessment in Electricity Critical Infrastructure from the Point of View of Converged Security." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061624.
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In terms of service provision, the electricity sector is the most important critical infrastructure sector, on the supply of which the vast majority of society and its basic vital functions depend. Extensive disruption of these supplies would have negative effects not only on basic human needs, but also on the economy and security of the state. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure permanent and comprehensive monitoring of the infrastructure elements resilience level, especially against threats with a multispectral impact on several areas of security. For this reason, the authors of the article developed the Converged Resilience Assessment (CRA) method, which enables advanced assessment of the electricity critical infrastructure elements resilience from the converged security point of view. Converged security in this case combines (converges) physical, cyber and operational security into a complementary unit. This reflects the integral determinants of resilience across related areas of security/safety. The CRA method focuses mainly on information and situation management, which integrates and correlates information (signals) from systems and sensors in order to obtain an overview of the situation and the subsequent effective management of its solution. The practical use of the proposed method is demonstrated on a selected element of the Czech Republic transmission system. The CRA method is currently embodied in a functional sample that has been piloted on several TSO elements. Further development of this method is seen mainly in fulfilling the logic of network infrastructure and reflection between elementary and intersectoral links in the context of synergistic and cascading effects in a broader context.
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Zhao, Zhiqiao, and Jun Zhang. "Method of civil aircraft emergency electrical power requirement analysis based on Systems Engineering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012061.
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Abstract In this paper, the minimum function of civil aircraft power supply emergency is defined based on the model- based system engineering method and the principle of ensuring aircraft flight safety. Through functional architecture-logical architecture-physical architecture modeling, realize the mapping from minimum functions to minimum equipment. The system equipment that needs to work under the emergency electrical power supply of each aircraft system is sorted out from the forward direction, and the electricity requirements of the electrical equipment in different scenarios are analyzed statistically, and then the emergency electrical power requirements of the whole aircraft are obtained as the design input of the electrical power system.
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Zhao, Zhiqiao, and Jun Zhang. "Method of civil aircraft emergency electrical power requirement analysis based on Systems Engineering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012061.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, the minimum function of civil aircraft power supply emergency is defined based on the model- based system engineering method and the principle of ensuring aircraft flight safety. Through functional architecture-logical architecture-physical architecture modeling, realize the mapping from minimum functions to minimum equipment. The system equipment that needs to work under the emergency electrical power supply of each aircraft system is sorted out from the forward direction, and the electricity requirements of the electrical equipment in different scenarios are analyzed statistically, and then the emergency electrical power requirements of the whole aircraft are obtained as the design input of the electrical power system.
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Zhao, Zhiqiao, and Jun Zhang. "Method of civil aircraft emergency electrical power requirement analysis based on Systems Engineering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012061.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, the minimum function of civil aircraft power supply emergency is defined based on the model- based system engineering method and the principle of ensuring aircraft flight safety. Through functional architecture-logical architecture-physical architecture modeling, realize the mapping from minimum functions to minimum equipment. The system equipment that needs to work under the emergency electrical power supply of each aircraft system is sorted out from the forward direction, and the electricity requirements of the electrical equipment in different scenarios are analyzed statistically, and then the emergency electrical power requirements of the whole aircraft are obtained as the design input of the electrical power system.
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Saidi, Alireza, Chantal Gauvin, Safa Ladhari, and Phuong Nguyen-Tri. "Advanced Functional Materials for Intelligent Thermoregulation in Personal Protective Equipment." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 3711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213711.
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The exposure to extreme temperatures in workplaces involves physical hazards for workers. A poorly acclimated worker may have lower performance and vigilance and therefore may be more exposed to accidents and injuries. Due to the incompatibility of the existing standards implemented in some workplaces and the lack of thermoregulation in many types of protective equipment that are commonly fabricated using various types of polymeric materials, thermal stress remains one of the most frequent physical hazards in many work sectors. However, many of these problems can be overcome with the use of smart textile technologies that enable intelligent thermoregulation in personal protective equipment. Being based on conductive and functional polymeric materials, smart textiles can detect many external stimuli and react to them. Interconnected sensors and actuators that interact and react to existing risks can provide the wearer with increased safety, protection, and comfort. Thus, the skills of smart protective equipment can contribute to the reduction of errors and the number and severity of accidents in the workplace and thus promote improved performance, efficiency, and productivity. This review provides an overview and opinions of authors on the current state of knowledge on these types of technologies by reviewing and discussing the state of the art of commercially available systems and the advances made in previous research works.
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Somasundaran, P., Somil C. Mehta, Linda Rhein, and Soma Chakraborty. "Nanotechnology and Related Safety Issues for Delivery of Active Ingredients in Cosmetics." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 10 (October 2007): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.164.
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AbstractNature exhibits a variety of remarkable phenomena that are useful but difficult to imitate in real life. Examples are the “touch me not” plant (Mimosa pudica), which folds up upon being attacked, or microbes that deposit on ocean vessels even under hostile conditions. Understanding the mechanisms governing these phenomena can prove powerful for developing new classes of cosmetic products. This article examines the development of novel materials with functional properties such as controlled delivery and the deposition of sensory attributes (fragrances, flavors, etc.) desirable in cosmetic products. Particularly, systems based on polymer/surfactant chemistry are explored for achieving transport and release of cosmetic and pharmaceutical molecules at desired rates. The hybrid polymers and nanogel particle systems discussed here represent new classes of materials with nanodomains that can be tuned to extract and deliver cosmetic attributes by means of changes in natural parameters such as temperature and pH. While the safety of existing nanomaterials marketed for decades has not been an issue, methods are urgently needed to validate the toxicological safety of future nanomaterials.
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V, Chiabrando. "Practical Methods to Improve the Quality and Safety of FreshCut Fruits: A Review." Food Science and Nutrition Technology 3, no. 6 (December 17, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000167.
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The ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable market has rapidly grown in recent years due to the health benefits associated with these foods and to the increased health consciousness of consumers with busy lifestyles and increased purchase power. Nevertheless, ready-to-use commodities are more perishable than the original materials. The main factors affecting the loss of consumer acceptability are discoloration, enzymatic browning, dryness and texture loss. These parameters determine the visual appearance of the fruits. For this reason, the fruit processing industry requires the development of techniques capable of keeping safe shelf-life, preserving the original visual and organoleptic fresh-like characteristics of fresh-cut products. Another problem associated with the ready-to-eat products, is the microbiological growth. The metabolism of molds and yeasts is responsible for the qualitative decay of minimally processed fruits, so the products decontamination became essential. Natural antimicrobials, ozone, chlorine dioxide, UV and cold gas plasma are some of the different treatments proposed. In combination with these treatments, some actions are carried out to limit the oxidative browning and the firmness loss. Ascorbic acid is the compound most extensively used to avoid the oxidative browning of the fruits, however nowadays there are many alternatives, like chemical or physical treatments. The edible coatings could be effective systems to preserve fresh cut fruits quality, their actions are due to the barrier forming against external agents; in addiction, they could carry functional ingredients (antioxidant, antimicrobial, calcium salts). In conclusion, the treatments aimed to preserve minimally processed fruits quality could be chemical or physical, innovative or more established, cheap or expensive or they could require complex equipment. This review describes the most significant contributions regarding preservation of fresh-cut fruits in order to evaluate their effectiveness in preserving quality traits.
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Aller, Raymond D. "Connectivity from Source to Action." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.8.1521.
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Abstract Recent advances in electronic connectivity technology make conceivable almost instantaneous movement of data from the patient or laboratory to any other point in the healthcare system. The Internet, combined with new standards for wireless data transmission, has erased many of the previous physical barriers. Interface engines and formatting/content standards have facilitated the connection of multiple disparate systems in medicine. However, major logical barriers persist, and overcoming these barriers is key to achieving functional connectivity. These include fundamental issues of patient safety (such as reliably identifying the patient), capture of the most clinically meaningful data (patient history, physical examination findings, physician diagnostic impressions, and full range of orders), unambiguous identification of data elements, and synchronization of control files among multiple different systems within the healthcare enterprise. Fortunately, tools exist to address each of these areas. This report cites illustrative examples of such tools.
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Li, Lailu, Lixun Zhang, Bing Wang, Feng Xue, Yupeng Zou, and Da Song. "Running Experimental Research of a Cable-Driven Astronaut on-Orbit Physical Exercise Equipment." Machines 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10050377.
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Manned spaceflight has already become an important approach to space science exploration, while long-term exposure to the microgravity environment will lead to severe health problems for astronauts, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular function decline. In order to mitigate or eliminate those negative influences, this paper presents a cable-driven exercise equipment that can be applied in a microgravity environment to render multi-functional on-orbit physical exercise modes for astronauts. First, the structure of cable module and the configuration of the equipment were proposed. Second, a two-level controller was provided, including the cable tension distribution algorithm and tension controller of the cable module. A safety protection strategy was proposed to ensure the safety of the astronaut. Furthermore, simulation and running experiment studies of the equipment were conducted, the results demonstrate that the load force of the equipment could achieve a high-level accuracy, and the exercise status of the astronaut could be monitored and protected in the meantime. Therefore, physical exercises could be carried out by the assistance of the equipment to keep astronauts in good shape on-orbit.
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Alexandrova, Elena, Maria Poltavtseva, and Anastasia Yarmak. "Application of hierarchic authentication to isogenies of elliptic curves for providing safety of data routing in the systems of analysis of digital production traffic." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400007.
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The article discusses the peculiarities of the process of information routing in the course of acquisition and processing big data of digital production, including systems of traffic analysis. Such a specific features variability of physical nodes-processors with the retention of functional stringency of order of information processing is distinguished. Inordertoprovidesafetyofthedescribedprocessofinformationprocessingand possibility of restoration of a chain of processing every fragment of data, the authors offer a protocol of hierarchic authentication developed thereby on isogenies of elliptic curves. The work includes algorithms of shaping parameters, generation of keys, generation and checking signature. The evaluation of signature stability again basic types of attacks has been performed. A solution offered by the authors can be used both in traditional and, in future, in quantum systems. A simulation of corresponding signature dimensions has been performed in the work.
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Pogosov, O., and O. Derevianko. "NPP Physical Protection and Information Security as Necessary Conditions for Reducing Nuclear and Radiation Accident Risks." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(75) (August 22, 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2017.3(75).09.
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The paper focuses on the fact that nuclear failures and incidents can lead to radioactive contamination of NPP premises. Nuclear and radiation hazard may be caused by malefactors in technological processes when applying computers or inadequate control in case of insufficient level of information security.
The researchers performed analysis of factors for reducing risks of nuclear and radiation accidents at NPPs considering specific conditions related to information security of NPP physical protection systems. The paper considers connection of heterogeneous factors that may increase the risk of NPP accidents, possibilities and ways to improve adequate modelling of security of information with limited access directly related to the functioning of automated set of engineering and technical means for NPP physical protection. Within the overall Hutchinson formalization, it is proposed to include additional functional dependencies on indicators specific for NPPs into analysis algorithms.
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Shalyavin, Denis N., Elena A. Shmeleva, Denis V. Tarakanov, and Boris B. Grinchenko. "WAYS TO PROVIDE SECURE WORKING CONDITIONS OF GAS AND SMOKE DIVERS THROUGH MONITORING THEIR HEART BEAT RATE." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 13, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2021-13-4-251-272.
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Background. In a device with compressed air in an environment unsuitable for breathing, it is necessary to ensure safe operating modes of gas and smoke divers based on remote monitoring of heart rate monitoring. Purpose. To develop a model of heart beat rate zone parameters for controlling the safety of gas and smoke divers in a breathing apparatus with compressed air in an nonserviceable environment. Materials and methods. 30 cadets (young men) aged 20-23 years took part in the study on the basis of the laboratory of functional diagnostics. The time interval for maintaining the maximum intensity of work when performing physical exercises on a treadmill and an exercise bike in firefighter combat clothing using a compressed air breathing apparatus and the heart rate during various physical exertion were recorded. The results were processed using Excel and SPSS Statistics 22 programs. Results. It is established that in the light zone of heart beat rate there is an exponential law of the distribution of the operating time, and in the moderate - the normal distribution. The constructed probabilistic model allows for well as information support for the decision-making process for assessing the secure workings of operating modes based on remote monitoring of the functional state of smoked divers. The novelty of the study is determined by the technical capabilities of the telemetry systems of modern breathing apparatus with compressed air. Conclusion. When designing telemetric systems for monitoring the safety of gas and smoke divers, taking into account the quantitative pulse indicator that characterizes their condition when performing fire extinguishing operations in an inhospitable environment, it is necessary to take into account the normal distribution of working time in the pulse zone and the level of efficiency of the gas and smoke divers.