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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional psychose'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Thomann, P. A., M. S. Depping, S. D. Bienentreu, R. C. Wolf, and D. Hirjak. "Neuronale Korrelate des Psychoserisikosyndroms." Nervenheilkunde 33, no. 01/02 (2014): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627662.

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ZusammenfassungEin erhöhtes Psychoserisiko wird durch das Vorhandensein klinisch prädiktiver Symptome operationalisiert. Eine objektive Charakterisierung von Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko könnte durch funktionell bildgebende Verfahren gelingen, da diese Verfahren eine In-vivo-Darstellung früher neuronaler Veränderungen bei Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko ermöglichen. Veränderungen der Gehirnfunktion vor dem Beginn einer manifesten Psychose könnten als Marker der klinischen Transition und als prognostische Marker präventiver Interventionen genutzt werden. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko mithilfe der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomografie (fMRT) untersucht, begünstigt durch die Verfügbarkeit, die Non-Invasivität und die hohe räumliche und zeitliche Auflösung des Verfahrens. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit soll die fMRT-Datenlage bei Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko zusammengefasst und im Hinblick auf ihre klinische Relevanz diskutiert werden. In der Literatur konnten anhand einer systematischen Literaturrecherche via PubMed und MEDLINE (Schlüsselwörter: „psychosis”, „ultra-high risk” und „functional mri”) und einer erweiterten Literatursuche 17 funktionell bildgebende Untersuchungen, eine Übersichtsarbeit und drei Metaanalysen identifiziert werden. In der Gesamtwertung der fMRT-Daten gibt es erste Hinweise darauf, dass bei Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko Veränderungen der Gehirnfunktion in frontalen, insulären und somatosensorischen Arealen vorliegen könnten. Die klinische Relevanz und der prädiktive Wert dieser Befunde für klinische Transition und Therapieoutcome sind jedoch unklar.

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2

Guinness, E. A. "II. Brief Reactive Psychosis and the Major Functional Psychoses: Descriptive Case Studies in Africa." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, S16 (April 1992): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296773.

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In a three-year prospective study of service-based incidence of functional psychoses in Africa, 94 cases of brief reactive psychosis were compared with 56 cases of schizophreniform syndromes, 29 cases of DSM-III schizophrenia and 14 of manic-depressive psychosis. This was supplemented by retrospective study of the same syndromes not in their first episode. Brief reactive psychosis was found to be a composite syndrome. The 50% with preceding depression were a distinct group, in terms of course and demographic features. Of those with intense prodromal anxiety, most were a single episode precipitated by a major life event, a few showed a recurrent long-term pattern. Schizophrenia was heralded, or presented unequivocally months or years later, in 10-20%. The schizophreniform group comprised a range of atypical psychoses intermediate between the transient and major psychoses. The pattern of precipitants and the over-representation of education and paid employment in the acute syndromes, compared with the major psychoses, in a society which was largely first-generation educated, suggested a link with rapid social change.

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3

Möller, H. J., M. Hohe-Schramm, C. Cording-Tömmel, W. Schmid-Bode, H. U. Wittchen, M. Zaudig, and D. Von Zressen. "The Classification of Functional Psychoses and its Implications for Prognosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 4 (April 1989): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.4.467.

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One hundred and eighty-three patients suffering from functional psychoses were diagnosed according to ICD–8, RDC, and DSM–III criteria, and the concordance rates for the diagnoses compared. The heterogeneity of the diagnosis 'schizoaffective psychosis' as defined by these systems became clear. With respect to prognosis, the DSM–III diagnosis of schizophrenia was most closely related to poor outcome. Affective psychoses and schizoaffective psychoses, as well as DSM–III 'schizophreniform disorders', demonstrated a favourable prognosis.

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4

Van Os, Jim, Machteld Marcelis, Pak Sham, Peter Jones, Karyna Gilvarry, and Robin Murray. "Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 3 (March 1997): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.241.

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BackgroundFamilial liability in the functional psychoses had traditionally been examined by comparing mutually exclusive diagnostic categories. This study examines overlapping psychopathological dimensions in relation to familial morbid risk of psychosis.MethodWe tested for associations between seven factor-analysis derived psychopathological dimensions and familial morbid risk of psychosis, in a sample of 150 patients with recent-onset functional psychosis and 548 of their first-degree relatives.ResultsA syndrome characterised by affective blunting and insidious and early onset of illness, non-specifically predicted psychosis in the first-degree relatives, whereas a manic syndrome specifically predicted affective psychosis in the relatives. No other main effects were observed, but there were interactions with proband diagnosis: a syndrome characterised by bizarre behaviour, inappropriate affect, catatonia and poor rapport predicted psychosis in relatives of schizophrenic probands, and a syndrome of depressive: symptoms predicted psychosis in relatives of schizoaffective probands. Positive symptoms were not associated with illness in the relatives.ConclusionsGenetic effects in the functional psychoses may comprise non-specific components that canalise a general, early-onset, affective blunting phenotype and several other, more specific, influences on phenotypic variation.

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5

Phanjoo, A. "Treatment of psychoses in the elderly." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.2.3.133.

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Psychotic disorders in the elderly can be divided into three types: disorders that have started in earlier life and persist into old age; disorders that start de novo after the age of 60, and psychoses associated with brain disease, including the dementias. The classification of psychoses in late life has provoked controversy for nearly a century. The debate concerns whether schizophrenia can present at any stage of life or whether functional psychoses, arising for the first time in late life, represent different illnesses. The nomenclature of such disorders consists of numerous terms including late onset schizophrenia, late paraphrenia, paranoid psychosis of late life and schizophreniform psychosis. This plethora of terms has made research difficult to interpret.

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6

Bredkjær, Søren, Pre Ben Bo Mort Ensen, and Josef Parnas. "Epilepsy and non-organic non-affective psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 3 (March 1998): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.3.235.

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BackgroundThis study tests the hypothesis that epilepsy increases the risk of developing schizophrenia and other non-affective functional psychoses using a nationwide sample of people with epilepsy.MethodA record linkage study between a sample from the National Patient Register, consisting of 67 116 people with epilepsy, and the Danish Psychiatric Register identified all people with non-affective psychoses with onset after the first epilepsy diagnosis. The relation between risk of psychiatric disorder in people with epilepsy and the general Danish population was estimated.ResultsThe incidences of the spectrum of non-organic non-affective psychosis, non-affective psychosis and schizophrenia were significantly increased both for men and women, even after exclusion of people diagnosed as suffering from a learning disability or substance misuse.ConclusionThis study supports the notion of an association between epilepsy and the risk of subsequent non-affective psychosis.

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7

Klompenhouwer, JL, AM van Hulst, JHM Tulen, ML Jacobs, BC Jacobs, and F. Segers. "The clinical features of postpartum psychoses." European Psychiatry 10, no. 7 (1995): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80337-3.

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SummaryThe clinical features and symptoms of postpartum psychoses are presented in relation to the classification according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the concept of “puerperal psychosis”. A number of symptoms, ie confusional symptoms, depersonalization, misrecognitions and the “kaleidoscopic” picture are shown to be prominent features. In schizoaffective disorder and unspecified functional psychosis a higher frequency of confusional symptoms, misrecognitions, thematic delusions and a “kaleidoscopic” course of illness was found compared to schizophrenia, mania or depression. The findings of this study support a special status for postpartum psychosis and suggest a link with the concept of cycloid psychosis. In the management of postpartum mental disorder the risk of child-directed aggression, suicide and sudden relapses into psychosis requires special attention.

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8

Stein, Daniel, Aharon Hanukoglu, Slulamit Blank, and Avner Elizur. "Cyclic Psychosis Associated with the Menstrual Cycle." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (December 1993): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.824.

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Psychotic symptoms are not included under accepted definitions of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). We present a 14-year-old girl with PMS, who developed a late luteal cyclic psychosis during two consecutive premenstrual periods, which resolved completely after the onset of menses. She was treated with dehydroxyprogesterone for two cycles, and later with placebo for the next three consecutive cycles. Psychotic symptoms did not reappear following two psychotic cycles, and the PMS resolved within the next menstrual cycle. We suggest that cyclic psychoses associated with the menstrual cycle may be a specific benign entity, not included under the recognised functional psychoses. In some cases these psychoses could be classified as a subgroup of PMS.

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9

Parker, Gordon, Maryanne O'Donnell, and Stephen Walter. "Changes in the Diagnoses of the Functional Psychoses Associated with the Introduction of Lithium." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 4 (April 1985): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.4.377.

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SummaryDiagnostic patterns for schizophrenia and affective psychosis were examined for all admissions to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales over a ten-year (1967–1977) period, before, during, and after lithium carbonate had been established as an accepted treatment. While the proportion of functional psychoses to total admissions remained relatively constant over the study, there was a relative decrease in schizophrenia, and a relative increase in the affective psychosis group. Analyses of sub-groups suggested, after controlling for the effects of time, that the introduction of lithium has been associated with an increase in diagnoses of mania and a decrease in diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia, both for first admissions and for readmissions.

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10

Crow, T. J. "The Continuum of Psychosis and its Implication for the Structure of the Gene." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 4 (October 1986): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.4.419.

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Three observations challenge Kraepelin's binary view of the functional psychoses: a bimodal distribution of the clinical features of manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia has not been demonstrated; affective illness appears to predispose to schizophrenia in later generations; and “schizoaffective’ illnesses cannot be separated in family studies from either of the prototypical psychoses. The alternative concept is that psychosis is a continuum extending from unipolar, through bipolar affective illness and schizoaffective psychosis, to typical schizophrenia, with increasing degrees of defect. According to this concept the genes predisposing to psychosis have a degree of stability that ensures that the form of the psychosis tends to remain the same within families, but there is also the possibility of change, implying that the genetic mechanisms themselves are variable. It is proposed that quantal changes in the “virogene’ are due to replications within the genome (e.g. the generation of tandem repeats of the element or a component of it); that such replications occur at a critical stage (e.g. gametogenesis, fertilisation, very early embryogenesis) in the course of reproduction; and that the “season of birth effect’ reflects the operation of the mechanism responsible for these replications.

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11

Schaufelberger, Maristela, Maurien C. T. Senhorini, Maria Angela Barreiros, Edson Amaro Jr, Paulo R. Menezes, Marcia Scazufca, Claudio C. Castro, et al. "Frontal and anterior cingulate activation during overt verbal fluency in patients with first episode psychosis." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462005000300013.

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OBJECTIVE: Functional neuroimaging studies using phonological verbal fluency tasks allow the assessment of neural circuits relevant to the neuropsychology of psychosis. There is evidence that the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus present different activation patterns in subjects with chronic schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. We assessed the functioning in these brain regions during phonological verbal fluency in subjects with recent-onset functional psychoses, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). METHODS: Seven patients with functional psychoses (3 schizophreniform, 4 affective) and 9 healthy controls were studied. We compared functional magnetic resonance images acquired during articulation of words beginning with letters classified as easy for word production in Portuguese. Statistical comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests. RESULTS: There were no differences between patients and controls in task performance. Controls showed greater activation than patients in the left rostral anterior cingulate gyrus and right inferior prefrontal cortex, whereas patients showed stronger activation than controls in a more dorsal part of the anterior cingulate gyrus bilaterally and in a more superior portion of the right prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings of attenuated engagement of inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus in patients with recent onset psychosis during phonological verbal fluency are consistent with those of previous studies. The greater activation found in other parts of the anterior cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex in patients may be related to a compensatory response that is required to maintain normal task performance, and suggests a pattern of disorganized activity of different functional anterior cingulate gyrus units in association with psychotic conditions.

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12

Strik, Werner K. "Anxiety as a Primary Symptom in Cycloid Psychosis." CNS Spectrums 5, no. 9 (September 2000): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021647.

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AbstractPsychotic anxiety has not been systematically included in standard psychopathologic and diagnostic literature, presumably because anxiety is implicitly perceived to be an emphatically comprehensible consequence of the cognitive symptoms of psychosis. This review gives an overview of neurophysiologic studies that indicate different pathogenic mechanisms for different types of psychosis. Convergent and complementary structural and functional imaging findings, biochemical and neuropsychological data allow conjecture as to neurophysiologic-psychopathologic links in cycloid psychosis. Intriguing results suggest that in cycloid psychosis, a generalized hyperasousal related to the tonus of the noradrenergic system may be the basic disturbance causing the delusionary and perceptual psychotic distortions. The findings are specific for cycloid psychoses, which are diagnosed as polymorphous psychosis in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with the author's hypothesis that the emotional derailment is the primary disturbance in cycloid psychosis (anxiety-elation). In contrast, cognitive disturbances are secondary and remit after the exceptional emotional state is rebalanced.

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13

Harvey, I., M. Williams, B. K. Toone, S. W. Lewis, S. W. Turner, and P. McGuffin. "The ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) in functional psychoses: the relationship of lateral ventricular and total intracranial area." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 1 (February 1990): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700013222.

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SYNOPSISCT scans were performed on 72 consecutive patients with a functional psychosis, and compared with 50 community controls. There was a specific difference in lateral ventricular area between these two groups but it accounted for only 11% of the variance in this measure. In contrast, racial and sexual differences in the ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) related to differences in intra-cranial area. It is argued that analysis of variance, using lateral ventricular area and intra-cranial area, is more informative than VBR in examining these structural changes in functional psychoses.

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14

Krelling, Renata, Quirino Cordeiro, Elisabete Miracca, Elisa Kijner Gutt, Sandra Petresco, Ricardo Alberto Moreno, and Homero Vallada. "Molecular genetic case-control women investigation from the first Brazilian high-risk study on functional psychosis." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (November 24, 2008): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008005000013.

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OBJECTIVE: Data from epidemiological studies have demonstrated that genetics is an important risk factor for psychosis. The present study is part of a larger project, pioneer in Brazil, which has been conducted by other researchers who intend to follow a high-risk population (children) for the development of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this first phase of the project, the objective was to investigate the distribution of four candidate genetic polymorphisms for functional psychosis (Ser9Gly DRD3, 5HTTLPR, the VNTR 3'-UTR SLC6A3 and Val66Met BDNF) in a case-control sample. METHOD: A total of 105 women (58 with schizophrenia and 47 with bipolar disorder) and 62 gender-matched controls were investigated. RESULTS: Allele and genotype distributions of all identified functional polymorphisms did not differ statistically between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the investigated polymorphisms were not related to susceptibility to functional psychoses in our Brazilian sample. These findings need to be validated in larger and independent studies.

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Ricciardi, Angelo, Victoria McAllister, and Paola Dazzan. "Is early intervention in psychosis effective?" Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 17, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001329.

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SummaryAims – Psychosis is a traumatic experience for both sufferers and their families. The morbidity and mortality associated with psychosis may be improved by an assertive, specialised, multidisciplinary approach to care, provided at the earliest opportunity. Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) uses such approach to improve the individual's short and long-term symptomatic and functional outcome, as well as quality of life. However, there is still controversy about whether this type of intervention is effective enough to justify its associated costs. Methods – We reviewed evidence from the literature on EIP for schizophrenia spectrum and non-affective psychoses, with particular attention to evidence on its effectiveness in reducing the duration of untreated symptoms, preventing relapses and reducing admission rates, reducing suicide rates, and reducing treatment costs. Results – There is preliminary evidence that EIP may be effective in delaying transition to psychosis, reducing DUP, preventing relapses, reducing admission and suicidal rates, and reducing treatment costs. Discussion – EIP remains a stimulating multidisciplinary approach to psychosis and a demanding commitment for mental health professionals and service developers.Declaration of Interest: None.

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Sharma, Rajiv Pandit. "Other functional psychoses." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (February 1992): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199202000-00007.

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Westhoff, Martin Lennart Schulze, Johannes Ladwig, Johannes Heck, Rasmus Schülke, Adrian Groh, Maximilian Deest, Stefan Bleich, Helge Frieling, and Kirsten Jahn. "Early Detection and Prevention of Schizophrenic Psychosis—A Review." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010011.

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Psychotic disorders often run a chronic course and are associated with a considerable emotional and social impact for patients and their relatives. Therefore, early recognition, combined with the possibility of preventive intervention, is urgently warranted since the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) significantly determines the further course of the disease. In addition to established diagnostic tools, neurobiological factors in the development of schizophrenic psychoses are increasingly being investigated. It is shown that numerous molecular alterations already exist before the clinical onset of the disease. As schizophrenic psychoses are not elicited by a single mutation in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, epigenetics likely constitute the missing link between environmental influences and disease development and could potentially serve as a biomarker. The results from transcriptomic and proteomic studies point to a dysregulated immune system, likely evoked by epigenetic alterations. Despite the increasing knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the development of psychotic disorders, further research efforts with large population-based study designs are needed to identify suitable biomarkers. In conclusion, a combination of blood examinations, functional imaging techniques, electroencephalography (EEG) investigations and polygenic risk scores should be considered as the basis for predicting how subjects will transition into manifest psychosis.

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Walterfang, Mark, Stephen J. Wood, Dennis Velakoulis, David Copolov, and Christos Pantelis. "Diseases of White Matter and Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 9 (September 2005): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01678.x.

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Objective: To analyse the available data regarding the presentation of psychosis in diseases of central nervous system (CNS) white matter. Method: The available neurological and psychiatric literature on developmental, neoplastic, infective, immunological and other white matter diseases was reviewed. Results: A number of diseases of the white matter can present as schizophrenia-like psychoses, including leukodystrophies, neoplasms, velocardiofacial syndrome, callosal anomalies and inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: Production of psychotic symptoms may result from functional asynchrony of interdependent regions, due to alterations in critical circuits as a result of pathology. The nature, location and timing of white matter pathology seem to be the key factors in the development of psychosis, especially during the critical adolescent period of association area myelination. Diseases that disrupt the normal formation of myelin appear to cause psychosis at higher rates than those that disrupt mature myelinated structures. Diffuse rather than discrete lesions, in particular those affecting frontotemporal zones, are also more strongly associated with schizophrenia-like psychosis. These illnesses point to the central role that white matter plays in maintaining CNS connectivity and to how pathology of the white matter may contribute to the neurobiology of psychosis.

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McGorry, Patrick D., Bruce S. Singh, Sheryl Connell, Dean McKenzie, Raphael J. Van Riel, and David L. Copolov. "Diagnostic concordance in functional psychosis revisited: a study of inter-relationships between alternative concepts of psychotic disorder." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 2 (May 1992): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700030312.

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SYNOPSISMore than a decade ago, a series of retrospective studies examined the concordance between proliferating definitions of severe psychiatric disorder. The European response has been a polydiagnostic one, which has attempted to maintain interest in a broad range of psychiatric phenomena in the psychoses. In North America a more convergent approach has emerged, resulting in a series of operational definitions evolving from one another, and a correspondingly limited capacity to allow alternative perspectives to co-exist. The present study uses a prospective design as well as recent improvements in the clinical validity of psychopathology assessment to re-evaluate the relationships between competing concepts of psychotic illness in a broad sample (N= 176) of recent-onset psychotic patients. In the schizophrenic group, concordance was predictably highest among recent North American ‘cousins’, and lowest among various historical concepts. There was a moderately high concordance between selected schizoaffective and atypical psychosis definitions, indicating that this component is an important area for further studies of descriptive validity. These interrelationships may be used as a starting point to explore latent classes underlying the phenomena of functional psychosis.

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Johnstone, E. C., J. Connelly, C. D. Frith, M. T. Lambert, and D. G. C. Owens. "The nature of ‘transient’ and ‘partial’ psychoses: findings from the Northwick Park ‘Functional’ Psychosis Study." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700034759.

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SynopsisThree hundred and twenty-six consecutively admitted patients with definite or possible functional psychotic illnesses to which no diagnostic classification had been applied were followed up after 2·5 years. In 86 cases symptomatology had been inadequate for the patients to enter the functional psychosis study, and in 75 cases this was because the symptoms were partial or transient. These patients were compared at follow-up with those who fulfilled operational criteria for schizophrenic, affective or schizoaffective psychoses. Differences between the ‘partial’ cases and those fulfilling specific diagnostic criteria were few, but the transient cases fared significantly better. Although the transient illnesses were recurrent, at follow-up at 2·5 years they appeared to have a good outcome in terms of social variables and symptomatology.

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Beck, Katharina, Erich Studerus, Christina Andreou, Laura Egloff, Letizia Leanza, Andor E. Simon, Stefan Borgwardt, and Anita Riecher-Rössler. "Clinical and functional ultra-long-term outcome of patients with a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis." European Psychiatry 62 (October 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.08.005.

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Abstract Background: Few studies have followed up patients with a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis for more than 2–3 years. We aimed to investigate the rates and baseline predictors for remission from CHR and transition to psychosis over a follow-up period of up to 16 years. Additionally, we examined the clinical and functional long-term outcome of CHR patients who did not transition. Methods: We analyzed the long-term course of CHR patients that had been included in the longitudinal studies “Früherkennung von Psychosen” (FePsy) or “Bruderholz” (BHS). Those patients who had not transitioned to psychosis during the initial follow-up periods (2/5 years), were invited for additional follow-ups. Results: Originally, 255 CHR patients had been included. Of these, 47 had transitioned to psychosis during the initial follow-ups. Thus, 208 were contacted for the long-term follow-up, of which 72 (34.6%) participated. From the original sample of 255, 26%, 31%, 35%, and 38% were estimated to have transitioned after 3, 5, 10, and 16 years, respectively, and 51% had remitted from their high risk status at the latest follow-up. Better psychosocial functioning at baseline was associated with a higher rate of remission. Of the 72 CHR patients re-assessed at long-term follow-up, 60 had not transitioned, but only 28% of those were fully recovered clinically and functionally. Conclusions: Our study shows the need for follow-ups and clinical attention longer than the usual 2–3 years as there are several CHR patients with later transitions and only a minority of CHR those without transition fully recovers.

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Goldney, Robert D. "Modelling the Functional Psychoses." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 10 (January 2009): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903179210.

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Neves, Mariel Vendramel, Jessica Jamile Simon, Jorge Henna Neto, Carlos von Krakauer Hübner, and Elaine Henna. "Refractoy psychosis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine." Debates em Psiquiatria 13 (February 5, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2763-9037.2023.v13.432.

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Introduction: The vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has shown efficacy in decreasing morbidity and mortality. There are several systemic side effects and some neuropsychiatric manifestations described. Case report: A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the Psychiatry of the Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba presenting disorganized behavior and aggressiveness. Six months ago, she received the first dose of the mRNA vaccine for COVID-19 and, around 24 hours later, had systemic adverse effects followed by aggressiveness and delusional thinking of persecutory nature. She had no past clinical or psychiatric reports. Previously, she was perfectly functional. We performed an extensive clinical-laboratorial investigation, and all tests were negatives. Several pharmacological therapies with antipsychotics and mood stabilizers were used, but after more than four months of hospitalization, the improvements observed were just in orientation and behavior, remaining with symptoms of psychosis. Discussion: This is the first report of refractory psychosis after COVID-19 immunization with no improvement of symptoms; there have been related psychoses after COVID-19 immunization. It is suggested that the psychosis occurs by the intense cytokine storm, leading to a high pro-inflammatory status. It is hypothesized that vaccination causes a strong immune response against the SARS-CoV-19; therefore, similarly mechanisms could underlie the psychosis after COVID-19 immunization.

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Meagher, David J., Maria Moran, Bangaru Raju, Dympna Gibbons, Sinead Donnelly, Jean Saunders, and Paula T. Trzepacz. "Phenomenology of delirium." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 2 (February 2007): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023911.

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BackgroundDelirium phenomenology is understudied.AimsTo investigate the relationship between cognitive and non-cognitive delirium symptoms and test the primacy of inattention in delirium.MethodPeople with delirium (n=100) were assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98(DRS-R98)and Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD).ResultsSleep-wake cycle abnormalities and inattention were most frequent, while disorientation was the least frequent cognitive deficit. Patients with psychosis had either perceptual disturbances or delusions but not both. Neither delusions nor hallucinations were associated with cognitive impairments. Inattention was associated with severity of other cognitive disturbances but not with non-cognitive items. CTD comprehension correlated most closely with non-cognitive features of delirium.ConclusionsDelirium phenomenology is consistent with broad dysfunction of higher cortical centres, characterised in particular by inattention and sleep-wake cycle disturbance. Attention and comprehension together are the cognitive items that best account for the syndrome of delirium. Psychosis in delirium differs from that in functional psychoses.

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Jones, P., M. Isohanni, and J. van Os. "Early antecedents of functional psychoses." European Psychiatry 13, S4 (1998): 143s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80044-3.

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26

Maier, W. "Genetic epidemiology of functional psychoses." European Psychiatry 11 (January 1996): 233s—234s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)88697-4.

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27

Shima, Satoru, Kazuhide Yano, Masahiko Sugiura, and Yukiko Tokunaga. "Anticerebral antibodies in functional psychoses." Biological Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (February 1991): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(91)90217-a.

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Lewandowski, Kathryn E., Justin T. Baker, Julie M. McCarthy, Lesley A. Norris, and Dost Öngür. "Reproducibility of Cognitive Profiles in Psychosis Using Cluster Analysis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 4 (October 18, 2017): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717001047.

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AbstractObjectives:Cognitive dysfunction is a core symptom dimension that cuts across the psychoses. Recent findings support classification of patients along the cognitive dimension using cluster analysis; however, data-derived groupings may be highly determined by sampling characteristics and the measures used to derive the clusters, and so their interpretability must be established. We examined cognitive clusters in a cross-diagnostic sample of patients with psychosis and associations with clinical and functional outcomes. We then compared our findings to a previous report of cognitive clusters in a separate sample using a different cognitive battery.Methods:Participants with affective or non-affective psychosis (n=120) and healthy controls (n=31) were administered the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, and clinical and community functioning assessments. Cluster analyses were performed on cognitive variables, and clusters were compared on demographic, cognitive, and clinical measures. Results were compared to findings from our previous report.Results:A four-cluster solution provided a good fit to the data; profiles included a neuropsychologically normal cluster, a globally impaired cluster, and two clusters of mixed profiles. Cognitive burden was associated with symptom severity and poorer community functioning. The patterns of cognitive performance by cluster were highly consistent with our previous findings.Conclusions:We found evidence of four cognitive subgroups of patients with psychosis, with cognitive profiles that map closely to those produced in our previous work. Clusters were associated with clinical and community variables and a measure of premorbid functioning, suggesting that they reflect meaningful groupings: replicable, and related to clinical presentation and functional outcomes. (JINS, 2018,24, 382–390)

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McGony, Patrick D. "Paradigm Failure in Functional Psychosis: Review and Implications." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 1 (March 1991): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109077718.

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Increasing sophistication in the neurosciences has re-stimulated expectations that the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the psychoses might finally be clarified. These expectations however coexist with a sense of mounting frustration over the continuing failure of such progress to occur. One important factor in this failure is an enduring reliance upon obsolete nosological concepts and tools. The persistence of concepts such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness, which are substantially based upon unsustainable assumptions concerning the relationship between pathophysiology, symptoms and outcome, interferes with the appropriate deployment of new technologies and the interpretation of the resulting data. As many have suspected for some time, we are in a state of chronic paradigm failure, yet the lack of a superior alternative makes it difficult to dispense with traditional concepts. Following a review of the principal nosological paradigms, it is argued that the psychopathology of psychosis is more fluid than acknowledged by the dominant neo-Kraepelinian paradigm in particular. An alternative, which may be termed the loose linkage model, is proposed, which though it falls short of full paradigm status, does represent more accurately the true state of affairs in psychotic disorder, with fewer historical preconceptions. Its importance lies particularly in its significance for research strategy, and its capacity to minimise early iatrogenic sequelae of the diagnostic process and permit a more honest approach to clinical care.

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Clouston, Sean A. P., Katherine Jonas, Laura J. Fochtmann, Evelyn J. Bromet, and Roman Kotov. "Physical Functional Limitations in a First-Admission Cohort at Midlife: Findings From the Suffolk County Mental Health Project." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 7 (September 30, 2019): 1424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz227.

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Abstract Background Psychosis is a risk factor for aging-related conditions and early mortality. Little is known about the age-specific risk of objectively measured physical functional limitations among individuals with serious mental illness. Methods The Suffolk County Mental Health Project is a prospective study of individuals hospitalized for the first time for psychosis. To assess physical functioning at midlife and to identify emerging risk factors for older-age changes, 101 participants with schizophrenia (mean age = 47.2, SD = 8.0 years; 41.6% female) and 112 participants with other psychoses (mean age = 48.2, SD = 9.5 years; 45.5% female) were assessed for chair-rise and balance limitations 20 years after diagnosis. A never-psychotic comparison group of 237 age/sex/geographically matched community controls was similarly assessed (mean age = 50.3, SD = 8.8 years; 44.7% female). Logistic regression was used to examine group differences in prevalence of poor performance and demographic, medical, and treatment correlates. Results Chair-rise limitations (45.5% [35.8–55.3]) and balance limitations (17.2% [9.8–24.5]) were common in individuals with schizophrenia. Prevalence of chair-rise limitations was higher in schizophrenia (46.3%) than in other psychotic disorders (31.9%) and never-psychotic group (22.1%), whereas risk of balance limitations was higher in schizophrenia (17.2%) compared with never-psychotic controls (8.1%). Schizophrenia was a significant risk factor for chair-rise (adjusted odds ratio = 3.01 [1.79–5.08], p < .001) and balance limitations (adjusted odds ratio = 2.63, [1.25–5.51], p = .010). Multivariable analysis of symptom severity found avolition was associated with chair-rise limitations, but not balance, independent of diagnosis. Conclusion Physical limitations are crucial because they identify existing problems with mobility and portend an increased risk of disability and death. Because participants with schizophrenia were at increased risk of physical limitations, assessments of chair-rise and balance limitations may be critical to monitoring individuals with psychosis.

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Lazarescu, M., J. Blajovan, C. Giurgi-Oncu, R. Baranescu, M. Milin, R. Mihalcea, C. Suflea, and M. Rosu. "1830 – The particularities of the long-term evolution of functional psychoses (the timisoara project of typology and evolution of functional psychosis)." European Psychiatry 28 (January 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76794-4.

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Martin, Elizabeth A., Katherine G. Jonas, Wenxuan Lian, Dan Foti, Kayla R. Donaldson, Evelyn J. Bromet, and Roman Kotov. "Predicting Long-Term Outcomes in First-Admission Psychosis: Does the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Aid DSM in Prognostication?" Schizophrenia Bulletin 47, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab043.

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Abstract The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical, dimensional model of psychological symptoms and functioning. Its goals are to augment the use and address the limitations of traditional diagnoses, such as arbitrary thresholds of severity, within-disorder heterogeneity, and low reliability. HiTOP has made inroads to addressing these problems, but its prognostic validity is uncertain. The present study sought to test the prediction of long-term outcomes in psychotic disorders was improved when the HiTOP dimensional approach was considered along with traditional (ie, DSM) diagnoses. We analyzed data from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project (N = 316), an epidemiologic study of a first-admission psychosis cohort followed for 20 years. We compared 5 diagnostic groups (schizophrenia/schizoaffective, bipolar disorder with psychosis, major depressive disorder with psychosis, substance-induced psychosis, and other psychoses) and 5 dimensions derived from the HiTOP thought disorder spectrum (reality distortion, disorganization, inexpressivity, avolition, and functional impairment). Both nosologies predicted a significant amount of variance in most outcomes. However, except for cognitive functioning, HiTOP showed consistently greater predictive power across outcomes—it explained 1.7-fold more variance than diagnoses in psychiatric and physical health outcomes, 2.1-fold more variance in community functioning, and 3.4-fold more variance in neural responses. Even when controlling for diagnosis, HiTOP dimensions incrementally predicted almost all outcomes. These findings support a shift away from the exclusive use of categorical diagnoses and toward the incorporation of HiTOP dimensions for better prognostication and linkage with neurobiology.

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Shatia, M. S. "Polydactyly and functional psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 3 (September 1999): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.3.291b.

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Mitchell, Philip, and Brent Waters. "Molecular Biology and the Functional Psychoses." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678709158907.

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David, A. S. "The neuropsychology of the functional psychoses." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198902000-00020.

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Fowler, David G. "Psychological aspects of the functional psychoses." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3, no. 6 (1990): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199012000-00017.

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Kendell, R. E. "Diagnosis and classification of functional psychoses." British Medical Bulletin 43, no. 3 (1987): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072198.

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Fowler, David G. "Psychological aspects of the functional psychoses." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 3, no. 6 (December 1990): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199012000-00017.

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Walsh, Dermot. "The unitary nature of functional psychoses." Lancet 373, no. 9666 (March 2009): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60479-7.

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Czeizel, Andrew E. "The unitary nature of functional psychoses." Lancet 373, no. 9666 (March 2009): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60480-3.

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Buckley, Peter F. "Functional Psychoses Is the Concept Disintegrating?" Psychosomatics 34, no. 5 (September 1993): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(93)71859-9.

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Shepherd, Michael. "Historical epidemiology and the functional psychoses." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028373.

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Sixty years ago the distinguished epidemiologist Joseph Goldberger, following his outstanding achievements in clarifying the causes of pellagra, was offered a large research grant to investigate schizophrenia. He responded to the proposal by studying the available evidence concerning the schizophrenic syndrome and then politely declined to take up the challenge. ‘In five or more years’, he wrote, ‘I could probably find out nothing. Much work will be needed on the physiology of the central nervous system and on many collateral problems before dementia praecox can be understood’ (Parsons, 1943).

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Forrester, A., D. G. C. Owens, and E. C. Johnstone. "The anatomy of the functional psychoses." European Psychiatry 11 (January 1996): 409s—410s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)89340-0.

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Harvey, I., M. Williams, P. Mcguffin, and B. K. Toone. "The Functional Psychoses in Afro-Caribbeans." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 4 (October 1990): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.4.515.

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When 54 Afro-Caribbean and 49 white British consecutive psychotic in-patients were prospectively studied for clinical differences in course of illness and pattern of symptoms, no major differences were found. This does not support the hypothesis that misdiagnosis within the psychoses can explain the higher admission rates of schizophrenia calculated for Afro-Caribbean populations.

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Ganella, Eleni P., Caio Seguin, Christos Pantelis, Sarah Whittle, Bernhard T. Baune, James Olver, G. Paul Amminger, et al. "Resting-state functional brain networks in first-episode psychosis: A 12-month follow-up study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 9 (May 27, 2018): 864–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418775833.

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Introduction: Schizophrenia is increasingly conceived as a disorder of brain network connectivity and organization. However, reports of network abnormalities during the early illness stage of psychosis are mixed. This study adopted a data-driven whole-brain approach to investigate functional connectivity and network architecture in a first-episode psychosis cohort relative to healthy controls and whether functional network properties changed abnormally over a 12-month period in first-episode psychosis. Methods: Resting-state functional connectivity was performed at two time points. At baseline, 29 first-episode psychosis individuals and 30 healthy controls were assessed, and at 12 months, 14 first-episode psychosis individuals and 20 healthy controls completed follow-up. Whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity networks were mapped for each individual and analyzed using graph theory to investigate whether network abnormalities associated with first-episode psychosis were evident and whether functional network properties changed abnormally over 12 months relative to controls. Results: This study found no evidence of abnormal resting-state functional connectivity or topology in first-episode psychosis individuals relative to healthy controls at baseline or at 12-months follow-up. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in network properties over a 12-month period did not significantly differ between first-episode psychosis individuals and healthy control. Network measures did not significantly correlate with symptomatology, duration of illness or antipsychotic medication. Conclusions: This is the first study to show unaffected resting-state functional connectivity and topology in the early psychosis stage of illness. In light of previous literature, this suggests that a subgroup of first-episode psychosis individuals who have a neurotypical resting-state functional connectivity and topology may exist. Our preliminary longitudinal analyses indicate that there also does not appear to be deterioration in these network properties over a 12-month period. Future research in a larger sample is necessary to confirm our longitudinal findings.

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Metzler, S., D. Dvorsky, C. Wyss, M. Müller, N. Traber-Walker, S. Walitza, A. Theodoridou, W. Rössler, and K. Heekeren. "Neurocognitive profiles in help-seeking individuals: comparison of risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder criteria." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 3543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001007.

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Background.Neurocognitive deficits are important aspects of the schizophrenic disorders because they have a strong impact on social and vocational outcomes. We expanded on previous research by focusing on the neurocognitive profiles of persons at high risk (HR) or ultra-high risk (UHR) for schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Our main aim was to determine whether neurocognitive measures are sufficiently sensitive to predict a group affiliation based on deficits in functional domains.Method.This study included 207 help-seeking individuals identified as HR (n = 75), UHR (n = 102) or at high risk for bipolar disorder (HRBip; n = 30), who were compared with persons comprising a matched, healthy control group (CG; n = 50). Neuropsychological variables were sorted according to their load in a factor analysis and were compared among groups. In addition, the likelihood of group membership was estimated using logistic regression analyses.Results.The performance of HR and HRBip participants was comparable, and intermediate between the controls and UHR. The domain of processing speed was most sensitive in discriminating HR and UHR [odds ratio (OR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.78, p = 0.004] whereas learning and memory deficits predicted a conversion to schizophrenic psychosis (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.87, p = 0.01).Conclusions.Performances on neurocognitive tests differed among our three at-risk groups and may therefore be useful in predicting psychosis. Overall, cognition had a profound effect on the extent of general functioning and satisfaction with life for subjects at risk of psychosis. Thus, this factor should become a treatment target in itself.

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Tepper, Ángeles, Analía Cuiza, Luz María Alliende, Carlos Mena, Juan Pablo Ramirez-Mahaluf, Barbara Iruretagoyena, Claudia Ornstein, et al. "Functional Dysconnectivity in Ventral Striatocortical Systems in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome." Schizophrenia Bulletin 48, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab139.

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Abstract 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that represents one of the greatest known risk factors for psychosis. Previous studies in psychotic subjects without the deletion have identified a dopaminergic dysfunction in striatal regions, and dysconnectivity of striatocortical systems, as an important mechanism in the emergence of psychosis. Here, we used resting-state functional MRI to examine striatocortical functional connectivity in 22q11.2DS patients. We used a 2 × 2 factorial design including 125 subjects (55 healthy controls, 28 22q11.2DS patients without a history of psychosis, 10 22q11.2DS patients with a history of psychosis, and 32 subjects with a history of psychosis without the deletion), allowing us to identify network effects related to the deletion and to the presence of psychosis. In line with previous results from psychotic patients without 22q11.2DS, we found that there was a dorsal to ventral gradient of hypo- to hyperstriatocortical connectivity related to psychosis across both patient groups. The 22q11.2DS was additionally associated with abnormal functional connectivity in ventral striatocortical networks, with no significant differences identified in the dorsal system. Abnormalities in the ventral striatocortical system observed in these individuals with high genetic risk to psychosis may thus reflect a marker of illness risk.

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Burgerhout, Karin M., Astrid M. Kamperman, Sabine J. Roza, Mijke P. Lambregtse-Van den Berg, Kathelijne M. Koorengevel, Witte J. G. Hoogendijk, Steven A. Kushner, and Veerle Bergink. "Functional Recovery After Postpartum Psychosis." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 78, no. 01 (September 13, 2016): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.15m10204.

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Rossano, Matt J. "Supernatural beliefs and “functional psychosis”." Religion, Brain & Behavior 10, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599x.2018.1532451.

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Castillo, Richard J. "Trance, Functional Psychosis, and Culture." Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 66, no. 1 (March 2003): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.66.1.9.20285.

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