Journal articles: 'Functional leg length'

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Hwang, Sung Kwan, and Jong Bong Kim. "Functional Leg Length Inequality Following THA." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 33, no. 7 (1998): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.1998.33.7.1665.

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Austin, William M. "Functional leg length discrepancy: Chiropractic response." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jbmt.1999.0117.

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Berianto Agustian, Tertianto Prabowo, and Dian Marta Sari. "Leg Length Discrepancy." Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 11, no. 01 (June 1, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v11i01.322.

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ABSTRACT Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a condition of length differences in the lower extremity, caused by variety of factors, both congenital and acquired. Measurement using measuring tape, block test, and supine-tositting test based on bony landmarks is considered less accurate than imaging techniques. Measuring LLD can be difficult in certain cases such as obesity, leg deformities, and post arthroplasty. Individuals will develop biomechanical strategies to compensate inequality of leg when standing, walking, andrunning on their feet, ankles, knees, hip, and or pelvis to minimize energy consumption. It can causes several complications, including osteoarthritis, functional scoliosis, intervertebral disc degeneration, stress fractures, cardiovascular and neuromuscular problems. Management varies from wearing a shoelift, relieve muscle and joint contracture, and surgical procedures. This paper was written to review measurement technique, biomechanical compensation strategies, complication, and management of LLD from Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation point of view .Keyword: biomechanical compensation strategies, leg length discrepancy, lower extremity, management, measurement

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Ranawat, Chitranjan S., and JoséA Rodriguez. "Functional leg-length inequality following total hip arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 12, no. 4 (June 1997): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-5403(97)90190-x.

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Liu, X. C., G. Fabry, G. Molenears, Van Audekercke Lammens, and P. Moens. "Functional analysis of patients with leg length discrepancy." Gait & Posture 3, no. 4 (December 1995): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6362(96)82896-7.

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Rothbart, Brian A. "Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960499.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between abnormal pronation and functional leg-length discrepancies. Visual assessment and a pelvic thrust maneuver were used to identify the functionally short leg in 56 indigenous Mexicans (20 males and 36 females; mean age, 33 years; mean weight, 59 kg; and mean height, 1.60 m). The Foot Posture Index was used with a modified stance position to identify the more pronated foot. The posterosuperior iliac spines were used to identify the “relative” position of the innominate bones. The raw data obtained from this study were evaluated using the McNemar test for paired proportions. A significant positive correlation was found between abnormal pronation and hip position and between hip position and functional leg-length discrepancy. These results are consistent with a theoretical ascending dysfunctional pelvic model: Abnormal pronation pulls the innominate bones anteriorly (forward); anterior rotation of the innominate bones shifts the acetabula posteriorly and cephalad (backward and upward); and this shift in the acetabula hyperextends the knees and shortens the legs, with the shortest leg corresponding to the most pronated foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(6): 499-507, 2006)

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Sheha, Evan D., Michael E. Steinhaus, Han Jo Kim, Matthew E. Cunningham, Austin T. Fragomen, and S. Robert Rozbruch. "Leg-Length Discrepancy, Functional Scoliosis, and Low Back Pain." JBJS Reviews 6, no. 8 (August 2018): e6-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00148.

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Raczkowski, Jan W., Barbara Daniszewska, and Krystian Zolynski. "Clinical research Functional scoliosis caused by leg length discrepancy." Archives of Medical Science 3 (2010): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2010.14262.

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Curran, Sarah. "Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation: Commentary." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960505.

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Schuit, D., TG McPoil, and P. Mulesa. "Incidence of sacroiliac joint malalignment in leg length discrepancies." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-79-8-380.

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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the incidence of leg length discrepancies in a sample of asymptomatic female college students, and then to determine the incidence of sacroiliac joint malalignment within that same sample. Structural leg length, functional leg length, and sacroiliac position were determined for each subject. The results indicate a high incidence of leg length discrepancies within the sample, and also a fairly high incidence of asymptomatic sacroiliac joint malalignment when leg length discrepancies are present.

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Rothbart, Brian A. "Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation: Author's Response." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960507.

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Hoikka, Veijo, Seppo Santavirta, Antti Eskola, Timo Paavilainen, Jussi Wirta, and T. Sam Lindholm. "Methodology for restoring functional leg length in revision total hip arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 6, no. 3 (September 1991): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-5403(06)80163-4.

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Knutson, Gary A. "Examination of two subjects with severe, quantified anatomic leg length inequality using unloaded “functional” leg checks." Clinical Chiropractic 9, no. 2 (June 2006): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clch.2006.02.005.

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Ahmad, Riaz, Vinod Sharma, Harvey Sandhu, and Michael Bishay. "Leg Length Discrepancy in Total Hip Arthroplasty with the use of Cemented and Uncemented Femoral Stems. A Prospective Radiological Study." HIP International 19, no. 3 (July 2009): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000901900313.

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Leg length discrepancy may occur following total hip arthroplasty, with a potentially impaired functional outcome as a result. The aim of this study was to compare the leg length discrepancy between both cemented and uncemented femoral stems when used in total hip arthroplasty. A prospective radiological study of 200 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties was performed between June 2005 and December 2006. Pre and post-operative radiographs were analysed. 56 (56%) of the total hip arthroplasties where an uncemented femoral stem was used had a leg length discrepancy over 1 cm. However only 23 (23%) of the total hip arthroplasties with a cemented femoral stem had a leg length discrepancy over 1 cm. The use of cemented femoral stems in total hip arthroplasty results in a lower incidence of leg length discrepancy, with a potentially better functional outcome.

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Zhang, Yin, Wenye He, Tao Cheng, and Xianlong Zhang. "Total Hip Arthroplasty: Leg Length Discrepancy Affects Functional Outcomes and Patient’s Gait." Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 72, no. 1 (December 17, 2014): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12013-014-0440-4.

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Takeda, Yu, Tomokazu Fukui, and Shigeo Fukunishi. "Treatment of Severe Hip Dysplasia with Leg Length Discrepancy Using Spherical Periacetabular Osteotomy." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3930806.

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Case. A 20-year-old woman with severe subluxation of the hip displayed a leg length discrepancy of approximately 20 mm. The proposed treatment was a spherical periacetabular osteotomy (SPO) for joint preservation and postoperative leg length maintenance. SPO is a novel periacetabular osteotomy procedure. At her 3-year follow-up, the patient had functional, pain-free motion and high satisfaction. In this case, the SPO technique was able to achieve satisfactory clinical results without further exacerbating the leg length discrepancy after surgery.

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Azizan, Nurul Azira, Khairul Salleh Basaruddin, Ahmad Faizal Salleh, Abdul Razak Sulaiman, Muhamad Juhairi Aziz Safar, and Wan Mohd Radzi Rusli. "Leg Length Discrepancy: Dynamic Balance Response during Gait." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7815451.

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Balance in the human body’s movement is generally associated with different synergistic pathologies. The trunk is supported by one’s leg most of the time when walking. A person with poor balance may face limitation when performing their physical activities on a daily basis, and they may be more prone to having risk of fall. The ground reaction forces (GRFs), centre of pressure (COP), and centre of mass (COM) in quite standing posture were often measured for the evaluation of balance. Currently, there is still no experimental evidence or study on leg length discrepancy (LLD) during walking. Analysis of the stability parameters is more representative of the functional activity undergone by the person who has a LLD. Therefore, this study hopes to shed new light on the effects of LLD on the dynamic stability associated with VGRF, COP, and COM during walking. Eighteen healthy subjects were selected among the university population with normal BMIs. Each subject was asked to walk with 1.0 to 2.0 ms−1 of walking speed for three to five trials each. Insoles of 0.5 cm thickness were added, and the thickness of the insoles was subsequently raised until 4 cm and placed under the right foot as we simulated LLD. The captured data obtained from a force plate and motion analysis present Peak VGRF (single-leg stance) and WD (double-leg stance) that showed more forces exerted on the short leg rather than long leg. Obviously, changes occurred on the displacement of COM trajectories in the ML and vertical directions as LLD increased at the whole gait cycle. Displacement of COP trajectories demonstrated that more distribution was on the short leg rather than on the long leg. The root mean square (RMS) of COP-COM distance showed, obviously, changes only in ML direction with the value at 3 cm and 3.5 cm. The cutoff value via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) indicates the significant differences starting at the level 2.5 cm up to 4 cm in long and short legs for both AP and ML directions. The present study performed included all the proposed parameters on the effect of dynamic stability on LLD during walking and thus helps to determine and evaluate the balance pattern.

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Gong, Wontae, Hyolyun Ro, Giduck Park, and Taeho Kim. "The Influence of Pelvic Adjustment on Functional Leg Length Inequality and Foot Pressure." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 23, no. 1 (2011): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.23.17.

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Wylde, V., S. L. Whitehouse, A. H. Taylor, G. T. Pattison, G. C. Bannister, and A. W. Blom. "Prevalence and functional impact of patient-perceived leg length discrepancy after hip replacement." International Orthopaedics 33, no. 4 (April 25, 2008): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-008-0563-6.

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Chinnappa, Jason, Darren B. Chen, Ian A. Harris, and Samuel J. MacDessi. "Predictors and Functional Implications of Change in Leg Length After Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 32, no. 9 (September 2017): 2725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2017.04.007.

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Allen, PE, A. Jenkinson, MM Stephens, and T. O'Brien. "Abnormalities in the uninvolved leg in children with spastic hemiplegia. The effect of actual and functional leg length discrepancy." Gait & Posture 10, no. 1 (September 1999): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(99)90395-8.

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Hardwick-Morris, Max, Estelle Wigmore, Joshua Twiggs, Brad Miles, Christopher W. Jones, and Piers J. Yates. "Leg length discrepancy assessment in total hip arthroplasty: is a pelvic radiograph sufficient?" Bone & Joint Open 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.312.bjo-2022-0146.r1.

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Aims Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common pre- and postoperative issue in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. The conventional technique for measuring LLD has historically been on a non-weightbearing anteroposterior pelvic radiograph; however, this does not capture many potential sources of LLD. The aim of this study was to determine if long-limb EOS radiology can provide a more reproducible and holistic measurement of LLD. Methods In all, 93 patients who underwent a THA received a standardized preoperative EOS scan, anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, and clinical LLD assessment. Overall, 13 measurements were taken along both anatomical and functional axes and measured twice by an orthopaedic fellow and surgical planning engineer to calculate intraoperator reproducibility and correlations between measurements. Results Strong correlations were observed for all EOS measurements (rs > 0.9). The strongest correlation with AP radiograph (inter-teardrop line) was observed for functional-ASIS-to-floor (functional) (rs = 0.57), much weaker than the correlations between EOS measurements. ASIS-to-ankle measurements exhibited a high correlation to other linear measurements and the highest ICC (rs = 0.97). Using anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)-to-ankle, 33% of patients had an absolute LLD of greater than 10 mm, which was statistically different from the inter-teardrop LLD measurement (p < 0.005). Discussion We found that the conventional measurement of LLD on AP pelvic radiograph does not correlate well with long leg measurements and may not provide a true appreciation of LLD. ASIS-to-ankle demonstrated improved detection of potential LLD than other EOS and radiograph measurements. Full length, functional imaging methods may become the new gold standard to measure LLD. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(12):960–968.

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Sarashina, Eri, Katsuyoshi Mizukami, Rezaul Begg, and Hanatsu Nagano. "129 Effects of Physical Capacity, Executive Function, Mental Health and Polypharmacy on Gait and Falls Risks among Older Adults." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (December 2019): iv28—iv33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.129.

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Abstract Falls prevention is an important healthcare topic in an ageing society due to serious and costly injuries. Gait biomechanics utilising 3D motion capture system can possibly identify fall-prone walking patterns. It is, therefore, important to reveal factors for negative gait changes and higher falls risks. A total of 54 community-dwelling senior citizens undertook a series of examinations: (i) fundamental gait assessment - step length, step width, double support time; (ii) the risk of tripping falls - minimum foot clearance (MFC); (iii) flat-foot contact - foot contact angle; (iv) fundamental physical tests - grip strength, functional reach, one-leg standing; (v) executive function - trail making test-A; (vi) Psychological health - General Health Questionnaire 12; (vii) falls history and (viii) polypharmacy. Pearson’s correlations were computed between gait data and the other potentially related factors. A reduced number of drugs (r = -.353, p < .01) and prolonged one-leg standing i.e. improved balance (r =.333, p < .05) demonstrated interlinks with greater step length, indicating the overall gait health. Step length was also strongly correlated with foot contact angle (r = .537, p < .01), which was further associated with one leg standing (r = .339, < .05). The risk of tripping (MFC) showed interrelations with one leg standing (r = .273, < .05) and functional reach (r = .289, < .05). Furthermore, step width was also correlated with one leg standing (r = -.289, < .05) and functional reach (r = -.278, < .05). Balance control capacity (one leg standing) and flexibility (functional reach) may be, therefore, closely related to gait control and tripping risks. While fundamental physical tests thus adequately reflected gait data, mental health and executive function were not correlated with gait data in the current study. Further investigation with a larger sample size will be required.

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Jeon, Kyoungkyu, and Kyoungkyu Jeon. "Effects of ankle instability type and bilateral leg on lower extremity kinetics during drop-landing." IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2020.32.2.88.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the analysis of the postural stability and leg stiffness according to the ankle instability types and bilateral legs during drop landing. Methods: Total 14 male athletes (n=7: mechanical ankle instability, n=7: functional ankle instability) Participants in the experiment. The leg stiffness, leg length, peak vertical force, loading rate, as well as the DPSI (medial-lateral [ML], anterior-posterior [AP], vertical [V], dynamic postural stability index) during drop landing were calculated. To analyze the variables measured in this study, SPSS version 21.0 was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, while a two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the ankle instability types (MAI, FAI) with landing leg (left: dominant, right: non-dominant leg) results. Dimensionless leg stiffness and change of leg lengths showed increased with significantly in non-dominant leg and MAI type than in dominant leg and FAI type. This resulted from decrease in the leg lengths with leg stiff. MLSI showed increased with significantly in dominant leg than in non-dominant leg during drop landing. Mechanically unstable individuals demonstrated increased leg stiffness, which may increase risk of musculoskeletal. Also, mechanically unstable participants demonstrated greater loading rate variability, which may indicate difficulty mitigating landing forces with lax ligaments.

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Steiger, C. N., U. Lenze, and A. H. Krieg. "A new technique for correction of leg length discrepancies in combination with complex axis deformities of the lower limb using a lengthening nail and a locking plate." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 12, no. 5 (October 2018): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.12.170190.

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Purpose Intramedullary lengthening nails are an accepted alternative to external fixators but are limited by anatomical preconditions. Therefore, to date the use of external fixators is sometimes inevitable. We report on a new technique for correction of combined limb length discrepancies and complex axis deformities using solely internal devices - a lengthening nail and a locking plate. Methods Between October 2008 and November 2011 five patients (two femora, three tibias) with a mean leg length discrepancy of 36 mm (25 to 50) and a complex angular deformity were treated with a fully implantable motorized lengthening nail (Fitbone) and a locking plate. All patients were evaluated with regards to the pre- and postoperative leg length as well as axis alignment, functional outcome, lengthening indices and complications. Results A successful leg length equalization was achieved in all cases and physiological joint orientation angles in all but one case. The mean distraction index was 1.2 mm/day, the maturation index 24 days/cm and the consolidation index 35 days/cm. The functional outcome was very encouraging in all cases with bilateral free range of movement. In total, two complications were observed, one nonunion and one loss of leg length after an early locking bolt removal in a peripheral hospital. Conclusion The combination of a fully implantable motorized lengthening nail and a locking plate is a valuable alternative option for treating selected cases with limb length discrepancies in combination with a complex deformity of the lower leg. However, the reported technique puts high demands on the preoperative planning, operative technique as well as surgeon’s skills. Level of evidence IV (retrospective series)

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Kim, Woo-Jong, Byungsung Kim, Jae-Hwi Nho, Junbum Kim, Chang-Hwa Hong, Sai-Won Kwon, Young Choi, Tae-Gyun Kim, Changeui Lee, and Ki-Jin Jung. "Crossed Congenital Hemihyperplasia: A Case Report." Surgeries 3, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surgeries3030026.

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Overgrowth syndromes generally present with inherent health concerns and, in some instances, an increased risk of malignant intra-abdominal tumors, such as Wilms tumor or hepatoblastoma. There are various types of hyperplasia, but the crossed type is reported to be the rarest. We present a rare, crossed type of congenital hemihyperplasia. A six-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for leg length discrepancy and was diagnosed with congenital hemihyperplasia of the right lower limb and left upper limb. The leg length discrepancy had begun to affect the patient’s gait and stair climbing. We regularly monitored her leg length and checked for functional and cosmetic problems for 24 months. However, the hyperplasia progressed and caused severe gait impairment. Leg length discrepancy at the last check-up was 30 mm. She underwent femoral lengthening surgery using a monolateral external fixator. At the 14th month follow-up, her gait and stair climbing had greatly improved, and a scanogram revealed that the leg length discrepancy had been successfully treated with a mild varus angulation of the femur. We present a rare, crossed congenital hemihyperplasia. We recommend limb lengthening surgery for treating patients with idiopathic hemihyperplasia.

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Kim, Minju, Juyeon Kim, Hyewon Lee, Juyeon Yim, Hyunjin Ha, and Jinho An. "The Foot Pressure Change Caused by Functional Leg Length Having an Effect on the Foot Temperature." Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15268/ksim.2013.1.2.037.

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Whitehouse, Michael R., Natalija S. Stefanovich-Lawbuary, Luke R. Brunton, and Ashley W. Blom. "The Impact of Leg Length Discrepancy on Patient Satisfaction and Functional Outcome Following Total Hip Arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 28, no. 8 (September 2013): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2012.12.009.

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Khamis, Sam, Barry Danino, Dror Ovadia, and Eli Carmeli. "Correlation between Gait Asymmetry and Leg Length Discrepancy—What Is the Role of Clinical Abnormalities?" Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101979.

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Reducing the effect of leg length discrepancy (LLD) on gait abnormalities while other abnormal conditions such as spasticity, joint contractures or weak muscle strength are exhibited is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild LLD on lower limb biomechanics, on participants with anatomic LLD with and without other clinical abnormalities. A motion capture system was utilized on 32 participants to measure lower limb kinematics and dynamic leg length (DLL) throughout the gait cycle, calculated as the absolute distance from the hip joint center, either to the heel, ankle joint center, or forefoot. The Pearson correlation coefficient found that LLD was associated with 5 kinematic variables only when LLD appeared with no other clinical abnormalities present (r = 0.574 – 0.846, p < 0.05). When clinical abnormalities were present, the random forest classification accuracy was lower (64% versus 80%), implying that the used kinematics are low predictors for anatomic LLD, revealing a higher asymmetrical clearance index (the difference between the maximal stance phase and the minimal contra-lateral swing phase DLL) and a different kinematic variable importance index. Clinical abnormalities in pathological gait will in all probability significantly affect gait deviations, affirming mild anatomic LLD as inconsequential. A functional measurement can offer a better estimate as to the side and extent of the functional discrepancy.

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Sherriff, Thomas J., Kyle T. Ebersole, and David J. Cornell. "Relationship Between Gastrocnemius Muscle Length and Overhead Squat Movement Compensations Among Active-Duty Firefighters." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 26, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0042.

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Restricted gastrocnemius length may impair movement efficiency during functional movements. However, this is yet to be examined among tactical athletes. This study examined the relationship between gastrocnemius muscle length and movement compensations during a two-leg overhead squat among career firefighters. Bilateral ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion data were collected from 50 firefighters, and movement compensations observed during a two-leg overhead squat were recorded. Firefighters with reduced average ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion were more likely to demonstrate movement compensations during the overhead squat. Clinicians should utilize interventions that lengthen gastrocnemius musculature to improve the squat movement efficiency of firefighters.

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Thompson, Daniel B. "Diet-Induced Plasticity of Linear Static Allometry Is Not So Simple for Grasshoppers: Genotype–Environment Interaction in Ontogeny Is Masked by Convergent Growth." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 5 (August 9, 2019): 1382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz137.

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Abstract Grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae), develop larger head width (HW) and shorter leg length, relative to body size, when fed low nutrient, lignin-rich grasses compared to sibs fed a diet of high nutrient grasses. To elucidate how underlying genetic variation and plasticity of growth generate plasticity of this linear static allometry within coarse-grained environments, I measured head and leg size of three nymphal instars and adult grasshoppers raised on either a low or high nutrient diet within a half-sib quantitative genetic experiment. Doubly-multivariate repeated measures multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) of head, mandible, and hind leg size and their rate of growth (mm/period) and growth period (days) through ontogeny were used to analyze how the ontogeny of diet-induced plasticity for these variables and additive genetic variation for plasticity (genotype × environment interaction [G×E]) contribute to plasticity in functional linear static allometry. Genetic variation for diet-induced plasticity (G×E) of head and leg size varied through ontogeny, as did genetic variation for plasticity of growth in third and fourth instar nymphs. Despite extensive genetic variation in plasticity of HW and leg length in fourth instar nymphs, the static allometry between head and leg was stable within each diet because the patterns of G×E were similar for HW, leg length and their coordinated growth. Nutrient sensitive plasticity in growth shifted the intercept but not the slope of static allometry, a result consistent with one outcome of a graphical model of the relationships between G× E and plasticity of within environment static allometry. In addition, G×E of fourth instar head and leg size was reduced in adults by negatively size-dependent, convergent growth in the last period of ontogeny. Consequently, the bivariate reaction norms of head and leg size for adults exhibited no G×E and, again, plasticity in the intercept but not in the slope of static allometry. The ontogeny of seemingly simple diet-induced linear static allometry between functional body parts in grasshoppers arises from a complex combination of differing patterns of nutrient-sensitive growth, duration of growth, convergent growth, and G×E, all relevant to understanding the development and evolution of functional allometry in hemimetabolous insects.

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Villalta Santos, Lucas, Mateus Francisco Rossi, Claudia Santos Oliveita, and Hugo Pasin Neto. "Leg length inequality and its relationship with injuries incidence of young basketball players: an observational study." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 14 (December 14, 2016): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2016.14.419.

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Background: The leg length inequality (LLI) creates postural changes collaborating with the emergence of functional limitations and musculoskeletal disorders. In a sport like basketball inequality of the lower limbs may be added to the demands of the sport and generate an increase in the incidence of injuries. The aim of this study was to identify young basketball players from with structural or functional LLI and its influence in injury incidence in a period of 6 months. Methods: 18 players were followed with an average age of 14.50 ± 1.86 of a basketball team from the city of Sorocaba for a period of 6 months. At the beginning and end of that period were applied tests from the Morbidity Survey Report modified for basketball to obtain data such as physical characteristics, training time, incidence of injuries, quantitative and qualitative measurement of the length of the lower limbs. Results: 72.2% of players had LLI and 50% had some kind of injury during this period, among the most common, sprains and muscle strains. Conclusions: There was a high rate of players with LLI and a positive relationship between this inequality with the incidence of injury.

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Kim, Daniel H., Seán E. Connolly, Joseph T. Gillespie, Rand M. Voorhies, and David G. Kline. "Electrophysiological studies of various graft lengths and lesion lengths in repair of nerve gaps in primates." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 3 (September 1991): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0440.

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✓ Electrophysiological studies were used to evaluate neurological recovery in 14 rhesus monkeys with different nerve lesion lengths and graft lengths. After exposure of both sciatic nerves in each animal, baseline evoked nerve action potentials, muscle action potentials, and muscle strength values were determined for the posterior tibial nerves. Each nerve was then crushed over a measured distance. Three weeks later, the crushed segments were resected and the defects repaired with sural nerve grafts. In seven animals, 20-mm resection sites were repaired by 4 × 20-mm grafts in one leg and by 4 × 40-mm grafts contralaterally. In the other seven animals, the lengths of resection sites were 10 mm in one leg and 30 mm contralaterally; both nerve defects in these animals were repaired by 4 × 30-mm grafts. Electrophysiological studies were repeated at one interval of either 4, 7, or 12 months after repair. Postoperative electrophysiological values were compared to baseline values and described by the mean values and by percent recovery. Muscle strength recovery was significantly better in limbs with short lesions. In animals with identical lesion lengths, lesions repaired with shorter grafts (the same length as the defect) did significantly worse than did lesions repaired with longer grafts. This may suggest that any degree of tension at the graft repair site has a deleterious effect on functional nerve regeneration. Nevertheless, it was generally found that nerve lesion length had the greatest negative effect on functional nerve regeneration.

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Mahmoud, Asmaa. "Functional leg length discrepancy between theories and reliable instrumental assessment: a study about newly invented NPoS system." Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 7, no. 2 (2017): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2017.7.2.293.

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Mahmoud, A., P. Abundo, L. Basile, C. Albensi, M. Marasco, L. Bellizzi, F. Galasso, and C. Foti. "Functional leg length discrepancy between theories and reliable instrumental assessment: a study about newly invented NPoS system." Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal 07, no. 02 (January 2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.32098/mltj.02.2017.12.

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Gross, Michael T., Charles B. Burns, Shane W. Chapman, Christopher J. Hudson, Heather S. Curtis, James R. Lehmann, and Jordan B. Renner. "Reliability and Validity of Rigid Lift and Pelvic Leveling Device Method in Assessing Functional Leg Length Inequality." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 27, no. 4 (April 1998): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.4.285.

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Fuller, Corey B., Claire E. Shannon, and Dror Paley. "Lengthening Reconstruction Surgery for Fibular Hemimelia: A Review." Children 8, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8060467.

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Fibular hemimelia (FH) presents with foot and ankle deformity and leg length discrepancy. Many historic reconstructions have resulted in poor outcomes. This report reviews modern classification and reconstruction methods. The Paley SHORDT procedure (SHortening Osteotomy Realignment Distal Tibia) is designed to correct dynamic valgus deformity. The Paley SUPERankle procedure (Systematic Utilitarian Procedure for Extremity Reconstruction) is designed to correct fixed equino-valgus foot deformity. The leg length discrepancy in FH is successfully treated with serial lengthening and epiphysiodesis. Implantable intramedullary lengthening devices have led to all internal lengthenings. Recent advancements in techniques and implants in extramedullary implantable limb lengthening (EMILL) have allowed internal lengthenings in younger and smaller patients, who would traditionally require external fixation. These new internal techniques with lengthenings of up to 5 cm can be repeated more easily and frequently than external fixation, reducing the need to achieve larger single-stage lengthenings (e.g., 8 cm). Modern reconstruction methods with lengthening are able to achieve limb length equalization with a plantigrade-stable foot, resulting in excellent functional result comparable or better than a Syme’s amputation with prosthetic fitting.

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Strzała, Marek, Piotr Krężałek, Marcin Kaca, Grzegorz Głąb, Andrzej Ostrowski, Arkadiusz Stanula, and Aleksander Tyka. "Swimming Speed of The Breaststroke Kick." Journal of Human Kinetics 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0087-4.

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The breaststroke kick is responsible for a considerable portion of the forward propulsion in breaststroke swimming. The aim of this study was to measure selected anthropometric variables and functional properties of a swimmer’s body: length of body parts; functional range of motion in the leg joints and anaerobic power of the lower limbs. Chosen kinematic variables useful in the evaluation of swimming performance in the breaststroke kick were evaluated. In the present research, swimming speed using breaststroke kicks depended to the largest extent on anaerobic endurance (0.46, p < 0.05 partial correlations with age control). In addition, knee external rotation and swimming technique index had an impact on swimming speed and kick length (both partial correlations with age control 0.35, p < 0.08). A kinematic analysis of the breaststroke kick hip displacement compatible with horizontal body displacement was significantly negatively correlated with foot slip in the water opposite to body displacement (partial correlations: with leg length control -0.43, p < 0.05; with shank length control -0.45, p < 0.05, respectively). Present research and measurements of selected body properties, physical endurance and kinematic movement analysis may help in making a precise determination of an athlete’s talent for breaststroke swimming.

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Datta Gupta, Anupam, Graeme Tucker, Simon Koblar, Renuka Visvanathan, and Ian Cameron. "Spatiotemporal Gait Analysis and Lower Limb Functioning in Foot Dystonia Treated with Botulinum Toxin." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120532.

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Foot dystonia (FD) is a disabling condition causing pain, spasm and difficulty in walking. We treated fourteen (14) adult patients experiencing FD with onabotulinum toxin A injection into the dystonic foot muscles. We analyzed the spatiotemporal gait utilizing the GaitRite system pre- and 3 weeks post-botulinum toxin injection along with measuring dystonia by the Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale (FMDS), pain by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and other lower limb functional outcomes such as gait velocity, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale–Lower Limb Score (UPDRS–LL), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). We found that stride length increased significantly in both the affected (p = 0.02) and unaffected leg (p = 0.01) after treatment, and the improvement in stride length was roughly the same in each leg. Similar results were found for step length (p = 0.02) with improvement in the step length differential (p = 0.01). The improvements in the lower limb functional outcomes were also significant—FMDS, VAS, TUG, and UPDRS–LL decreased significantly after treatment (all p < 0.001), and BBS (p = 0.001), GAS (p < 0.001) except cadence (p = 0.37). BT injection improved walking in foot dystonia as evidenced through gait analysis, pain and lower limb functional outcomes. Main study limitations were small sample size and lack of control.

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Safavi, Kiya Shazadeh, Joseph Villarreal, Doha Hussien, Vinod K. Panchbhavi, and Daniel Jupiter. "Predisposing Factors for 30-Day Complications Following Leg Amputation." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00430.

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Category: Trauma; Ankle; Diabetes; Other Introduction/Purpose: While amputation rates and amputation-related morbidity and mortality have been established for select populations, the impact of general demographic factors on postoperative surgical complications remains little studied. This study aims to analyze the influence of numerous demographic variables on specific surgical complications. Methods: We extracted data from the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2012 to 2017 and searched for leg amputations using CPT codes 27881, 27882, 27884, and 27886, identifying 4,162 patients. The association of 29 demographic variables with 4 complications (surgical infection, additional service, deep vein thrombosis [DVT], and sepsis) was analyzed using t tests or chi-squared tests. A logistic regression allowed determination of independent risk factors for each outcome, based on results from the bivariate analyses. Variables found to have P < 0.2 on bivariate analysis were subsequently included in the multivariate analysis of the corresponding surgical complication. Results: Preoperative open, 'contaminated,' or 'dirty/infected' wounds, longer intraoperative times, development of sepsis prior to surgery, and admission of patients directly from home or from another hospital's emergency room were found to influence postoperative surgical infection rates. An individual's height, weight, total length of hospital stay, ethnicity, the presence of preoperative open or infected wounds, and wounds classified as 'dirty/infected' preoperatively affected postoperative additional service incidence. Preoperative congestive heart failure and large decreases in body weight, as well as a patient's total length of hospital stay, influenced postoperative DVT rates. A patient's preoperative functional heath status, total length of hospital stay, amputations conducted as emergency cases, as well as preoperative acute renal failure, open or infected wounds, sepsis, 'contaminated' or 'dirty/infected' wounds, impacted postoperative sepsis rates. Conclusion: Understanding these risk factors may allow providers to anticipate and address higher rates of complications in certain patient populations.

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Muehlbauer, Thomas, Urs Granacher, Ron Borde, and Tibor Hortobágyi. "Non-Discriminant Relationships between Leg Muscle Strength, Mass and Gait Performance in Healthy Young and Old Adults." Gerontology 64, no. 1 (September 16, 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480150.

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Background: Gait speed declines with increasing age, but it is unclear if gait speed preferentially correlates with leg muscle strength or mass. Objective: We determined the relationship between gait speed and (1) leg muscle strength measured at 3 lower extremity joints and (2) leg lean tissue mass (LTM) in healthy young (age: 25 years, n = 20) and old (age: 70 years, n = 20) adults. Methods: Subjects were tested for maximal isokinetic hip, knee, and ankle extension torque, leg LTM by bioimpedance, and gait performance (i.e., gait speed, stride length) at preferred and maximal gait speeds. Results: We found no evidence for a preferential relationship between gait performance and leg muscle strength compared with gait performance and leg LTM in healthy young and old adults. In old adults, hip extensor strength only predicted habitual gait speed (R2 = 0.29, p = 0.015), whereas ankle plantarflexion strength only predicted maximal gait speed and stride length (both R2 = 0.40, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Gait speed did not preferentially correlate with leg muscle strength or leg LTM, favoring neither outcome for predicting mobility. Thus, we recommend that both leg muscle strength and leg LTM should be tested and trained complementarily. Further, hip and ankle extension torque predicted gait performance, and thus we recommend to test and train healthy old adults by functional integrated multiarticular rather than monoarticular lower extremity strength exercises.

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Unver, Fatma, Bayram Unver, and Meryem Buke. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DYNAMIC BALANCE, FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT AND MUSCLE LENGTH IN YOUNG ADULTS." Kinesiologia Slovenica 25, no. 3 (January 5, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.25.3.5-15.

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The functional movement screen is an easily administered and noninvasive tool for identifying weaknesses and asymmetry during exercises and daily activity. Also the bilateral asymmetries in flexibility and in Y Balance Test have been associated with injuries. However, relationships among these attributes are unclear especially in young adults. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dynamic balance using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), functional movement using the functional movement screen (FMS) and muscle lengths using a standard goniometer in a young adults. Secondary aims were to investigate whether this parameters differed between male and female. One hundred twenty-three healthy people (male: n=68, age=21.49±1.47 years; female: n=55, age=20.98±1.67 years) participated in the study. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between muscle lengths and FMS, and the YBT. There were positive correlations between the muscle lenghts and the YBT(.197<r.05) when considered as total scores. However, females performed significantly better than male on the shoulder mobility (p = .004) and straight leg raise (p=.000) but poorer than male on the trunk stability push-up (p = .001) and deep squat (p =.000). We conclude that muscle length in young, male and female can effect in FMS and dynamic balance.

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Ujaković, Filip, and Nejc Šarabon. "Change of Direction Performance Is Influenced by Asymmetries in Jumping Ability and Hip and Trunk Strength in Elite Basketball Players." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 6984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196984.

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Change of direction (COD) ability is essential for sport performance in high level team sports such as basketball, however, the influence of asymmetries on COD ability is relatively unknown. Forty-three junior and senior level elite basketball players performed isometric hip and trunk strength testing, passive hip and trunk range of motion testing, and unilateral horizontal and vertical jumps, as well as the T-test to measure COD performance. Mean asymmetry values ranged from 0.76% for functional leg length up to 40.35% for rate of torque development during hip flexion. A six-variable regression model explained 48% (R2 = 0.48; p < 0.001) of variation in COD performance. The model included left hip internal/external rotation strength ratio, and inter-limb asymmetries in hip abduction rate of torque development, hip flexion range of motion, functional leg length, single leg triple jump distance, and peak torque during trunk lateral flexion. Results suggest that the magnitude of asymmetries is dependent of task and parameter, and using universal asymmetry thresholds, such as <10 %, is not optimal. The regression model showed the relationship between asymmetries and COD performance. None of tests were sufficient to explain a complex variable like COD performance.

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Riley, M., M. Goodman, and V. U. Fritz. "An objective measure of gait using ink footprints." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 55, no. 2 (May 31, 1999): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v55i2.560.

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A study was conducted to test the usefulness of seven temporal distance measurements (measurements of time and distance) in the assessment of functional ambulation in stroke patients. These measurements were obtained simply and inexpensively using a paper walkway and ink footprints.The gait of ten hemiparetic patients was initially assessed according to the Massachusetts Functional Ambulation Rating. Each patient was then instructed to walk at his/her most comfortable speed along a ten metre paper walkway while velocity and cadence were measured. Ink pads were then attached to the heel and toe of each shoe and the patients walked again along the walkway.Measurements of step length, stride length, stride length: lower extremity length ratio, foot angle and width of base were recorded and analysed.Velocity and cadence were found to correlate well with the functional ambulation rating. Step length was found to correlate with the functional ambulation rating, but the longer step was not always taken with the affected leg. Stride length and stride length: lower extremity length ratio correlated well with the functional ambulation rating. Foot angle and width of base did not correlate with function but all hemiparetic patients showed a greater foot angle with the affected leg.This method of data collection is inexpensive and easy to use in any physiotherapy department although the data analysis is time-consuming.

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Hak, Laura, Jaap H. van Dieën, Peter van der Wurff, and Han Houdijk. "Stepping Asymmetry Among Individuals With Unilateral Transtibial Limb Loss Might Be Functional in Terms of Gait Stability." Physical Therapy 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130431.

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BackgroundThe asymmetry in step length in prosthetic gait is often seen as a detrimental effect of the impairment; however, this asymmetry also might be a functional compensation. An advantage of a smaller step length of the nonprosthetic leg, and specifically foot forward placement (FFP), might be that it will bring the center of mass closer to the base of support of the leading foot and thus increase the backward margin of stability (BW MoS).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize differences in step length, FFP, and the concomitant difference in BW MoS between steps of the prosthetic and nonprosthetic legs (referred to as prosthetic and nonprosthetic steps, respectively) of people after transtibial amputation.DesignThis was an observational and cross-sectional study.MethodsTen people after transtibial amputation walked for 4 minutes on a self-paced treadmill. Step length and FFP were calculated at initial contact. The size of the BW MoS was calculated for the moment of initial contact and at the end of the double-support phase of gait.ResultsStep length (5.4%) and FFP (7.9%) were shorter for the nonprosthetic step than for the prosthetic step. The BW MoS at initial contact was larger for the nonprosthetic step, but because of a significant leg × gait event interaction effect, BW MoS did not differ significantly at the end of the double-support phase.LimitationsAll participants were relatively good walkers (score of E on the Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine [SIGAM] scale).ConclusionsThe smaller step length and FFP of the nonprosthetic step help to create a larger BW MoS at initial contact for the nonprosthetic step compared with the prosthetic step. Hence, step length asymmetry in people after transtibial amputation might be seen as a functional compensation to preserve BW MoS during the double-support phase to cope with the limited push-off power of the prosthetic ankle.

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Gong, Wontae. "The influence of pelvic adjustment on vertical jump height in female university students with functional leg length inequality." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27, no. 1 (2015): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.251.

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Peterson, Rebekah, and Susan Verscheure. "Effects of Length of Functional Strength Training Program on Observed Movement Dysfunctions in Overhead and Single-Leg Squatting." Athletic Training & Sports Health Care 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20101230-01.

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Knafo, Y., F. Houfani, B. Zaharia, F. Egrise, I. Clerc-Urmès, and D. Mainard. "Value of 3D Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Based on Biplanar Weightbearing Radiographs." BioMed Research International 2019 (March 10, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1932191.

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Two-dimensional (2D) planning on standard radiographs for total hip arthroplasty may not be sufficiently accurate to predict implant sizing or restore leg length and femoral offset, whereas 3D planning avoids magnification and projection errors. Furthermore, weightbearing measures are not available with computed tomography (CT) and leg length and offset are rarely checked postoperatively using any imaging modality. Navigation can usually achieve a surgical plan precisely, but the choice of that plan remains key, which is best guided by preoperative planning. The study objectives were therefore to (1) evaluate the accuracy of stem/cup size prediction using dedicated 3D planning software based on biplanar radiographic imaging under weightbearing and (2) compare the preplanned leg length and femoral offset with the postoperative result. This single-centre, single-surgeon prospective study consisted of a cohort of 33 patients operated on over 24 months. The routine clinical workflow consisted of preoperative biplanar weightbearing imaging, 3D surgical planning, navigated surgery to execute the plan, and postoperative biplanar imaging to verify the radiological outcomes in 3D weightbearing. 3D planning was performed with the dedicated hipEOS® planning software to determine stem and cup size and position, plus 3D anatomical and functional parameters, in particular variations in leg length and femoral offset. Component size planning accuracy was 94% (31/33) within one size for the femoral stem and 100% (33/33) within one size for the acetabular cup. There were no significant differences between planned versus implanted femoral stem size or planned versus measured changes in leg length or offset. Cup size did differ significantly, tending towards implanting one size larger when there was a difference. Biplanar radiographs plus hipEOS planning software showed good reliability for predicting implant size, leg length, and femoral offset and postoperatively provided a check on the navigated surgery. Compared to previous studies, the predictive results were better than 2D planning on conventional radiography and equal to 3D planning on CT images, with lower radiation dose, and in the weightbearing position.

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Bobbert, Maarten F. "Why is the force-velocity relationship in leg press tasks quasi-linear rather than hyperbolic?" Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00787.2011.

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Force-velocity relationships reported in the literature for functional tasks involving a combination of joint rotations tend to be quasi-linear. The purpose of this study was to explain why they are not hyperbolic, like Hill's relationship. For this purpose, a leg press task was simulated with a musculoskeletal model of the human leg, which had stimulation of knee extensor muscles as only independent input. In the task the ankles moved linearly, away from the hips, against an imposed external force that was reduced over contractions from 95 to 5% of the maximum isometric value. Contractions started at 70% of leg length, and force and velocity values were extracted when 80% of leg length was reached. It was shown that the relationship between leg extension velocity and external force was quasi-linear, while the relationship between leg extension velocity and muscle force was hyperbolic. The discrepancy was explained by the fact that segmental dynamics canceled more and more of the muscle force as the external force was further reduced and velocity became higher. External power output peaked when the imposed external force was ∼50% of maximum, while muscle power output peaked when the imposed force was only ∼15% of maximum; in the latter case ∼70% of muscle power was buffered by the leg segments. According to the results of this study, there is no need to appeal to neural mechanisms to explain why, in leg press tasks, the force-velocity relationship is quasi-linear rather than hyperbolic.

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Al-Amiry, Bariq, Sarwar Mahmood, Ferid Krupic, and Arkan Sayed-Noor. "Leg lengthening and femoral-offset reduction after total hip arthroplasty: where is the problem – stem or cup positioning?" Acta Radiologica 58, no. 9 (January 9, 2017): 1125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185116684676.

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Background Restoration of femoral offset (FO) and leg length is an important goal in total hip arthroplasty (THA) as it improves functional outcome. Purpose To analyze whether the problem of postoperative leg lengthening and FO reduction is related to the femoral stem or acetabular cup positioning or both. Material and Methods Between September 2010 and April 2013, 172 patients with unilateral primary osteoarthritis treated with THA were included. Postoperative leg-length discrepancy (LLD) and global FO (summation of cup and FO) were measured by two observers using a standardized protocol for evaluation of antero-posterior plain hip radiographs. Patients with postoperative leg lengthening ≥10 mm (n = 41) or with reduced global FO >5 mm (n = 58) were further studied by comparing the stem and cup length of the operated side with the contralateral side in the lengthening group, and by comparing the stem and cup offset of the operated side with the contralateral side in the FO reduction group. We evaluated also the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of the radiological measurements. Results Both observers found that leg lengthening was related to the stem positioning while FO reduction was related to the positioning of both the femoral stem and acetabular cup. Both inter-observer reliability and intra-observer reproducibility were moderate to excellent (intra-class correlation co-efficient, ICC ≥0.69). Conclusion Post THA leg lengthening was mainly caused by improper femoral stem positioning while global FO reduction resulted from improper positioning of both the femoral stem and the acetabular cup.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional leg length'

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