Academic literature on the topic 'Functional leg length'
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Journal articles on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Hwang, Sung Kwan, and Jong Bong Kim. "Functional Leg Length Inequality Following THA." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 33, no. 7 (1998): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.1998.33.7.1665.
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Austin, William M. "Functional leg length discrepancy: Chiropractic response." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jbmt.1999.0117.
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Berianto Agustian, Tertianto Prabowo, and Dian Marta Sari. "Leg Length Discrepancy." Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 11, no. 01 (June 1, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v11i01.322.
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ABSTRACT
Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a condition of length differences in the lower extremity, caused by variety of factors, both congenital and acquired. Measurement using measuring tape, block test, and supine-tositting test based on bony landmarks is considered less accurate than imaging techniques. Measuring LLD can be difficult in certain cases such as obesity, leg deformities, and post arthroplasty. Individuals will develop biomechanical strategies to compensate inequality of leg when standing, walking, andrunning on their feet, ankles, knees, hip, and or pelvis to minimize energy consumption. It can causes several complications, including osteoarthritis, functional scoliosis, intervertebral disc degeneration, stress fractures, cardiovascular and neuromuscular problems. Management varies from wearing a shoelift, relieve muscle and joint contracture, and surgical procedures. This paper was written to review measurement technique, biomechanical compensation strategies, complication, and management of LLD from Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation point of view .Keyword: biomechanical compensation strategies, leg length discrepancy, lower extremity, management, measurement
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Ranawat, Chitranjan S., and JoséA Rodriguez. "Functional leg-length inequality following total hip arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 12, no. 4 (June 1997): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-5403(97)90190-x.
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Liu, X. C., G. Fabry, G. Molenears, Van Audekercke Lammens, and P. Moens. "Functional analysis of patients with leg length discrepancy." Gait & Posture 3, no. 4 (December 1995): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6362(96)82896-7.
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Rothbart, Brian A. "Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960499.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between abnormal pronation and functional leg-length discrepancies. Visual assessment and a pelvic thrust maneuver were used to identify the functionally short leg in 56 indigenous Mexicans (20 males and 36 females; mean age, 33 years; mean weight, 59 kg; and mean height, 1.60 m). The Foot Posture Index was used with a modified stance position to identify the more pronated foot. The posterosuperior iliac spines were used to identify the “relative” position of the innominate bones. The raw data obtained from this study were evaluated using the McNemar test for paired proportions. A significant positive correlation was found between abnormal pronation and hip position and between hip position and functional leg-length discrepancy. These results are consistent with a theoretical ascending dysfunctional pelvic model: Abnormal pronation pulls the innominate bones anteriorly (forward); anterior rotation of the innominate bones shifts the acetabula posteriorly and cephalad (backward and upward); and this shift in the acetabula hyperextends the knees and shortens the legs, with the shortest leg corresponding to the most pronated foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(6): 499-507, 2006)
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Sheha, Evan D., Michael E. Steinhaus, Han Jo Kim, Matthew E. Cunningham, Austin T. Fragomen, and S. Robert Rozbruch. "Leg-Length Discrepancy, Functional Scoliosis, and Low Back Pain." JBJS Reviews 6, no. 8 (August 2018): e6-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00148.
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Raczkowski, Jan W., Barbara Daniszewska, and Krystian Zolynski. "Clinical research Functional scoliosis caused by leg length discrepancy." Archives of Medical Science 3 (2010): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2010.14262.
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Curran, Sarah. "Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation: Commentary." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960505.
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Schuit, D., TG McPoil, and P. Mulesa. "Incidence of sacroiliac joint malalignment in leg length discrepancies." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-79-8-380.
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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the incidence of leg length discrepancies in a sample of asymptomatic female college students, and then to determine the incidence of sacroiliac joint malalignment within that same sample. Structural leg length, functional leg length, and sacroiliac position were determined for each subject. The results indicate a high incidence of leg length discrepancies within the sample, and also a fairly high incidence of asymptomatic sacroiliac joint malalignment when leg length discrepancies are present.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Hattori, Tomokazu. "Development of personal computer based clinical motion analysis system and gait study of trunk and pelvis movements in hip patients with functional leg length discrepancy." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311868.
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Veissier, Valérie. "Etude de la dynamique locale dans les polymeres en masse par declin d'anisotropie de fluorescence." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066063.
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La fonction d'autocorrelation orientationnelle a ete ajutee au modele de diffusion et perte generalisee (gdl). La signification physique des temps de correlation relatifs aux modeles conformationels a ete precisee et l'influence de la structure du polymere sur ces parametres a ete demontree. Etude de l'interaction entre la sonde fluorescente et le polymere et etude theorique de son influence sur la dynamique de chaine
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Chen, Jhih-Wei, and 陳志偉. "Simulation and Analysis for Functional Leg Length Discrepancy Biomechanical effects." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78484110604532178419.
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碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系所
94
Abstract The study made use of computer hardware: vicon mx system and software :workstatiom 5.0 to pick up the gait data, from the normal subject and patients of functional leg length discrepancy(FLLD). This research used the simulate software :ADAMS and LifeMOD to establish the model and simulate the gait. The results represented the patients of FLLD have an asymmetric gait . At midstance, the FLLD patients’ hip joint moment of longer limb in sagital plane is 0.2N-m/kg higher than opposite one. However, the hip joint moment of shorter limbs in frontal planes are 0.6N-m/kg higher than opposite ones. At swing phase, when knee flexion, the longer side joint have 10 higher than shorter side, and more than 3 adduction in frontal plane. Hence, comparing the gait of FLLD with normal subjects; we found the gaits of FLLD are more asymmetric and had a larger moment on the longer limb. The hip and the knee joint moment of normal subjects on sagital and frontal planes are smaller than FLLD one’s.
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Chen, Chien-Hung, and 陳建宏. "Mild Anatomical Leg Length Discrepancy and Musculoskeletal Pathomechanics: Could even the mild anatomical leg length discrepancy cause the structural and functional disorder of the human musculoskeletal system?" Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58744705397731834200.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
101
Objective: The aim of this research is to study the musculoskeletal pathomechanics of anatomical leg length discrepancy (LLD) in relation to pelvic torsion and piriformis muscle malfunction. Design: Prospective experiment, paired t-test. Setting: Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center at National Taiwan University with instrumented gait laboratory. Participants: Young mild LLD subjects without musculoskeletal disease Main outcome measures: Leg length Discrepancy, relative foot sole excursion △If, Pelvic inclinometer output Pt, ROM of hip adduction and internal rotation ROMadd and ROMinf, lateral direction ground reaction force If, internally rotation vertical moment acting on the hip Im Results: All the parameters showed significant difference between the longer limb and the shorter limb. Pt were negative for the shorter leg but positive for the counterlimb, ROMadd and ROMinf of the shorter limb were smaller than of the longer limb. If and Im of the shorter limb were larger than of the longer limb. All the parameter was correlated to the LLD except △If. Conclusion: Even mild LLD could lead pelvic torsion, which might cause the piriformis muscle tightness and limit the static ROM of hip of the shorter limb; in addition, affect the gait with lateral direction ground reaction force and vertical moment. Keywords: LLD, pelvic torsion, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, piriformis muscle, gait analysis.
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Peers, Anthony Victor. "Positive or negative x-axis rotation of the innominate as a cause of a functional leg length inequality." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1980.
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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Diploma in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1994.The objective of this research was to determine whether there was any reasonable biomechanical evidence to support the chiropractic theory that a positive (anterior) or negative (posterior) x-axis rotation of the innominate bone, could result in a significant functional leg length inequality. This theory was advocated by winterstein J.F. 1991, Gatterman M.I. 1990 and Herbst R.W. (undated) ~ The object was achieved by clamping six fresh cadaveric pelves in a specially designed instrument which measured the positive (anterior) and negative (posterior) x-axis rotation of the innominate via the sacroiliac joint and the symphysis pubis, the forces involved, and the associated y-axis translation, zaxis translation and x-axis rotation of the roof of the acetabulum. The extra-capsular iliac tubercle was used as the axis of rotation due to easy palpation and identification of this point. Some authors placed the axis at this point, or at a point very close to this area, ( Bakland o. et al. 1984; Weisle H. 1955; Bernard T.N. et al. 1991; Bellamy N. et al. 1983) . The results were tabulated, and thereafter a Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was done to show the linearity of the results. Graphs were then drawn to depict this linearity graphically. Finally a mean of the differences for each set of results of each cadaver was done to show how the results of each cadaver compared. The results showed that a positive (anterior) and a negative (posterior) x-axis rotation of the innominate caused a functional lengthening and shortening of the lower limb respectively. These findings concur with those of winterstein J.F. 1991, Gatterman M.I. 1990 and Herbst R.W. (undated) The maximum amount of lower limb lengthening varied between 11.75 millimetres and 6.17 millimetres among different cadavers, when 9 degrees of anterior innominate rotation was induced. The maximum amount of lower limb shortening varied between 10.58 millimetres and 6.16 millimetres among different cadavers when 9 degrees of posterior innominate rotation was induced. This 9 degrees of rotation was via both sacroiliac joints, thus effectively allowing 4,5 degrees of rotation per sacroiliac joint.
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Huang, Wen-Hung, and 黃文虹. "The Effects of Additional Gluteal Control Training in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients with Functional Leg Length Inequality." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dj6ru2.
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碩士國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
106
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. The common reasons include soft tissue injury, intervertebral disc herniation, degenerative spondylosis, compression fracture, and spinal canal stenosis. However, many LBP patients are accompanied by functional leg length inequality (FLLI). There are 75% of chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients presenting more than 0.5 cm leg length difference approximately. Some authors have mentioned that related to pelvic obliquity and rotational malalignment, and these features possibly resulted from a poor control ability and muscle imbalance in the gluteal muscles. Hip control ability plays an important role in stabilizing pelvis symmetry. But no studies have researched the effects of hip control training in CLBP patients. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of additional gluteal control training on improving FLLI, the symmetry of pelvic alignment, hip control ability, pain, and disability in the LBP patients with FLLI. METHODS: 48 LBP patients with FLLI were recruited randomized to the additional gluteal control training group (GT) (experimental group, 10 males and 14 females, 47.58±9.42 years, n=24) or the regular training group (RT) (control group, 11 males and 13 females, 47.38±11.31 years, n=24). Both groups received general physical therapy (including thermal therapy, electo-therapy, and lumbar traction) for 6 weeks, and GT group received additional gluteal control training. The primary outcomes were pelvic inclination (PI) (degree), ilium anterior tilt difference (IATD) (degree), and functional leg length inequality (FLLI) (centimeter). And the secondary outcome measures were visual analogue scale (VAS), patient specific-functional scale (PSFS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), hip control ability, global rating of change scale (GRoC), lower extremity strength (kilogram) and lower extremity flexibility (degree). Statistical analysis was performed on an intention to treat basis using two-way repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVAs) to examine if the experimental group showed more improvement than the control group. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The GT group showed great improvement in PI (1.03±0.37 v.s 1.56±0.51, time by group effect: p<0.001) (degree), IATD (0.67±0.65 vs. 2.27±0.65, time by group effect: p=0.002) (degree), FLLI (0.3±0.21 vs. 0.58±0.13, time by group effect: p<0.001) (centimeter), VAS (1.30±1.21 vs. 3.44±1.06, time by group effect: p<0.001), hip control ability (0.85±0.67 vs. 2.14±0.64, time by group effect: p<0.001), GRoC (3-week: p=0.005; 6-week: 0.02) as compare to the RT group. The GT group also had greater improvement in lower extremity strength (hip extensors (11.57±2.25 vs. 10.12±3.12, time by group effect: p=0.036), hip abductors (10.26±2.20 vs. 8.72±2.08, time by group effect: p<0.001), and hip adductors (9.36±2.12 vs. 8.21±2.19, time by group effect: p=0.76) and flexibilities (hamstring (46.64±4.64 vs. 47.49±6.00, time by group effect: p=0.035), iliotibial band (16.66±2.59 vs. 12.71±2.66, time by group effect: p=0.004) and rectus femoris (45.30±7.20 vs. 39.22±6.57, time by group effect: p=0.029) as compared to the RT group after 6-week intervention. CONCLUSION: Additional gluteal control training was effective in improving pelvic alignment, pain intensity, functional disability, lower extremity strength (hip extensors, hip abductors, and hip adductors) and lower extremity flexibility in the LBP patients with FLLI. Keywords: Gluteal control training, Leg length inequality, Rotational malalignment, Low back pain
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"The effect of leg length discrepancy on the muscular function of the legs." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886229.
Full textBooks on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Khamis, Sam. Walking with Leg Length Discrepancy: The Biomechanical Effect of Anatomic and Functional Leg Length Discrepancy on Gait. Independently Published, 2020.
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Evidence of biomechanical functional symmetry in the presence of lower extremity structural asymmetry during running. 1989.
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McBride, Margaret E. Evidence of biomechanical functional symmetry in the presence of lower extremity structural asymmetry during running. 1989.
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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Coxeter Groups. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0019.
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This chapter develops a theory of descent for buildings by assembling various results about Coxeter groups. It begins with the notation stating that W is an arbitrary group with a distinguished set of generators S containing only elements of order 2, with MS denoting the free monoid on the set S and l: MS → ℕ denoting the length function. It then defines a Coxeter system and an automorphism of (W, S), which is an automorphism of the group W that stabilizes the set S, suggesting that there is a canonical isomorphism from Aut (W, S) to Aut(Π), where Π is the associated Coxeter diagram with vertex set S. The chapter concludes with the proposition: Let α be a root of Σ and let T be the arctic region of α.
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Sidhu, Kulraj S., Mfonobong Essiet, and Maxime Cannesson. Cardiac and vascular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses key components of cardiovascular physiology applicable to clinical practice in the field of anaesthesiology. From theory development to ground-breaking innovations, the history of cardiac and vascular anatomy, as well as physiology, is presented. Utilizing knowledge of structure and function, parameters created have allowed adequate patient clinical assessment and guided interventions. A review of concepts reveals the impact of multiple physiological variables on a patient’s haemodynamic state and the need for more accurate and efficient measurements. In particular, it is noted that a more reliable index of ventricular contractility is the end-systolic elastance rather than the ejection fraction. Constant direct preload assessment has not yet been achieved but continues to be determined through surrogate variables, and continuous cardiac output monitoring for oxygen delivery, although advancing, has limitations. Considering the effect of compound factors perioperatively, especially heart failure, modifies the goals and interventions of anaesthetists to achieve improved outcomes. Therefore, medical management prior to surgery and complete assessment through history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are a priority. This chapter also details the expectations following volume expansion to augment haemodynamics during surgery, the concept of functional haemodynamic monitoring, and limitations to the parameters applied in assessing fluid responsiveness. Challenging the accuracy of conventional indices to predict volume status led to the use of goal-directed therapy, reducing morbidity and minimizing length of hospital stay. The mainstay of this chapter is to reinforce the relevance of advances in haemodynamic monitoring and homeostasis optimization by anaesthetists during surgery, using fundamental concepts of cardiovascular physiology.
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Sharples, Edward. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Rutger Ploeg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0127.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and contributes significantly to length of stay and hence costs. Large epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate an incidence of AKI of 5–18% depending on the definition of AKI utilized. Even relatively small changes in renal function are associated with increased mortality, and this has led to strict definition and staging of AKI. Early recognition with good clinical assessment, diagnosis, and management are critical to prevent progression of AKI and reduce the potential complications, including long-term risk of end-stage renal failure. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, causes, and early management of AKI are discussed. Hypovolaemia and sepsis are the most common causes in hospitalized patients, across medical and surgical specialities. Other common causes are discussed, as well as diagnostic criteria.
Book chapters on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Gill, Bikram S. "A Century of Cytogenetic and Genome Analysis: Impact on Wheat Crop Improvement." In Wheat Improvement, 277–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_16.
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AbstractBeginning in the first decade of 1900, pioneering research in disease resistance and seed color inheritance established the scientific basis of Mendelian inheritance in wheat breeding. A series of breakthroughs in chromosome and genome analysis beginning in the 1920s and continuing into the twenty-first century have impacted wheat improvement. The application of meiotic chromosome pairing in the 1920s and plasmon analysis in the 1950s elucidated phylogeny of the Triticum-Aegilops complex of species and defined the wheat gene pools. The aneuploid stocks in the 1950s opened floodgates for chromosome and arm mapping of first phenotypic and later protein and DNA probes. The aneuploid stocks, coupled with advances in chromosome banding and in situ hybridization in the 1970s, allowed precise chromosome engineering of traits in wide hybrids. The deletion stocks in the 1990s were pivotal in mapping expressed genes to specific chromosome bins revealing structural and functional differentiation of chromosomes along their length and facilitating map-based cloning of genes. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, chromosome genomics, RH mapping and functional tools led to the assembly of reference sequence of Chinese Spring and multiple wheat genomes. Chromosome and genomic analysis must be integrated into wheat breeding and wide-hybridizaton pipeline for sustainable crop improvement.
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Saltzman, W. Mark. "The State-of-the-Art in Tissue Exchange." In Tissue Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141306.003.0005.
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It is an impressive spectacle. Multicellular organisms—from fruitflies to humans—emerge from a single cell through a coordinated sequence of cell division, movement, and specialization. Many of the fundamental mechanisms of animal development are known: differentiated cells arise from less specialized precursor or stem cells, cells organize into functional units by migration and selective adhesion, and cell-secreted growth factors stimulate growth or differentiation in other cells. Despite extensive progress in acquiring basic knowledge, however, therapeutic opportunities for patients with tissue loss due to trauma or disease remain extremely limited. Degeneration within the nervous system can reduce the quality and length of life for individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Inadequate healing can cause various problems, including liver failure after hepatitis infections, as well as chronic pain from venous leg ulcers and severe infections in burn victims. The symphony of development is difficult to conduct in adults. Tissue or whole-organ transplantation is one of the few options currently available for patients with many common ailments including excessive skin loss and artery occlusion. During the past century, many of the obstacles to transplantation were cleared: immunosuppressive drugs and advanced surgical techniques make liver, heart, kidney, blood vessel, and other major organ transplantations a daily reality. But transplantation technology has encountered another severe limitation. The number of patients requiring a transplant far exceeds the available supply of donor tissues. New technology is needed to reduce this deficit. Some advances will come from individuals trained to synthesize basic scientific discoveries (for example, in developmental biology) with modern bioengineering principles. Tissue engineering grew from the challenge presented by tissue shortage. Tissue engineers are working to develop new approaches for encouraging tissue growth and repair; these approaches are founded on basic science of organ development and wound healing. A few pioneering efforts are already being tested in patients; these include engineered skin equivalents for wound repair, transplanted cells that are isolated from the immune system by encapsulation in polymer membranes for treatment of diabetes, and chondrocyte implantation for repair of articular cartilage defects.
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"Early Life History of Fishes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed." In Early Life History of Fishes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed, edited by Robert G. Titus, Martha C. Volkoff, and William M. Snider. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569599.ch12.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—We compared two approaches to back-calculation with otolith microstructure to develop a method for accurately estimating growth rates of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </em>in California’s Central Valley. Total otolith width was a strong determinant of fork length (FL) in linear regressions used to determine the <em>y</em>-intercept in the fish size–otolith size relationship in two study groups of Chinook salmon. The Fraser-Lee back-calculation model estimated FL at first feeding in both study groups that did not differ significantly from lengths of first-feeding Chinook salmon in a reference group. In comparison, the biological-intercept method produced back-calculated lengths that were significantly greater in one study group than lengths of first-feeding Chinook salmon in the reference group. Chinook salmon emergence dates, estimated from counts of daily growth increments beyond the first-feeding check, corresponded with observed emergence periods in the river and hatchery populations from which the study groups were sampled. Size-at-age relationships were well described by a power function in both study groups, where mean FL over time approached an apparent asymptote at approximately 80 mm after 90 d postemergence. Growth rate estimates, using back-calculated size from the Fraser-Lee model, averaged 0.50 mm/d in one study group and 0.43 mm/d in the other study group. These estimates fell within the range of previous growth rate estimates for juvenile Chinook salmon in Central Valley riverine, floodplain, and delta environments and were about 2.5 times higher on average than an estimate for the San Francisco Estuary and about 2.3 times lower on average than estimates from the Strait of Georgia. We discuss the utility of otolith microstructure to not only estimate growth rates, but also to reconstruct emergence-date distributions in cohorts of emigrating juvenile Chinook salmon for stock identification purposes.
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van den Dool, Huug. "Empirical Orthogonal Functions." In Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199202782.003.0012.
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The purpose of this chapter is to discuss Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF), both in method and application. When dealing with teleconnections in the previous chapter we came very close to EOF, so it will be a natural extension of that theme. However, EOF opens the way to an alternative point of view about space–time relationships, especially correlation across distant times as in analogues. EOFs have been treated in book-size texts, most recently in Jolliffe (2002), a principal older reference being Preisendorfer (1988). The subject is extremely interdisciplinary, and each field has its own nomenclature, habits and notation. Jolliffe’s book is probably the best attempt to unify various fields. The term EOF appeared first in meteorology in Lorenz (1956). Zwiers and von Storch (1999) and Wilks (1995) devote lengthy single chapters to the topic. Here we will only briefly treat EOF or PCA (Principal Component Analysis) as it is called in most fields. Specifically we discuss how to set up the covariance matrix, how to calculate the EOF, what are their properties, advantages, disadvantages etc. We will do this in both space–time set-ups already alluded to in Equations (2.14) and (2.14a). There are no concrete rules as to how one constructs the covariance matrix. Hence there are in the literature matrices based on correlation, based on covariance, etc. Here we follow the conventions laid out in Chapter 2. The post-processing and display conventions of EOFs can also be quite confusing. Examples will be shown, for both daily and seasonal mean data, for both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. EOF may or may not look like teleconnections. Therefore, as a diagnostic tool, EOFs may not always allow the interpretation some would wish. This has led to many proposed “simplifications” of the EOFs, which hopefully are more like teleconnections. However, regardless of physical interpretation, since EOFs are maximally efficient in retaining as much of the data set’s information as possible for as few degrees of freedom as possible they are ideally suited for empirical modeling. Indeed EOFs are an extremely popular tool these days.
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"Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico." In Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, edited by CLAY E. PORCH, GARY R. FITZHUGH, MICHELLE S. DUNCAN, L. A. COLLINS, and MELISSA W. JACKSON. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569971.ch15.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The red snapper <em>Lutjanus campechanus </em>exhibits rapid growth early in life, yet is a relatively long-lived species with an indeterminate spawning pattern. Batch fecundity (<EM>BF</EM>), a principal determinant of the reproductive potential of indeterminate spawners, appears to increase geometrically with length and asymptotically with age based upon combined data from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and Marine Fisheries Initiative (MARFIN) reproductive sampling programs. As the life history pattern sets up a potential disconnection between size and age, we modeled their interaction as explanatory variables of <EM>BF</EM>. Visual analysis suggests a dome-shaped relationship between <EM>BF </EM>and age within a given size-class. To test this, a general log-linear model and a new “standardized-age” model (where the effect of age depends explicitly on the size of the fish) were fitted to data. These analyses suggest that the effect of age, while statistically significant, was relatively small (the models with age and length terms explaining only slightly more of the variation in <EM>BF </EM>than a simple power function of length). The age effect seems to be most pronounced for fish that are exceptionally small or exceptionally large given their age, which constitute a small fraction of the sample and presumably also a small fraction of the population at large. Hence, it seems unlikely that including this interaction would have any important ramifications for stock assessments of red snapper. Nevertheless, the effect of age on <EM>BF </EM>remains open to the degree that old fish (i.e., greater than age 13) were rare in the combined data set and tended to exhibit lower <EM>BF </EM>values than predicted. Age effects of other reproductive determinants remain to be evaluated but we found hydrated females to be of greater size-at-age than nonhydrated red snapper suggesting an age-length interaction on batch frequency.
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"Eels at the Edge: Science, Status, and Conservation Concerns." In Eels at the Edge: Science, Status, and Conservation Concerns, edited by Caroline Durif, Aymeric Guibert, and Pierre Elie. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569964.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—A lack of knowledge on the transition from the resident to the migratory phase has led to a series of studies on the silvering process. Silvering marks the end of the sedentary growth phase and the beginning of the migratory phase. A sixstage classification was developed to describe the physiological and morphological events that occur during this metamorphosis and the subsequent migration. Stages corresponded to a growth phase (I to FII), a premigrant stage for females (FIII), and migrating stages for both sexes (FIV, FV, and MII). Here, the objective was to develop a “silver index” using only external measurements to assess the degree of metamorphosis of eels, based on the same data set that was used in the former study. It consisted of a large number of both resident and migratory eels that were sampled at different times of the year with different types of fishing gear and at several locations representing various types of habitats. Discriminant Analysis was applied on external measurements only: (body length, body weight, pectoral fin length, and eye diameters). Total percentage of correct reclassification into the six silvering stages was 82%. The silver index (classification functions) was able to identify 91% of the migratory eels. This method, associated with proper sampling, could be utilized for the quantification of potential spawners given that they all reach their spawning grounds in the Sargasso Sea.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Richard W. Zabel, Brian J. Burke, Mary L. Moser, and Christopher A. Peery. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch10.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Although many hydroelectric dams have fishways for upstream passage of migratory fish, passage delays often occur at these sites. Migrational delay may affect fish detrimentally in several ways, including depletion of energy reserves, suboptimal arrival timing at spawning sites, and prolonged exposure to hazardous conditions at the face of dams. We applied time-to-event analyses to passage times of radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </em>at four dams on the lower Columbia River, where many fish require several days to pass each dam. The analysis allowed us to determine instantaneous passage rates in response to fluctuating river conditions. By relating variability in passage rate to the predictor variables river temperature, river flow, and fish size, we determined the relative contribution of various factors to the passage time of migrating fish. We fit the model by maximizing the likelihood function that incorporated information from individuals rather than aggregated groups of fish. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion to distinguish among several competing models, each of which used a different predictor variable. We found that daytime passage rates were significantly greater than nighttime passage rates. Also, the influence of river flow, river temperature, and fish length on passage rates varied at the four dams. However, when a factor had a significant influence on passage time, the direction of the relationship was consistent across dams: river flow and fish length were positively related to passage time (greater values led to longer passage time), and river temperature was negatively related. This method is easily adaptable to study passage time of any fish population facing a broad range of obstacles to migration, whether natural or man-made.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Richard W. Zabel, Brian J. Burke, Mary L. Moser, and Christopher A. Peery. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch10.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Although many hydroelectric dams have fishways for upstream passage of migratory fish, passage delays often occur at these sites. Migrational delay may affect fish detrimentally in several ways, including depletion of energy reserves, suboptimal arrival timing at spawning sites, and prolonged exposure to hazardous conditions at the face of dams. We applied time-to-event analyses to passage times of radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </em>at four dams on the lower Columbia River, where many fish require several days to pass each dam. The analysis allowed us to determine instantaneous passage rates in response to fluctuating river conditions. By relating variability in passage rate to the predictor variables river temperature, river flow, and fish size, we determined the relative contribution of various factors to the passage time of migrating fish. We fit the model by maximizing the likelihood function that incorporated information from individuals rather than aggregated groups of fish. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion to distinguish among several competing models, each of which used a different predictor variable. We found that daytime passage rates were significantly greater than nighttime passage rates. Also, the influence of river flow, river temperature, and fish length on passage rates varied at the four dams. However, when a factor had a significant influence on passage time, the direction of the relationship was consistent across dams: river flow and fish length were positively related to passage time (greater values led to longer passage time), and river temperature was negatively related. This method is easily adaptable to study passage time of any fish population facing a broad range of obstacles to migration, whether natural or man-made.
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"Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques." In Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques, edited by Keith B. Gido, Katie N. Bertrand, Justin N. Murdock, Walter K. Dodds, and Matt R. Whiles. American Fisheries Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874141.ch29.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Stream fishes can have strong top-down and bottom-up effects on ecosystem processes. However, the dynamic nature of streams constrains our ability to generalize these effects across systems with different disturbance regimes and species composition. To evaluate the role of fishes following disturbance, we used a series of field and mesocosm experiments that quantified the influence of grazers and water column minnows on primary productivity, periphyton structure, organic matter pools, and invertebrate communities following either scouring floods or drying of prairie streams. Results from individual experiments revealed highly significant effects of fishes, but the direction or magnitude of effects varied among experiments. Meta-analyses across experiments indicated that grazers consistently reduced the relative amount of fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) and chironomid abundance within 2 weeks after disturbances. However, effect sizes (log response ratios) were heterogeneous across experiments for algal biomass and algal filament lengths measured more than 4 weeks after a disturbance and potentially associated with system productivity and grazer densities. A similar analysis of 3–4 experiments using water column minnows only found a consistent trend of decreasing FBOM in fish treatments relative to controls when measured less than 2 weeks after disturbances and increase in gross primary productivity measured more than 4 weeks after disturbance. These results, along with those of others, were used to develop a conceptual framework for predicting the potential role of fishes in streams following disturbances (flood and drying). Both theoretical and empirical research shows that recovery of stream ecosystem processes will depend on the resilience of autotrophic and heterotrophic communities following disturbance. Fish effects may vary among functional groups but are generally predicted to be greatest during early stages of succession when algal and invertebrate communities are less complex and their biomass is low relative to fish biomass. Our analysis underscores the context dependency of consumer effects on ecosystem structure and function in nonequilibrium conditions and suggests that factors regulating fish densities and colonization of algal and invertebrate taxa need to be evaluated to predict the consequences of biodiversity loss in streams with variable or human-modified disturbance regimes.
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Fleming, James R. "Climate and Culture in Enlightenment Thought." In Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078701.003.0006.
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The debate over climate change, both from natural causes and human activity, is not new. Although the Baron C.-L. de Montesquieu is undoubtedly the best known Enlightenment thinker on the topic of climatic determinism, others, notably the Abbé Du Bos, David Hume, and Thomas Jefferson, observed that climatic changes exerted a direct influence on individuals and society and that human agency was directly involved in changing the climate. Climate—from the Greek term klima, meaning slope or inclination—was originally thought to depend only on the height of the Sun above the horizon, a function of the latitude. A second tradition, traceable to Aristotle, linked the quality of the air (and thus the climate) to the vapors and exhalations of a country. The Hippocratic tradition further linked climate to health and national character. As late as 1779, the Encyclopdédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D’Alembert defined “climat” geographically, as a “portion or zone of the surface of the Earth, enclosed within two circles parallel to the equator,” in which the longest day of the year differs in length on its northern and southern boundaries by some quantity of time, for example one-half hour. The article goes on to mention Montesquieu’s position on “l’influence du climat sur les mœurs, le charactère, et les loix des peuples.” The second definition of climate provided by the Encyclopdédie was medical, identified primarily as the temperature of a region and explicated through its effects on the health and well-being of the inhabitants. The idea that climate influenced culture was derived in part from the writings of ancient and medieval philosophers, geographers, and historians, including the works of Hippocrates, Albertus Magnus, and Jean Bodin. With no established science of climatology, Enlightenment thinkers apprehended climate and its changes primarily in a literary way. They compared the ancient writings to recent weather conditions, linked the rise and fall of creative historical eras to changes in climate, and promoted a brand of climatic determinism based on geographic location and the quality of the air.
Conference papers on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Eryigit, Sevim, Abdullah al Kafee, Mustafa Selman Yildmm, and Aydin Akan. "Analysis of EMG signals in the Quadratus Lumborum muscle of healthy subject with functional leg length discrepancy." In 2017 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno.2017.8238058.
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DeMario, Anthony, and Jianguo Zhao. "A Miniature, 3D-Printed, Walking Robot With Soft Joints." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68182.
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Miniature robots have many applications ranging from military surveillance to search and rescue in disaster areas. Nevertheless, the fabrication of such robots has traditionally been labor-intensive and time-consuming. This paper proposes to directly leverage multi-material 3D printing (MM3P) to fabricate centimeter-scale robots by utilizing soft materials to create soft joints in replacement of revolute joints. We demonstrate the capability of MM3P by creating a miniature, four-legged walking robot. Moreover, we establish a numerical method based on the Psuedorigid-Body (PRB) 1R model to predict the motion of the leg mechanism with multiple soft joints. Experimental results verify the proposed numerical method. Meanwhile, a functional walking robot actuated by a single DC motor is demonstrated with a locomotion speed of one body length/sec. The proposed design, fabrication, and analysis for the walking robot can be readily applied to other robots that have mechanisms with soft joints.
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Husaini, S. Mahmood, Riyad K. Qashu, and Robert D. Blevins. "Failure of Resistance Thermometer Devices Due to Flow-Induced Vibrations." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71757.
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Resistance Thermometer Devices (RTDs) are used to monitor the temperatures in sensitive locations of process piping, such as the hot and cold legs of the primary system of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants. The RTDs are housed in thermowells that protrude in the cold and hot leg pipes. Eight of the twelve cold leg RTDs in the San Onofre Nuclear Plant have a direct safety function in the operation of the reactor. They provide the Core Protection Calculators with two temperature measurements from each of the cold legs. During the period 1997–2004, four RTD failures occurred in the cold legs of the San Onofre Nuclear Plant. Extensive investigations showed that all of the RTD failures were caused by cracking and fracturing of the platinum wires in the sensors. There was no damage to the nozzles or thermowells of the cold leg RTDs. Also, none of the RTDs in the hot leg were damaged. These failures occurred after the Cycle 9 refueling outage, when the Reactor Coolant System thermowells were replaced due to potential cracking of the Inconel 600 material. A root cause analysis was performed to identify the reasons for the failure of the RTDs in the reactor cold leg piping. The thermowells used for both the hot and cold leg RTDs are identical. The thermowells are 11.375” (289 mm) in length. Since the thickness of the cold leg pipe is 0.75” (19.1 mm) less than the thickness of the hot leg pipe, the cold leg thermowells protrude 0.75” (19.1 mm) more into the flow stream as compared to the hot leg thermowells. The protrusion lengths of the hot and cold leg thermowells in the pipe are 2.5” (63.5 mm) and 3.25” (82.6 mm), respectively. The increased protrusion length of the thermowells in the cold leg significantly lowers their natural frequency (as compared to the hot leg thermowells), which results in vortex-induced vibrations at lower flow velocities that cause failure. Also, the increased protrusion length results in increased amplitude of vortex-induced vibration of their tip that exceeds the capability of the installed RTDs. Thus, a recommendation was made to decrease the protrusion length into the cold leg pipe from 3.25” (82.6 mm) to 2.5” (63.5 mm). Since this recommendation was implemented more than eight months ago, there have been no RTD failures in the cold legs.
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Hirschberg, Paul, Andrew M. Crompton, and Robert Dana Couch. "Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors for Socket Welds as a Function of Leg Length." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57131.
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Socket welds in nuclear power plant piping systems have had a history of failure due to high cycle fatigue. Cyclic bending loads, typically from vibration, have caused cracking either at the weld root or at the toes. A testing program was conducted to measure the effectiveness of proposed changes in socket weld geometry and fabrication [3]. One of the significant results of that testing program was that if the socket weld profile was modified such that the weld leg length along the pipe side is at least double the Code minimum requirement the fatigue life of the weld becomes approximately as good as that of a butt weld. The test results demonstrated that the fatigue strength reduction factor (FSRF) is about 37% smaller for socket welds with the longer weld leg, than for a standard size weld. Many plants have been replacing or building up their socket welds in locations susceptible to vibration to the 2×1 geometry to take advantage of the improved fatigue strength. However, there have been situations where welds were built up from the Code minimum, but inspections determined that the leg length was somewhat less than twice the minimum required and the weld was not accepted as meeting the 2×1 geometry. It is not known how the fatigue strength reduction factor would vary as a function of leg length for intermediate sizes. It is also of interest to determine the effect of increasing the weld leg length on the fitting side. For example, is it possible that increased fatigue resistance can be provided by adding additional leg length on the fitting side instead of the pipe side, or can a greater benefit be achieved if they were provided on both sides?
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Hoffman, Allen H., and Eric D. Couture. "Design and Development of an Elevating/Articulating Manual Wheelchair Legrest." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66515.
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The function of elevating legrests is to reposition a wheelchair user to increase circulation and to redistribute pressure thereby increasing comfort and minimizing the risk of pressure sores. Three categories of wheelchair users can benefit from elevating legrests; those who cannot sense discomfort in their lower extremities (spinal cord injuries), those that lack the physical strength to reposition themselves (muscular dystrophy), and those that lack the coordination to reposition themselves (cerebral palsy). Elevating legrests that rotate about a fixed point lower than the center of the knee will shorten the effective leg length, push against the foot and cause torque at the user’s hip. Raising the center of rotation to coincide with the knee has the undesirable effect of interfering with transfers to and from the wheelchair. To match the motion of the leg, an elevating legrest having a center of rotation below the axis of the knee must articulate (lengthen) when being raised. Currently available articulating designs generally require outside assistance to operate [1, 2] or potentially impede wheelchair transfers. The goal of our work was to design, construct and evaluate a user-operated, elevating legrest that accurately follows the natural motion of the user’s leg.
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Hirose, K., H. Fujisaki, and S. Seto. "A scheme for pitch extraction of speech using autocorrelation function with frame length proportional to the time lag." In [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1992.225950.
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SCHEY, MATHEW, and SCOTT E. STAPLETON. "THE DETERMINATION OF A 3D LENGTH SCALE USING LONG RECONSTRUCTED FIBER PATHS." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36446.
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Carbon fiber reinforced composites often exhibit large amounts of property scatter. Attempts at understanding composite property scatter have led researchers to generate many 2D models which ignore the 3D phenomenon of entanglement. Previous studies of entanglement have suggested it is correlated to a length scale, but have not had large enough samples to determine its size. In this study, fiber paths of long, entangled, continuous fibers were extracted from CT data of an automotive grade, heavy tow composite. Descriptive metrics of these fiber paths were used to quantify the entanglement as a function of position along the fiber direction. Using this data, several minimum length scales for capturing the behavior of multiple descriptors were determined. These length scales revealed where statistical representation of 3D fiber models provides superior information to that of 2D models.
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Bhalla, Kenneth, and Lixin Gong. "Managing Vortex Induced Vibration in Well Jumper Systems." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57026.
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The purpose of this paper is to present a method that has been developed to identify if vortex induced vibration (VIV) occurs in well jumper systems. Moreover, a method has been developed to determine when VIV mitigation measures such as strakes are required. The method involves determining the in-plane and out-of-plane natural frequencies and mode shapes. The natural frequencies are then used, in conjunction with the maximum bottom current expected at a given location to determine if suppression is required. The natural frequency of a jumper system is a function of many variables, e.g. span length, leg height, pipe diameter and thickness, buoyancy placement, buoyancy uplift, buoyancy OD, insulation thickness, and contents of the jumper. The suppression requirement is based upon calculating a lower bound lock-in current speed based upon an assumed velocity bandwidth centered about the lock-in current. The out-of-plane VIV cross-flow response is produced by a current in the plane of the jumper; whereas the in-plane VIV cross-flow response is produced by the out-of-plane current. Typically, the out-of-plane natural frequency is smaller than the in-plane natural frequency. Jumpers with small spans have higher natural frequencies; thus small span jumpers may require no suppression or suppression on the vertical legs. Whereas, larger span jumpers may require no suppression, suppression on the vertical legs or suppression on all the legs. The span of jumper systems (i.e. production, water injection, gas lift/injection ...) may vary in one given field; it has become apparent that not all jumper systems require suppression. This technique has allowed us to recognize when certain legs of a given jumper system may require suppression, thus leading to a jumper design whose safety is not compromised while in the production mode, as well as minimizing downtime and identifying potential savings from probable fatigue failures.
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Denisov, Oleg, and Natalya Kizilova. "Geometry and mechanical function of multijoint extremities from mammals to insects: towards biomimetic design of robotic arm." In Biomdlore. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/biomdlore.2016.18.
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Biomechanics of legs of different families of insects is studied. Geometry of different pairs of legs designed for walking, running, swimming, digging and other tasks has been measured on entomological collections. Relationships between the lengths of three main segments (femur, tibia, tarsus) as well as their smaller segments (if any) have been studied. It is shown the cursorial and fossorial legs satisfy the same nondimentional relationships in the insects of different size, habitat and evolutionary age, while the saltatorial, nanatorial and raptoridal legs possess different types of relations. Application of the nature inspired design to engineered macro and micro manipulators and robotic systems is discussed.
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Krason, Grzegorz, and Wiesław Krasoń. "Selected functional and utility applications of a platform-container in intermodal transport." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1440.
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The set of two interconnected base modules 10' (length of up to 3m) of the platform is the equivalent of a 20' container with a length of up to 6m. Such a set consists of: two frames connected with mandrel joints, two rotating transverse walls placed vertically at both ends of the frame set and two sets of stanchions with load straps. The multiplatform set with the log load can be reloaded many times. Four different types of loading and unloading techniques most often used in the transport of logs can be used for this purpose, They concern reloading from trucks, road tractors to various types of railway wagons and vice versa without the need to empty the set of platforms. It is possible to transfer the platform, e.g. with a load of logs, using various means of handling, various types of loading and unloading techniques, from delivery vehicles to various types of railway wagons and vice versa without the need to empty the set from the load. For this purpose, the following solution can be used: typical rope slings and lifting with a self-propelled or stationary crane, overhead crane, etc., trolleys and forklifts of various classes, as well as standard lifting / hook loading by pulling on the vehicle. Empty sets can be delivered to the loading site in an appropriate number in a folded state, i.e. the basic modules, after folding the transverse wall, disassembling the stanchions, can be arranged horizontally in stacks - 'one on top of another'. Platform sets configured this way require less space for transport and storage. Then, after appropriate reconfiguration, depending on the intended use, the platforms filled with logs and other assortment of transported goods can wait for loading and delivery by rail, road or other transport.
Reports on the topic "Functional leg length"
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, James Giovannoni, and Edna Pesis. Unravelling the Mode of Action of Ripening-Specific MADS-box Genes for Development of Tools to Improve Banana Fruit Shelf-life and Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592116.bard.
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Fruit deterioration is a consequence of a genetically-determined fruit ripening and senescence programs, in which developmental factors lead to a climacteric rise of ethylene production in ethylene-sensitive fruits such as tomato and banana. Breeding of tomato with extended fruit shelf life involves the incorporation of a mutation in RIN, a MADS-box transcription factor participating in developmental control signalling of ripening. The RIN mode of action is not fully understood, and it may be predicted to interact with other MADS-box genes to execute its effects. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate conservation of ripening control functions between banana and tomato and thus, the potential to genetically extend shelf-life in banana based on tools developed in tomato. The specific objectives were: 1. To increase the collection of potential RIN-like genes from banana; 2. To verify their action as developmental regulators; 3. To elucidate MADS-box gene mode of action in ripening control; 4. To create transgenic banana plants that express low levels of endogenous Le-RIN- like, MaMADS- gene(s). We have conducted experiments in banana as well as in tomato. In tomato we have carried out the transformation of the tomato rin mutant with the MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 banana genes. We have also developed a number of domain swap constructs to functionally examine the ripening-specific aspects of the RIN gene. Our results show the RIN-C terminal region is essential for the gene to function in the ripening signalling pathway. We have further explored the tomato genome databases and recovered an additional MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening. This gene has been previously termed TAGL1 but has not been functionally characterized in transgenic plants. TAGL1 is induced during ripening and we have shown via RNAi repression that it is necessary for both fleshy fruit expansion and subsequent ripening. In banana we have cloned the full length of six MaMADS box genes from banana and determined their spatial and temporal expression patterns. We have created antibodies to MaMADS2 and initiated ChI assay. We have created four types of transgenic banana plants designed to reduce the levels of two of the MaMADS box genes. Our results show that the MaMADS-box genes expression in banana is dynamically changing after harvest and most of them are induced at the onset of the climacteric peak. Most likely, different MaMADS box genes are active in the pulp and peel and they are differently affected by ethylene. Only the MaMADS2 box gene expression is not affected by ethylene indicating that this gene might act upstream to the ethylene response pathway. The complementation analysis in tomato revealed that neither MaMADS1 nor MaMADS2 complement the rin mutation suggesting that they have functionally diverged sufficiently to not be able to interact in the context of the tomato ripening regulatory machinery. The developmental signalling pathways controlling ripening in banana and tomato are not identical and/or have diverged through evolution. Nevertheless, at least the genes MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 constitute part of the developmental control of ripening in banana, since transgenic banana plants with reduced levels of these genes are delayed in ripening. The detailed effect on peel and pulp, of these transgenic plants is underway. So far, these transgenic bananas can respond to exogenous ethylene, and they seem to ripen normally. The response to ethylene suggest that in banana the developmental pathway of ripening is different than that in tomato, because rin tomatoes do not ripen in response to exogenous ethylene, although they harbor the ethylene response capability This study has a major contribution both in scientific and agricultural aspects. Scientifically, it establishes the role of MaMADS box genes in a different crop-the banana. The developmental ripening pathway in banana is similar, but yet different from that of the model plant tomato and one of the major differences is related to ethylene effect on this pathway in banana. In addition, we have shown that different components of the MaMADS-box genes are employed in peel and pulp. The transgenic banana plants created can help to further study the ripening control in banana. An important and practical outcome of this project is that we have created several banana transgenic plants with fruit of extended shelf life. These bananas clearly demonstrate the potential of MaMADS gene control for extending shelf-life, enhancing fruit quality, increasing yield in export systems and for improving food security in areas where Musaspecies are staple food crops.
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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Daniel Segal. Isolation, Purification and Sequence Determination of Pheromonotropic-Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695850.bard.
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Moths constitute a major group of pest insects in agriculture. Pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates, which is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). Our working hypothesis was that, since the emission of sex-pheromone is necessary to attract a mate, then failure to produce and emit pheromone is a potential strategy for manipulating adult moth behavior. The project aimed at identifying, characterising and determining the sequence of specific receptors responsible for the interaction with pheromonotropic neuropeptide/s using two related moth species: Helicoverpa armigera and H. lea as model insects. We established specific binding to a membrane protein estimated at 50 kDa in mature adult females using a photoaffinity-biotin probe for PBAN. We showed that JH is required for the up-regulation of this putative receptor protein. In vitro studies established that the binding initiates a cascade of second messengers including channel opening for calcium ions and intracellular cAMP production. Pharmacological studies (using sodium fluoride) established that the receptor is coupled to a G-protein, that is, the pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide receptor (PBAN-R) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)'s. We showed that PBAN-like peptides are present in Drosophila melanogaster based on bioassay and immunocytochemical data. Using the annotated genome of D. melanogaster to search for a GPCR, we found that some were similar to neuromedin U- receptors of vertebrates, which contain a similar C-terminal ending as PBAN. We established that neuromedin U does indeed induce pheromone biosynthesis and cAMP production. Using a PCR based cloning strategy and mRNA isolated from pheromone glands of H. zea, we successfully identified a gene encoding a GPCR from pheromone glands. The full-length PBAN-R was subsequently cloned and expressed in Sf9 insect cells and was shown to mobilize calcium in response to PBAN in a dose-dependent manner. The successful progress in the identification of a gene, encoding a GPCR for the neurohormone, PBAN, provides a basis for the design of a novel battery of compounds that will specifically antagonize pheromone production. Furthermore, since PBAN belongs to a family of insect neuropeptides with more than one function in different life stages, this rationale may be extended to other physiological key-regulatory processes in different insects.
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.
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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.