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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Functional electrical stimulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Functional electrical stimulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

1

Rushton, D. N. "Functional electrical stimulation." Physiological Measurement 18, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 241–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/18/4/001.

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Granat, Malcom H. "Functional electrical stimulation." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 7, no. 6 (December 1996): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199612000-00019.

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Grant, Lindsay. "Functional electrical stimulation." IEE Review 34, no. 11 (1988): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19880186.

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Bohannon, Richard. "Functional electrical stimulation." Clinical Rehabilitation 4, no. 1 (February 1990): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921559000400113.

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Azevedo Coste, Christine, Milos Popovic, and Winfried Mayr. "Functional Electrical Stimulation." Artificial Organs 41, no. 11 (November 2017): 977–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aor.13052.

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Shimada, Yoichi, Shigeru Ando, and Satoaki Chida. "Functional electrical stimulation." Artificial Life and Robotics 4, no. 4 (December 2000): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481177.

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MATSUNAGA, Toshiki, and Yoichi SHIMADA. "Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)." Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 136, no. 10 (2016): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.136.660.

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Grant, Lindsay, and Ian Swain. "Meeting report: Functional electrical stimulation." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 9, no. 3 (January 1985): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091908509018143.

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Edlich, Richard, Stuart S. Howards, and Tyler C. Wind. "Functional Electrical Stimulation for Ejaculation." Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants 12, no. 3 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v12.i3.60.

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Granat, Malcolm H. "Functional electrical stimulation and rehabilitation." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 5, no. 6 (December 1994): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199412000-00018.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

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Evans, Nancy C. "Determination of the most effective stimulation parameters for functional electrical stimulation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20028.

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Stone, Barry A. "Control strategies for functional electrical stimulation induced cycling." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1533/.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation cycling ergometers and mobile cycling systems have been developed over a number of years to allow Spinal Cord Injured persons to exercise. Standard able bodied exercise tests are adapted and applied to paraplegic cyclists. A modified recumbent tricycle is instrumentated with an electric motor and sensors to measure cadence and the power produced by the cyclist at the crank. They are then integrated to a stimulator and a laptop computer. The tricycle is mounted on an indoor cycling trainer to provide a novel test bed for the implementation of exercise testing. Controllers are desired to control cadence and power during cycling. Identification of input-output data for the cadence-motor loop and the power-stimulation loop is undertaken. Three muscle groups are stimulated on a paraplegic subject to produce power. Models are identified of the power and cadence systems. Thereafter controllers are designed, via polynomial methods. The results show that the controllers are robust during cadence tracking, power tracking and for disturbance rejection. The controllers can be accurately applied to exercise testing protocols. The concept of VO2 control is induced. VO2 is the rate of oxygen uptake during exercise. VO2-power dynamics are identified and as before a model is fitted to the measured data. Controllers are designed and further modified, as the understanding of the VO2 dynamics is developed. This is through a series of tests to improve the accuracy of the control. The results illustrate that VO2 control is a novel and practical application. These findings develop the field of functional Electrical Stimulation Induced Cycling within the laboratory. However further work is required to develop this application outside laboratory conditions.

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Lane, Rodney. "Control of upper-limb functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/419062/.

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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is the name given for the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to achieve patterns of induced movement which are of functional benefit to the user. System are available that use FES to aid persons who have suffered an insult to the motor control region of the brain and been left with movement impairment. The aim of this research was to investigate methods of providing an FES system that could have a beneficial effect in restoring arm function. The techniques for applying upper-limb stimulation are well established, however the methods of controlling it to provide functional use remain lacking. This is because upper-limb movement can be difficult to measure and quantify as the starting point for any movement may not be well defined. Moreover the movements needed to complete a useful function such as reaching and grasping requires the coordinated control of a number of muscle groups, and that relies on being able to track the position of the limb. Effective control of FES for the arm requires reliable feedback about the position and state of the limb. Electromyograms (EMG) are a measure of the very small electrical signals that are emitted whenever a muscle is ‘fired’ to move. EMG can be used to detect muscle activity and so can be a useful feedback control input. It does however have a number of drawbacks that this research sought to address by combining the method with external motion sensors. The intension had been to use the motion sensors to track the position of the limb and then use the EMG measurements to detect the wearer’s movements. FES could then be used to assist the wearer in making a desired movement. Initial studies were done to separately investigate the motion sensing and the EMG measurement components of the system. However before these could be combined a more interesting observation was made relating to bioimpedance. A study of bioimpedance measurements found a relationship between tissue impedance changes and muscle activity. Different methods for measuring bioimpedance where investigated and the results compared, before a practical technique for capturing measurements was developed and demonstrated. A new set of test equipment was made using these finding. Subsequent results using this equipment were able to demonstrate that bioimpedance measurement could be taken from a limb while FES was being used, and that these measurement could be used as a feedback signal to control the FES to maintain a target limb position. This work forms the basis of a novel approach to the control of FES that uses feedback from the user’s limb to determine the position of the limb in free space without need for additional sensors.

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Taylor, Paul Nicholas. "Functional electrical stimulation based training orthosis for hand function following stroke." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418960.

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Kershaw, Robert Andrew. "Retrieved voluntary electromyogram signals for functional electrical stimulation control." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295098.

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Vanoncini, Michele. "Improving sitting posture in paraplegia via functional electrical stimulation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494804.

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This study is an experimental investigation on the application of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to the trunk muscles in paraplegic subjects. The aim is to improve trunk balance during reaching/grasping activities, and to explore a potential use of FES for the prevention of pressure sores. The research comprises three parts: the development of a model of the human trunk, the synthesis of closed loop controllers for the stimulation, and the use of FES for pressure sore prevention. Biomechanical models of the trunk, available from previous studies, are not appropriate for the synthesis of FES controllers. They are difficult to identify due to the high number of prameters, and hence cannot be taken into account the daily variations of the muscle response to the stimulation. This study proposes a novel approach, based on a simple model, which can be identified prior to any stimulation session. The investigation on automatic control of FES aims at trunk stabilisation and rejection of disturbances. Two regulators are considered: a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). The results show that a development by trial and error of a PID controller is feasible, and hence should be considered in practical applications. The study also shows that the simple model previously developed and be employed in the synthesis of an LQR controller. Finally, the study considers the stimulation of the trunk extensors as a tool for pressure sore prevention. This is a novel FES application, potentially more practical than the stimulation of the gluteal or quadriceps muscles, proposed by other authors. The experimental study described in this thesis shows that the stimulation of the trunk extensors can be used to induce a periodic change of the pressure distribution on the buttocks, and hence can potentially be employed as a tool for prevention.

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Kirtley, C. "Control of functional electrical stimulation with extended physiological proprioception." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292029.

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Hines, Anne Ewing. "Functional electrical stimulation for hand opening in spastic hemiplegia." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1061393914.

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Al-Majed, Abdulhakeem A. "Promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, functional electrical stimulation and pharmacological approaches." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0009/NQ59560.pdf.

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Jaime, Ralf-Peter. "On the control of paraplegic standing using functional electrical stimulation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1591/.

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This thesis is concerned with the restoration of upright standing after spinal cord injury (SCI) by the means of Functional Electrical Stimulation. In particular, the work presented in this thesis is concerned with unsupported standing, i.e. standing without any support by the arms for stabilisation. Firstly, the experimental apparatus and feedback control approach is described. Secondly, the experimental work is divided into three parts. The motivation, experimental setup and procedure as well as results and conclusions are given for each of them. The feasibility of the investigated approach was usually tested on a neurologically intact subject. The results were subsequently confirmed with a paraplegic subject. First the feasibility and fundamental limitations of unsupported standing were investigated. Assuming the subject as a single-link inverted pendulum, an improved fully dynamic control approach was employed in the first step, confirming existing results. Here, the voluntary influence by the central nervous system was minimised. However, it is naturally desirable to take advantage of the residual sensory-motor abilities of the paraplegic subject to ease the task of stabilising the body. Ankle stiffness control has been proposed in the literature to accomplish this task. Hitherto, ankle stiffness was provided by artificial actuators. In the second part we investigated the feasibility and limitations of ankle stiffness control by means of FES. The same single-link approach was employed as above. Ankle stiffness control by FES was used in the third part to enable paraplegic standing. Here, the subject was required to participate actively in the task of stable standing and, while doing so, behaving like a double-link inverted pendulum. It could be shown that FES-controlled ankle stiffness contributed crucially to the subject's ability to stand. The thesis concludes with propositions for future work.

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Books on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

1

Schick, Thomas, ed. Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90123-3.

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Kralj, Alojz R. Functional electrical stimulation: Standing and walking after spinal cord injury. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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Phillips, Chandler A. Functional electrical rehabilitation: Technological restoration after spinal cord injury. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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4

1909-, Kohn Kate H., ed. Functional electrical stimulation for ambulation by paraplegics: Twelve years of clinical observations and system studies. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1994.

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Conference, International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society. Proceedings of IFESS-FESnet 2004: 9th Annual Conferenece of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society and the 2nd Conference of FESnet, Bournemouth, United Kingdom, September 6-9, 2004. Salisbury: Salisbury Health Care NHS Trust/Bournemouth University, 2004.

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6

Hanchard, Nigel Clive Anthony. Chronic unilateral electrical stimulation improves human tibialis anterior contractile function ipsilaterally but hampers it contralaterally. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1995.

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1940-, Stein Richard B., Peckham P. Hunter, and Popović Dejan, eds. Neural prostheses: Replacing motor function after disease or disability. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Helena, Knotkova, Cruciani Ricardo, and Merrick Joav 1950-, eds. Pain: Brain stimulation in the treatment of pain. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Pain: Brain stimulation in the treatment of pain. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Investigations, United States Congress House Committee on Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and. Applications of functional muscular stimulation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, February 19, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

1

Plonsey, Robert, and Roger C. Barr. "Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Bioelectricity, 345–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3152-1_12.

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Imatz Ojanguren, Eukene. "Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Springer Theses, 17–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02735-3_3.

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Rupp, Rüdiger. "Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury, 37–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68545-4_2.

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Poboroniuc, Marian-Silviu, and Dănuţ-Constantin Irimia. "Intelligent Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 61–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30817-9_3.

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Rattay, Frank. "Functional Electrical Nerve Stimulation: A Way to Restore Lost Functions." In Electrical Nerve Stimulation, 9–29. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3271-5_1.

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Rattay, Frank. "Functional Design of the Nervous System." In Electrical Nerve Stimulation, 30–38. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3271-5_2.

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Mayr, Winfried. "Role of Electrical Parameters in Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation, 29–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90123-3_4.

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Stein, R. B., and A. Prochazka. "Impaired Motor Function: Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, 3047–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_184.

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Schick, Thomas. "Evidence on Functional Electrical Stimulation." In Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation, 245–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90123-3_17.

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Schwenker, Kerstin, and Stefan M. Golaszewski. "Sensory Afferent Stimulation." In Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation, 139–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90123-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

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Schearer, Eric M., and Derek N. Wolf. "Functional Electrical Stimulation Capability Maps." In 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8717134.

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Soulier, F., S. Bernard, G. Cathebras, and D. Guiraud. "Advances in implanted functional electrical stimulation." In Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era (DTIS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dtis.2011.5941417.

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Kitamura, Tomoya, Sho Sakaino, and Toshiaki Tsuji. "Bilateral control using functional electrical stimulation." In IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2015.7392451.

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Zhang, Dingguo, Tan Hock Guan, Ferdinan Widjaja, and Wei Tech Ang. "Functional electrical stimulation in rehabilitation engineering." In the 1st international convention. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1328491.1328546.

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Ibrahim, B. S. K. K., and F. Sherwani. "Brain computer interface based functional electrical stimulation: An outline." In 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifess.2014.7036766.

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Davis, G. M., N. A. Hamzaid, and N. Hasnan. "Functional electrical stimulation in clinical applications: Fitness and cardiovascular health." In 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifess.2014.7036728.

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Popovic, Milos R. "Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Technology for Functional Electrical Therapy Applications." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.259648.

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Popovic, Milos R. "Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Technology for Functional Electrical Therapy Applications." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.4397862.

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Wang, Haibin, Guan Guan, Qing He, Dewen Zeng, Bin Leng, Hongwei Xu, and Weiming Zheng. "An electrical muscle simulator based on functional electrical stimulation." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2012.6491246.

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Marzetti, Sebastian, Valentin Gies, Valentin Barchasz, Herve Barthelemy, Herve Glotin, Edith Kussener, and Remy Vauche. "Embedded Learning for Smart Functional Electrical Stimulation." In 2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc43012.2020.9128681.

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Reports on the topic "Functional electrical stimulation"

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Pailino, Lia, Lihua Lou, Alberto Sesena Rubfiaro, Jin He, and Arvind Agarwal. Nanomechanical Properties of Engineered Cardiomyocytes Under Electrical Stimulation. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009775.

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Engineered cardiomyocytes made of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) present phenotypical characteristics similar to human fetal cardiomyocytes. There are different factors that are essential for engineered cardiomyocytes to be functional, one of them being that their mechanical properties must mimic those of adult cardiomyocytes. Techniques, such as electrical stimulation, have been used to improve the extracellular matrix's alignment and organization and improve the intracellular environment. Therefore, electrical stimulation could potentially be used to enhance the mechanical properties of engineered cardiac tissue. The goal of this study is to establish the effects of electrical stimulation on the elastic modulus of engineered cardiac tissue. Nanoindentation tests were performed on engineered cardiomyocyte constructs under seven days of electrical stimulation and engineered cardiomyocyte constructs without electrical stimulation. The tests were conducted using BioSoft™ In-Situ Indenter through displacement control mode with a 50 µm conospherical diamond fluid cell probe. The Hertzian fit model was used to analyze the data and obtain the elastic modulus for each construct. This study demonstrated that electrically stimulated cardiomyocytes (6.98 ± 0.04 kPa) present higher elastic modulus than cardiomyocytes without electrical stimulation (4.96 ± 0.29 kPa) at day 7 of maturation. These results confirm that electrical stimulation improves the maturation of cardiomyocytes. Through this study, an efficient nanoindentation method is demonstrated for engineered cardiomyocyte tissues, capable of capturing the nanomechanical differences between electrically stimulated and non-electrically stimulated cardiomyocytes.

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Zhang, Chengdong, Jinchao Du, Meiyi Luo, Junfang Lei, Xiaohua Fan, and Jiqin Tang. Efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on upper limb function after stroke: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0036.

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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on upper limb motor dysfunction in stroke patients. P: Stroke patients. I: TEAS was performed on the basis of the control group. C: Routine rehabilitation training, which could be combined with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation false stimulation, basic drug therapy or other sports therapy. O: Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), FMA wrist and hand part, FMA hand part, Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Modified Ashworth Index (MAS). S: RCT. Information sources: Search PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, Vip, and China Biology Medicine (CBM) Database, from the establishment of the database to December 2022.

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Halker Singh, Rashmi B., Juliana H. VanderPluym, Allison S. Morrow, Meritxell Urtecho, Tarek Nayfeh, Victor D. Torres Roldan, Magdoleen H. Farah, et al. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer239.

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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for the acute treatment of episodic migraine in adults. Data sources. MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO®, Scopus, and various grey literature sources from database inception to July 24, 2020. Comparative effectiveness evidence about triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was extracted from existing systematic reviews. Review methods. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies that enrolled adults who received an intervention to acutely treat episodic migraine. Pairs of independent reviewers selected and appraised studies. Results. Data on triptans were derived from 186 RCTs summarized in nine systematic reviews (101,276 patients; most studied was sumatriptan, followed by zolmitriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, almotriptan, rizatriptan, and frovatriptan). Compared with placebo, triptans resolved pain at 2 hours and 1 day, and increased the risk of mild and transient adverse events (high strength of the body of evidence [SOE]). Data on NSAIDs were derived from five systematic reviews (13,214 patients; most studied was ibuprofen, followed by diclofenac and ketorolac). Compared with placebo, NSAIDs probably resolved pain at 2 hours and 1 day, and increased the risk of mild and transient adverse events (moderate SOE). For other interventions, we included 135 RCTs and 6 comparative observational studies (37,653 patients). Compared with placebo, antiemetics (low SOE), dihydroergotamine (moderate to high SOE), ergotamine plus caffeine (moderate SOE), and acetaminophen (moderate SOE) reduced acute pain. Opioids were evaluated in 15 studies (2,208 patients).Butorphanol, meperidine, morphine, hydromorphone, and tramadol in combination with acetaminophen may reduce pain at 2 hours and 1 day, compared with placebo (low SOE). Some opioids may be less effective than some antiemetics or dexamethasone (low SOE). No studies evaluated instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, or overdose, or evaluated risk mitigation strategies to be used when prescribing opioids for the acute treatment of episodic migraine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists improved headache relief at 2 hours and increased the likelihood of being headache-free at 2 hours, at 1 day, and at 1 week (low to high SOE). Lasmiditan (the first approved 5-HT1F receptor agonist) restored function at 2 hours and resolved pain at 2 hours, 1 day, and 1 week (moderate to high SOE). Sparse and low SOE suggested possible effectiveness of dexamethasone, dipyrone, magnesium sulfate, and octreotide. Compared with placebo, several nonpharmacologic treatments may improve various measures of pain, including remote electrical neuromodulation (moderate SOE), magnetic stimulation (low SOE), acupuncture (low SOE), chamomile oil (low SOE), external trigeminal nerve stimulation (low SOE), and eye movement desensitization re-processing (low SOE). However, these interventions, including the noninvasive neuromodulation devices, have been evaluated only by single or very few trials. Conclusions. A number of acute treatments for episodic migraine exist with varying degrees of evidence for effectiveness and harms. Use of triptans, NSAIDs, antiemetics, dihydroergotamine, CGRP antagonists, and lasmiditan is associated with improved pain and function. The evidence base for many other interventions for acute treatment, including opioids, remains limited.

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