Journal articles: 'Functional Decode and Forward'

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Islam, Shama N., Salman Durrani, and Parastoo Sadeghi. "A novel user pairing scheme for functional decode-and-forward multi-way relay network." Physical Communication 17 (December 2015): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2015.08.009.

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Benedict, Ralph H. B., John DeLuca, Christian Enzinger, Jeroen J. G. Geurts, Lauren B. Krupp, and Stephen M. Rao. "Neuropsychology of Multiple Sclerosis: Looking Back and Moving Forward." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 9-10 (October 2017): 832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000959.

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AbstractThe neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) have evolved over the past three decades. What was once thought to be a rare occurrence, cognitive dysfunction is now viewed as one of the most disabling symptoms of the disease, with devastating effects on patients’ quality of life. This selective review will highlight major innovations and scientific discoveries in the areas of neuropathology, neuroimaging, diagnosis, and treatment that pertain to our understanding of the neuropsychological aspects of MS. Specifically, we focus on the recent discovery that MS produces pathogical lesions of gray matter (GM) that have consequences for cognitive functions. Methods for imaging these GM lesions in MS are discussed along with multimodal imaging studies that integrate structural and functional imaging methods to provide a better understanding of the relationship between cognitive test performance and functional reserve. Innovations in the screening and comprehensive assessment of cognitive disorders are presented along with recent research that examines cognitive dysfunction in pediatric MS. Results of innovative outcome studies in cognitive rehabilitation are discussed. Finally, we highlight trends for potential future innovations over the next decade. (JINS, 2017, 23, 832–842)

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Perez, David L., Mark J. Edwards, Glenn Nielsen, Kasia Kozlowska, Mark Hallett, and W. Curt LaFrance, Jr. "Decade of progress in motor functional neurological disorder: continuing the momentum." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 92, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323953.

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Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a prevalent, disabling and costly condition at the neurology–psychiatry intersection. After being marginalised in the late 20th century, there has been renewed interest in this field. In this article, we review advances that have occurred over the past decade (2011–2020) across diagnosis, mechanisms, aetiologies, treatments and stigma in patients with motor FND (mFND, that is, functional movement disorder and functional limb weakness). In each content area, we also discuss the implications of recent advances and suggest future directions that will help continue the momentum of the past decade. In diagnosis, a major advance has been the emphasis on rule-in physical signs that are specific for hyperkinetic and hypokinetic functional motor symptoms. Mechanistically, greater importance has been given to determining ‘how’ functional neurological symptoms develop, highlighting roles for misdirected attention, expectation and self-agency, as well as abnormal influences of emotion/threat processing brain areas on motor control circuits. Aetiologically, while roles for adverse life experiences remain of interest in mFND, there is recognition of other aetiologic contributors, and efforts are needed to investigate links between aetiological factors and mechanisms. This decade has seen the first randomised controlled trials for physiotherapy, multidisciplinary rehabilitation and psychotherapy performed in the field, with consensus recommendations for physiotherapy, occupational therapy and outcome measures also published. Across patients, clinicians, healthcare systems and society, stigma remains a major concern. While challenges persist, a patient-centred integrated clinical neuroscience approach is primed to carry forward the momentum of the past decade into the future.

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Ra’ouf, Zainab Huseen, Rana Mazin Mahdi, and Enas Salim Abdulahhad. "Al-Shanshul eventionality in the architecture of the first decade of the 21st century." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.2.014.

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The paper studies the concept of Shanshul as an architectural concept rooted in the Islamic world and the countries of the East with two functional and aesthetic dimensions of equal importance which contributed to its formulation as an event, But a new techniques have emerged to try to create a new image that Western architectural experiences have adopted and moved on to local Arab architectural experiences, Research Problem emerged as a lack of clarity of the role of contemporary technologies in the introduction of a new image of the Shanshul as a multidimensional event, , and the research defined its methodology to reach its goal and ending with its conclusions. It highlighted the depth of the global and Arab experience, which tried to maintain the approximate balance of the aesthetic and functional dimensions, the research concluded the ability of the Shanshul to find the balance of functional and aesthetic dimensions by reverting to their founding principles and pushing them forward through contemporary materials in a unified and coherent structure.

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Shuai, Mengxia, Nenghai Yu, Hongxia Wang, Ling Xiong, and Yue Li. "A Lightweight Three-Factor Anonymous Authentication Scheme With Privacy Protection for Personalized Healthcare Applications." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 33, no. 3 (May 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.20210501.oa1.

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Security and privacy issues in wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) have attracted lots of attention in both academia and industry due to the sensitiveness of medical system. In the past decade, extensive research has been carried out on these security issues, but no single study exists that addresses them adequately, especially for some important security properties, such as user anonymity and forward secrecy. As a step towards this direction, in this paper, the authors propose a lightweight three-factor anonymous authentication scheme with forward secrecy for personalized healthcare applications using only the lightweight cryptographic primitives. The proposed scheme adopts pseudonym identity technique to protect users' real identities and employs one-way hash chain technique to ensure forward secrecy. Analysis and comparison results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can not only reduce execution time by 34% as compared with the most effective related schemes, but also achieve more security and functional features.

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Gao, Wei, Weili Lin, Karen Grewen, and John H. Gilmore. "Functional Connectivity of the Infant Human Brain." Neuroscientist 23, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858416635986.

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Infancy is a critical and immensely important period in human brain development. Subtle changes during this stage may be greatly amplified with the unfolding of different developmental processes, exerting far-reaching consequences. Studies of the structure and behavioral manifestations of the infant brain are fruitful. However, the specific functional brain mechanisms that enable the execution of different behaviors remained elusive until the advent of functional connectivity fMRI (fcMRI), which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the infant functional brain development in vivo. Since its inception, a burgeoning field of infant brain functional connectivity study has emerged and thrived during the past decade. In this review, we describe (1) findings of normal development of functional connectivity networks and their relationships to behaviors and (2) disruptions of the normative functional connectivity development due to identifiable genetic and/or environmental risk factors during the first 2 years of human life. Technical considerations of infant fcMRI are also provided. It is our hope to consolidate previous findings so that the field can move forward with a clearer picture toward the ultimate goal of fcMRI-based objective methods for early diagnosis/identification of risks and evaluation of early interventions to optimize developing functional connectivity networks in this critical developmental window.

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Luo, Xiangang, Mingbo Pu, Fei Zhang, Mingfeng Xu, Yinghui Guo, Xiong Li, and Xiaoliang Ma. "Vector optical field manipulation via structural functional materials: Tutorial." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 18 (May 14, 2022): 181101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089859.

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Vector optical field (VOF) manipulation greatly extended the boundaries of traditional scalar optics over the past decades. Meanwhile, the newly emerging techniques enabled by structural functional optical materials have driven the research domain into the subwavelength regime, where abundant new physical phenomena and technologies have been discovered and exploited for practical applications. In this Tutorial, we outline the basic principles, methodologies, and applications of VOF via structural functional materials. Among various technical routes, we focus on the metasurface-based approaches, which show obvious advantages regarding the design flexibility, the compactness of systems, and the overall performances. Both forward and inverse design methods based on the rigorous solution of Maxwell's equations are presented, which provide a valuable basis for future researchers. Finally, we discuss the generalized optical laws and conventions based on VOF manipulation. The applications in optical imaging, communications, precision measurement, laser fabrication, etc. are highlighted.

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Neill, Thomas, Simone Buraschi, Atul Goyal, Catherine Sharpe, Elizabeth Natkanski, Liliana Schaefer, Andrea Morrione, and Renato V. Iozzo. "EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin." Journal of Cell Biology 215, no. 5 (November 30, 2016): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603079.

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Although the growth factor progranulin was discovered more than two decades ago, the functional receptor remains elusive. Here, we discovered that EphA2, a member of the large family of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin. Recombinant progranulin bound with high affinity to EphA2 in both solid phase and solution. Interaction of progranulin with EphA2 caused prolonged activation of the receptor, downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt, and promotion of capillary morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found an autoregulatory mechanism of progranulin whereby a feed-forward loop occurred in an EphA2-dependent manner that was independent of the endocytic receptor sortilin. The discovery of a functional signaling receptor for progranulin offers a new avenue for understanding the underlying mode of action of progranulin in cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis, and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases.

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Muhammad Imran Majeed, Syed, and Aisha Mohyuddin. "Human Genetic Research in Pakistan: Challenges and Way forward." Life and Science 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.182.

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The 90s ushered in the era of molecular genetics in Pakistan. Our centuries’ old tradition of consanguineous marriages, resulting in the availability of large, inbred families with inherited disorders, proved to be a goldmine for geneticists, working to discover new genes and their functions. A multitude of novel genes with previously unknown functions were discovered through genetic linkage analysis, a technique that compares the segregations of DNA markers in normal and affected family members to pinpoint the region that contains the suspect gene. The first few landmark publications on linkage analysis in genetic diseases, from Pakistan, identified only the regions harboring the suspected disease genes.1,2 As the field advanced, disease causing mutations segregating in affected family members were identified through Sanger DNA sequencing of candidate genes in the linked region. In the last decade, the advent of high throughput techniques such as whole exome analysis and animal disease modeling, functional genomics studies became an integral of part of such genetic studies. In addition, bioinformatics tools were developed for predictive modeling of the effect of mutations on protein structure. The analysis of a single large multigenerational family with a genetic disorder could provide the same information that would be obtained from many small nuclear families, as usually found in developed countries. This allowed Pakistani researchers to attract collaborators from Universities around the world. DNA samples of numerous Pakistani families were sent to labs across the world for analysis, many times accompanied by a PhD student who would typically spend around six months working on those families. Universities developed efficient pipelines, whereby students would find families with genetic diseases, extract DNA and carry out linkage analysis and, in some cases, identify the gene mutations using Sanger sequencing. This led to a significant increase in the number of publications on genetics, from Pakistan. However, despite all the good work carried in the country, no credible effort had been made to build national capacity to carry the work beyond initial mutation screening. We lack the ability to conduct good quality high through put –omics analysis and animal model studies within the country. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the cost of such research is prohibitive. While some institutes have invested in next generation sequencing platforms, these machines are largely underutilized due to high cost of consumables. Lack of adequate funding for reagents, required for genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, is a major roadblock. Secondly, the ease in attracting foreign collaborators to carry out the functional studies in their labs, has made many Pakistani researchers complacent, often, they are happy to be co-authors in research papers without having to go through the pains to set up the required laboratory facilities. Lastly, the bureaucratic processes and red tape, especially in public sector Universities, make procurement of chemicals and consumables, tedious and time consuming, resulting in demotivation of researchers and faculty. There is a need to address these issues, if we wish to move towards self-sufficiency in conducting high level functional genomics and stem the flow of biological samples from Pakistan. While genetic studies in Pakistan have resulted in the discovery of many novel genes, the benefit of these studies is yet to trickle down to the patients. The willingness of the affected families to participate in these studies is crucial. Many affected families belong to far flung rural areas and have no understanding of their disease, how it is inherited or the implications of participating in such research. It is unlikely that families participating in these studies have any immediate benefits and they should be informed at the time of recruitment using common language which they are able to understand. The role of Institutional Ethics and Review Boards, for the protection of study participants and their rights, needs to be strengthened. It is important not to abandon these families after sample collection but to relay the results of the study and counsel them regarding their future options. Despite the rapid advances in genetic medical knowledge, our population has yet to reap its benefits. A small step in right direction is the Compulsory Blood Test of the Relatives of Thalassemia Patient Bill-2017, which makes it compulsory for couples to get tested before marrying. However, the scarcity of gene testing facilities and healthcare professionals trained in clinical genetics is an impediment to the implementation of this bill in the true spirit. It is becoming imperative to educate our healthcare professionals regarding the application of genetics to medical practice. Clinical genetics and its related competencies need to be recognized as medical specialties in the country, before they can be introduced into mainstream clinical practice to improve health outcomes of our affected families.

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Afsar, Bijan, Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, and Mohd Johari Mohd Yusof. "Perceived Pedestrian Environment Functional Factors which are Associated with Walking in Tropical University Campus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.161.

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During the last decade transportation in Malaysia has been changed and stepped forward into motorized-transportation. However, Malaysian government started to move toward sustainable society, which sustainable transportation is one of the parts. University Putra Malaysia’s (UPM) Serdang campus is mainly dependent on the personal cars and shuttle buses. Furthermore, routes in the campus mainly planned for the vehicles rather than pedestrians and cyclists. This study was trying to examinefunctional factors that encourage UPM’s students to do pedestrian activities in the campus.In this study quantitative method through questionnaire survey has selected to assess the variables on a sample of subject. The result showed that students were more looking for accessibility and connectivity, and they were more expected to have particularly pedestrian shortcuts. This research can be helpful for the UPM’s policy makers and master planners to facilitate in documenting pedestrian environment literature, as well as help urban designers and city planners to have a deeper perspective of pedestrian perceptions and opinions in tropical climate and particularly Malaysia.

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Aydin, Onur, Austin P. Passaro, Ritu Raman, Samantha E. Spellicy, Robert P. Weinberg, Roger D. Kamm, Matthew Sample, et al. "Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems." APL Bioengineering 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 010903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076635.

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Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell–cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the “black box” of living cells.

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Bychkova, Valentina, Dmitry Dolgikh, Vitalii Balobanov, and Alexei Finkelstein. "The Molten Globule State of a Globular Protein in a Cell Is More or Less Frequent Case Rather than an Exception." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144361.

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Quite a long time ago, Oleg B. Ptitsyn put forward a hypothesis about the possible functional significance of the molten globule (MG) state for the functioning of proteins. MG is an intermediate between the unfolded and the native state of a protein. Its experimental detection and investigation in a cell are extremely difficult. In the last decades, intensive studies have demonstrated that the MG-like state of some globular proteins arises from either their modifications or interactions with protein partners or other cell components. This review summarizes such reports. In many cases, MG was evidenced to be functionally important. Thus, the MG state is quite common for functional cellular proteins. This supports Ptitsyn’s hypothesis that some globular proteins may switch between two active states, rigid (N) and soft (MG), to work in solution or interact with partners.

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Razzaq, Muhammad Khuram, Muqadas Aleem, Shahid Mansoor, Mueen Alam Khan, Saeed Rauf, Shahid Iqbal, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Omics and CRISPR-Cas9 Approaches for Molecular Insight, Functional Gene Analysis, and Stress Tolerance Development in Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031292.

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Plants are regularly exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that adversely affect agricultural production. Omics has gained momentum in the last two decades, fueled by statistical methodologies, computational capabilities, mass spectrometry, nucleic-acid sequencing, and peptide-sequencing platforms. Functional genomics—especially metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics—have contributed substantially to plant molecular responses to stress. Recent progress in reverse and forward genetics approaches have mediated high-throughput techniques for identifying stress-related genes. Furthermore, web-based genetic databases have mediated bioinformatics techniques for detecting families of stress-tolerant genes. Gene ontology (GO) databases provide information on the gene product’s functional features and help with the computational estimation of gene function. Functional omics data from multiple platforms are useful for positional cloning. Stress-tolerant plants have been engineered using stress response genes, regulatory networks, and pathways. The genome-editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9, reveals the functional features of several parts of the plant genome. Current developments in CRISPR, such as de novo meristem induction genome-engineering in dicots and temperature-tolerant LbCas12a/CRISPR, enable greater DNA insertion precision. This review discusses functional omics for molecular insight and CRISPR-Cas9-based validation of gene function in crop plants. Omics and CRISPR-Cas9 are expected to garner knowledge on molecular systems and gene function and stress-tolerant crop production.

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Lim, Sung Hoon, Kwang Taik Kim, and Young-Han Kim. "Distributed Decode–Forward for Relay Networks." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 4103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2701198.

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Mondelli, Marco, S. Hamed Hassani, and Rüdiger Urbanke. "A New Coding Paradigm for the Primitive Relay Channel." Algorithms 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12100218.

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We consider the primitive relay channel, where the source sends a message to the relay and to the destination, and the relay helps the communication by transmitting an additional message to the destination via a separate channel. Two well-known coding techniques have been introduced for this setting: decode-and-forward and compress-and-forward. In decode-and-forward, the relay completely decodes the message and sends some information to the destination; in compress-and-forward, the relay does not decode, and it sends a compressed version of the received signal to the destination using Wyner–Ziv coding. In this paper, we present a novel coding paradigm that provides an improved achievable rate for the primitive relay channel. The idea is to combine compress-and-forward and decode-and-forward via a chaining construction. We transmit over pairs of blocks: in the first block, we use compress-and-forward; and, in the second block, we use decode-and-forward. More specifically, in the first block, the relay does not decode, it compresses the received signal via Wyner–Ziv, and it sends only part of the compression to the destination. In the second block, the relay completely decodes the message, it sends some information to the destination, and it also sends the remaining part of the compression coming from the first block. By doing so, we are able to strictly outperform both compress-and-forward and decode-and-forward. Note that the proposed coding scheme can be implemented with polar codes. As such, it has the typical attractive properties of polar coding schemes, namely, quasi-linear encoding and decoding complexity, and error probability that decays at super-polynomial speed. As a running example, we take into account the special case of the erasure relay channel, and we provide a comparison between the rates achievable by our proposed scheme and the existing upper and lower bounds.

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Li, Tao, Jie Hou, Jinli Yan, Rulin Liu, Hui Yang, and Zhigang Sun. "Chiplet Heterogeneous Integration Technology—Status and Challenges." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040670.

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As a heterogeneous integration technology, the chiplet-based design technology integrates multiple heterogeneous dies of diverse functional circuit blocks into a single chip by using advanced packaging technology, which is a promising way to tackle the failure of Moore’s law and Dennard scaling. Currently, as process nodes move forward, dramatically rising cost, design cycle, and complexity are driving industry to focus on the chiplets. Chiplets allows IC designers to merge dies fabricated at different process nodes and reuse them in different projects, which helps to reduce the cost during design and improve yield. In this review, we look back at the industry’s efforts over the past decade and summary the concepts and techniques associated with chiplets. In the end, a discussion and conclusion will be given to forecast the future of chiplets.

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Gulraiz, Asma, Noman Naseer, Hammad Nazeer, Muhammad Jawad Khan, Rayyan Azam Khan, and Umar Shahbaz Khan. "LASSO Homotopy-Based Sparse Representation Classification for fNIRS-BCI." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072575.

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Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have been used as a way of facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral devices. The BCI provides an option to improve the walking pattern of people with poor walking dysfunction, by applying a rehabilitation process. A state-of-the-art step-wise BCI system includes data acquisition, pre-processing, channel selection, feature extraction, and classification. In fNIRS-based BCI (fNIRS-BCI), channel selection plays a vital role in enhancing the classification accuracy of the BCI problem. In this study, the concentration of blood oxygenation (HbO) in a resting state and in a walking state was used to decode the walking activity and the resting state of the subject, using channel selection by Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) homotopy-based sparse representation classification. The fNIRS signals of nine subjects were collected from the left hemisphere of the primary motor cortex. The subjects performed the task of walking on a treadmill for 10 s, followed by a 20 s rest. Appropriate filters were applied to the collected signals to remove motion artifacts and physiological noises. LASSO homotopy-based sparse representation was used to select the most significant channels, and then classification was performed to identify walking and resting states. For comparison, the statistical spatial features of mean, peak, variance, and skewness, and their combination, were used for classification. The classification results after channel selection were then compared with the classification based on the extracted features. The classifiers used for both methods were linear discrimination analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). The study found that LASSO homotopy-based sparse representation classification successfully discriminated between the walking and resting states, with a better average classification accuracy (p < 0.016) of 91.32%. This research provides a step forward in improving the classification accuracy of fNIRS-BCI systems. The proposed methodology may also be used for rehabilitation purposes, such as controlling wheelchairs and prostheses, as well as an active rehabilitation training technique for patients with motor dysfunction.

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Thomson, Michael J., Sudip Biswas, Nikolaos Tsakirpaloglou, and Endang M. Septiningsih. "Functional Allele Validation by Gene Editing to Leverage the Wealth of Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 6565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126565.

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Advances in molecular technologies over the past few decades, such as high-throughput DNA marker genotyping, have provided more powerful plant breeding approaches, including marker-assisted selection and genomic selection. At the same time, massive investments in plant genetics and genomics, led by whole genome sequencing, have led to greater knowledge of genes and genetic pathways across plant genomes. However, there remains a gap between approaches focused on forward genetics, which start with a phenotype to map a mutant locus or QTL with the goal of cloning the causal gene, and approaches using reverse genetics, which start with large-scale sequence data and work back to the gene function. The recent establishment of efficient CRISPR-Cas-based gene editing promises to bridge this gap and provide a rapid method to functionally validate genes and alleles identified through studies of natural variation. CRISPR-Cas techniques can be used to knock out single or multiple genes, precisely modify genes through base and prime editing, and replace alleles. Moreover, technologies such as protoplast isolation, in planta transformation, and the use of developmental regulatory genes promise to enable high-throughput gene editing to accelerate crop improvement.

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Vogel, Jerca. "Understanding language awareness in the first language teaching in Slovenia as a “traditional monocultural“ society." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2015-0011.

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Abstract In the didactics of the Slovenian language as the first language the term language awareness is related primarily to the identity function of standard language as the most important element of the national and cultural awareness, while the conception of language awareness, based on the functional linguistics, has been put forward only in the last decade. Therefore, the main issue is how to understand language and linguistic cultural awareness in a society which is traditionally considered “culturally monolithic”, and how they should be dealt with in the first language teaching. In attempt to find the answer, first main features of both the language and linguistic cultural awareness are presented: their levels, components and emphasized language functions. It is evident that a person’s linguistic activity and his/her linguistic identification are inseparable. Because of this, the development of language and cultural awareness in the context of two models of first language teaching is discussed later on. In the model aimed at the development of functional communicative competence they are developed optionally and unrelated to each other. Only the model which aims at critical communicative competence allows developing them closely related to each other and to critical thinking.

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Sheng, Zhengguo, Bong Jun Ko, and Kin K. Leung. "Power Efficient Decode-and-Forward Cooperative Relaying." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 1, no. 5 (October 2012): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcl.2012.062512.120301.

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Hodgson, John. "deCODE looks forward as database law passes." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 2 (February 1999): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/6124.

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Rui, Xianyi, Jia Hou, and Liulei Zhou. "Decode-and-forward with full-duplex relaying." International Journal of Communication Systems 25, no. 2 (April 4, 2011): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.1257.

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Rui, Xianyi. "Decode-and-forward with partial relay selection." International Journal of Communication Systems 23, no. 11 (November 2010): 1443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.1128.

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ADESUA, Veronica Olubunmi, Babatunde Nurudeen BALOGUN, and Iyanuoluwa Samuel ADELAKUN. "Educational Finance in Pre-Covid and Covid-19 Era in Nigeria: What has changed and Way Forward." Journal of Education and Practice 5, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jep.724.

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For few decades, education has been receiving financial attention from the government and other concerned personnel in the society owing to the general belief that education is the key that opens great door of sustainable development to any country of the world; it is the major tool for individual, national, socio-economic development, poverty eradication and it should be adequately financed to have desired results. Unfortunately education is still underfunded in Nigeria despite enormous resources invested in it in form of allocations yearly. This has over the years exposed the educational sector of Nigeria to drastic ruin as a result of mismanagement of allocated resources and other functional financial fraudulent acts in the sector. Few years back the world experienced global economic meltdown (recession) which also led the Nigerian education sector to struggle with meeting its financial obligations and while the nation was witnessing this, the unexpected outbreak of coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic occurred forcing the sector to experience extremely lack of finance to keep the sector moving. To justify this insinuations this paper reviewed the financing of the educational system in pre-covid and covid-19 era in Nigeria; what has changed over the years, the challenges associated with the changes and the way forward in form of recommendations.

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Alamgir, Wasim, and Rehma Ahsan Gilani. "Normalization after Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward Towards Healthy Recovery." Life and Science 3, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.250.

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The world as we know has changed. While a global pandemic has been an ominous risk for decades, COVID-19 came as a jolt, characterized by the functional interdependencies of the social, economic and public health systems. The initial shock and systemic failures from policy unpreparedness, not only bared open the fault lines of social injustice and inequity, but also led to xenophobic orientation and conspiratorial thinking. Social isolation, mental health illness, redundancies, financial difficulties and permanent closure of many businesses were the fall out of this crisis. The world adapted and moved from physical to digital. Financial systems, education, industry and entertainment were restructured and decentralized. The pandemic also had significant effect on the sociopolitical trends including sense of human solidarity, rebuilding of national pride, work-home balance, reducing human impact on climate and the selfless dedication of health professionals. The pandemic’s chaos presented an opportunity to reevaluate priorities and develop new strategic solutions to the disruptions caused by tactical difficulties consequent to this plague. The interdependencies of our society, use of information technology and exceptional computational sciences, are the so-called new normal, the most appropriate way to do governance in an era of hyper connectedness. The pandemic has shown that economic and social determinants of ill-health are strong predictors of health outcome. There is a need to work for universal health coverage as it is in everyone’s interest that people who feel unwell should not check their pocket before they seek help. It is also imperative to integrate community-led services into public systems so as to enable universal access, Free healthcare is not only vital for tackling pandemics but it also prevents millions of people from falling into extreme poverty by the cost of healthcare every year. One also needs to strengthen social safety nets to enhance resilience, given the interrelation between health and livelihoods. Lastly, developing a common culture that emphasizes personal responsibility in the public interest, is essential. It is important to underscore that the biggest steps forward in health have usually happened in response to a major crisis as raising of post-Second World War health systems across Europe or establishment of NHS in United Kingdom. Thus, coronavirus crisis, first and foremost a health crisis, has complex and long-term consequences. Policy preparedness, financing our health, and business leadership are key to resilience against such large systemic shocks. It can therefore be seen as an important opportunity for largescale, deep-seated structural change, far beyond the obvious, in scale and scope. Editor-in-Chief How to cite this: Alamgir W, Gilani RA. Normalization after Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward Towards Healthy Recovery. Life and Science. 2022; 3(2): 64-64 . doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.250 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

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Bari, Ausaf A., Charles B. Mikell, Aviva Abosch, Sharona Ben-Haim, Robert J. Buchanan, Allen W. Burton, Stephen Carcieri, et al. "Charting the road forward in psychiatric neurosurgery: proceedings of the 2016 American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery workshop on neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 8 (January 25, 2018): 886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-317082.

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ObjectiveRefractory psychiatric disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and there is a great need for new treatments. In the last decade, investigators piloted novel deep brain stimulation (DBS)-based therapies for depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Results from recent pivotal trials of these therapies, however, did not demonstrate the degree of efficacy expected from previous smaller trials. To discuss next steps, neurosurgeons, neurologists, psychiatrists and representatives from industry convened a workshop sponsored by the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Chicago, Illinois, in June of 2016.DesignHere we summarise the proceedings of the workshop. Participants discussed a number of issues of importance to the community. First, we discussed how to interpret results from the recent pivotal trials of DBS for OCD and depression. We then reviewed what can be learnt from lesions and closed-loop neurostimulation. Subsequently, representatives from the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration and industry discussed their views on neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders. In particular, these third parties discussed their criteria for moving forward with new trials. Finally, we discussed the best way of confirming safety and efficacy of these therapies, including registries and clinical trial design. We close by discussing next steps in the journey to new neuromodulatory therapies for these devastating illnesses.ConclusionInterest and motivation remain strong for deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disease. Progress will require coordinated efforts by all stakeholders.

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Hamza, Valiya, Fábio Vieira, Suze Guimaraes, and Elizabeth Pimentel. "Inversion results appended with estimates from vegetation changes in assessment of Ground Surface Temperatures for the Amazon Region, Brazil." International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v4i1.63.

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Estimates have been made of ground surface temperature (GST) variations for 25 localities in the region of Manaus (province of Amazon in Brazil) making use of both forward and inverse models. The work is based on analysis of borehole temperature logs as well as remote sensing data concerning changes in vegetation cover. Results of functional space inversion (FSI) of borehole temperature data reveal the occurrence of a cooling event, with a decrease in temperature of slightly less than 1oC, for the period of 1600 to 1850 AD. This episode coincides roughly with the period of “little ice age” in the southern hemisphere. It was followed by a warming event, with magnitudes varying from 2 to 3oC, that lasted until recent times. Integration of these results with estimates based on changes in normalized index of vegetation cover (NVDI) of the last decade points to continuation of climate warming over the last decade. This event is found to be prominent in areas of deforestation in central parts of the Amazon region.

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Zhang, Xiaolin, Xinran Wang, Wei Fan, Yi Liu, Qi Wang, and Lin Weng. "Fabrication, Property and Application of Calcium Alginate Fiber: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 3227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153227.

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As a natural linear polysaccharide, alginate can be gelled into calcium alginate fiber and exploited for functional material applications. Owing to its high hygroscopicity, biocompatibility, nontoxicity and non-flammability, calcium alginate fiber has found a variety of potential applications. This article gives a comprehensive overview of research on calcium alginate fiber, starting from the fabrication technique of wet spinning and microfluidic spinning, followed by a detailed description of the moisture absorption ability, biocompatibility and intrinsic fire-resistant performance of calcium alginate fiber, and briefly introduces its corresponding applications in biomaterials, fire-retardant and other advanced materials that have been extensively studied over the past decade. This review assists in better design and preparation of the alginate bio-based fiber and puts forward new perspectives for further study on alginate fiber, which can benefit the future development of the booming eco-friendly marine biomass polysaccharide fiber.

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Li, Jun, Xiumin Wang, Jinlong He, Chen Su, and Liang Shan. "Turbo Decoder Design based on an LUT-Normalized Log-MAP Algorithm." Entropy 21, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080814.

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Turbo codes have been widely used in wireless communication systems due to their good error correction performance. Under time division long term evolution (TD-LTE) of the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) wireless communication standard, a Log maximum a posteriori (Log-MAP) decoding algorithm with high complexity is usually approximated as a lookup-table Log-MAP (LUT-Log-MAP) algorithm and Max-Log-MAP algorithm, but these two algorithms have high complexity and high bit error rate, respectively. In this paper, we propose a normalized Log-MAP (Nor-Log-MAP) decoding algorithm in which the function max* is approximated by using a fixed normalized factor multiplied by the max function. Combining a Nor-Log-MAP algorithm with a LUT-Log-MAP algorithm creates a new kind of LUT-Nor-Log-MAP algorithm. Compared with the LUT-Log-MAP algorithm, the decoding performance of the LUT-Nor-Log-MAP algorithm is close to that of the LUT-Log-MAP algorithm. Based on the decoding method of the Nor-Log-MAP algorithm, we also put forward a normalization functional unit (NFU) for a soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoder computing unit. The simulation results show that the LUT-Nor-Log-MAP algorithm can save about 2.1% of logic resources compared with the LUT-Log-MAP algorithm. Compared with the Max-Log-MAP algorithm, the LUT-Nor-Log-MAP algorithm shows a gain of 0.25~0.5 dB in decoding performance. Using the Cyclone IV platform, the designed Turbo decoder can achieve a throughput of 36 Mbit/s under a maximum clock frequency of 44 MHz.

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Lamb, Philip D., Ewan Hunter, John K. Pinnegar, Thomas K. Doyle, Simon Creer, and Martin I. Taylor. "Inclusion of jellyfish in 30+ years of Ecopath with Ecosim models." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (October 9, 2019): 1941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz165.

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Abstract A review of the functional role of jellyfish in Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) models by Pauly et al. [Pauly, D., Graham, W., Libralato, S., Morissette, L., and Deng Palomares, M. L. 2009. Jellyfish in ecosystems, online databases, and ecosystem models. Hydrobiologia, 616: 67–85.] a decade ago concluded that recreation of jellyfish population dynamics in models required additional ecological research and the careful consideration of their unique biology during model construction. Here, amidst calls for ecosystem-based management and the growing recognition of jellyfishes' role in foodwebs, we investigate how jellyfish are implemented in EwE models and identify areas requiring improvement. Over time, an increasing percentage of models have included jellyfish. Jellyfish were often linked to the wider ecosystem, with many predators and prey included in models. However, ecotrophic efficiency, a measure of the extent to which they are used by higher trophic levels, was frequently set at low values, suggesting that jellyfish are still perceived as under-utilized components of the ecosystem. Moving forward, greater care should be taken to differentiate the functional roles played by ctenophores, cnidarians, and pelagic tunicates. Additionally, when feasible, early life stages should be incorporated as multi-stanza groups to more accurately depict jellyfishes' complex life cycle.

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Ahnert, S. E., and T. M. A. Fink. "Form and function in gene regulatory networks: the structure of network motifs determines fundamental properties of their dynamical state space." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 120 (July 2016): 20160179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0179.

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Network motifs have been studied extensively over the past decade, and certain motifs, such as the feed-forward loop, play an important role in regulatory networks. Recent studies have used Boolean network motifs to explore the link between form and function in gene regulatory networks and have found that the structure of a motif does not strongly determine its function, if this is defined in terms of the gene expression patterns the motif can produce. Here, we offer a different, higher-level definition of the ‘function’ of a motif, in terms of two fundamental properties of its dynamical state space as a Boolean network. One is the basin entropy, which is a complexity measure of the dynamics of Boolean networks. The other is the diversity of cyclic attractor lengths that a given motif can produce. Using these two measures, we examine all 104 topologically distinct three-node motifs and show that the structural properties of a motif, such as the presence of feedback loops and feed-forward loops, predict fundamental characteristics of its dynamical state space, which in turn determine aspects of its functional versatility. We also show that these higher-level properties have a direct bearing on real regulatory networks, as both basin entropy and cycle length diversity show a close correspondence with the prevalence, in neural and genetic regulatory networks, of the 13 connected motifs without self-interactions that have been studied extensively in the literature.

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Lee, Jong-Ho, Illsoo Sohn, Sungju Song, and Yong-Hwa Kim. "Cooperative Decode-and-Forward Relaying for Secure Multicasting." ETRI Journal 38, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.16.0115.1029.

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KIZILIRMAK, Refik Çağlar. "Decode-and-forward relaying based on orthogonalcomplementary codes." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 23 (2015): 1209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1304-55.

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Savazzi, Stefano, and Umberto Spagnolini. "Cooperative Fading Regions for Decode and Forward Relaying." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54, no. 11 (November 2008): 4908–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2008.929911.

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Fareed, Muhammad, and Murat Uysal. "On relay selection for decode-and-forward relaying." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 8, no. 7 (July 2009): 3341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2009.071306.

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Ravanshid, A., L. Lampe, and J. B. Huber. "Dynamic Decode-and-Forward Relaying using Raptor Codes." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10, no. 5 (May 2011): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.030411.100834.

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Ma, Yi, Rahim Tafazolli, Yuanyuan Zhang, and Chuyi Qian. "Adaptive Modulation for Opportunistic Decode-and-Forward Relaying." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10, no. 7 (July 2011): 2017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.051311.091773.

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Khyari, Nouha, Sofiane Khalfallah, Yosra Barouni, and Jalel Ben Hadj Slama. "Decode and Forward Relay-Assisted Power-Line Communication." Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.014.

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Xiao, Hongjiang, Qionghai Dai, and Xiangyang Ji. "Opportunistic video communication over cooperative decode-forward networks." Tsinghua Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (April 2010): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(10)70052-3.

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Bhatnagar, Manav R. "Performance Evaluation of Decode-and-Forward Satellite Relaying." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 10 (October 2015): 4827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2373389.

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Karas, Dimitrios S., Koralia N. Pappi, and George K. Karagiannidis. "Smart Decode-and-Forward Relaying with Polar Codes." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 3, no. 1 (February 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcl.2013.111213.130639.

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Burnete, Sorin. "Industries in Central and Eastern Europe. Enhancing Competitiveness by Integrating Services into Manufacturing." Human and Social Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0003.

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Abstract During the last two decades, the intra-industry trade between western companies and former socialist enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe gradually shifted from the subcontracting of marginal operations such as final assembly to the outsourcing of products and intermediate inputs. To further enhance their competitiveness, firms in Central and Eastern Europe have yet to take one more step forward: integrate services with manufacturing. Developing such capabilities hinges, aside from intensive training and learning on the existence of functional interactive knowledgebased innovation systems. Whereas Central and East European economies exhibit conspicuous weaknesses in this last respect, they still possess a countervailing advantage that is apt to lure foreign investors into the region: lower wage rates relative to western countries across all industries and skill levels. Offshoring therefore seems to be the most appropriate means to reconcile the two sides of the coin.

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Maria, Maleeha, Negar Pouyanfar, Tiit Örd, and Minna U. Kaikkonen. "The Power of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in eQTL Discovery." Genes 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030502.

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Genome-wide association studies have successfully mapped thousands of loci associated with complex traits. During the last decade, functional genomics approaches combining genotype information with bulk RNA-sequencing data have identified genes regulated by GWAS loci through expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis. Single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) technologies have created new exciting opportunities for spatiotemporal assessment of changes in gene expression at the single-cell level in complex and inherited conditions. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the power of scRNA-Seq in eQTL mapping across different cell types, developmental stages and stimuli that could be obscured when using bulk RNA-Seq methods. In this review, we outline the methodological principles, advantages, limitations and the future experimental and analytical considerations of single-cell eQTL studies. We look forward to the explosion of single-cell eQTL studies applied to large-scale population genetics to take us one step closer to understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease.

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Giannouli, Vaitsa, and Magda Tsolaki. "Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies." Neurology International 14, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010008.

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Research in the last decade has focused on assessing financial capacity and incapacity mainly in old age, but new research has turned to address the question of how financial incapacity can be predicted by cognitive factors. The aim of this study was to identify which cognitive domains predict financial capacity and the relevant cognitive skills of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in order to assist neurologists in functional assessment and further patient referral. In this study, 109 patients diagnosed with mild AD were examined with a number of neuropsychological tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Functional Rating Scale for Symptoms of Dementia (FRSSD), Functional Cognitive Assessment Scale (FUCAS), Trail Making Test (TMT)-Part B, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT)-copy condition and delayed recall condition, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Boston Naming Test, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), digit span forward and backward, WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and the Legal Capacity for Property Law Transactions Assessment Scale (LCPLTAS). LCPLTAS total score and relevant subdomains were best predicted only by the score of one item coming from MMSE: subtraction of serial sevens. This is the only measure of arithmetic testing in use for the Greek geriatric population. Financial capacity is severely impaired in the group of mild AD patients. In order to prevent financial exploitation cases, neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and geriatrists should pay close attention to the information from the relevant arithmetic question of MMSE, as it is one of the most widely administered screening tests in clinical settings.

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Liu, Yang, Gaofeng Pan, Hongtao Zhang, and Mei Song. "Hybrid Decode-Forward & Amplify-Forward Relaying With Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access." IEEE Access 4 (2016): 4912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2604341.

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Ferris, Laura J., Jolanda Jetten, Matthew J. Hornsey, and Brock Bastian. "Feeling Hurt: Revisiting the Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain." Review of General Psychology 23, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089268019857936.

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Pain overlap theory has generated decades of controversy and still receives considerable research attention. A major advance has been the revelation that social and physical pain activate similar neural regions, providing suggestive evidence of a “piggybacked” alarm system that coevolved to detect social exclusion. Recent developments, however, have brought neural evidence for pain overlap into question. We analyze these developments from a social psychological perspective and identify the need for a reformulated approach. To meet this need, we provide a framework that a priori predicts generalized overlap and specific divergence across a range of biopsychosocial domains. The framework points to a functional pattern for similarities and differences, which can be utilized to generate testable hypotheses so that the field can move forward. To demonstrate the utility and promise of the framework, we identify key hypotheses relating to attention, motivation, and responses to pain, and review research relevant to these hypotheses.

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Kuo, Pei-Lun, Michelle Shardell, Jennifer Schrack, Morgan Levine, Eleanor Simonsick, and Luigi Ferrucci. "Metrics of Phenotypic Aging From the Energetics Perspective." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.469.

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Abstract Identifying the most critical metrics of aging is an ongoing challenge due to a lack of comprehensive measurements and heterogeneity of the aging process. Using the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we developed a conceptual framework to identify metrics of aging that capture the hierarchical and temporal relationships between functional aging, phenotypic aging, and biological aging based on four hypothesized domains: energy regulation, body composition, homeostatic mechanisms, and neurodegeneration. Focusing on the energetics domain, we examined trajectories of eight phenotypes using more than 10 years of longitudinal data. The standardized Cronbach’s alpha for these variables was 0.80, providing construct validity of our concept. We further implemented item response theory to integrate these phenotypes into a summarized energy score. Linear mixed models were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the summarized energy score and physical functioning as measured by gait speed and time to walk 400m as quickly as possible (number of participants ~ 811, number of observations ~ 1700). After adjusting for age, sex, weight, and height, a higher summarized energy score was independently associated with faster baseline gait speed (0.13 m/s, p<0.001 ) and faster 400m time (-35.3 seconds, p<0.001), and longitudinally associated with slower gait speed decline (0.08 m/s/decade, p<0.001) and slower 400m time increase (-37.8 secs/decade, p<0.001). This work demonstrates the utility of our energetics domain-based summarized score. Moving forward, it will be important to clarify relationships between this summarized score and other functional metrics and assess its generalizability to the other cohorts.

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Song, Xin, MingLei Zhang, WenMIn Liu, and ShengBao Wang. "Threshold-based hybrid relay selection and power allocation scheme." Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science 8 (November 7, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22385/jctecs.v8i0.126.

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Abstract—To minimize total transmit power in a system while guaranteeing the outage probability at the same time in a cooperative system, we propose and analyse two threshold-based hybrid relay selection and power allocation schemes for a three-node cooperative relaying system. They are designated as: the hybrid amplify-direct-forward relaying (HADF) and incremental hybrid decode-direct-forward relaying (IHDDF) schemes. In the HADF scheme, a specific outage probability threshold is derived to determine that the system chooses to optimize power allocation of its source and relay in amplify-and-forward (AF) mode or optimize the power of its source in direct-transmit (DT) mode without a relay. In IHDDF, according to the outage probability threshold, the system chooses to optimize its power in turn with incremental decode-and-forward opportunistic relaying (IDFO) mode or DT mode. Closed-form expressions of the total transmit power of the proposed HADF and IHDDF schemes are derived. The proposed schemes have low computational complexity and system cost. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the HADF scheme outperforms the AF and DT schemes, and the total transmission power of the IHDDF scheme is reduced significantly compared with the IDFO and DT schemes. Compared with the HADF scheme, the IHDDF scheme has a better total transmit power in special channel condition.Keywords—power allocation, three-node cooperative relaying system, amplify-and-forward, incremental decode-and-forward opportunistic relaying.

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Salim, Doaa, Monjed H. Samuh, and Anas M. Salhab. "RIS source decode-and-forward relaying network with interference." Physical Communication 47 (August 2021): 101333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101333.

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Zhang, Yong, You-yun Xu, and Yue-ming Cai. "Non-orthogonal Decode-and-forward Cooperation with Selection Relays." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 30, no. 9 (April 1, 2011): 2198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2007.00128.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional Decode and Forward'

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