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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional Continuous Flow Reactors'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Durán Peralta, Héctor Armando, and Luis Fernando Córdoba C. "Stability analysis of a PFTR reactor for a first order kinetic reaction using the Lyapunov functionals." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n1.14790.

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The stability of reactors having encompassing concentration and temperature parameters, such as continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CSTR), has been widely explored in the literature; however, there are few papers about the stability of tubular reactor having distributed spatial concentration and temperature parameters such as the plow flow tubular reactor (PFTR). This paper analyses the stability of isothermal and non-isothermal PFTR reactors using the Lyapunov functional method. The first order kinetic reaction was selected because one of this paper’s objectives was to apply Lyapunov functionals to stability analysis of distributed parameter reactors (technique used in electrical engineering systems’ stability analysis). The stability analysis revealed asymptotically stable temperature and concentration profiles for isothermal PFTR, non-isothermal PFTR with kinetic constant independent of temperature and adiabatic non-isothermal PFTR. Analysis revealed an asymptotically stability region for the heat exchange reactor and an uncertain region where it may have oscillations.

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2

Wang, Dumei, Dongtang Zhang, Yanan Wang, Guangsheng Guo, Xiayan Wang, and Yugang Sun. "Spontaneous Phase Segregation Enabling Clogging Aversion in Continuous Flow Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanocrystals Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234315.

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Eliminating clogging in capillary tube reactors is critical but challenging for enabling continuous-flow microfluidic synthesis of nanoparticles. Creating immiscible segments in a microfluidic flow is a promising approach to maintaining a continuous flow in the microfluidic channel because the segments with low surface energy do not adsorb onto the internal wall of the microchannel. Herein we report the spontaneous self-agglomeration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets in polyol flow, which arises because the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by hot polyol changes the nanosheets from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The agglomerated rGO nanosheets form immiscible solid segments in the polyol flow, realizing the liquid–solid segmented flow to enable clogging aversion in continuous-flow microfluidic synthesis. Simultaneous reduction of precursor species in hot polyol deposits nanocrystals uniformly dispersed on the rGO nanosheets even without surfactant. Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanocubes of varying edge lengths and ultrafine metal nanoparticles of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) dispersed on rGO nanosheets have been continuously synthesized using the liquid–solid segmented flow microfluidic method, shedding light on the promise of microfluidic reactors in synthesizing functional nanomaterials.

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3

Sachse, Alexander, Anne Galarneau, François Fajula, Francesco Di Renzo, Patrice Creux, and Bernard Coq. "Functional silica monoliths with hierarchical uniform porosity as continuous flow catalytic reactors." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 140, no. 1-3 (April 2011): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.10.044.

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4

Yoshida, Jun-ichi, Heejin Kim, Hyune-Jea Lee, Daiki Torii, and Yongju Jeon. "Integrated Synthesis Using Isothiocyanate-Substituted Aryllithiums by Flow Chemistry." Synlett 31, no. 19 (August 21, 2020): 1899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707251.

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The isothiocyanate (NCS) group is an attractive functional group in the field of organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. It can be transformed into other heteroatomic functional groups. It usually acts as the inductive group of biological activity and has also been traditionally used as the fluorescent-labeling reagent. However, it is not compatible with strong bases. When the NCS group is at para position in halobenzenes, it generally undergoes nucleophilic additions upon reaction with strong bases. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no general methodology for the formation and reactions of NCS-functionalized aryllithiums for meta and para substituents. Herein, we report the continuous-flow generation of NCS-substituted aryllithiums from the corresponding haloarenes via a selective halogen–lithium exchange reaction and its reaction with various electrophiles to yield NCS-containing products. We also achieved an integrated synthesis through sequential reactions of the NCS-containing compounds with additional nucleophiles using the continuous-flow reactors.

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5

Kumar, Anil. "Polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde in homogeneous continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors using functional group approach: Part A: Conversion of functional groups." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34, no. 4 (September 1987): 1367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340404.

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6

Gonidec, Mathieu, and Josep Puigmartí-Luis. "Continuous- versus Segmented-Flow Microfluidic Synthesis in Materials Science." Crystals 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9010012.

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Materials science is a fast-evolving area that aims to uncover functional materials with ever more sophisticated properties and functions. For this to happen, new methodologies for materials synthesis, optimization, and preparation are desired. In this context, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a key enabling tool for a low-cost and fast prototyping of materials. Their ability to screen multiple reaction conditions rapidly with a small amount of reagent, together with their unique physico-chemical characteristics, have made microfluidic devices a cornerstone technology in this research field. Among the different microfluidic approaches to materials synthesis, the main contenders can be classified in two categories: continuous-flow and segmented-flow microfluidic devices. These two families of devices present very distinct characteristics, but they are often pooled together in general discussions about the field with seemingly little awareness of the major divide between them. In this perspective, we outline the parallel evolution of those two sub-fields by highlighting the key differences between both approaches, via a discussion of their main achievements. We show how continuous-flow microfluidic approaches, mimicking nature, provide very finely-tuned chemical gradients that yield highly-controlled reaction–diffusion (RD) areas, while segmented-flow microfluidic systems provide, on the contrary, very fast homogenization methods, and therefore well-defined super-saturation regimes inside arrays of micro-droplets that can be manipulated and controlled at the milliseconds scale. Those two classes of microfluidic reactors thus provide unique and complementary advantages over classical batch synthesis, with a drive towards the rational synthesis of out-of-equilibrium states for the former, and the preparation of high-quality and complex nanoparticles with narrow size distributions for the latter.

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7

Seyler, Helga, Stefan Haid, Tae-Hyuk Kwon, David J. Jones, Peter Bäuerle, Andrew B. Holmes, and Wallace W. H. Wong. "Continuous Flow Synthesis of Organic Electronic Materials – Case Studies in Methodology Translation and Scale-up." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12406.

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The continuous flow synthesis of functional thiophene derivatives was examined. Methodology for the lithiation of thiophene building blocks was developed using a commercial bench-top flow reactor. In addition, the advantages of flow processing were demonstrated in the synthesis of a high performance organic dye in gram scale.

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8

Kumar, Anil. "Polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde in homogeneous continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors using functional group approach: Part B: Molecular weight distribution." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34, no. 4 (September 1987): 1383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340405.

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9

Simon, Kevin, Peter Sagmeister, Rachel Munday, Kevin Leslie, Christopher A. Hone, and C. Oliver Kappe. "Automated flow and real-time analytics approach for screening functional group tolerance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions." Catalysis Science & Technology 12, no. 6 (2022): 1799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cy00059h.

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An automated continuous flow and real-time analytics platform facilitates the generation of quantitative data to understand the sensitivity of the reaction performance in the presence of different functional groups and heterocycles.

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10

Hiebler, Katharina, Georg J. Lichtenegger, Manuel C. Maier, Eun Sung Park, Renie Gonzales-Groom, Bernard P. Binks, and Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler. "Heterogeneous Pd catalysts as emulsifiers in Pickering emulsions for integrated multistep synthesis in flow chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (March 19, 2018): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.52.

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Within the “compartmentalised smart factory” approach of the ONE-FLOW project the implementation of different catalysts in “compartments” provided by Pickering emulsions and their application in continuous flow is targeted. We present here the development of heterogeneous Pd catalysts that are ready to be used in combination with biocatalysts for catalytic cascade synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In particular, we focus on the application of the catalytic systems for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, which is the key step in the synthesis of the targeted APIs valsartan and sacubitril. An immobilised enzyme will accomplish the final product formation via hydrolysis. In order to create a large interfacial area for the catalytic reactions and to keep the reagents separated until required, the catalyst particles are used to stabilise Pickering emulsions of oil and water. A set of Ce–Sn–Pd oxides with the molecular formula Ce0.99− x Sn x Pd0.01O2−δ (x = 0–0.99) has been prepared utilising a simple single-step solution combustion method. The high applicability of the catalysts for different functional groups and their minimal leaching behaviour is demonstrated with various Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in batch as well as in continuous flow employing the so-called “plug & play reactor”. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these particles as the sole emulsifier of oil–water emulsions for a range of oils.

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11

Zhang, Sai, Huan Zhang, Ting Ni, and Xuetao Shen. "Highly Efficient Au Nanocatalysts for Heterogeneous Continuous-Flow Reactions Using Hollow CeO2 Microspheres as a Functional Skeleton." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 10 (February 26, 2018): 3575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04637.

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12

Михайлов, Степан Петрович, Валентин Юрьевич Долуда, Михаил Геннадьевич Сульман, and Валентина Геннадьевна Матвеева. "CURRENT STATES OF REGENERATIVE AMINATION." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 1(47) (April 5, 2022): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2022.1.2.

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Процесс восстановительного аминирования лежит в основе полученная различных ценных химических веществ. Одним из важных классов таких химикатов являются N-содержащие функциональные соединения, которые можно применять в качестве исходного материала или растворителя для синтеза фармацевтических препаратов и агрохимикатов. В последние годы было проведено множество исследований по поиску наиболее активного и селективного гетерогенного катализатора реакции восстановительного аминирования. Настоящая обзорная статья посвящена изучению каталитического поведения различных гетерогенных катализаторов при восстановительном аминировании левулиновой кислоты и ее производного. Было проведено сравнение выходов пирролидона при аналогичных условиях реакции. В обзоре также рассматривалось проведение исследуемой реакции как в реакторах периодического действия, так и в проточных реакторах непрерывного действия. The process of reductive amination underlies the production of various valuable chemicals. One important class of such chemicals are N-containing functional compounds that can be used as a starting material or solvent for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In recent years, many studies have been carried out to find the most active and selective heterogeneous catalyst for the reductive amination reaction. This review article is devoted to the study of the catalytic behavior of various heterogeneous catalysts in the reductive amination of levulinic acid and its derivative. The yields of pyrrolidone were compared under similar reaction conditions. The review also considered the performance of the reaction under study both in batch reactors and in continuous flow reactors.

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13

Pucci, Alessandra, Gianluigi Albano, Matteo Pollastrini, Antonio Lucci, Marialuigia Colalillo, Fabrizio Oliva, Claudio Evangelisti, Marcello Marelli, Delio Santalucia, and Alessandro Mandoli. "Supported Tris-Triazole Ligands for Batch and Continuous-Flow Copper-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions." Catalysts 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10040434.

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The lack of supported versions of the tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA) ligand, suitable for flow-chemistry applications at scale, prompted us to develop a new route for the immobilization of such tris-triazole chelating units on highly cross-linked polystyrene resins. With this aim, the preparation of the known TBTA-type monomer 3 was optimized to develop a high-yield synthetic sequence, devoid of chromatographic purifications at any stage. Then, bead-type (P7) and monolithic (M7) functional resins were obtained by the easy and scalable suspension- or mold-copolymerization of 3 with divinylbenzene. Both types of materials were found to possess a highly porous morphology and specific surface area in the dry state and could be charged with substantial amounts of Cu(I) or Cu(II) salts. After treatment of the latter with a proper reducing agent, the corresponding supported Cu(I) complexes were tested in the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The immobilized catalysts proved active at room temperature and, in batch and with catalyst loadings as low as 0.6 mol%, afforded quantitative conversions within 20 h. Independent of the alkyne structure, extended use of the supported catalyst in flow was also possible. In the reaction of benzylazide and propargyl alcohol, this allowed a total turnover number larger than 400 to be reached.

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14

Sivachenko, Ivan Borisovich, Dmitrii Stanislavovich Medvedev, and Anna Nikolaevna Pavlova. "THE ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL STRESS UNDER COGNITIVE LOAD IN MALES WITH A DIFFERENT LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY." Психология. Психофизиология 13, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/jpps200112.

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Background. In view of the continuous increase in the importance of information technologies in all spheres of society, the problem of the effect of significant cognitive loads that accompany information stress becomes extremely urgent. The article presents an analysis of studies (2018–2019) on resistance to cognitive loads in males with different levels of physical activity. Aim. The article aims to evaluate the dynamics of psychophysiological reactions to cognitive load in males with different levels of physical activity. Materials and methods. Regulatory mechanisms were assessed using the index of functional changes. The simulated load consisted in the Gorbov–Schulte table to be made in the conditions of time deficit, increased motivation and interference. Continuous recording of vascular tone, vascular blood flow, heart rate, electrical skin activity was performed. It is established that a different level of physical activity is specifically associated with the adaptation of a person to a significant cognitive load. Results. The dynamics of skin electrical activity, heart rate, vascular tone and vascular blood flow in people with moderate physical activity reflects optimal reactions to load. Conclusion. Persons systematically involved in physical activity in these conditions have a higher adaptive capacity of the vascular part in comparison with professional athletes and people not engaged in physical activity.

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15

Sheng, Lin, Zhongfeng Xu, Yi Tan, and Bo Ma. "Mass estimation method of loose parts based on function model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2184, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2184/1/012005.

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Abstract The nuclear main pump has a complex structure and contains a large number of components. With the continuous flow of the primary circuit coolant, there is a risk of loosening and falling off of the components in the reactor. The existence of loose parts in the reactor makes the reactor operation a safety hazard. Accurate mass estimation of the loose parts is conductive to quickly judge the degree of the failure of loose parts, provide effective suggestions for the subsequent maintenance of the reactor and ensure the safety of reactor operation. The existing mass estimation methods have problems of large errors and poor consistency. This article proposes a method for estimating the mass of loose parts by establishing a functional relationship model based on signal characteristic value. The characteristic value of the signal is constructed by extracting the Root Mean Square value and the main frequency of the shock signal, and then the functional relationship between the quality of the loose part and the characteristic value of the signal is established, which is used to estimate the mass of the loose part. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper has the characteristics of small estimation error and good consistency, which can meet the needs of practical engineering applications.

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16

Watts, Paul, and Charlotte Wiles. "Micro reactors, flow reactors and continuous flow synthesis." Journal of Chemical Research 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751912x13311365798808.

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17

Rasvan, Vladimir. "Conservation Laws -- a Source for Distortionless Propagation and Time Delays." SYSTEM THEORY, CONTROL AND COMPUTING JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/stccj.2021.1.2.12.

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Since the very first paper of J. Bernoulli in 1728, a connection exists between initial boundary value problems for hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations (PDE) in the plane (with a single space coordinate accounting for wave propagation) and some associated Functional Equations (FE). From the point of view of dynamics and control (to be specific, of dynamics for control) both type of equations generate dynamical and controlled dynamical systems. The functional equations may be difference equations (in continuous time), delay-differential (mostly of neutral type) or even integral/integro-differential. It is possible to discuss dynamics and control either for PDE or FE since both may be viewed as self contained mathematical objects. A more recent topic is control of systems displaying conservation laws. Conservation laws are described by nonlinear hyperbolic PDE belonging to the class ``lossless'' (conservative); their dynamics and control theory is well served by the associated energy integral. It is however not without interest to discuss association of some FE. Lossless implies usually distortionless propagation hence one would expect here also lumped time delays. The paper contains some illustrating applications from various fields: nuclear reactors with circulating fuel, canal flows control, overhead crane, drilling devices, without forgetting the standard classical example of the nonhomogeneous transmission lines for distortionless and lossless propagation. Specific features of the control models are discussed in connection with the control approach wherever it applies.

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18

Watts, Paul, and Chralotte Wiles. "ChemInform Abstract: Micro Reactors, Flow Reactors and Continuous Flow Synthesis." ChemInform 43, no. 33 (July 19, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201233234.

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19

Wiles, Charlotte, and Paul Watts. "Continuous flow reactors: a perspective." Green Chem. 14, no. 1 (2012): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1gc16022b.

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20

Tang, Shi, Ting Liu, Jian Liu, Jin He, Yu Hong, Han Zhou, and Yin-Ling Liu. "Recent Advances in Photoinduced Perfluoroalkylation Using Perfluoroalkyl Halides as the Radical Precursors." Synthesis 54, no. 08 (February 21, 2022): 1919–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719900.

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AbstractPerfluoroalkylation is one of the most important methods for the introduction of multiple fluorine atoms into organic molecules in a single step. The use of photoinduced technology is a common strategy that uses the outstanding oxidation or reduction ability of a photoredox catalyst in its excited state to generate perfluoroalkyl radicals from perfluoroalkyl halides. The perfluoroalkyl radicals thus obtained can undergo various subsequent reactions under mild conditions, such as ATRA reaction of alkenes, alkynes, and 1,n-enynes; carbo/heteroperfluoroalkylation of alkenes and isocyanides; and C–H/F perfluoroalkylation. This allows the expedient incorporation of various perfluoroalkyl groups into the molecular motifs. Perfluorinated functional groups are still in demand in pharmaceutical and material sciences; this short review discusses recent advances in photoinduced perfluoroalkylation methodologies and technologies.1 Introduction2 Photocatalytic Perfluoroalkylation of Alkenes, Alkynes, and 1,n- Enynes3 Photocatalytic Carboperfluoroalkylation or Heteroperfluoroalkylation of Alkenes, Alkynes, Isocyanides, and Hydrazones4 Photocatalytic ATRE Reactions of Alkenes with Perfluoroalkyl Halides5 Photocatalytic C–X (X = H, F) Bond Perfluoroalkylation6 Continuous Flow Strategies in Photocatalytic Perfluoroalkylation7 Conclusions

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21

Galyaltdinov, Shamil, Anna Svalova, Vasiliy Brusko, Maria Kirsanova, and Ayrat M. Dimiev. "Nickel on Oxidatively Modified Carbon as a Promising Cost-Efficient Catalyst for Reduction of P-Nitrophenol." Molecules 27, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 5637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175637.

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The reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol has become a benchmark reaction for testing the efficiency of new catalytic systems. In this study, we use oxidatively modified carbon (OMC) as a structural support to develop a new cost-efficient nickel-based catalytic system. The newly developed material comprises single nickel ions, chemically bound to the oxygen functional groups on the OMC surface. The highly oxidized character of OMC ensures the high lateral density of nickel ions on its surface at relatively low nickel content. We demonstrate excellent catalytic properties of the new material by using it as a stationary phase in a prototype of a continuous flow reactor: the reagent fed into the reactor is p-nitrophenol, and the product, exiting the reactor, is the fully converted p-aminophenol. The catalytic properties of the new catalyst are associated with its specific morphology, and with high lateral density of active sites on the surface. The reaction can be considered as an example of single-atom catalysis. The resulting material can be used as an inexpensive but efficient catalyst for industrial wastewater treatment. The study opens the doors for the synthesis of a new series of catalytic systems comprising transition metal atoms on the OMC structural support.

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22

Davtyan, S. P., and A. O. Tonoyan. "Frontal Polymerization in Continuous-Flow Reactors." Review Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (October 2019): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079978019040010.

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23

Zaquen, Neomy, Maarten Rubens, Nathaniel Corrigan, Jiangtao Xu, Per B. Zetterlund, Cyrille Boyer, and Tanja Junkers. "Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors." Progress in Polymer Science 107 (August 2020): 101256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256.

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24

Mohamed, Dara Khairunnisa Binte, Xingjian Yu, Jiesheng Li, and Jie Wu. "Reaction screening in continuous flow reactors." Tetrahedron Letters 57, no. 36 (September 2016): 3965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.072.

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25

Mclaughlin, H. S., and E. B. Nauman. "On gelation continuous flow polycondensation reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 42, no. 3 (December 1989): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(89)80086-3.

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26

Watts, Paul, and Stephen J. Haswell. "Continuous flow reactors for drug discovery." Drug Discovery Today 8, no. 13 (July 2003): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02732-6.

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27

Erbacher, Christoph, Fiona G. Bessoth, Michael Busch, Elisabeth Verpoorte, and Andreas Manz. "Towards Integrated Continuous-Flow Chemical Reactors." Microchimica Acta 131, no. 1-2 (June 24, 1999): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006040050004.

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28

Slavnic, Danijela, Branko Bugarski, and Nikola Nikacevic. "Oscillatory flow chemical reactors." Chemical Industry 68, no. 3 (2014): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130419062s.

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Global market competition, increase in energy and other production costs, demands for high quality products and reduction of waste are forcing pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and biochemical industries, to search for radical solutions. One of the most effective ways to improve the overall production (cost reduction and better control of reactions) is a transition from batch to continuous processes. However, the reactions of interests for the mentioned industry sectors are often slow, thus continuous tubular reactors would be impractically long for flow regimes which provide sufficient heat and mass transfer and narrow residence time distribution. The oscillatory flow reactors (OFR) are newer type of tube reactors which can offer solution by providing continuous operation with approximately plug flow pattern, low shear stress rates and enhanced mass and heat transfer. These benefits are the result of very good mixing in OFR achieved by vortex generation. OFR consists of cylindrical tube containing equally spaced orifice baffles. Fluid oscillations are superimposed on a net (laminar) flow. Eddies are generated when oscillating fluid collides with baffles and passes through orifices. Generation and propagation of vortices create uniform mixing in each reactor cavity (between baffles), providing an overall flow pattern which is close to plug flow. Oscillations can be created by direct action of a piston or a diaphragm on fluid (or alternatively on baffles). This article provides an overview of oscillatory flow reactor technology, its operating principles and basic design and scale - up characteristics. Further, the article reviews the key research findings in heat and mass transfer, shear stress, residence time distribution in OFR, presenting their advantages over the conventional reactors. Finally, relevant process intensification examples from pharmaceutical, polymer and biofuels industries are presented.

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Wan, Li, Meifen Jiang, Dang Cheng, Minjie Liu, and Fener Chen. "Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 3 (2022): 490–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00520k.

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The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.

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Asgharinia, Shahla, Martin Leberecht, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Nicolas Friess, Damiano Gianelle, Thomas Nauss, Lars Opgenoorth, Jim Yates, and Riccardo Valentini. "Towards Continuous Stem Water Content and Sap Flux Density Monitoring: IoT-Based Solution for Detecting Changes in Stem Water Dynamics." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071040.

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Taking advantage of novel IoT technologies, a new multifunctional device, the “TreeTalker”, was developed to monitor real-time ecophysical and biological parameters of individual trees, as well as climatic variables related to their surrounding environment, principally, air temperature and air relative humidity. Here, IoT applied to plant ecophysiology and hydrology aims to unravel the vulnerability of trees to climatic stress via a single tree assessment at costs that enable massive deployment. We present the performance of the TreeTalker to elucidate the functional relation between the stem water content in trees and respective internal/external (stem hydraulic activity/abiotic) drivers. Continuous stem water content records are provided by an in-house-designed capacitance sensor, hosted in the reference probe of the TreeTalker sap flow measuring system, based on the transient thermal dissipation (TTD) method. In order to demonstrate the capability of the TreeTalker, a three-phase experimental process was performed including (1) sensor sensitivity analysis, (2) sensor calibration, and (3) long-term field data monitoring. A negative linear correlation was demonstrated under temperature sensitivity analysis, and for calibration, multiple linear regression was applied on harvested field samples, explaining the relationship between the sample volumetric water content and the sensor output signal. Furthermore, in a field scenario, TreeTalkers were mounted on adult Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea L. trees, from June 2020 to October 2021, in a beech-dominated forest near Marburg, Germany, where they continuously monitored sap flux density and stem volumetric water content (stem VWC). The results show that the range of stem VWC registered is highly influenced by the seasonal variability of climatic conditions. Depending on tree characteristics, edaphic and microclimatic conditions, variations in stem VWC and reactions to atmospheric events occurred. Low sapwood water storage occurs in response to drought, which illustrates the high dependency of trees on stem VWC under water stress. Consistent daily variations in stem VWC were also clearly detectable. Stem VWC constitutes a significant portion of daily transpiration (using TreeTalkers, up to 4% for the beech forest in our experimental site). The diurnal–nocturnal pattern of stem VWC and sap flow revealed an inverse relationship. Such a finding, still under investigation, may be explained by the importance of water recharge during the night, likely due to sapwood volume changes and lateral water distribution rather than by a vertical flow rate. Overall, TreeTalker demonstrated the potential of autonomous devices for monitoring sap density and relative stem VWC in the field of plant ecophysiology and hydrology.

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Zhang, Congcong, Xueling Feng, Bijia Wang, Zhiping Mao, Hong Xu, Yi Zhong, Linping Zhang, Xiaoyun Chen, and Xiaofeng Sui. "Nanocellulose sponges as efficient continuous flow reactors." Carbohydrate Polymers 224 (November 2019): 115184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115184.

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32

Chambers, Richard D., Graham Sandford, and Jelena Trmcic. "Continuous flow glassware reactors for the laboratory." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 128, no. 12 (December 2007): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.07.010.

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Buffham, B. A., and E. B. Nauman. "Extremes of conversion in continuous-flow reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 59, no. 14 (July 2004): 2831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.03.018.

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34

Wiles, Charlotte, and Paul Watts. "ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Flow Reactors: A Perspective." ChemInform 43, no. 20 (April 23, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201220230.

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35

Mi, Weixing, Jianqiang Zhao, Xiaoqian Ding, Guanghuan Ge, and Rixiang Zhao. "Treatment performance, nitrous oxide production and microbial community under low-ammonium wastewater in a CANON process." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 12 (October 5, 2017): 3468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.517.

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Abstract To investigate the characteristics of anaerobic ammonia oxidation for treating low-ammonium wastewater, a continuous-flow completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) biofilm reactor was studied. At a temperature of 32 ± 1 °C and a pH between 7.5 and 8.2, two operational experiments were performed: the first one fixed the hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 10 h and gradually reduced the influent ammonium concentrations from 210 to 50 mg L−1; the second one fixed the influent ammonium concentration at 30 mg L−1 and gradually decreased the HRT from 10 to 3 h. The results revealed that the total nitrogen removal efficiency exceeded 80%, with a corresponding total nitrogen removal rate of 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N m−3 d−1 at the final low ammonium concentration of 30 mg L−1. Small amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) up to 0.015 ± 0.004 kg m−3 d−1 at the ammonium concentration of 210 mg L−1 were produced in the CANON process and decreased with the decrease in the influent ammonium loads. High-throughput pyrosequencing analysis indicated that the dominant functional bacteria ‘Candidatus Kuenenia’ under high influent ammonium levels were gradually succeeded by Armatimonadetes_gp5 under low influent ammonium levels.

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Chen, An Bang, Xin Li, Yang Zhi Zhou, Ling Ling Huang, Zheng Fang, Hai Feng Gan, and Kai Guo. "Continuous Flow Synthesis of Coumarin." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.936.

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Flow chemistry, as a rapidly emerging technology, is exploited to provide a safe and scalable route for the pharmaceutically interesting coumarin. Here, a continuous flow approach for the generation of coumarin is reported, which relies on the two connected coil reactors design. The synthesis of coumarin has been performed successfully in high conversion on small scale and can be scaled up substantially.

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Kusada, Kohei, and Hiroshi Kitagawa. "Continuous-flow syntheses of alloy nanoparticles." Materials Horizons 9, no. 2 (2022): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01413g.

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This review summarizes the continuous-flow syntheses of alloy nanoparticles. The details of flow reactors and their chemistry to synthesize core–shell, segregated, solid-solution types of alloy NPs, and high-entropy alloy NPs are introduced.

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Winn, Michael, Eoin Casey, Olivier Habimana, and Cormac D. Murphy. "Characteristics ofStreptomyces griseusbiofilms in continuous flow tubular reactors." FEMS Microbiology Letters 352, no. 2 (January 30, 2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12378.

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39

Amara, Zacharias, Emilia S. Streng, Ryan A. Skilton, Jing Jin, Michael W. George, and Martyn Poliakoff. "Automated Serendipity with Self-Optimizing Continuous-Flow Reactors." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2015, no. 28 (August 25, 2015): 6141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201500980.

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Kalu, Egwu Eric, Ken S. Chen, and Tom Gedris. "Continuous-flow biodiesel production using slit-channel reactors." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 6 (March 2011): 4456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.097.

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Irfan, Muhammad, Toma N. Glasnov, and C. Oliver Kappe. "Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Continuous-Flow Reactors." ChemSusChem 4, no. 3 (February 17, 2011): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000354.

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42

Thomson, Christopher G., Ai-Lan Lee, and Filipe Vilela. "Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 26, 2020): 1495–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.125.

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The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.

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Dong, Zhengya, Claire Delacour, Keiran Mc Carogher, Aniket Pradip Udepurkar, and Simon Kuhn. "Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors: Design, Mechanism and Application." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020344.

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Ultrasonic small scale flow reactors have found increasing popularity among researchers as they serve as a very useful platform for studying and controlling ultrasound mechanisms and effects. This has led to the use of these reactors for not only research purposes, but also various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and chemical processes mostly on laboratory and, in some cases, pilot scale. This review summarizes the state of the art of ultrasonic flow reactors and provides a guideline towards their design, characterization and application. Particular examples for ultrasound enhanced multiphase processes, spanning from immiscible fluid–fluid to fluid–solid systems, are provided. To conclude, challenges such as reactor efficiency and scalability are addressed.

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Yadav, Maruti B., Sourabh Kulkarni, Ramesh A. Joshi, and Amol A. Kulkarni. "Continuous Flow Doebner–Miller Reaction and Isolation Using Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors." Organic Process Research & Development 20, no. 9 (August 22, 2016): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00179.

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Penders, Inès G. T. M., Zacharias Amara, Raphael Horvath, Kai Rossen, Martyn Poliakoff, and Michael W. George. "Photocatalytic hydroxylation of arylboronic acids using continuous flow reactors." RSC Advances 5, no. 9 (2015): 6501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15588b.

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Photocatalytic oxidation of mono- and di-substituted arylboronic acids to phenols has been investigated in a continuous flow LED photoreactor. In EtOH–H₂O, conversion was accelerated at 2 MPa; whereas reactions at 0.1 MPa led to 64% desymmetrisation.

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Elliott, Douglas C., Todd R. Hart, Gary G. Neuenschwander, Leslie J. Rotness, Guri Roesijadi, Alan H. Zacher, and Jon K. Magnuson. "Hydrothermal Processing of Macroalgal Feedstocks in Continuous-Flow Reactors." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc400251p.

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47

Wahab, Ben, George Ellames, Stephen Passey, and Paul Watts. "Synthesis of substituted indoles using continuous flow micro reactors." Tetrahedron 66, no. 21 (May 2010): 3861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.005.

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48

Gill, Laurence W., and Orlaith A. McLoughlin. "Solar Disinfection Kinetic Design Parameters for Continuous Flow Reactors." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 1 (November 15, 2005): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2391316.

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The main UV dose-related kinetic parameters influencing solar disinfection have been investigated for the design of a continuous flow reactor suitable for a village-scale water treatment system. The sensitivities of different pathogenic microorganisms under solar light in batch processes have been compared in order to define their relative disinfection kinetics with E. coli used as a baseline organism. Dose inactivation kinetics have been calculated for small scale disinfection systems operating under different conditions such as reflector type, flow rate, process type, photocatalytic enhancement, and temperature enhancement using E. coli K-12 as a model bacterium. Solar disinfection was shown to be successful in all experiments with a slight improvement in the disinfection kinetic found when a fixed TiO2 photocatalyst was placed in the reactor. There was also evidence that the photocatalytic mechanism prevented regrowth in the post-irradiation environment. A definite synergistic solar UV∕temperature effect was noticed at a temperature of 45°C. The disinfection kinetics for E. coli in continuous flow reactors have been investigated with respect to various reflector shapes and flow regimes by carrying out a series of experiments under natural sunlight. Finally, photocatalytic and temperature enhancements to the continuous flow process have been evaluated.

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McGlone, Thomas, Naomi E. B. Briggs, Catriona A. Clark, Cameron J. Brown, Jan Sefcik, and Alastair J. Florence. "Oscillatory Flow Reactors (OFRs) for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization." Organic Process Research & Development 19, no. 9 (August 26, 2015): 1186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00225.

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Rossi, Emiliano, Pierre Woehl, and Michele Maggini. "Scalable in Situ Diazomethane Generation in Continuous-Flow Reactors." Organic Process Research & Development 16, no. 5 (December 28, 2011): 1146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op200110a.

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