Relevant bibliographies by topics / Functional Continuous Flow Reactors

Academic literature on the topic 'Functional Continuous Flow Reactors'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Functional Continuous Flow Reactors"

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Durán Peralta, Héctor Armando, and Luis Fernando Córdoba C. "Stability analysis of a PFTR reactor for a first order kinetic reaction using the Lyapunov functionals." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n1.14790.

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The stability of reactors having encompassing concentration and temperature parameters, such as continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CSTR), has been widely explored in the literature; however, there are few papers about the stability of tubular reactor having distributed spatial concentration and temperature parameters such as the plow flow tubular reactor (PFTR). This paper analyses the stability of isothermal and non-isothermal PFTR reactors using the Lyapunov functional method. The first order kinetic reaction was selected because one of this paper’s objectives was to apply Lyapunov functionals to stability analysis of distributed parameter reactors (technique used in electrical engineering systems’ stability analysis). The stability analysis revealed asymptotically stable temperature and concentration profiles for isothermal PFTR, non-isothermal PFTR with kinetic constant independent of temperature and adiabatic non-isothermal PFTR. Analysis revealed an asymptotically stability region for the heat exchange reactor and an uncertain region where it may have oscillations.
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Wang, Dumei, Dongtang Zhang, Yanan Wang, Guangsheng Guo, Xiayan Wang, and Yugang Sun. "Spontaneous Phase Segregation Enabling Clogging Aversion in Continuous Flow Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanocrystals Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234315.

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Eliminating clogging in capillary tube reactors is critical but challenging for enabling continuous-flow microfluidic synthesis of nanoparticles. Creating immiscible segments in a microfluidic flow is a promising approach to maintaining a continuous flow in the microfluidic channel because the segments with low surface energy do not adsorb onto the internal wall of the microchannel. Herein we report the spontaneous self-agglomeration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets in polyol flow, which arises because the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by hot polyol changes the nanosheets from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The agglomerated rGO nanosheets form immiscible solid segments in the polyol flow, realizing the liquid–solid segmented flow to enable clogging aversion in continuous-flow microfluidic synthesis. Simultaneous reduction of precursor species in hot polyol deposits nanocrystals uniformly dispersed on the rGO nanosheets even without surfactant. Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanocubes of varying edge lengths and ultrafine metal nanoparticles of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) dispersed on rGO nanosheets have been continuously synthesized using the liquid–solid segmented flow microfluidic method, shedding light on the promise of microfluidic reactors in synthesizing functional nanomaterials.
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Sachse, Alexander, Anne Galarneau, François Fajula, Francesco Di Renzo, Patrice Creux, and Bernard Coq. "Functional silica monoliths with hierarchical uniform porosity as continuous flow catalytic reactors." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 140, no. 1-3 (April 2011): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.10.044.

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Yoshida, Jun-ichi, Heejin Kim, Hyune-Jea Lee, Daiki Torii, and Yongju Jeon. "Integrated Synthesis Using Isothiocyanate-Substituted Aryllithiums by Flow Chemistry." Synlett 31, no. 19 (August 21, 2020): 1899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707251.

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The isothiocyanate (NCS) group is an attractive functional group in the field of organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. It can be transformed into other heteroatomic functional groups. It usually acts as the inductive group of biological activity and has also been traditionally used as the fluorescent-labeling reagent. However, it is not compatible with strong bases. When the NCS group is at para position in halobenzenes, it generally undergoes nucleophilic additions upon reaction with strong bases. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no general methodology for the formation and reactions of NCS-functionalized aryllithiums for meta and para substituents. Herein, we report the continuous-flow generation of NCS-substituted aryllithiums from the corresponding haloarenes via a selective halogen–lithium exchange reaction and its reaction with various electrophiles to yield NCS-containing products. We also achieved an integrated synthesis through sequential reactions of the NCS-containing compounds with additional nucleophiles using the continuous-flow reactors.
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Kumar, Anil. "Polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde in homogeneous continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors using functional group approach: Part A: Conversion of functional groups." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34, no. 4 (September 1987): 1367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340404.

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Gonidec, Mathieu, and Josep Puigmartí-Luis. "Continuous- versus Segmented-Flow Microfluidic Synthesis in Materials Science." Crystals 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9010012.

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Materials science is a fast-evolving area that aims to uncover functional materials with ever more sophisticated properties and functions. For this to happen, new methodologies for materials synthesis, optimization, and preparation are desired. In this context, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a key enabling tool for a low-cost and fast prototyping of materials. Their ability to screen multiple reaction conditions rapidly with a small amount of reagent, together with their unique physico-chemical characteristics, have made microfluidic devices a cornerstone technology in this research field. Among the different microfluidic approaches to materials synthesis, the main contenders can be classified in two categories: continuous-flow and segmented-flow microfluidic devices. These two families of devices present very distinct characteristics, but they are often pooled together in general discussions about the field with seemingly little awareness of the major divide between them. In this perspective, we outline the parallel evolution of those two sub-fields by highlighting the key differences between both approaches, via a discussion of their main achievements. We show how continuous-flow microfluidic approaches, mimicking nature, provide very finely-tuned chemical gradients that yield highly-controlled reaction–diffusion (RD) areas, while segmented-flow microfluidic systems provide, on the contrary, very fast homogenization methods, and therefore well-defined super-saturation regimes inside arrays of micro-droplets that can be manipulated and controlled at the milliseconds scale. Those two classes of microfluidic reactors thus provide unique and complementary advantages over classical batch synthesis, with a drive towards the rational synthesis of out-of-equilibrium states for the former, and the preparation of high-quality and complex nanoparticles with narrow size distributions for the latter.
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Seyler, Helga, Stefan Haid, Tae-Hyuk Kwon, David J. Jones, Peter Bäuerle, Andrew B. Holmes, and Wallace W. H. Wong. "Continuous Flow Synthesis of Organic Electronic Materials – Case Studies in Methodology Translation and Scale-up." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12406.

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The continuous flow synthesis of functional thiophene derivatives was examined. Methodology for the lithiation of thiophene building blocks was developed using a commercial bench-top flow reactor. In addition, the advantages of flow processing were demonstrated in the synthesis of a high performance organic dye in gram scale.
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Kumar, Anil. "Polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde in homogeneous continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors using functional group approach: Part B: Molecular weight distribution." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34, no. 4 (September 1987): 1383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340405.

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Simon, Kevin, Peter Sagmeister, Rachel Munday, Kevin Leslie, Christopher A. Hone, and C. Oliver Kappe. "Automated flow and real-time analytics approach for screening functional group tolerance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions." Catalysis Science & Technology 12, no. 6 (2022): 1799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cy00059h.

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An automated continuous flow and real-time analytics platform facilitates the generation of quantitative data to understand the sensitivity of the reaction performance in the presence of different functional groups and heterocycles.
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Hiebler, Katharina, Georg J. Lichtenegger, Manuel C. Maier, Eun Sung Park, Renie Gonzales-Groom, Bernard P. Binks, and Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler. "Heterogeneous Pd catalysts as emulsifiers in Pickering emulsions for integrated multistep synthesis in flow chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (March 19, 2018): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.52.

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Within the “compartmentalised smart factory” approach of the ONE-FLOW project the implementation of different catalysts in “compartments” provided by Pickering emulsions and their application in continuous flow is targeted. We present here the development of heterogeneous Pd catalysts that are ready to be used in combination with biocatalysts for catalytic cascade synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In particular, we focus on the application of the catalytic systems for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, which is the key step in the synthesis of the targeted APIs valsartan and sacubitril. An immobilised enzyme will accomplish the final product formation via hydrolysis. In order to create a large interfacial area for the catalytic reactions and to keep the reagents separated until required, the catalyst particles are used to stabilise Pickering emulsions of oil and water. A set of Ce–Sn–Pd oxides with the molecular formula Ce0.99− x Sn x Pd0.01O2−δ (x = 0–0.99) has been prepared utilising a simple single-step solution combustion method. The high applicability of the catalysts for different functional groups and their minimal leaching behaviour is demonstrated with various Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in batch as well as in continuous flow employing the so-called “plug & play reactor”. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these particles as the sole emulsifier of oil–water emulsions for a range of oils.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional Continuous Flow Reactors"

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Lange, David M. "Emulsion copolymerization with functional monomers in continuous reactors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11867.

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Baker, Alastair. "Flow reactors for the continuous synthesis of garlic metabolites." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86704/.

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Garlic secondary metabolites are organosulfur compounds that possess prophylactic properties. The chemical composition of garlic oil extracts consists of a combination of these compounds. The instability of a major component, allicin 5, limits the commercial viability of garlic oil extracts. The synthesis of garlics organosulfur compounds has been performed in batch reactors. In this thesis, flow reactors were utilised to improve the throughput, reduce the operating conditions. The thermolysis of allicin 5 is the solitary approach to produce the garlic metabolite, ajoene 14. Ajoene 14 has greater stability compared to allicin 5 that possesses interesting biological activity. The primary three-step synthesis investigated consisted of dialkyl polysulfide synthesis, subsequent oxidation and finally the terminal thermolysis. In addition, other garlic metabolites have also been produced. The synthesis of unsymmetrical monosulfides and their subsequent oxidation was investigated using novel heterogeneous packed-bed flow reactors. The stable amino acid, alliin 15, is the precursor of allicin 5. Alliin 15 was also synthesised in homogeneous flow mode. The telescoped synthesis of alliin 15 was successfully completed using a semi-batch reactor. Development of novel approaches to synthesise garlics organosulfur compounds is reported in this thesis. Finally, the flow reactor systems, experimental details and characterisation of the compounds are described.
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Skillinghaug, Bobo. "Palladium(II)-Catalysed Heck and Addition Reactions : Exploring Decarboxylative and Desulfitative Processes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för organisk farmaceutisk kemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-304746.

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Palladium complexes have the ability to catalyse cross-coupling of two organic moieties through the formation of transient metal-carbon bonds, thus bringing them closer to each other to facilitate the formation of a new bond. Palladium-catalysed coupling reactions are one of the most important carbon-carbon forming reactions available to organic chemists and many of these reactions rely on the reactivity of aryl-palladium complexes. The investigation of new aryl-palladium precursors is thus of great interest, especially as more sustainable and economic methods can be developed. This thesis describes the use of carboxylic acids and sodium arylsulfinates as such new arylating agents. Protocols for microwave-assisted palladium(II)-catalysed decarboxylative synthesis of electron-rich styrenes and 1,1-diarylethenes were developed. However, these transformations had very limited substrate scopes which prompted the investigation of sodium arylsulfinates as alternative arylating agents. These substrates were employed in the microwave-assisted palladium(II)-catalysed desulfitative addition to nitriles, and the substrate scope was demonstrated by combining a wide array of sodium arylsulfinates and nitriles to yield the corresponding aryl ketones. The application of the desulfitative reaction in a continuous flow setup was demonstrated, and aluminium oxide was identified as safe alternative to borosilicate glass as a reactor material. The mechanisms of the decarboxylative and desulfitative transformations were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The desulfitative reaction was also investigated by direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), providing further mechanistic insight. Finally, a protocol for the safe and convenient synthesis of a wide range of sodium arylsulfinates was developed.
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Koc, Yasemin. "Optimization of continuous flow polymerase chain reaction with microfluidic reactors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8184.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an enzyme catalyzed technique, used to amplify the number of copies of a specific region of DNA. This technique can be used to identify, with high-probability, disease-causing viruses and/or bacteria, the identity of a deceased person, or a criminal suspect. Even though PCR has had a tremendous impact in clinical diagnostics, medical sciences and forensics, the technique presents several drawbacks. For example, the costs associated with each reaction are high and the reaction is prone to contamination due to its inherent efficiency and high sensitivity. By employing microfluidic systems to perform PCR these advantages can be circumvented. This thesis addresses implementation issues that adversely affect PCR in microdevices and aims to improve the efficiency of the reaction by introducing novel materials and methods to existing protocols. Molecule-surface-interactions and temperature control/determination are the main focus within this work. Microchannels and microreactors are characterized by extremely high surface-to-volume ratios. This dictates that surfaces play a dominant role in defining the efficiency of PCR (and other synthetic processes) through increased molecule-surface interactions. In a multicomponent reaction system where the concentration of several components needs to be maintained the situation is particularly complicated. For example, inhibition of PCR is commonly observed due to polymerase adsorption on channel walls. Within this work a number of different surface treatments have been investigated with a view to minimizing adsorption effects on microfluidic channels. In addition, novel studies introducing the use of superhydrophobic coatings on microfluidic channels are presented. Specifically superhydrophobic surfaces exhibiting contact angles in excess of 1500 have been created by growing copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoneedles and silica-sol gel micropores on microfluidic channels. Such surfaces utilize additional surface roughness to promote hydrophobicity. Aqueous solutions in contact with superhydrophobic surfaces are suspended by bridging-type wetting, and therefore the fraction of the surface in contact with the aqueous layer is significantly lower than for a flat surface. An additional difficulty associated with PCR on microscale is the detennination and control of temperature. When perfonning PCR, the ability to accurately control system temperatures is especially important since both primer annealing to single-stranded DNA and the catalytic extension of this primer to form the complementary strand will only proceed in an efficient manner within relatively narrow temperature ranges. It is therefore imperative to be able to accurately monitor the temperature distributions in such microfluidic channels. In this thesis, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is used as a novel method to directly quantify temperature within microchannel environments. The approach, which includes the use of multiphoton excitation to achieve optical sectioning, allows for high spatial and temporal resolution, operates over a wide temperature range and can be used to rapidly quantify local temperatures with high precision.
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Yucel, Cakal Gaye O. "Dynamic Behavior Of Continuous Flow Stirred Slurry Reactors In Boric Acid Production." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605047/index.pdf.

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One of the most important boron minerals, colemanite is reacted with sulfuric acid to produce boric acid. During this reaction, gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) is formed as a byproduct. In this study, the boric acid production was handled both in a batch and four continuously stirred slurry reactors (4-CFSSR&rsquo
s) in series system. In this reaction system there are at least three phases, one liquid and two solid phases (colemanite and gypsum). In a batch reactor all the phases have the same operating time (residence time), whereas in a continuous reactor all the phases may have different residence time distributions. The residence time of both the reactant and the product solids are very important because they affect the dissolution conversion of colemanite and the growth of gypsum crystals. The main aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic behavior of continuous flow stirred slurry reactors. By obtaining the residence time distribution of the solid and liquid components, the non-idealities in the reactors can be found. The experiments performed in the continuous flow stirred slurry reactors showed that the reactors to be used during the boric acid production experiments approached an ideal CSTR in the range of the stirring rate (500-750 rpm) studied. The steady state performance of the continuous flow stirred slurry reactors (CFSSR&rsquo
s) in series was also studied. During the studies, two colemanites having the same origin but different compositions and particle sizes were used. The boric acid production reaction consists of two simultaneous reactions, dissolution of colemanite and crystallization of gypsum. The dissolution of colemanite and the gypsum formation was followed from the boric acid and calcium ion concentrations, respectively. The effect of initial CaO/ SO42- molar ratio (1.00, 1.37 and 2.17) on the boric acid and calcium ion concentrations were searched. Also, at these initial molar ratios the colemanite feed rate was varied (5, 7.5, 10 and 15 g/min) to change the residence time of the slurry. Purity of the boric acid solution was examined in terms of the selected impurities, which were the magnesium and sulfate ion concentrations. The concentrations of them were compared at the initial molar ratios of 1.00 and 1.37 with varying colemanite feed rates. It was seen that at high initial CaO/ SO42- molar ratios the sulfate and magnesium ion concentrations decreased but the calcium ion concentration increased. The gypsum crystals formed in the reaction are in the shape of thin needles. These crystals, mixed with the insolubles coming from the mineral, are removed from the boric acid slurry by filtration. Filtration of gypsum crystals has an important role in boric acid production reaction because it affects the efficiency, purity and crystallization of boric acid. These crystals must grow to an appropriate size in the reactor. The growth process of gypsum crystals should be synchronized with the dissolution reaction. The effect of solid hold-up (0.04&ndash
0.09), defined as the volume of solid to the total volume, on the residence time of gypsum crystals was investigated and the change of the residence time (17-60 min) on the growth of the gypsum was searched. The residence time at each reactor was kept constant in each experiment as the volumes of the reactors were equal. The growth of gypsum was examined by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer and the volume weighted mean diameters of the gypsum crystals were obtained. The views of the crystals were taken under a light microscope. It was observed that the high residence time had a positive effect on the growth of gypsum crystals. The crystals had volume weighted mean diameters of even 240 µ
m. The gypsum crystal growth model was obtained by using the second order crystallization reaction rate equation. The residence time of the continuous reactors are used together with the gypsum growth model to simulate the continuous boric acid reactors with macrofluid and microfluid models. The selected residence times (20-240 min) were modeled for different number of CSTR&rsquo
s (1-8) and the PFR. The simulated models were, then verified with the experimental data. The experimentally found calcium ion concentrations checked with the concentrations found from the microfluid model. It was also calculated that the experimental data fitted the microfluid model with a deviation of 4-7%.
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Bennett, Samuel. "The production of biofuel from waste oil using continuous microwave flow reactors." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582852.

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The rapidly increasing prices of petroleum fuels and potential shortages, have created a need for renewable fuels derived from organic waste products. The objective of this research project is to produce advanced multipurpose, continuous microwave biofuelslchemical reactors to utilise waste vegetable oils. The heat transfer efficiency of the reactor was studied using pure vegetable oils to establish the reactor design, operating temperatures and controls necessary to produce First Generation biodiesel by advanced microwave technology. Water modelling was used to scale up the reactors from 200 W to 1.2 kW and then subsequently to 2 kW. Once the initial continuous reactor was optimised, the work was repeated using various grades of waste cooking oils provided by Longma Clean Energy Ltd. In order to achieve the required conversion to give 96.5% methyl esters, these oils needed larger quantities of both catalyst and methanol to reduce the viscosity of the crude oil. The system was then modified to carry out microwave assisted methanol extraction of free fatty acids, with the addition of a decanter to allow continuous phase separation. This process produced no glycerol, was energy efficient and the free fatty acids that were removed, were recovered in the methanol distillation unit. In the future, the waste frictional heat from the diesel engine could be used to grow algae, the waste heat from the exhaust gases could be used to heat the distillation unit and the carbon dioxide could be biofixated by microalgae. An industrial prototype 1.2 kW microwave de-acidification unit has now been built at the Longma Clean Energy site at Hereford. There is a surplus of poor quality biodiesel glycerol that is currently regarded as a waste product. The novel continuous microwave unit which was developed from the biodiesel reactor has been used to acetyl ate the glycerol with acetone at below 50°C to produce acetals for use as fuel additives. An atmospheric/vacuum fractional distillation column will be required to recover the methanol or acetone and to distil the acetal from the unreacted glycerol, which is then recycled. The technology developed can utilise any waste cooking oils, acidic seed oils or fats as biofuels for combined heat and power generation or to convert them to biodiesel fuels. This research work is the basis of an integrated, green, low carbon, microwave based refinery. 2
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Sun, Xiaoyan. "Comparative study on substrate removal kinetics for continuous flow and sequencing batch reactors." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6944.

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This study has developed a new empirical substrate removal model for continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems. In this model, an exponential function of volatile suspended solids (VSS) was introduced to express active biomass in substrate utilization kinetics. The proposed empirical substrate removal model is expressed as: dS/dt = $\rm -K\sp\prime X\sb{v}\sp{n}S.$ The kinetic constants K$\sp\prime$ and n in the model were estimated from batch tests. Then, this model was validated for CFSTR and SBR continuous flow systems. The results obtained from batch tests, conducted with sludge from the CFSTR and SBR systems, showed that the exponential model can more accurately express the substrate removal rate in a batch reactor than the conventional first order equation. A comparison of the new exponential and the first order model indicates that the exponential model can more accurately predict the effluent COD concentrations for both CFSTR and SBR continuous flow systems. The first order rate constants (K) for both CFSTR and SBR systems were affected by the reactor sludge age, the influent COD and the biomass concentrations. The kinetic constants K, yield factor (Y), and endogenous decay coefficient $\rm (k\sb{d})$ obtained for SBR system were higher than those for CFSTR. The statistical analysis results indicated that SBR system performed at a higher substrate removal efficiency compared to the CFSTR. Also the sludge grown in the SBR reactors had a better settleability than that produced in the CFSTR. The optimal organic loadings for controlling sludge bulking in the CFSTR and SBR were found to be less than 0.7 mg COD/mg VSS/d and 1.2 mg COD/mg VSS/d, respectively. In addition, the SBR reactor could be operated at an F/M ratio of 1.4 mg COD/mg VSS/d, which was twice the F/M ratio in the CFSTR without a significant decrease in treatment efficiency.
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Wang, Yantao. "Synthesis and conversion of furfural-batch versus continuous flow." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2474/document.

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Le furfural, identifié comme l'un des 30 principaux produits chimiques biologiques, est une molécule importante en terme de chimie verte et développement durable. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de réaliser la synthèse et la conversion du furfural en flux continu et par lots. Ici, nous avons développé des méthodes plus éco-efficiente pour la synthèse du furfural, et valorisé le furfural en produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2-furonitrile, l'alcool furfurylique, etc... Plusieurs questions clés ont été identifiées afin de concevoir des processus plus écologiques que les processus actuels. En détail, des expériences de synthèse du furfural ont été réalisées dans l'eau pure ou dans un mélange eau-solvants organiques lorsque des co-solvants (verts ou écologiques) sont nécessaires. L'irradiation par micro-ondes a été choisie comme méthode de chauffage pour accélérer le processus de déshydratation, et un réacteur à flux continu à micro-ondes a également été utilisé pour améliorer la productivité du furfural. En partant du furfural pour produire des produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée, des réacteurs à flux efficace, tels que Pheonix, H-cube Pro ainsi que des micro-ondes à flux continu avec micro-réacteur, ont également été identifiés comme des alternatives intéressantes pour améliorer la productivité des composés cibles. En conséquence, certains résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus du point de vue de l'industrie
Furfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry
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Thompson, Lisa Alice. "Chemo- and bio-catalysis for the synthesis of chiral amines in continuous flow reactors." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18514/.

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The prevalence of chiral amines in pharmaceutical compounds means that efficient synthetic methods are highly desirable. Asymmetric catalysis offers the opportunity for enantioselective synthesis of chiral amines under milder reaction conditions. Chemical and biological catalysts both offer specific advantages and disadvantages that are different to the other catalyst type. Therefore, the combination of catalysts would allow for the advantages of each to be exploited, whilst overcoming the associated disadvantages. This research investigates the combination of chemical and biological catalysts for the production of chiral amines and essential medicines using continuous reactors. Continuous reactors are increasingly seen as a method to improve synthesis routes due to their improved productivity and safety compared to batch reactors. In addition to continuous reactors, immobilised catalysts and design of experiments (DoE) strategies were employed for the development of optimised procedures. Firstly, the enzymatic kinetic resolution of a chiral primary amine was studied in a continuous packed bed reactor (PBR) using an immobilised lipase enzyme. Optimum reaction conditions were determined using a one variable at a time (OVAT) approach to give the maximum 50% conversion with high product ee in only a 6 min residence time (tRes). The PBR system was then applied to an expanded substrate set, including chiral amines and alcohols, to act as a comparison to the standard amine. Secondly, metal catalysed racemisation was investigated as a method to utilise the waste enantiomer from the enzymatic resolution in a dynamic kinetic resolution process (DKR). Homogeneous and heterogeneous Ir, Ru and Pd catalysts were tested for the amine racemisation step. However, the amount of racemisation observed was not sufficient and uncontrolled dimerisation primarily occurred. Next, the enzymatic PBR was applied to the production of essential medicines via enzymatic ammoniolysis. The development of cheaper more efficient methods to produce essential medicines is vital to make them more affordable and accessible to the developing world. In this instance, the reaction conditions were optimised using DoE with the objective being to maximise conversion. Nicotinamide and pyrazinamide were produced in 94% and 100% yields with a tRes of 60 min and 20 min, respectively. The ammoniolysis of a chiral substrate was also tested; however, this was not successful using the experimental conditions described. Finally, metal catalysed N-alkylation using Ir was investigated for the N-alkylation of the chiral primary amine as an alternative method to utilise the waste enantiomer from the continuous resolution. DoE and microwave heating techniques were employed to optimise the reaction conditions and reduce the amount of waste associated with development. In this example, the formation of un-desired dimeric products was problematic and so the optimisation objectives were both maximum conversion and maximum selectivity for the desired product. Overall, the transferal of processes into continuous PBR and optimisation techniques allowed for the intensification of reaction conditions, which led to more productive, efficient routes. However, the difficulties in combining chemical and biological catalysts were also highlighted when the combination of reactions was attempted.
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Gruar, R. I. J. "Synthesis and characterisation of nanomaterials produced using laboratory and pilot scale continuous hydrothermal flow reactors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1386635/.

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Due to their small particle size, nanoparticles ( < 100 nm in diameter) have an increased surface area to volume ratio compared to larger particles, meaning that surface attributes become increasingly important over bulk properties. Chemically, this means more atoms in the material have unsatisfied coordination environments compared to atoms in the bulk of the particle. In many cases, this leads to materials with significantly different bulk properties compared to much larger particles; some of these unique properties are desirable in high technology applications such as sun screens, catalysts, etc. This thesis explores the use of Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis (CHFS) reactors as a niche technology to controllably produce nanoparticles at different process scales. In CHFS, a metal ion feed is mixed with superheated water (the latter is typically above the critical temperature and pressure of water, i.e. 374 °C, 22.1 MPa), and nanoparticles are precipitated. This thesis presents data relevant to an evaluation of a laboratory scale CHFS process (able to produce ca. 100 g a day of nanoparticles). This included the development of a new type of mixer for this type of process suitable for the continuous precipitation of nanoparticles. The knowledge gained from in situ measurements and particle property measurements was then applied to the successful scale up of the technology to produce up to ca. 2 kg per hour of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the versatility of a flow process and the rapid crystallising environment in a CHFS system could be effectively exploited for the production of target nanoparticles when appropriate synthesis conditions were used. This thesis has also demonstrated the versatility of CHFS in that as formed particles could be surface functionalised in flow by use of an additional feed in process. The outcomes of this thesis have been demonstrated using a variety of material compositions; Hydroxyapatite, ZnO, iron oxides, yttrium oxyhydroxide, yttrium oxide and the binary oxide series Ce-Zn. Where each material composition was used to probe different aspect of the continuous hydrothermal process reported in this work. In summary, the CHFS process has been evaluated and developed to allow for synthesis of a wide range of nanoparticle compositions with different particle properties. Process modifications have been evaluated and shown to be suitable for the synthesis of target materials.
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Books on the topic "Functional Continuous Flow Reactors"

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Noël, Timothy. Photochemical Processes in Continuous-Flow Reactors. WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/q0065.

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Yang, Chao, and Zai-Sha Mao. Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Reactors with Continuous Liquid Phase. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Reactors with Continuous Liquid. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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Noël, Timothy. Photochemical Processes in Continuous-Flow Reactors: From Engineering Principles to Chemical Applications. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2017.

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Wiles, Charlotte. Continuous Flow Reactors: From an Emerging Tool to a Mainstream Technology. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2020.

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Glasnov, Toma. Continuous-Flow Chemistry in the Research Laboratory: Modern Organic Chemistry in Dedicated Reactors at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Springer, 2016.

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Glasnov, Toma. Continuous-Flow Chemistry in the Research Laboratory: Modern Organic Chemistry in Dedicated Reactors at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Springer, 2018.

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Glasnov, Toma. Continuous-Flow Chemistry in the Research Laboratory: Modern Organic Chemistry in Dedicated Reactors at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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Timperley, Jonathan, and Sandeep Hothi. Murmur. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0015.

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Murmurs arise from turbulent flow in the heart or great vessels. This may occur because of a structural abnormality of the heart, or increased flow across normal cardiac structures (e.g. innocent flow murmur in pregnancy; the tricuspid flow murmur which may be heard in atrial septal defects with a large left-to-right shunt). Turbulence occurs when laminar blood flow is disrupted. Murmurs are classified by their timing in relation to the cardiac cycle as systolic, diastolic, or continuous. Systolic murmurs are heard in up to 50% of adults. More than 90% of young adults and around 50% of older adults with a systolic murmur have a structurally normal heart on echocardiography (i.e. an innocent murmur). Diastolic or continuous murmurs always indicate structural disease. Anaemia, pregnancy, and thyrotoxicosis may result in a high-output state with a functional (flow) murmur. This chapter describes the clinical approach to the patient with a murmur.
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Book chapters on the topic "Functional Continuous Flow Reactors"

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Buono, Frederic G., and Bing-Shiou Yang. "Automated Reactions in Continuous Flow Reactors." In Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 559–84. Fourth edition / [edited by] Nelu Grinberg, Sonia Rodriguez. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315118024-20.

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Watts, Paul. "Organometallic-Catalysed Gas–Liquid Reactions in Continuous Flow Reactors." In Organometallic Flow Chemistry, 77–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3418_2015_159.

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A. Lapkin, Alexei, Konstantin Loponov, Giovanna Tomaiuolo, and Stefano Guido. "Solids in Continuous Flow Reactors for Specialty and Pharmaceutical Syntheses." In Sustainable Flow Chemistry, 277–308. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527689118.ch11.

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Shirokov, Vladimir A., Peter N. Simonenko, Sergey V. Biryukov, and Alexander S. Spirin. "Continuous-Flow and Continuous-Exchange Cell-Free Translation Systems and Reactors." In Cell-Free Translation Systems, 91–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59379-6_8.

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Straathof, Natan J. W., and Timothy Noël. "Accelerating Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Reactors." In Visible Light Photocatalysis in Organic Chemistry, 389–413. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527674145.ch13.

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Noël, Timothy, Yuanhai Su, and Volker Hessel. "Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis." In Organometallic Flow Chemistry, 1–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3418_2015_152.

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Nocentini, M., and F. Magelli. "Solid Distribution in Slurry Reactors Stirred with Multiple Impellers: Continuous Flow Systems." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 73–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7973-5_9.

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Ding, Rui, Chen Xie, Ziwu Fan, and Zeyu Mao. "Review on Hydrodynamic Behavior of Continuous Flow Reactors for Water Treatment by Electron Beam." In Sustainable Development of Water and Environment, 81–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16729-5_9.

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Lindblad, C., U. Kautsky, C. André, N. Kautsky, and M. Tedengren. "Functional response of Fucus vesiculosus communities to tributyltin measured in an in situ continuous flow-through system." In Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application, 277–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1896-2_26.

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Foley, Henry C. "Semi-Continuous Flow Reactors." In Introduction to Chemical Engineering Analysis Using Mathematica, 363–82. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012261912-0/50010-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functional Continuous Flow Reactors"

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Sayers, Michael B., and Tara M. Dalton. "A Real-Time Continuous Flow Polymerase Chain Reactor for DNA Expression Quantification." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43058.

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Real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an extremely sensitive and reliable method for quantifying gene expression, allowing subtle shifts in gene expression to be easily monitored. Currently, stationary real-time PCR is readily achieved using fluorescent labels which increase in fluorescence as the DNA is exponentially amplified. Quantitative PCR is used in a myriad of applications. However currently most commercial real-time PCR devices are batch process stationary well based systems, limiting their throughput. Continuous flow microfluidic PCR devices have allowed for advancement in terms of improved PCR throughput and reduced reagent usage. As part of an overall total analysis system a device integrating all the functional steps of continuous flow realtime quantitative PCR has been designed and fabricated. Initially the PCR reaction mixture is segmented into nano-litre PCR reactors which are then thermally cycled on a two temperature fifty cycle flow-through PCR device, which allows laser induced fluorescent imaging of the nanoreactors. Previous studies into continuous flow PCR have demonstrated endpoint fluorescent measurements, however this research allows PCR nanoreactors to be fluorescently monitored after every PCR thermal cycle. Fluorescent optical monitoring is achieved through laser excitation of the nanoreactors while a Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera is used to record the fluorescent emissions from the nanoreactors. Intensity analysis of the recorded images is then preformed using MATLAB to accurately determine the fluorescence intensity level, thereby allowing real-time quantitative amplification curves to be generated. This has major advantages over existing continuous flow PCR devices which use endpoint fluorescence and capillary electrophoresis, as the amplification curves allow far more information to be gleaned and allow the initial DNA template concentration to be accurately determined.
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Chen, Pin-Chuan, Masahiko Hashimoto, Michael W. Mitchell, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, Steven A. Soper, and Michael C. Murphy. "Limiting Performance of High Throughput Continuous Flow Micro-PCR." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62091.

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Continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CFPCR) devices are compact reactors suitable for microfabrication and the rapid amplification of target DNAs. For a given reactor design, the amplification time can be reduced simply by increasing the flow velocity through the isothermal zones of the device; for flow velocities near the design value, the PCR cocktail reaches thermal equilibrium at each zone quickly, so that near ideal temperature profiles can be obtained. However, at high flow velocities there are penalties of an increased pressure drop and a reduced residence time in each temperature zone for the DNA/reagent mixture, potentially affecting amplification efficiency. This study was carried out to evaluate the thermal and biochemical effects of high flow velocities in a spiral, 20 cycle CFPCR device. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to determine the steady-state temperature distribution along the micro-channel and the temperature of the DNA/reagent mixture in each temperature zone as a function of linear velocity. The critical transition was between the denaturation (95°C) and renaturation (55°C-68°C) zones; above 6 mm/s the fluid in a passively-cooled channel could not be reduced to the desired temperature and the duration of the temperature transition between zones increased with increased velocity. The amplification performance of the CFPCR as a function of linear velocity was assessed using 500 and 997 base pair (bp) fragments from λ-DNA. Amplifications at velocities ranging from 1 mm/s to 20 mm/s were investigated. Alternative design of PCR was investigated. Shuttle PCR has a single straight channel and a DNA plug, driven by electrokinetic flow, will move forward and backward in the microchannel to achieve the repetitive thermal cycles. Thermal performance, independent insulated temperature blocks, and molecular and thermal diffusion were evaluated.
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Matsumura, Takeko, M. Kishihara, and U. Urushihara. "Development of Coaxial Type flow microwave reactor and application to microwave reactions." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9897.

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We have developed a flow microwave reactor with a coaxial cavity. It comprises a cylindrical cavity of 100 mm inside diameter, a metal rod along its center axis, and a spiral glass tube for flowing solvents and reactants, as shown in Fig.1. When the input port of microwave is placed at the end of the metal rod, the TEM mode is excited in the cylindrical chamber due to the presence of the metal rod. Simulations of the electric field and the magnetic field within the coaxial cavity are shown in Fig.2. This configuration was confirmed suitable for rapid and continuous microwave syntheses of various functional metal complexes. Experimental results are presented of Ir(Ⅲ) complexes for OLED dopants and Ru(Ⅱ) complexes for various sensors. The application to rapid and continuous microwave synthesis of various functional metal complexes were performed in success. In the similar manner as the coaxial reaction chamber of 2.45GHz, a coaxial reaction chamber for 5.8GHz IMS band, dimension of 51mm in diameter and 50mm in height, is designed The electric field distributions in the chamber and the temperature profiles of solvent are simulated using the commercial simulator (COMSOL Multiphysics) for 5.8 GHz, 5W microwave input. Using the simulation results appropriate dimensions of the chamber are determined for the 5.8 GHz operation. When water is used as a solvent the simulation shows that the temperature rises from20℃ to 95℃ after 300 seconds of the microwave irradiation.
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Sirr, Noel, Doina Ciobanu, Ronan Grimes, and Mark Davies. "A Continuous Flow Polymerase Chain Reactor for DNA Expression Analysis." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96180.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionised molecular biology, and is at the forefront of many current efforts to document and understand human genetic diversity. Recent years has seen a move towards incorporating the PCR technique into a micro Total Analysis System (μTAS) thus exploiting its full potential. Micro scale PCR design offers the opportunity to integrate all functional steps of DNA expression analysis into a miniaturised device allowing for high throughput and reduced analysis times, reduced sample volume requirements and cost efficiency. Consequently, it is desirable to replace the traditional stationary or well based thermal cyclers with continuous flow designs. A continuous flow polymerase chain reaction device consisting of a cylindrical heating core, which is segmented axially into three symmetric heating zones providing the denaturating, annealing and extension phases of the polymerase chain reaction, and a flow through capillary tube which is wound helically around the core has been fabricated and shown to consistently amplify target plasmid DNA samples. At the inlet to the device, PCR samples are segmented into droplets and entrained in an immiscible carrier fluid to eliminate cross contamination between PCR samples. This approach also prevents degradation of the micro-reactor droplets from inhibitory effects posed by the high surface to volume ratios associated with the device. The droplet train is then cycled through the capillary tube with each complete revolution constituting one cycle of the PCR reaction. The results reported in this paper include, initial validation of the spiral cycler design in comparison to an existing commercial PCR platform, and subsequent optimisation of the reaction time and its effects on the devices performance. The spiral thermal cycler has demonstrated successful PCR amplification at the nano scale with stable trains of 30–35nl droplet volumes being processed in an amplification time of 32 minutes. At this level the device offers the potential to process approximately 3500 such droplets in of order one hour.
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Damm, David L., and Andrei G. Fedorov. "Forced Unsteady-State Variable Volume Membrane Reactor: New Scalable Technology for Distributed Hydrogen Production." In ASME 2008 3rd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/enic2008-53002.

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Technology for large scale catalytic hydrogen generation from hydrocarbons is quite mature and most reactors are of the fixed catalyst bed-type operated in a steady-state, continuous-flow (CF) regime. However, simple miniaturization of these reactors for portable and distributed applications has proven difficult because of 1) the poor process scale-down, 2) sequential uni-functional design not suitable for miniaturization and system integration, and 3) poor reaction yields due to fundamental mismatch between the time scales of the catalytic chemistry and the transport processes. To address these concerns, we have developed a novel reactor concept which is well suited to be an integral part of onboard fuel processing for the next generation of automobile power plants (or any other small-scale distributed application).
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Mewes, Dieter, and Dierk Wiemann. "Numerical Calculation of Mass Transfer With Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Three-Phase Bubble Columns." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37031.

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Bubble column reactors are used for several processes in the chemical industry, e.g. hydrogenation or oxidation reactions. At the bottom of the reactor a gaseous phase is dispersed into a continuous liquid phase with suspended particles. The resulting bubble swarm induces three-dimensional, time-dependent velocity and concentration fields, which are predicted numerically. All phases are described by an Eulerian approach. The numerical calculations of the local interfacial area density and the interphase transfer terms for mass and momentum are based on a population balance equation approach which enables an effective way to couple population balance and computational fluid dynamics. In three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow particles with diameters of 100 μm are considered as catalyst for a heterogeneous chemical reaction. The influence of particles on bubble coalescence has been investigated in order to extend an existing model for the kernel functions in the population balance equation describing bubble coalescence and dispersion. The resulting three-dimensional, time-dependent velocity and concentration fields are described and graphically presented for the hydrogenation of anthra-chinone.
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Barre´, Yves, and Vincent Pacary. "Study of the Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment by Coprecipitation: From Modeling to New Process Designs." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16018.

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The ever increasing pressure to reduce the release of radioactive and other toxic substances into environment requires constant improvement/upgrading of processes and technologies for treatment and conditioning of liquid radioactive wastes. To decontaminate liquid nuclear wastes, the coprecipitation process is the most commonly used in nuclear field because it can be applied to any type of aqueous effluents whatever their composition may be. This process deals with the in situ precipitation of solid particles to selectively remove one or more radioelements. In the nuclear research center of CEA (Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique), the coprecipitation of 90Sr with barium sulphate is the technique used to treat selectively this radionuclide. In a previous study (1), an elaborated model is presented which predicts the radioactive strontium decontamination factor of nuclear waste solutions which can be achieved by using a coprecipitation process with barium sulphate. The originality of this new approach lies in the possibility to simulate the decontamination process in non equilibrium conditions and at the reactor scale. This modelling combined with the resolution of the population balance, enables to identify the influence of process parameters (flow rates, stirring speed…) on crystal size and ultimately on decontamination. Simulations of the strontium coprecipitation with barium sulphate have been performed in continuous and semi batch reactors. Thanks to these simulations, laws of the treatment efficiency variation as a function of several process parameters (mean residence time, stirring speed, BaSO4 concentration) have been determined and experimentally verified. This study leads to the determination of optimal treatment conditions. Three apparatus (recycling apparatus, fluidised bed and reactor/settling tank) providing these optimal conditions have been successfully tested and offered significant outlooks for the reduction of the residual sludge volume.
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Usta, Fatma, Wail Gueaieb, James A. White, and Eranga Ukwatta. "3D scar segmentation from LGE-MRI using a continuous max-flow method." In Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, edited by Barjor Gimi and Andrzej Krol. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294406.

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VARGAS, RONALD, ELENA SÁNCHEZ-BADORREY, MARÍA OJEDA, and JORGE MARÍNEZ-GARCÍA. "REVISITING KINETIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS: TIME SCALE ANALYSIS IN PHOTOCATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1757.

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Vahedi, Nasser, Carlos E. Romero, Mark A. Snyder, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Study of Heating and Cooling Rate of Cobalt Oxide-Based TCES System Using Experimental Redox Kinetics Analysis." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10734.

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Abstract Cost-effective solar power generation in CSP plants requires the challenging integration of high energy density and high-temperature thermal energy storage with the solar collection equipment and the power plant. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is currently a very good option for thermal energy storage, which can meet the industry requirement of large energy density and high storage temperature. TCES specifically exploits reversible chemical reactions wherein heat is absorbed during the forward endothermic reaction and released during the reverse exothermic reaction. The associated enthalpic storage of energy (i.e., the heat of reaction) offers higher density and enhanced stability compared to sensible and latent heat storage. Metal oxide redox reactions are particularly well-suited for TCES given their characteristically high enthalpy of reaction and high reaction temperature. In addition, the air is suitable as both a heat transfer fluid (HTF) and reactant; thus, simplifying process design and eliminating the need for indirect HTF storage and any intermediate heat exchanger. Among the palette of available metal oxides, cobalt oxide is one of the most promising candidates for TCES given its high enthalpy of reaction with high reaction temperature. One of the critical design parameters for TCES reactors is the optimal heating and cooling rates during respective charging and discharging modes of operation. In order to study the effect of heating/cooling rate on cobalt oxide TCES performance, a constant 10°C/min rate was selected for both storage cycle heating and cooling. Considering the intrinsic redox kinetics of cobalt oxide at considered constant heating/cooling rate, we studied milligram scale quantities of cobalt oxide (99.9% purity, 40 μm average particle size) using a dual-mode thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) system, which simultaneously measures weight change (TGA) and differential heat flow (DSC) as a function of TCES cycling under continuous air purge. In addition, we investigated the cyclic stability of cobalt oxide in the context of the redox kinetics and particle coarsening behavior, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TGA/DSC tests were conducted for 30 successive cycles using pure cobalt oxide. It was shown that pure cobalt oxide in powder form (38μ particle size) could complete both forward and reverse reaction at the selected heating rate with little degradation between cycles. In parallel, SEM was used to examine morphology and particle size changes before and after heating cycles. SEM results proved grain growth occurs even after only five initial cycles.
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