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1

Wu, Feng, Berdikul Qushim, Zhengfei Guan, Nathan S. Boyd, Gary E. Vallad, Andrew MacRae, and Tyler Jacoby. "Weather Uncertainty and Efficacy of Fumigation in Tomato Production." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010199.

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This study quantifies the effect of weather factors on fumigation efficacy in terms of weed control, tomato yield, and the overall economic performance of fumigants. High soil temperature was found to reduce the efficacy of all fumigants against nutsedge, while rainfall only reduced the efficacy of a limited number of fumigants. The fumigants’ economic performance over a range of weather conditions was further simulated to identify the fumigant that is most effective under diverse weather conditions. The results show that although 1,3-D:Pic:Kpam outperforms methyl bromide over the experiment period, methyl bromide is still the best treatment when accounting for the impact of weather variability. The study illustrates the sensitivity of fumigant efficacy to weather conditions and the importance of achieving consistent and sustainable efficacy. The regression model and the expected utility model, along with the simulation techniques, form a useful tool that can be applied across regions or crops.
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2

Giron, Magdalena Y., and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Fungi colonizing preservative-treated Douglas-fir poles after remedial treatment with fumigants." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-042.

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The microfungi present in transmission poles of preservative-treated Douglas-fir remedially treated with one of four fumigants were determined by removing increment cores 5 and 15 years later and culturing them on nutrient media. The microfungi isolated from the wood were then characterized according to their ability to cause a loss in wood weight, to tolerate conventional wood preservatives, and to tolerate wood fumigants. The wood treated with fumigants 5 years earlier was sparsely colonized, while that treated 15 years earlier was colonized more heavily. In general, many of the same species of microfungi occurred in treated and untreated poles. In both, fungal populations were dominated by Scytalidium and Trichoderma spp. None of the isolates caused losses in wood weight greater than 5%, but several exhibited tolerance to short fumigant exposures. The latter trait may help explain the presence of these fungi in wood still containing measurable levels of fumigant. The presence in fumigant-treated wood of fungi previously shown to be antagonistic toward wood decay fungi may help explain the ability of the four test fumigants to provide long-term protection.Key words: fungi, Scytalidium, Trichoderma, colonization, Douglas-fir.
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3

Samtani, Jayesh B., Husein A. Ajwa, Rachael E. Goodhue, Oleg Daugovish, Zahanghir Kabir, and Steven A. Fennimore. "Weed Control Efficacy and Economics of 1,3-Dichloropropene and Chloropicrin Applied at Reduced Rates under Impermeable Film in Strawberry Beds." HortScience 45, no. 12 (December 2010): 1841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1841.

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Fumigants are used to control soilborne pests before planting high-value crops such as strawberry. The use of specialized tarps during fumigation can reduce fumigant emissions and mitigate the need for large buffer zone requirements mandated by regulators. Increased fumigant retention by use of barrier films during fumigant application may increase fumigant retention and allow use of lower fumigant rates to control soil pests than would be needed with permeable film. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum effective rates of the alternative fumigants, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + chloropicrin (Pic), and Pic required under virtually impermeable film (VIF) and a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tarp to provide weed control equivalent to methyl bromide:chloropicrin (67/33% v/v MBPic) standard soil fumigation at 392 kg·ha−1 under HDPE. A second objective was to determine fumigant rates under VIF and HDPE tarps needed to provide weed control and the economic costs of using VIF and reduced rates of the alternative fumigants. In 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 growing seasons, the fumigants 1,3-D + Pic and Pic were tested at 0, 56, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg·ha−1 under HDPE and VIF tarps at Oxnard and Watsonville, CA. An untreated control and a MBPic standard at 392 kg·ha−1 were also included in the study. Weed control was assessed using weed propagule viability bioassays for four common weeds, time required for hand weeding, and weed fresh biomass. The fumigant rate that would be needed for a 90% reduction in viability (GR90) for all weeds was 21% to 84% less for 1,3-D + Pic under VIF compared with the HDPE tarp. For Pic, the GR90 values were 5% to 64% less under VIF compared with the HDPE tarp. Hand weeding times and weed biomass decreased with increasing fumigant rates. With the exception of Pic in 2002–2003 at Oxnard, VIF reduced the rate required for weed control compared with the HDPE tarp for both fumigants and at both locations. Economic benefits of VIF relative to the HDPE tarp were not consistent and additional work is needed to quantify these relationships and the production conditions under which VIF will be beneficial.
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4

Desmarchelier, James M., Sylvia E. Allen, and Yong-Lin Ren. "Comparison of Six Methods for Determining Aged Phosphine Residues in Wheat." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.638.

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abstract Phosphine (PH3) and methyl bromide (ChhBr) are the main fumigants used on stored grains. Published multiresidue methods, including those based on solvent extraction and on purge-and-trap techniques, give poor recoveries of CH3Br and, in our hands, close to zero recovery of PH3 and carbonyl sulfide (COS), a potential fumigant. We examined factors influencing fumigant analysis, including stability of chemicals in leachates and partitioning of fumigant between leachate and air. The partition ratio, defined as the ratio of fumigant concentration in leachate to that in the headspace, varied between 1.1 for PH3 and >100 for ethylene dibromide (EDB). An official procedure involving solvent extraction followed by partitioning was modified by being performed in sealed flasks. This change raised the recovery of ChfoBr from 28 to 85%. Volatile fumigants, including PH3 and COS, were determined from concentrations in the headspace over the leachate (aqueous acidified acetone). Recoveries were nearly quantitative at levels down to 3 ng PH3/g and 16 ng COS/g, provided that fortified samples were used as analytical standards. Thus an existing multifumigant procedure was adapted to enable determination of the main fumigants used on staple foodstuffs.
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5

Loschiavo, S. R., and N. D. G. White. "THE LOSS OF A GRAIN FUMIGANT MIXTURE OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND CARBON BISULFIDE THROUGH SEALING AND VARIOUS COVERING MATERIALS." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 6 (June 1987): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119595-6.

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Fumigants that are liquid formulations at room temperature have been widely used to kill insects in stored products, containers, and soil. Carbon bisulfide was one of the first fumigants used on a large scale as early as 1869 and is still the main fumigant used in some parts of the world (Bond 1984). Carbon bisulfide is highly flammable (Fleming and Baker 1935) and is usually formulated with carbon tetrachloride to aid distribution of fumigants in grain masses (Berck 1958) and to reduce the fire hazard. Although carbon tetrachloride is of low toxicity to insects it causes extensive liver damage in humans (Rouiller 1964). Liquid fumigants were widely used to disinfest stored grain in the USA until recently (White et al. 1985), and are still used in many other parts of the world (FA0 1985).
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6

Ren, Yong-Lin, and James M. Desmarchelier. "Release of Fumigant Residues from Grain by Microwave Irradiation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.673.

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abstract Multiresidue analysis of fumigants is important because of their widespread use on staple foodstuffs, such as grain. Fumigants are usually extracted from grain either by solvent extraction or by purgeand- trap techniques. In this paper, fumigant residues in wheat were "extracted" by a microwave procedure. Wheat, in gas-tight Erlenmeyer flasks, was placed in a domestic microwave oven, and fumigants were released into the headspace by microwave irradiation. Power settings for maximum release of fumigants were determined for CH3Br PH3, CS2, and COS. Recoveries of fortified samples were >90%. Completeness of extraction was assessed from the amount of fumigant retained by the microwave-irradiated wheat. This amount, determined from both solvent extraction and from further microwave irradiation, was always small(<5℅ of the amount obtained from the initial procedure). Limits of quantitation were <1 ng/g for ChhBr, PH3, and CS2. These low limits were essentially due to the absence of interference from solvents. The microwave method is rapid and solvent-free. However, care is required in selecting the appropriate power setting. The safety implications of heating sealed flasks in microwave ovens should be noted.
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7

Houck, Laurie G., and Bruce E. Mackey. "Permeability of Flexible Polymer Films Used to Wrap Citrus Fruit to the Fumigants Ethylene Dibromide and Methyl Bromide." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1989): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.86.

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Abstract Permeability to the postharvest fumigants ethylene dibromide (EDB) and methyl bromide (MB) varied among 10 plastic films tested on grapefruit (EDB) and oranges (MB). Permeability was determined by comparing fumigant residue levels in fumigated film-wrapped citrus fruit and fumigated nonwrapped fruit. Some films restricted passage of the fumigants to the fruit, and residue levels in fruit wrapped with these films were lower than in fumigated, nonwrapped fruit. Residue levels in fruit wrapped with other films were equal to those in fumigated, nonwrapped fruit and these films were judged to be highly permeable to the fumigants. EDB and MB residues were slightly higher in fruit wrapped with three of the films than those in nonwrapped fruit, indicating that these films were slightly less permeable to EDB and MB than to other films tested, and also that desorption of the fumigants from the fruit during post-fumigation aeration was slowed by these three films. The permeability of flexible polymer films to fumigants such as EDB and MB should be a prime consideration when selecting films for wrapping citrus fruit in quarantine situations.
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8

Desmarchelier, James M., and Yong-Lin Ren. "Analysis of Fumigant Residues—A Critical Review." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1261.

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Abstract This review concentrates on the main fumigants currently applied to commodities: phosphine (PH3) and methyl bromide (CH3Br). It discusses possible new fumigants, such as carbonyl sulfide (COS) and ethyl formate (EtF), that may be able to be applied in such a way that “residues” after fumigation do not exceed the range of natural levels. The review aims to raise some general issues and to suggest some general conclusions from a synthesis of studies on analytical chemistry and on fumigant behavior.
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9

Yates, S. R., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, R. Dungan, and D. Wang. "Reducing Fumigant Emissions After Soil Application." Phytopathology® 92, no. 12 (December 2002): 1344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1344.

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Volatilization and soil transformation are major pathways by which pesticides dissipate from treated agricultural soil. Volatilization is a primary source of unwanted agricultural chemicals in the atmosphere and can significantly affect fumigant efficacy. Volatile pesticides may cause other unique problems; for example, the soil fumigant methyl bromide has been shown to damage stratospheric ozone and will soon be phased out. There is also great concern about the health consequences of inhalation of fumigants by people living in proximity to treated fields. Because replacement fumigants will likely face increased scrutiny in years ahead, there is a great need to understand the mechanisms that control their emission into the atmosphere so these losses can be minimized without loss of efficacy. Recent research has shown that combinations of vapor barriers and soil amendments can be effective in reducing emissions. In this paper, some potential approaches for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere are described.
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10

Heikes, David L., and Marvin L. Hopper. "Purge and Trap Method for Determination of Fumigants in Whole Grains, Milled Grain Products, and Intermediate Grain-Based Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.6.990.

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Abstract A method developed for the determination of 1,2-dibromoethane in whole grains and grain-based products has been modified and expanded to include 8 other fumigants. Samples are stirred with water and purged with nitrogen for 0.5 h in a water bath at 100°C. The fumigants are collected on a trap composed of Tenax TA and XAD-4 resin, eluted with hexane, and determined by gas chromatography (GC) using electron capture detection or Hall electrolytic conductivity detection. Flame photometric detection in the sulfur mode is used to determine carbon disulfide. Thick-film, wide-bore capillary columns were used exclusively in both the determination and confirmation of the halogenated fumigants. The higher levels of fumigants are also confirmed by full scan GC/mass spectrometry. Samples are analyzed for carbon disulfide, methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichIoroethane, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane, and tetrachloroethylene. A total of 25 whole grains, milled grain products, and intermediate grain-based foods analyzed by this method contained fumigant levels up to 51 ppm (carbon tetrachloride in wheat). Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 82 to 104%. Chromatograms from this purge and trap method are clean, so that low parts per billion and sub-parts per billion levels can be quantitated for the halogenated analytes. The quantitation level for carbon disulfide is 12 ppb.
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11

Hutchinson, Chad, Milt McGiffen, James Sims, and J. Ole Becker. "029 Synergism of Fumigant Combinations for Nutsedge Control." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 393A—393. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.393a.

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As of 2005, methyl bromide will no longer be produced or imported for agricultural use in industrialized countries. The uncertain future of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant has stimulated research into the use of other soil fumigants for weed control. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of methyl bromide (MB), methyl iodide (MI), propargyl bromide (PB), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and metham sodium (MS) alone and in combination with chloropicrin (PIC) against Cyperus esculentus L (yellow nutsedge). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. All experiments were repeated. Tubers were imbibed for 24 h and mixed with soil adjusted to 14% moisture (w/w). Soil/tuber samples were fumigated for 48 h with MB, MI, 1,3-D, and PIC at 0.0, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μm of active ingredient. Samples were fumigated with PB and MS at 0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, and 50 μm of active ingredient. After fumigation and venting, each soil/tuber sample was wetted and placed in a Petri plate for 5 days. Shoot emergence was recorded. Additionally, to determine synergism response with PIC, 17% PIC was added to each fumigant/rate combination. Fumigation and data collection were performed as described above. Dose-response curves were constructed to determine the effective dose to control 50% of nutsedge emergence (ED50). PB and MS were the most efficacious fumigants with ED50's of 3.7 and 6.5 μm, respectively. EC50 values for all the fumigants were significantly lower than MB except for 1,3-D. All the fumigant-PIC combinations resulted in synergistic control of nutsedge.
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12

Du, Xin, Wenjuan Zhang, Bo Liu, Tao Liu, Yu Xiao, Miyuki Taniguchi, and YongLin Ren. "Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit." Journal of AOAC International 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0093.

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Background: Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. Objective: The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues—phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate—in a range of food matrices were developed. The food matrices included grain, oilseed, dried fruit, and nut. Methods: The new method was used to determine residue levels from a fumigant complex in food matrices by monitoring the change of the absorption of spiked standards and desorption of fumigant from fumigated samples. Results: Based on the observation, the process of physical sorption and chemisorption was defined. The equilibrium time of the sample analysis was chosen at 5 hours. The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g. Response to a range of diluted authentic standards gave significant linear regressions (r2 > 0.9983), and the RSDs were ≤8.7% at the 3 ng/g level of aged spiking standard, except for sulfuryl fluoride, for which the LOD was 1.99 ng/g and the RSD value was 39.7% (6.64 ng/g). Conclusions: The performance of the HS-SPME-GCMS method was more sensitive than the use of a gas syringe, except for sulfuryl fluoride. Highlights: An innovative multifumigant residue detection method based on HS-SPME sampling technology with gas chromatograph-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) analysis was established, including phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl formate; The first report of a sorption study of the process of physical sorption and chemisorption of residual fumigant in fruit and food matrices by an HS-SPME-GCMS method; Consider the effect of time on fumigant behavior in dried fruit, grain, and nut; The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g.
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13

Du, Xin, Wenjuan Zhang, Bo Liu, Tao Liu, Yu Xiao, Miyuki Taniguchi, and YongLin Ren. "Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.6.1877.

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Abstract Background: Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. Objective: The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues—phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate—in a range of food matrices were developed. The food matrices included grain, oilseed, dried fruit, and nut. Methods: The new method was used to determine residue levels from a fumigant complex in food matrices by monitoring the change of the absorption of spiked standards and desorption of fumigant from fumigated samples. Results: Based on the observation, the process of physical sorption and chemisorption was defined. The equilibrium time of the sample analysis was chosen at 5 hours. The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g. Response to a range of diluted authentic standards gave significant linear regressions (r2 > 0.9983), and the RSDs were ≤8.7% at the 3 ng/g level of aged spiking standard, except for sulfuryl fluoride, for which the LOD was 1.99 ng/g and the RSD value was 39.7% (6.64 ng/g). Conclusions: The performance of the HS-SPME-GCMS method was more sensitive than the use of a gas syringe, except for sulfuryl fluoride. Highlights: An innovative multifumigant residue detection method based on HS-SPME sampling technology with gas chromatograph-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) analysis was established, including phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl formate; The first report of a sorption study of the process of physical sorption and chemisorption of residual fumigant in fruit and food matrices by an HS-SPME-GCMS method; Consider the effect of time on fumigant behavior in dried fruit, grain, and nut; The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g.
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14

Fennimore, Steven A., Milton J. Haar, Rachael E. Goodhue, and Christopher Q. Winterbottom. "Weed Control in Strawberry Runner Plant Nurseries with Methyl Bromide Alternative Fumigants." HortScience 43, no. 5 (August 2008): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1495.

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Methyl bromide alternative fumigants were evaluated for weed control efficacy in low- and high-elevation strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa L.) runner plant nurseries. Preplant soil fumigation treatments of methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBPic), iodomethane plus chloropicrin (IMPic), 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin mixture followed by (fb) dazomet, chloropicrin fb dazomet, and a nonfumigated control were evaluated at three California strawberry runner plant nurseries through two production cycles. Fumigant efficacy was measured by weed seed viability bioassays, weed density counts, and time of handweeding. Generally, all alternative fumigant treatments controlled weeds at levels comparable to MBPic. All fumigant treatments, including MBPic, killed more than 95% of common knotweed, common purslane, common chickweed, and strawberry seed. Iodomethane, chloropicrin fb dazomet, and 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin mixture fb dazomet controlled carpetweed, common lambsquarters, hairy nightshade, palmer amaranth, and prostrate spurge. Handweeding inputs for all fumigants were similar to MBPic at three of four locations. The exception was at the low-elevation nursery in 2000 where handweeding times with MBPic were lower than for IMPic. Treatment and handweeding costs were calculated. The handweeding costs for all treatments were approximately the same. However, the higher iodomethane material cost resulted in a substantially higher treatment cost.
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15

Herrera, J. M., M. P. Zunino, Y. Massuh, R. P. Pizzollito, J. S. Dambolena, N. A. Gañan, and J. A. Zygadlo. "Fumigant toxicity of five essential oils rich in ketones against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)." AgriScientia 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v31.n1.9839.

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Essential oils (EOs) and individual compounds act as fumigants against insects found in stored products. In fumigant assays, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky adults were treated with essential oils derived from Aphyllocladus decussatus Hieron, Aloysia polystachya Griseb, Minthostachys verticillata, Griseb Epling and Tagetes minuta L , which are rich in ketones and their major components:
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Narbaitz, Roberto M., Frances Z. Parsons, and Tsong-Yih Tzeng. "Point-of-entry adsorbers for the removal of fumigants." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-010.

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Point-of-entry systems with granular activated carbon filters have been used extensively to provide safe water to rural homes with wells contaminated with synthetic organic chemicals. Because of the low cost of these systems, their design is generally based on the equilibrium column model, the isotherm data from the literature, and a scale-up factor. This paper analyzes the necessary scale-up factors for point-of-entry adsorbers based on fumigant adsorption data gathered through an extensive literature review. The fumigants evaluated are 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and ethylene dibromide. It was impossible to thoroughly assess the scale-up factors for 1,2-dichloropropane because of the limited data. Column data for the other two fumigants were sufficient to generate column loading lines, which can be used directly without resorting to scale-up factors. Column data showed that the scale-up factors are greatly affected by competitive adsorption with the naturally occurring background organic matter and by preloading of these organic matter. As these phenomena are not well understood, it is presently impossible to accurately predict the appropriate scale-up factors. A recommended design approach is outlined. Key words: adsorption, activated carbon, fumigants, point-of-entry.
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Saini, Manpreet Kaur, Subash Singh, and D. K. Sharma. "Alternatives to phosphine fumigation in managing stored grain insect pests." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 522–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.1/522-534.

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Post-harvest losses to food grains are reported to be about 9.33%, out of which 6% has been reported during storage. To check the avoidable losses, fumigation is considered to be the best method. Among the various fumigants, phosphine is used worldwide and is the only option to be used in India due to its easy availability, cheap and free of residue. With the continued usage of phosphine, insect pests that target stored grains are gaining resistance, which is a serious limitation. Due to ozone depletion methyl bromide has to be phased out as per montreal protocol though it is a broad-spectrum fumigant. Sulfuryl fluoride, ethyl formate, carbonyl sulphide, carbon disulphide, propylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, methyl iodide, and ethane dinitrile are some of the other fumigants that have been found to be promising, but cost is still an issue for developing countries like India. Aside from fumigants, a variety of controlled and modified atmosphere (CA and MA) systems have been developed as substitute to the presently accessible fumigation systems to manage insect pests of stored produce for a longer period of time. Ozone as an oxidant offers a wide range of possible applications in the management of stored grain insect pests, but its corrosive nature poses a significant risk to metals. Where cheap sources of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or helium are available, as well as appropriately sealed storage structures, MA technology can be well applied. Furthermore, biogas created from cow manure has shown promising results in the management of stored grain insect pests at the farm level. Till some other competent option available, we have to continue with the use of phosphine as fumigant to manage the stored grain insect-pests.
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Hutchinson, Chad. "695 Weed Control in Minor Crops After the Loss of Methyl Bromide." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 519A—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.519a.

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The economics of pesticide production and registration has limited the number of pesticides registered for use in minor crops relative to agronomic crops. Current regulations such as the Food Quality Protection Act may further reduce the number of efficacious compounds registered for use on minor crops. Traditionally, the lack of registered pesticides for minor crops has been offset by soil fumigation. However, methyl bromide use is scheduled for phase-out in the United States by 2005, leaving a pest control vacuum in some crops. Loss of methyl bromide has stimulated research into the use of other soil fumigants for weed control. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, propargyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metham sodium have been tested alone and in combination with chloropicrin in laboratory experiments to determine their efficacy against Cyperus esculentus L (yellow nutsedge) tubers. All the fumigants controlled nutsedge equal to or better than methyl bromide and resulted in synergistic control when combined with chloropicrin. Although excellent weed control can be achieved with all the fumigants in the laboratory, weed control in the field with the same fumigant may result in poor or no control. Further research is necessary to optimize the field application of the remaining fumigants to maximize pest control. In the near future, to achieve the broad-spectrum pest control obtained with methyl bromide, growers will need to rely on multiple control strategies. The most promising replacement program for broad-spectrum pest control includes dichloropropene/chloropicrin fumigation followed by a herbicide program or mechanical weed control. To control problem weeds that are not controlled with the in-season herbicide program, a chemical fallow program should be instituted in the off-season to reduce weed pressure during the cropping season.
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Douda, Ondřej, Václav Stejskal, Marie Manasova, Miloslav Zouhar, and Jonáš Hnatek. "Inexpensive Screening Method to Validate the Efficacy of Ethanedinitrile Fumigant on the Forest Invasive Nematode Pest Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114765.

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At a global scale, the sustainability of forests is endangered by multiple invasive species, including the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a quarantine pest. International laws and standards require that all exported wood coming from countries in which B. xylophilus is present be chemically or physically treated. Since a major fumigant, methyl bromide, was banned, there has been a need to generate data for alternative fumigants, such as ethanedinitrile (EDN), for this purpose. Since the field screening of fumigants (i.e., the application of various doses to and exposure times of naturally infested wood logs) is prohibitively expensive, the aim of this study was to develop a quick and inexpensive laboratory method. Here, we suggest and describe an innovative method based on sawdust cultures for EDN efficacy screening. In the validation part of this study, we demonstrated (i) the high survival of the nematodes in the sawdust and (ii) the high efficacy of EDN against this pest under in vitro conditions; 100% mortality was observed after 6 h of EDN exposure to a dose of 25 g/m3. In particular, our newly developed model system could be used for the initial screening of various doses of and exposure protocols for EDN and similar types of fumigants developed with the intention of regulating B. xylophilus occurrence in exported wood. It is believed that the validated method may help to develop new and effective EDN fumigation procedures and thereby contribute to the long-term protection of forests worldwide.
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20

IT, Mallinath, Adithya JV, and Siddayya Aradhyamath. "A REVIEW ARTICLE ON VARIOUS DHOOPANA YOGA’S MENTIONED IN AYURVEDIC LITERATURE." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 13, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.130240.

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Dhoopana means fumigation. Fumigation/dhupana is done with the help of dhupana dravyas vis-à-vis fumigants. Fumigants are the materials that fumigate the area with smoke having a characteristic odour when ignited. When Varthi is ignited with fire, the active phytochemical compounds burn to give out its essential therapeutic action based on the dravya's used. Agni-Devata (fire god) is considered the primary source or deity of Dhoopa, and the betterment of entire mankind is the main purpose of its materialization. In Ayurveda literature, we have many references to dhupana dravyas which are of both plant & animal origin. A detailed description of their mode of collection, preparation, usage of dhupana yogas, preservation, and storage is mentioned. So, exploring and understanding these fundamental concepts of dhupana and its practical utility in the day-to-day clinical practice of extracting their medicinal properties is the need of the hour.
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21

Chen, Ran, Weitao Jiang, Haiyan Wang, Fengbing Pan, Hai Fan, Xuesen Chen, Xiang Shen, Chengmiao Yin, and Zhiquan Mao. "Effects of Different Fumigants on the Replanted Soil Environment and Growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings." HortScience 56, no. 4 (April 2021): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15660-20.

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Apple replant disease (ARD) has been reported in all major fruit-growing regions of the world and is often caused by biotic factors (pathogen fungi) and abiotic factors (phenolic compounds). Soil chemical fumigation can kill soil pathogenic fungi; however, the traditionally used fumigant methyl bromide has been banned because of its ozone-depleting effects. There is thus a need to identify greener fumigant candidates. We characterized the effects of different fumigants on the replanted soil environment and the growth characteristics of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. All five experimental treatments [treatment 1 (T1), metham-sodium; treatment 2 (T2), dazomet; treatment 3 (T3), calcium cyanamide; treatment 4 (T4), 1,3-dichloropropene; and treatment 5 (T5), methyl bromide] promoted significantly the biomass, root growth, and root respiration rate of M. hupehensis seedlings and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) contents of replanted soil. Metham sodium (T1) and dazomet (T2) had stronger effects compared with 1,3-dichloropropene (T4) and calcium cyanamide (T3). At 172 days after T1, the height, root length, and root respiration rate of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, and the NH4+-N and NO3–-N contents of replanted soil increased by 91.64%, 97.67%, 69.78%, 81.98%, and 27.44%, respectively, compared with the control. Thus, dazomet and metham sodium were determined to be the optimal fumigants for use in practical applications.
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22

Gilreath, James P., and Bielinski M. Santos. "Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alternatives on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Tomato and Pepper." Weed Technology 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-086r2.

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Field trials were conducted to compare the effect of various soil fumigants along with in-bed pebulate and row-middle metribuzin applications on purple nutsedge control and on tomato and bell pepper growth and yield. Treatments consisted of combinations of soil fumigants, pebulate, and metribuzin. Fumigants levels were (1) untreated control, (2) methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic) (67 + 33%, respectively), (3) Pic, (4) metham, (5) dazomet, and (6) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83 + 17%, respectively). Pebulate levels were either applied in-bed or not applied. Row middles were either sprayed with metribuzin or untreated. In both crops, purple nutsedge populations were independently influenced by fumigants and pebulate applications, with the highest number of purple nutsedge plants in the untreated control. The addition of pebulate reduced purple nutsedge populations in all treatments. In tomato trials, the yield was affected by fumigants, with the highest losses (53 and 50% reductions in fruit number and weight) observed in the nonfumigated control. In pepper trials, fruit number and weight were individually influenced by fumigants and metribuzin sprayings. Application of metribuzin to row middles increased yields 10% relative to nontreated plots.
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23

Rastogi, Vipin K., Lalena Wallace, Lisa S. Smith, Shawn P. Ryan, and Blair Martin. "Quantitative Method To Determine Sporicidal Decontamination of Building Surfaces by Gaseous Fumigants, and Issues Related to Laboratory-Scale Studies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 11 (April 3, 2009): 3688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02592-08.

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ABSTRACT Chlorine dioxide gas and vaporous hydrogen peroxide sterilant have been used in the cleanup of building interiors contaminated with spores of Bacillus anthracis. A systematic study, in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was jointly undertaken by the U.S. Army-Edgewood Chemical Biological Center to determine the sporicidal efficacies of these two fumigants on six building structural materials: carpet, ceiling tile, unpainted cinder block, painted I-beam steel, painted wallboard, and unpainted pinewood. Critical issues related to high-throughput sample processing and spore recovery from porous and nonporous surfaces included (i) the extraction of spores from complex building materials, (ii) the effects of titer challenge levels on fumigant efficacy, and (iii) the impact of bioburden inclusion on spore recovery from surfaces and spore inactivation. Small pieces (1.3 by 1.3 cm of carpet, ceiling tile, wallboard, I-beam steel, and pinewood and 2.5 by 1.3 cm for cinder block) of the materials were inoculated with an aliquot of 50 μl containing the target number (1 × 106, 1 × 107, or 1 × 108) of avirulent spores of B. anthracis NNR1Δ1. The aliquot was dried overnight in a biosafety cabinet, and the spores were extracted by a combination of a 10-min sonication and a 2-min vortexing using 0.5% buffered peptone water as the recovery medium. No statistically significant drop in the kill efficacies of the fumigants was observed when the spore challenge level was increased from 6 log units to 8 log units, even though a general trend toward inhibition of fumigant efficacy was evident. The organic burden (0 to 5%) in the spore inoculum resulted in a statistically significant drop in spore recovery (at the 2 or 5% level). The effect on spore killing was a function of the organic bioburden amount and the material type. In summary, a high-throughput quantitative method was developed for determining the efficacies of fumigants, and the spore recoveries from five porous materials and one nonporous material ranged between 20 and 80%.
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24

Kabir, Zahangir, Steven A. Fennimore, John M. Duniway, Frank N. Martin, Gregory T. Browne, Christopher Q. Winterbottom, Husein A. Ajwa, Becky B. Westerdahl, Rachael E. Goodhue, and Milton J. Haar. "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Strawberry Runner Plant Production." HortScience 40, no. 6 (October 2005): 1709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1709.

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For years, strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa L.) runner plant nurseries have relied on methyl bromide (MB) fumigation of soil to produce healthy transplants. Methyl bromide, however, has been phased out due to its environmental risks. The potential for alternative fumigants to replace MB was evaluated at low and high elevation strawberry nurseries in California. The alternative fumigant iodomethane plus chloropicrin (IMPic) and a nonfumigated control (NF) were compared to methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBPic) at a low elevation nursery (LEN) and at a high elevation nursery (HEN) near Susanville, Calif. At a HEN near Macdoel, Calif., MBPic was compared to alternative fumigants IMPic, 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin mixture (Telone C35) followed by dazomet, chloropicrin (Pic) followed by dazomet and NF. Plants produced at the LEN were transplanted at the Macdoel HEN to measure the effects of soil fumigant history on plant health and runner plant production. Plants produced at both high elevation nurseries were evaluated for fruit yield and quality at two commercial fruit production sites in soils previously fumigated with MBPic or Pic. Runner plant production at the nurseries was similar in plots fumigated with either MBPic or alternative fumigants. All fumigation treatments had higher runner plant production than plants produced for two production cycles on NF soils. Generally, fruit yields from nursery plants produced on soils fumigated with IMPic, Pic followed by dazomet, or Telone C35 followed by dazomet, were similar to fruit yields from plants produced on MBPic fumigated soils. Overall, our results indicate that preplant soil treatments with IMPic, Pic followed by dazomet, and Telone C35 followed by dazomet, are potential alternatives to MBPic fumigation for strawberry runner plant nurseries. Fruit yields by plants in MBPic and Pic fumigated soils were comparable; however, they were more variable in Pic fumigated soils. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), methyl bromide, methyl iodide (iodomethane), trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin), tetrahydro-3, 5-dimethyl-2 H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (dazomet).
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25

Miller, M. Ryan, Peter J. Dittmar, Gary E. Vallad, and Jason A. Ferrell. "Nutsedge (Cyperusspp.) Control in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Using Fallow-Period Weed Management and Fumigation for Two Years." Weed Technology 28, no. 4 (December 2014): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-14-00027.1.

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Integrated management programs are becoming increasingly necessary for nutsedge control in the absence of methyl bromide. In 2012, field studies were established and maintained for a period of 2 yr at two locations to evaluate the additive effect of fallow programs and preplant fumigants for nutsedge control in bell pepper. The study included eight fallow programs consisting of eight combinations of glyphosate (G) and cultivation (C), and two fumigants; 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, dimethyl-disulfide + chloropicrin, and a nontreated check. All fallow programs provided greater late-season control of nutsedge compared to the nontreated, with the greatest control of nutsedge observed with glyphosate fb (followed by) glyphosate (GG) and glyphosate fb cultivation fb glyphosate (GCG) fallow programs. Fumigation provided additional nutsedge control in single-input fallow programs. Increased marketable yield was observed in 2012 with the application of either fumigant compared to a nonfumigated control. Furthermore, increased marketable yield was observed with more intensive fallow programs in 2013. Nutsedge control in bell pepper was significantly increased when a fallow program was used in combination with other weed-management practices.
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26

Oka, Yuji. "From Old-Generation to Next-Generation Nematicides." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091387.

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The phaseout of methyl bromide and the ban on, or withdrawal of, other toxic soil fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides belonging to the organophosphate and carbamate groups are leading to changes in nematode-control strategies. Sustainable nematode-control methods are available and preferred, but not always effective enough, especially for cash crops in intensive agriculture. A few non-fumigant nematicides, which have a relatively high control efficacy with a low toxicity to non-target organisms, have been released to the market or are in the process of being registered for use. Fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine are the three main and most promising next-generation nematicides. In this paper, several aspects of these non-fumigant nematicides are reviewed, along with a brief history and problems of old-generation nematicides.
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27

Fennimore, S. A., M. J. Haar, and H. A. Ajwa. "Weed Control in Strawberry Provided by Shank- and Drip-applied Methyl Bromide Alternative Fumigants." HortScience 38, no. 1 (February 2003): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.1.55.

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The loss of methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant has created the need for new weed management systems for crops such as strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne). Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide fumigation include 1,3-D, chloropicrin (CP), and metam sodium. Application of emulsified formulations of these fumigants through the drip irrigation system is being tested as an alternative to the standard shank injection method of fumigant application in strawberry production. The goal of this research was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of alternative fumigants applied through the drip irrigation system and by shank injection. The fumigant 1,3-D in a mixture with CP was drip-applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D plus 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 or shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D plus 35% CP) at 374 L·ha-1. Chloropicrin (CP EC, 95%) was drip-applied singly at 130 and 200 L·ha-1 or shank injected (CP, 99%) at 317 kg·ha-1. Vapam HL (metam sodium 42%) was drip-applied singly at 420 and 700 L·ha-1. InLine was drip-applied at 236 and 393 L·ha-1, and then 6 d later followed by (fb) drip-applied Vapam HL at 420 and 700 L·ha-1, respectively. CP EC was drip-applied simultaneously with Vapam HL at 130 plus 420 L·ha-1 and as a sequential application at 200 fb 420 L·ha-1, respectively. Results were compared to the commercial standard, MB : CP mixture (67:33) shank-applied at 425 kg·ha-1 and the untreated control. Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha-1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha-1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha-1. Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection. InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow (Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP. However, the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments, possibly due to the close proximity of the shank-injected fumigant to the edge of the bed. Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed. The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl bromide; trichloro-nitromethane (chloropicrin).
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28

McMahon, Bernadette M. "Organohalogen Residues and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.2.505.

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29

McMahon, Bernadette M. "Organohalogen Pesticides and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.179.

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30

McMahon, Bernadette M. "Organohalogen Residues and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.174.

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31

McMahon, Bernadette. "Organohalogen Residues and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.244.

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32

McMahon, Bernadette M. "Organohalogen Residues and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.1.167.

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33

Mcmahon, Bernadette M. "Organohalogen Residues and Fumigants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.1.182.

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34

Ibekwe, A. Mark, Sharon K. Papiernik, Jianying Gan, Scott R. Yates, Ching-Hong Yang, and David E. Crowley. "Impact of Fumigants on Soil Microbial Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.3245-3257.2001.

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ABSTRACT Agricultural soils are typically fumigated to provide effective control of nematodes, soilborne pathogens, and weeds in preparation for planting of high-value cash crops. The ability of soil microbial communities to recover after treatment with fumigants was examined using culture-dependent (Biolog) and culture-independent (phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE] of 16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA] fragments amplified directly from soil DNA) approaches. Changes in soil microbial community structure were examined in a microcosm experiment following the application of methyl bromide (MeBr), methyl isothiocyanate, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and chloropicrin. Variations among Biolog fingerprints showed that the effect of MeBr on heterotrophic microbial activities was most severe in the first week and that thereafter the effects of MeBr and the other fumigants were expressed at much lower levels. The results of PLFA analysis demonstrated a community shift in all treatments to a community dominated by gram-positive bacterial biomass. Different 16S rDNA profiles from fumigated soils were quantified by analyzing the DGGE band patterns. The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity,H, was calculated for each fumigated soil sample. High diversity indices were maintained between the control soil and the fumigant-treated soils, except for MeBr (H decreased from 1.14 to 0.13). After 12 weeks of incubation, Hincreased to 0.73 in the MeBr-treated samples. Sequence analysis of clones generated from unique bands showed the presence of taxonomically unique clones that had emerged from the MeBr-treated samples and were dominated by clones closely related to Bacillus spp. andHeliothrix oregonensis. Variations in the data were much higher in the Biolog assay than in the PLFA and DGGE assays, suggesting a high sensitivity of PLFA analysis and DGGE in monitoring the effects of fumigants on soil community composition and structure. Our results indicate that MeBr has the greatest impact on soil microbial communities and that 1,3-D has the least impact.
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Alves, Cristiane, Andrew W. MacRae, Clinton J. Hunnicut, Tyler P. Jacoby, Gregory E. MacDonald, and Peter J. Dittmar. "Impact of Fallow Programs and Fumigants on Nutsedge (Cyperusspp.) Management in Plasticulture Tomato." Weed Technology 27, no. 2 (June 2013): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00098.1.

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With the loss of methyl bromide (MeBr) and high prices of alternatives, tomato growers are applying lower fumigant rates or adopting a reduced system. Without the broad-spectrum control provided by the complete fumigant system, a fallow weed program might be needed to avoid an increase in pest pressure with consecutive years of application of the reduced-fumigant system. Nutsedges are among the pests of interest due to their fast reproduction by underground structures and ability to spread and quickly infest a field. Field trials were conducted between February and December of 2011 in Balm, FL, to evaluate the impacts of fallow treatments, fumigants, and halosulfuron on nutsedge control. The trial design was a split–split plot with main, sub-, and subsubplots being fallow, fumigant, and herbicide treatment, respectively. Fallow treatments were spaced evenly throughout the fallow season and consisted of sequential combinations of cultivation (C) and/or glyphosate (G) applied at 2.24 kg ae ha−1; including: C, CC, G, GG, CG, GC, GCG, and NO (nontreated control). Fumigant treatments included a reduced-fumigant system of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin 40:60 (1,3-D + pic) at 281 kg ha−1, a complete fumigant system of dimethyl disulfide plus chloropicrin 79:21 (DMDS + pic) at 545 kg ha−1, and no fumigant (NoFum). Herbicide treatments were either two POST applications of halosulfuron at 39 g ai ha−1(Hal) or no halosulfuron (NoHal). In general, the fallow weed treatment GCG was the most effective in reducing nutsedge shoot emergence through the plastic mulch. When the reduced-fumigant system 1,3-D + pic was combined with GCG fallow treatment and halosulfuron (GCG:1,3-D + pic:Hal), no differences were found between this combination and the complete fumigant system DMDS + pic with halosulfuron and combined with CC, G, GG, CG, GC or GCG. This study shows the importance of adding a fallow weed program and halosulfuron to either a reduced or complete fumigation system to minimize the reproduction and growth of nutsedges.
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36

Ray, Christopher L., Sandra B. Wilson, Kathy H. Brock, Bruce A. Fortnum, and Dennis R. Decoteau. "METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES IN FRESH MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 759a—759. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.759a.

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Pest management is of primary importance to the vegetable industry in our nation. In recent years producers have undergone much scrutiny concerning their pest control strategies, which often include the use of chemical pesticides. Due to the detrimental effects of many fumigants, growers are being forced to incorporate more environmentally sound agricultural practices while still producing a healthy, marketable commodity. The effects of three different fumigants and reflective mulches on plant growth and development were studied in field-grown, staked tomatoes. Methyl bromide, Telone II, or Telone C-17 were used in fumigation of plots. The establishment of mulch color was done via applications of exterior enamel paint, white or red in color, to the surface of black polyethylene mulch. With the exception of total marketable yields, no interactions existed between mulch color and fumigant. Red mulch and Telone II treatments resulted in the highest total marketable yield. Telone II application increased early marketable yield. White mulch color increased preharvest yield and black mulch color decreased early marketable yield. Low initial populations of nematodes may be the cause for lack of response due to fumigation.
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37

Zhang, Z. "Use of sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide in export log fumigation." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4545.

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As the deadline for phasing out the use of methyl bromide as a fumigant approaches alternative fumigants are being evaluated Sulfuryl fluoride has emerged as a promising alternative and is gaining increasing acceptance in Europe This study showed that sulfuryl fluoride was an effective fumigant for the control of Arhopalus tristis adults at the lowest concentration tested (15 g/m3) while 120 g/m3 was required for full control of A tristis eggs Sulfuryl fluoride also gave total control of Hylastes ater adults and larvae at 15 g/m3 Sulfuryl fluoride showed potential to control the eight fungi tested in this study with a concentration level of at least 30 g/m3 required for full control of the eight fungi tested
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38

Daft, James L. "Rapid Determination of Fumigant and Industrial Chemical Residues in Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 4 (July 1, 1988): 748–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.4.748.

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Abstract A gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the determination of 22 fumigant and industrial chemical residues in a variety of foods. The fumigants and industrial chemicals determined are methyl bromide, methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, ethylene dichloride, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methylene bromide, propylene dichloride, 2,3-dichloropropene, trichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, chloropicrin, ethylene dibromide, tetrachloroethylene, propylene dibromide, l,l,2,2-tetrachloroethane,j»-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Except for the latter three, the fumigants are determined at 90°C on 3.6 m 20% loaded OV-101 columns with electron-capture and Hall-electroconductivity detectors. The other 3 compounds (o-dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, and l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), which elute beyond 30 min on the above columns, are determined at 90°C on 1.8 m 5% loaded OV-101 columns with the same detectors. The ng/g-level fortifications have an overall mean analyte recovery of 70% and a coefficient of variation of 40%. The variety of foods examined includes both fatty and nonfatty food types (e.g., off-the-shelf cooked and uncooked grain-based items, dairy products, fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, and meats). Samples are extracted and cleaned up according to fat content and food type. Samples containing less than 71% fat are extracted by using an aqueous: nonaqueous shakeout (20% acetone solution under isooctane). Most extracts (isooctanes) are analyzed directly. Extracts from samples containing from 21 to 70% fat (e.g., ground beef, pecans, and corn chips) are cleaned up further on micro-Florisil columns to remove excess fat. A few other samples containing more than 71% fat or oil (e.g., butter, salad dressing, and vegetable oil) are diluted directly in isooctane and, depending on the degree of dilution, can be cleaned up further on micro-Florisil columns. Also, clear beverages (e.g., soda and tea) are extracted directly with isooctane. These extraction and cleanup techniques were tested on 231 different table-ready foods. Three-hundred incurred residues of 10 different fumigants were found in 138 items examined; 93 items had no detectable residues. The main advantage of the method is rapid semiquantitative determination of multiple fumigants from all food types.
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39

Devries, Jonathan W., Paul A. Larson, Raymond H. Bowers, Joyce A. Keating, James M. Broge, Paul S. Wehling, Hasmukh H. Patel, and James W. Zurawski. "Improved Codistillation Method for Determination of Carbon Tetrachloride, Ethylene Dichloride, and Ethylene Dibromide in Grain and Grain-Based Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.759.

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Abstract A method is described for the determination of the common fumigants carbon tetrachloride (CC14), ethylene dichloride (EDC), and ethylene dibromide (EDB) in grain and grain-based products. A properly prepared sample is mixed with water and hexane, an internal standard mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) and 1,2-dibromopropane (DBP) is added, and the fumigants are codistilled with the hexane into an appropriate receiver. After the hexane solution is dried over sodium sulfate, the quantities of fumigants present are quantitated on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). For the matrices investigated, the relative standard deviation of the method was 6.0,9.7, and 23.1% for CC14, EDC, and EDB, respectively. Recoveries of added fumigants were 107, 95, and 101%, respectively. Comparison with an acetone-water soak extraction method gave a correlation of 0.967 between methods for EDB with odds of a difference between methods of 35%.
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40

García-Méndez, Eva, David García-Sinovas, Maximo Becerril, Antońeta De Cal, Paloma Melgarejo, Anselmo Martínez-Treceño, Steven A. Fennimore, Carmen Soria, Juan J. Medina, and Jóse M. López-Aranda. "Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Weed Control and Runner Plant Production in Strawberry Nurseries." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.177.

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The phase out of methyl bromide (MB) requires effective alternatives for soil disinfestation, particularly in high-elevation strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) nurseries. Methyl bromide alternative fumigants were evaluated over a 3-year period for weed control and runner plant yields at strawberry nurseries in Spain. Two types of field trials were carried out: replicated experiments and commercial-scale field demonstrations. In the replicated experiments, eight fumigant treatments were evaluated each year, including the nonfumigated control and commercial standard methyl bromide plus chloropicrin mixture (MB : Pic) (50 : 50 w/w). Among the treatments evaluated were dazomet, chloropicrin (Pic) alone, metam sodium plus chloropicrin (MS + Pic), 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin (1,3-D : Pic) (61 : 35 w/w), DMDS plus chloropicrin (DMDS + Pic), and propylene oxide. The best alternative fumigant treatments from the replicated experiments were carried forward to the demonstration phase of the project. Treatments such as 1,3-D : Pic (300 kg·ha−1), the combination of metam sodium plus chloropicrin (Pic) (400 to 500 + 150 to 250 kg·ha−1), Pic alone (300 kg·ha−1) as well as dazomet (400 kg·ha−1) controlled weeds at the level of MB : Pic (400 kg·ha−1). Runner plant yields, in soils previously fumigated with alternative fumigants varied, among years, locations, and trial scale, i.e., commercial scale, or small plot. By comparison, runner plant yields in MB : Pic-fumigated soils were consistently high among years, location, and trial scale. Chemical names used are: 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene; MB, methyl bromide; Pic, trichloronitromethane; MS, sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate; DMDS, dimethyl disulphide; dazomet, tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione; PO, propylene oxide
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41

Ajwa, H. A., T. Trout, J. Mueller, S. Wilhelm, S. D. Nelson, R. Soppe, and D. Shatley. "Application of Alternative Fumigants Through Drip Irrigation Systems." Phytopathology® 92, no. 12 (December 2002): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1349.

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Strawberry fields in California (9,500 ha annually) are pre-plant fumigated with methyl bromide and chloropicrin to prevent serious soil pest and disease problems. Although soil fumigation with methyl bromide has ensured stability of strawberry production, its use is being discontinued because of its effect on stratospheric ozone. The likely short-term alternatives such as 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metham sodium, although not ozone depleters, are potentially hazardous to the environment and humans if applied improperly. Water-soluble formulations of alternative fumigants can be applied through drip irrigation systems established to irrigate crops. In comparison to conventional shank methods of injection, application of soluble formulations through drip irrigation systems would be economical and environmentally friendly, reduce worker exposure, and allow for simultaneous or sequential application of a combination of fumigants. This paper discusses techniques developed to apply alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems, and reviews ongoing studies to determine optimum application rates, soil conditions, plastic mulches, and amount of irrigation water used to apply these alternative fumigants.
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42

Nwankwo, Raphael Chukwunonso, Madu Daniel Ibegbu, Kenechukwu Chibuike Onyekwelu, Chioma Sandra Ejezie, Joy Ebele Ikekpeazu, and Fidelis Ebele Ejezie. "Biochemical and histopathological effects of sub-acute exposure of albino rats to fumigants – dichlorvos and cypermethrin." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0022.

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AbstractCypermethrin (CYP) is one of the most common active ingredients in most insecticides, mosquito coils and powder used in Nigeria. dichlorvos (DDVP) is the most indiscriminately used fumigant in most rural and sub-urban areas in Nigeria. These fumigants can easily be accessed without proper method of usage thus exposing the population to their toxic effects. As a result, this study was initiated to determine the effects of sub-acute exposure of CYP and DDVP on some biochemical and histopathological parameters of albino rats. In this study, forty (40) albino rats of 10 groups of 4 rats per group, with one group serving as control, were exposed to these fumigants in a poorly ventilated area for 4hours per day over 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The results showed observable changes in liver enzyme activities (p<0.05) in groups exposed to DDVP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The groups exposed to CYP showed mild changes in liver enzyme activities when compared with the DDVP groups. Increase in activity of the liver enzymes was also observed in the groups exposed to a mixture of DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The urea, creatinine and electrolytes levels in all the groups exposed to DDVP, CYP and DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6weeks were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Also WBC and platelets in all the groups exposed to DDVP and CYP recorded significant changes. The histology report of the lungs and liver showed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocytic steatosis which progressed with duration of exposure to the fumigants, while the kidneys showed no remarkable changes. The results of this study suggest that DDVP and CYP have relative toxic effects in the exposed animals and should be used with caution to avoid human exposure to their visible toxicities.
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43

Fesenko, О., V. Lysyuk, and S. Nemenuscha. "REGULATORY AND LEGAL PROVISION OF THE PROCESS OF DISINFECTION OF GRAIN AT GRAIN PROCESSING FACILITIES." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i3.1842.

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The article is devoted to the topical problem of controlling the contamination of grain products with agricultural pests at the facilities of the grain processing industry. The authors consider the use of one of the most effective methods of disinfection of grain products - fumigation, which, provided it is carried out competently and in a timely manner, avoids unwanted losses of grain and grain products. The characteristics of the main chemicals that are widely used as fumigants are presented. The article summarizes fumigants used in advanced countries of the world and are an alternative to the banned methyl bromide. A brief overview of modern fumigants allowed by the legislation of Ukraine is given, the existing problems of the domestic market of pesticides are revealed. Given that the effectiveness of fumigation depends on compliance with the technology of fumigation, special attention in the article is paid to the procedure for disinfection of grain products by fumigants. The authors analyse in detail the regulatory framework of this issue, safety rules, the use of personal protective equipment. The characteristic features and consequences of harmful effects of fumigants on the human body human body and the environment in the conditions of changing the order of disinfection of grain products are revealed. All grain processing enterprises have strict safety requirements for fumigation and degassing works. Training of experienced specialists is one of the important prerequisites for the safety of disinfection, so this article suggests ways to solve the problem of staff training. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve the regulatory mechanisms for regulating the quality control of both fumigants and fumigation works.
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44

Ramachandran, Maduraiveeran, Kathirvelu Baskar, and Manickkam Jayakumar. "Essential oil composition of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) and its protective efficacy against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): e0270084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270084.

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Tribolium castaneum is one of the major pests of stored grains which causes extensive damages. To control this insect pest many synthetic chemical pesticides are used. However, continuous usage of synthetic fumigants causes pest resurgence, toxic residues, genetic resistance in pests, environmental contamination and health hazards etc., To avert these problems, essential oils are used as bio-fumigants to control the stored pests. They could act as best alternatives to synthetic fumigant in closed environment. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the pesticidal activity of Callistemon citrinus oil against Tribolium castaneum. GC-MS analysis of C. citrinus essential oil (EO) showed 10 compounds; among them, the major constituent was eucalyptol (1, 8-cineole) at 40.44%. The lethal concentration (LC50) values were 37.05 μL/L (adults) and 144.31 μL/L (larvae) at 24 and 48 hrs respectively. Exposure to C. citrinus EO significantly reduced the beetle fecundity, ovicidal activity, egg hatchability, larvae survival and emergence of adult. The effect of EO on enzymatic activity of T. castaneum adults was examined using Acetylcholinesterase, α-Carboxylesterase, β-Carboxylesterase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatase assays. The results indicated that the activity of detoxification enzymes drastically varied when compared with control. This EO had toxicant effects on all stages of the life of T. castaneum.
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45

Wolverton, Ann. "Retrospective evaluation of costs associated with methyl bromide critical use exemptions for open field strawberries in California." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-0025.

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Abstract:Methyl bromide (MBr) has been widely used as a fumigant to control pests in the agricultural sector, but it is also an ozone depleting substance. After 2005, methyl bromide could only be produced when a critical use exemption was agreed to by the signatories to the Montreal Protocol. This paper examines how the EPA’sex antecost analyses for open field fresh strawberries in California for the 2006–2010 seasons compare to anex postassessment of costs. A key input into theex antecost analysis is the assumed yield loss associated with methyl bromide alternatives. The EPA used conservative assumptions given the wide range of estimates in the literature at the time, but it appears that a number of viable MBr alternatives – either new fumigants or new ways of applying existing fumigants – may have become available more quickly and resulted in lower yield loss than initially anticipated. Likewise, it appears that farmers who substituted away from methyl bromide did so without imposing large negative impacts on production in prime California strawberry growing areas.Ex postevaluation also confirms the effect of California regulatory restrictions in limiting the use of various economically competitive alternatives. It is worth noting that unanticipated complications after switching away from methyl bromide, such as new diseases, slowed the transition to MBr alternatives.
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46

Gamliel, A. "BEHAVIOR OF FUMIGANTS IN SOIL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 698 (December 2005): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.698.4.

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47

Mohamed S, Khalil, and Selim Rasha E. "Fluorinated nematicides: Novel classes in the way." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001055.

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The demand on non- fumigant nematicides was strongly increased in the last few years, and this interesting in nematicides are due to farmers are needed for safer pesticides and increasing of the regulatory pressure on many of the traditional nematicides. The control of plant parasitic nematodes with synthetic nematicides is the most widespread and preferred method, but not always effective enough. The most of synthetic nematicides especially non-fumigants are high toxic to non-target organisms. Thus, Novel non-fumigant nematicides were appeared as alternatives. The group of trifluoromethyl contains both fluensulfone and fluopyram which are different in mode of action than traditional nematicides as organophosphate and carbamate. Meanwhile, results indicated that fluensulfone and fluopyram are promising nematicides. These new nematicides are very different from traditional nematicides; they are more selective, less toxic and safer to use.
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48

Melvin Couey, H. "Heat Treatment for Control of Postharvest Diseases and Insect Pests of Fruits." HortScience 24, no. 2 (April 1989): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.2.198.

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Abstract Heat treatments have been used to control fungal diseases and insect infestation of fruit for many years. However, with the development of effective fungicides and insecticides, especially fumigants, which could be applied cheaply and easily, interest in heat treatments waned. Stringent short- and long-term safety studies imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has made retention of registration for many agricultural chemicals increasingly difficult. Some of the fumigants, such as ethylene dibromide, which were developed and used to control insects during the past 20 to 30 years, are no longer registered; others may lose registration in the future. These regulatory restrictions also increase the cost of developing new chemical fumigants and, therefore, interest in heat disinfestation has been revived (5).
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49

Dettner, K., R. Fettköther, O. Ansteeg, R. Deml, C. Liepert, B. Petersen, E. Haslinger, and W. Francke. "Insecticidal fumigants from defensive glands of insects - a fumigant test with adults ofDrosophila melanogaster." Journal of Applied Entomology 113, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1992): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb00646.x.

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50

Sudakin, D. L. "Occupational exposure to aluminium phosphide and phosphine gas? A suspected case report and review of the literature." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht496oa.

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The manufacture and application of aluminium phosphide fumigants pose risks of inhalation exposure to phosphine gas. This article presents a case report of suspected inhalation exposure to phosphine gas in a manufacturing facility for aluminium phosphide fumigants, which was associated with acute dyspnoea, hypotension, bradycardia and other signs of intoxication. These symptoms resolved within several hours after removal from exposure. A review of the data on human exposures to phosphide fumigants identifies both pesticide applicators and individuals in the vicinity of application to be at risk of accidental exposure and injury from phosphine inhalation. More recent reports have identified risks of phosphine gas inhalation in association with the clandestine production of methamphetamine. Toxicodynamic effects of phosphine result from the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species. There remain unanswered questions relating to the toxicokinetics of phosphine, as well as the assessment of human exposure utilizing biomarkers. As initial signs and symptoms of intoxication from phosphine gas may be nonspecific and transient, there is a need for improved recognition of the potential hazards associated with phosphide fumigants and phosphine gas.
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