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Dovalil, Vít. "Morphosyntaktische Variation in Verbalkomplexen des Verbs lassen und der Modalverben im Infinitiv II. Eine Analyse aus der Perspektive von Zentrum und Peripherie." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 46, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 102–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2018-0006.
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Abstract This paper deals with a morphosyntactic variable of German verb clusters containing a full verb and an infinitive perfect of the verb lassen or of modal verbs (gelassen haben, gekonnt haben). The corpus-based analysis draws upon the concept of center and periphery as it was developed by the Prague School. The main research question underpinning the synchronic analysis concentrates on the use of the IPP (infinitivus pro participio equivalent to the German term Ersatzinfinitiv) and the word order of the auxiliary verb within the cluster. In total, there is empirical evidence for four variants in which this variable is realized. Two of them fully correspond to the system of German infinitive constructions (full verb + gelassen/gekonnt haben, or haben + full verb + IPP lassen/können). However, these systemic constructions are used (much) less frequently in contemporary written German than the other two constructions (past participle of full verb + haben + lassen/können, or full verb + haben lassen/können). Whereas the former ones can be counted to the center of the German infinitive system from the structural point of view, the latter ones are classified as peripheral, because they are not derivable from the rules of this system. In spite of that, the paper explores one of identifiable epicenters within the periphery of the system, arguing with the highest frequency and further regularities of the third type of the construction (past particple of full verb + haben + lassen/können). The structural analysis takes the functional equivalency of subordinate clauses and the corresponding infinitive constructions into consideration. This contributes to better clarification of both morphology and word order of the elements creating the analyzed verb clusters.
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Čech, Radek, Petr Pajas, and Ján Mačutek. "Full Valency. Verb Valency without Distinguishing Complements and Adjuncts." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 17, no. 4 (November 2010): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2010.512162.
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De Wit, Astrid. "The semantics of the simple tenses and full-verb inversion in English." Constructions and Frames 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00019.wit.
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Abstract This paper offers a fresh perspective on (restrictions on) aspectual coercion, thereby focusing on the essentially epistemic import of aspectual constructions. The case study that I will discuss is the unexpected use of the simple tenses for ongoing event reports in sentences involving full-verb inversion. I will argue that this attestation of the simple present/past in inverted sentences can be analyzed as a kind of aspectual mismatch between the higher-order construction and the embedded tenses. Yet at a more basic, epistemic level of analysis, there is no mismatch: the full-verb inversion construction and the embedded tenses are similar in the sense that both report events that are conceived of as fully and instantly identifiable.
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Mous, Maarten. "TAM-full object-verb order in the Mbam languages of Cameroon." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.420.
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Nen and Nyokon are unique among the Bantu languages in allowing full nominal objects between the tense/aspect marker and the verb. Despite the fact that the two languages are neighbours and related they make different use of this positional option. In Nen the position is the default one for objects and the post-verbal position renders an object discrete and suitable for quantified objects and for contrast. In Nyokon the position before the verb is functionally equivalent to the one after the verb. The difference is related to the fact that Nyokon allows the preverbal object only in certain tenses whereas in Nen it is not restricted. But contrasted objects in Nyokon too appear after the verb. There is a construction in which both positions are filled with a constituent. This construction is modelled on a secondary predication construction.
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Manuelian, Hélène. "Le dictionnaire: d'un ouvrage de partage à un objet personnel et personnalisé." Verbum 9 (December 20, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2018.1.
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[full article, abstract in French; abstract in English]
Au début des années 2000, avec l’informatisation, seuls les modes de recherche dans les dictionnaires avaient évolué. A cette période, on se réjouissait de pouvoir faire facilement des recherches thématiques dans les dictionnaires, grâce notamment à des outils de recherche « plein texte ». Parallèlement, on s’inquiétait de la fiabilité des dictionnaires « collaboratifs », conçus grâce aux technologies du wiki et dans lesquels les utilisateurs pouvaient faire des modifications. Aujourd’hui, de nouveaux dictionnaires apparaissent : des dictionnaires que l’on peut fabriquer soi-même, à l’aide d’outils simples d’utilisation, et qui permettent à chacun de personnaliser son dictionnaire. L’article montrera que la personnalisation des dictionnaires change de façon radicale notre rapport au savoir (nous construisons nous-même notre ouvrage de référence), notre rapport à l’expert (serions-nous tous des lexicographes ?) et notre rapport même à l’utilisation du dictionnaire, puisqu’il devient un outil personnel et non plus un outil de partage.
Mots-clés: lexicographie, dictionnaires, wiki, nouvelles technologies.
Dictionaries: from information-sharing tools to highly customized objects
In the early 2000s, only search modes in dictionaries had evolved. In this period, it was challenging to be able to make easily thematic researches in dictionaries, due to “full text” research tools. At the same time, we were questioning about the reliability of the "collaborative" dictionaries, designed thanks to the technologies of the wiki and in which the users could make modifications.
Today, new dictionaries appear: dictionaries made by the user himself, for himself, by means of easy to use tools, and which allow every user to make his dictionary. The article will show that the customization of dictionaries changes in a radical way our relation to the knowledge (we build ourselves our reference book), our relation to the expert (would we be all lexicographers?) and our way of using the dictionary, because it becomes a personal tool and it is no more a way of sharing a language.
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Vázquez Laslop, María Eugenia. "Epistemic prometer and Full Deontic Modal Verbs." Modal Verbs in Germanic and Romance Languages 14 (December 31, 2000): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.14.13vaz.
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Abstract. Spanish prometer 'promise', permitir 'permit' and obligar 'oblige' are considered modal verbs. In their dcontic senses they behave syntactically as control verbs. This property is maintained in non-deontic permitir and obligar, but not in non-deontic/?ro/ne/cT, which shows some features of a raising verb. Non-deonticpermitir and obligar are causatives of alethic modalities (lx makes it possible/necessary for y to F(y,...y)t while non-deontic^romerer is epistemic ('it is highly likely that I'(x,...)*). Non-deontic senses of the three verbs have in common the non-intentionality of the participant referred to by the subject in the main clause.
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Sandra, Dominiek, and Lien Van Abbenyen. "Frequency and analogical effects in the spelling of full-form and sublexical homophonous patterns by 12 year-old children." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 2 (November 11, 2009): 239–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.2.04san.
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Two experiments in which 12-year old children had to spell Dutch inflected verb forms are reported. Both experiments focus on homophone dominance, i.e., the fact that spellers tend to make more intrusion errors on the lower-frequency form than on the higher-frequency one. Homophone-induced errors are studied at the level of full forms in Experiment 1 and at the sublexical level in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1 the children had to fill out two types of verb forms with homophones in their 1st (verb-final d) and 3rd person (verb-final dt) singular present tense. In both types the two verb forms had a very low frequency but the 1st person homophone of one type had the same spelling as a noun or adjective ending in d, or ended in such a word. The children made significantly more d intrusions on the 3rd person of these verbs than on the 3rd person of control verbs. In Experiment 2 three types of past tenses with stem-final d and suffix de had to be filled out, differing in the type of orthographic cluster preceding the stem-d. The pattern of results supports an account in which phonologically similar verbs are activated by the sublexical word-final sound sequence, which gives rise to intrusion errors when that sequence is homophonous between past tenses ending in de and dde. As the same phenomenon manifests itself at the levels of full forms and sublexical patterns, a model that automatically captures systematic correspondences between phonological and orthographic representations can best explain these findings. Connectionist and exemplar accounts are the prime candidates for such an explanation. Words-and-rules models, on the other hand, have several problems explaining the data.
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Duffley, Patrick. "The Cognitive Structure of Full-Verb Inversion and Existential Structures in English." Cognitive Semantics 4, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 184–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00402002.
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The goal of this study is to build on the Cognitive Grammar analysis of full-verb inversion (FVI) and existential structures proposed by Chen (2003, 2011 and 2013). Close attention will be given to two characteristics of these constructions not discussed by this author – lack of subject-verb agreement and the type of pronominal forms that occur in them – and their consequences for FVI’s cognitive structure will be worked out. Further parallels between FVI and the existential there-construction will be brought to light concerning the type of verbal predicate allowed, negation, transitivity, agreement patterns, presentational function, pronominal forms and heaviness of postverbal NPs. The cognitive structure of FVI with lack of S-V concord is argued to be: (1) ground-setter, (2) verb heralding presence/appearance of a generic third-person figure in the ground, (3) nominal identifying the generic figure. Chen’s Invertability Hypothesis is shown to generate false predictions with fronted adjectives and adverbials, and the claim that the preverbal element is in focus is shown to be problematic in the light of its usual status as given information. FVI is argued to be a construction in Goldberg’s (2006) sense of the term, although it does not constitute a meaning-form pairing which is completely independent of the lexical items that instantiate it.
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., ADERLAEPE. "REDUPLICATION OF VERB IN MUNA LANGUAGE." Gema Pendidikan 26, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/gapend.v26i2.8184.
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This research aims at describing the types and functions of verb reduplication in Muna language. Problems of the research are: (1) what types of verb reduplication in Muna language? (2) what are the functions of reduplication found on verb in Muna language? Data of the research were taken by using the techniques of noting, translation, introspection, and elicitation. The achieved data were analyzed by following the steps: (1) made the classification, (2) determine the basic element (stem) of every reduplication, (3) pay attention to the process of reduplication, (4) and determine the function of reduplication occur on verbs. Results of the research are as follows:There are three types of verb reduplication in Muna language, namely: full, partial, and affixed reduplications. Partial reduplication of verb in Muna language consists of regressive and progressive reduplications. In affixed reduplicaton, the kinds of affixes role in the reduplication process are: suffix –I which presents in the forms of suffix –pi, -ni, -li, and –mi; prefix sa-; and confix po-li. Full reduplication on verb in Muna language functions to state repeatitive activity and relax condition or activity done to relax. On the other hand, partial reduplication in the form of regressive reduplication functions to state repeatitive and serious activities, whereas the progressive one states reciprocal activity done by people in group. The last one, affixed reduplication that attached by suffix -pi, -li, and –mi states repeatitive and suffix –ni states an activity done seriously. Reduplication with prefix sa- states frequentive activity and the reduplication attached by confix po-li that states reciprocality and repeatitive activity. Key Words: Reduplication, Verb, Affix, Morphological Process, And Muna Language
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MEISTERERNST, Barbara, and Barbara MEISTERERNST. "From obligation to future? A diachronic sketch of the syntax and the semantics of the auxiliary verb dang ???" Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 40, no. 2 (2011): v—188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602811x00015.
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In this paper the syntax and the semantics of the modal auxiliary verb dāng ??? and its diachronic development from a full verb into a modal auxiliary verb, and a future marker are at issue. It will be demonstrated that dang predominantly expresses the root modal values of obligation and necessity and that epistemic and future readings are subject to different syntactic constraints. Additionally, the data will show that although dang seems to exhibit typical features of grammaticalisation in its development from a full verb into a modal auxiliary verb and eventually into a future marker, its development differs considerably from the grammaticalisation processes proposed in the linguistic literature.
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Bikelienė, Lina, and Milda Vaitkevičiūtė. "The Coda Voicing Contrast in Lithuanian Learners’ English." Verbum 9 (December 20, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2018.2.
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[full article and abstract in English]
Vowel duration, though not belonging to the three main factors in the decription of vowels, plays an important role in the English language. Alongside qualitative differences, it helps to distinguish between the meaning of such words as ‘ship’ and ‘sheep’. Vowel duration has been recognised to be a complex phenomenon, which depends on a combination of factors: internal and external (Delattre 1962). The present pilot study focuses on one of the factors belonging to the latter group, i.e. the influence of the postvocalic voicing on vowel duration in minimal pairs of one sylable CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) words, a phenomenon reffered to as ‘pre-fortis clipping’ (Wells 1990), ‘voicing effect’ (Yoneyama and Kitahara 2014), ‘consonantal voicing effect’ (Beller-Marino 2014), ‘vowel-length effect’ (Ko 2007), ‘shortening’ (Cruttenden 2014), ‘post-vocalic consonant voicing effect’ (Taubeber and Evanini 2009), etc. The scope of this research was limited to four checked unrounded English monophthongs: the front-central, close-mid /ɪ/, the front, mid /e/, the front, open /æ/, and the central, open-mid /ʌ/. The durational differences were analysed from a perceptive and productive perspectives. The obtained results indicated that the Lithuanian learners showed an effect of voicing on vowel-duration, manifested in a number of languages: the mean duration of the examined vowels was shorter before a fortis than before a lenis coda. The analysis of individual students’ production data proved the importance of the individual variable.
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Krebs, Julia, Ronnie B. Wilbur, and Dietmar Roehm. "Distributional properties of an agreement marker in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS)." Linguistics 58, no. 4 (October 25, 2020): 1151–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0159.
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AbstractThis study focuses on the distribution of agrm-bc, one of two agreement markers used in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS; Krebs, Julia, Ronnie B. Wilbur & Dietmar Roehm. 2017. Two agreement markers in ÖGS. Sign Language and Linguistics 20(1). 27–54), with respect to different “verb types”. Using an online questionnaire, ÖGS signers rated ÖGS sentences involving different verb types that varied in whether they show agreement with their arguments (“agreeing” with two arguments, “plain” with none or only one) and if so, how (movement from subject to object, backwards from object to subject and/or facing towards object). Thus, the verbs differ in the degree and form of expressing agreement. In addition, these verbs either appeared with or without agrm-bc. Data analysis revealed that the combination of inflected agreeing verbs and the agreement marker (“double agreement”) is acceptable in ÖGS. If the verb itself does not indicate full agreement (i.e., as in plain verbs) agrm-bc can, but does not have to, be used to indicate the argument structure. Independently, whether the verb showed full agreement marking (movement and facing) or only facing did not influence the acceptability of the occurrence of agrm-bc. The relatively high ratings for the combination of agrm-bc with different verb types suggests that agrm-bc functions as a general agreement marker in ÖGS.
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Kambon, Obadele, E. Kweku Osam, and Nana Aba Appiah Amfo. "A case for revisiting definitions of serial verb constructions: Evidence from Akan serial verb nominalization." Studies in African Linguistics 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v44i2.107260.
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In this study, we undertook an experiment in which native speakers of Akan were given serial verbs both with and without oblique non-verbal elements (such as relator nouns, direct objects, postpositions, etc.) and asked them to construct Serial Verb Construction Nominals (SVCNs) from them. We found that, by and large, when not given said non-verbal elements, speakers were not able to construct nominal forms. In another task, we gave speakers nominal forms and asked them to deconstruct them to the constituent serial verbs from which they were derived. Time and again, speakers gave, not only the serial verbs, but also the non-verbal elements even though they were not asked to do so. Gestalt meanings were also given by speakers when asked the meanings of individual elements. Thus, the semantic integration and lexicalization that takes place in full lexicalized-integrated serial verb constructions extends not only to serial verbs but also to these non-verbal elements which, to native speakers, seem to form just as important a part of the SVC as the verbal elements. Thus, we argue that definitions of SVCs, henceforth, should not prejudice the serial verbs to the detriment of other equally important parts of the construction.
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HERSCHENSOHN, JULIA, and DEBORAH ARTEAGA. "Tense and verb raising in advanced L2 French." Journal of French Language Studies 19, no. 3 (September 28, 2009): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269509990019.
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ABSTRACTTwo UG approaches to L2A propose different views of parameter resetting, depending on the capacity of interlanguage grammars to gain new values for uninterpretable functional features. Representational Deficit/Interpretability (e.g. Hawkins, 2003) maintains that parameter settings are limited to L1 values, whereas Full Access (e.g. Prévost & White, 2000) claims L2 parameter values may be gained; both assume initial transfer of L1 morphosyntactic settings. We examine verb morphosyntax of three advanced anglophone learners of L2 French, beginning with a description of the theoretical issues. We next report the study: the subjects, data collection and results. The final section discusses the data in terms of the two approaches, concluding that the results generally support FA over RD/I.
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Quesada, J. Diego. "Morfología del verbo garífuna." LETRAS, no. 51 (April 1, 2012): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-51.4.
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Presenta una descripción de la morfología del verbo garífuna, única lengua arahuaca hablada en Centroamérica, desde una perspectiva funcional-tipológica. Es un avance respecto a estudios previos por tratar la dimensión verbal como una unidad temática. Se ofrece un inventario de las formas verbales del garífuna, haciendo referencia a la formación de verbos, a las clases verbales, a la existencia de formas cortas, a la distinción entre ver-boides y verbos plenos, así como a las formas que cumplen el perfil de auxiliares, y un recuento de las categorías verbales del garífuna. A detailed description is given here of Garifuna, the only Arawakan language spoken in Central America, regarding its verb morphology from a typological-functional perspective. It provides a more encompassing view in comparison to previous studies insofar as it describes the verbal dimension as a thematic unit. It provides an inventory of Garifuna verb forms, with special emphasis on verb-formation, verb classes, the existence and distribution of short forms, as well as the distinction between verboids (nominalized forms) and full verbs; additionally, reference is made to forms fulfilling the profile of auxiliaries, and the paper next identifies all relevant grammatical categories of the Garifuna verb.
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Kriaučiūnienė, Roma, Jefferey La Roux, and Miglė Lauciūtė. "Stance Taking in Social Media: the Analysis of the Comments About Us Presidential Candidates on Facebook and Twitter." Verbum 9 (December 20, 2018): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2018.3.
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[full article and abstract in English]
The subject of the paper is the analysis of the expression of stance taking in an online environment, mainly in the comments of users of social networks such as Facebook and Twitter about the presidential candidates of the American Presidential Election in 2016. The empirical data analysis was carried out following the ideas of J. W. Du Bois (2007), D. Barton & C. Lee (2013) and R. Englebretson (2007) on stance taking and J. W. Du Bois’ (2007) model of stance triangle, i.e. grouping instances of stance-taking into one of these groups: evaluation, affect or epistemicity, which served as the main framework of this study. The work of linguists D. Barton & C. Lee (2013) on the expression of stance-taking in an online environment were also taken into consideration.
Having in mind the fact that stance identification is a challenging task , i.e. it could be implicitly as well as explicitly expressed and that it should be inferred from different modes of its expression and interpreted with reference to many contextual and intertextual factors, in the current analysis the authors focused on interpretation of linguistic as well as other multimodal means of the expression of stance that were used by users of social networks in their writing spaces on the topic of the Presidential Election in the United States in 2016. It should also be mentioned that the analysis presented in this article offers only one of the many possible interpretations of the data. Moreover, the current paper concentrates mainly on the presentation of the empirical data of the expression of affective stance. However, it should be indicated that in some cases stance types overlap, i.e. one instance could be treated as both taking an affective and an evaluative stance, as judgements and evaluation (i.e. evaluative stance) are often based on feelings (i.e. affective stance).
The main source of the empirical data were the instances of stance taking taken from comments found on Donald Trump’s and Hillary Clinton’s verified Facebook and Twitter pages during their presidential campaigns in 2016. All in all, 147 examples of posts and comments from the social networks Facebook and Twitter were collected: 72 comments incorporating stance taking on Donald Trump‘s posts, and 75 comments including stance taking on Hillary Clinton‘s posts. The results of the empirical data analysis showed that the affective stance was expressed by linguistic as well as multimodal means.
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Gzella, Holger. "Zum periphrastischen Infinitiv in Genesis viii 5." Vetus Testamentum 58, no. 4 (2008): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853308x312717.
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AbstractThe astonishing use of the double infinitive absolute with the verb, attested only in Gen. viii 5, has not yet been explained satisfactorily. The present paper argues that this construction is neither a variant form of the periphrastic participle, nor that serves as a pluperfect. Instead, the two infinitives provide an adverbial modification for the main verb by specifically marking durativity and/or iterativity. However, precisely the combination with appears to be special. The past tense indicator, itself being semantically void here, has been employed instead of a full verb, even though such a full verb would normally be expected with this expression, in order to retrieve a piece of information given in Gen. viii 3 and move it from the background to the foreground. It is thus the information structure which conditions the author's decision to explicitly mark the durative Aktionsart.
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Richards, Brian, and Peter Robinson. "Environmental correlates of child copula verb growth." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (June 1993): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090000831x.
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ABSTRACTA recurring result from studies which relate the frequency of input variables to rate of language development, is the link between auxiliary verb growth and yes—no questions addressed to children. Explanations for this relationship usually concentrate on the advantages of hearing stressed and non-contracted auxiliary forms in sentence-initial position over hearing unstressed, contracted forms in medial position in declaratives. If such accounts are correct, then it can be predicted that yes—no questions which place forms of COPULA be in initial position will also increase the rate of growth of children's COPULA verb development. This prediction was tested using a sample of 33 children, carefully matched for stage of language development at 1;9 and 2;0 years; rate of copula verb growth was then measured over the succeeding nine months. Analyses include an examination of the contribution of sub-categories of yes—no question, tag questions, and utterances containing sentence-final copulas to the growth of contracted and full copulas. Results confirm that the frequency of inverted copulas in yes—no questions predicts children's copula development. Nevertheless, caution is urged before interpreting the relationship in terms of a direct causal model.
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Kutafeva, Natalia V. "Compound Verbs with Meaning of Reciprocal and Joint Action in Modern Japanese Language." Oriental Studies 18, no. 10 (2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-10-78-88.
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This article analyzes compound verbs of modern Japanese language belonging to the reciprocal and joint action group expressing quantitative meaning. It also discusses the term ‘compound verb’ and its understanding in Russian and foreign linguistics. The compound verb is a verb in which from the left side a nominal, verbal or adjective component may be added to a verb functioning as a second component of the compound verb, from the right side – the auxiliary verb suru ‘to do’. We suppose that the compound verb is a verb combining two verbal components. The first component has the form of a connective form of the verb, and the second one is a verb having a full word inflectional paradigm. Components 合う -au and 合わせる -awaseru are used as affixes in analyzed compound verbs. Compound verbs with reciprocal meaning with component 合う -au express subjective reciprocal meaning and suppose existence of two participants of action. Compound verbs with joint action meaning with component 合う -au can express an indefinite quantity of subjects of action with the help of using adverbs or the appropriate lexicon as the subject of a sentence. The second component 合う -au easily adjoins to the verbs implying existence of a partner and doesn’t join to verbs which have a strong meaning of individuality and separateness. The second component 合わせる -awaseru partially keeps its own lexical meaning and the compound verb overall has an objective reciprocal meaning and expresses the quantity of subjects or objects. Compound verbs with component 合わせる -awaseru have the following meanings: 1. Combination of two subjects or two items. In this group as a first component the verbs with meaning ‘joint, adding’ and verbs with meaning ‘sudden joint action of partners’ are often used. 2. Adding one subject to another, one item to another. Compound verb overall expresses meaning of the result of action. 3. Adaptation to some circumstances, comparison. Conclusion is made based on the comparison of some items.
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Watkins, Ruth V., and Mabel L. Rice. "Verb Particle and Preposition Acquisition in Language-Impaired Preschoolers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 5 (October 1991): 1130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3405.1130.
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This study examined the acquisition of verb particles and prepositions in language-impaired, language-matched, and age-matched preschool children. A videotape experimental task, in which subjects viewed and described brief action sequences, was implemented. The videotape task included particle, preposition, full noun phrase, and pronoun noun phrase items for six different particle/preposition words. Primary results indicated that the use of verb particles constituted a particularly challenging linguistic task for the language-impaired subjects relative to both their age- and language-matched peers. These results suggest multiple sources of difficulty for language-impaired children in the acquisition of grammatical form classes. Lexical and grammatical difficulties, as well as possible processing limitations, are implicated.
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Hayashishita, J. R., Daiki Tanaka, and Ayumi Ueyama. "A linguistically-informed way of introducing Japanese verbs to second language learners." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 36, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2017.
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AbstractThis paper describes how the Japanese speakers’ knowledge is organized in regards to verbs, and proposes a linguistically-informed way of introducing it to second language learners. It is maintained by a number of researchers that each verb is stored with the information of its argument structure in the speaker’s mental lexicon. That is, a given verb is stored with the information of how many arguments it takes and what types of arguments they are. In this paper, capitalizing on this assumption, we will maintain that the knowledge of the native speakers of Japanese is organized in such a way that if a verb gives rise to n-number of different meanings, there are n-number of lexical entries, and each such entry is independently stored with the information concerning the meaning of the verb, the verb arguments and their accompanying particles. After the description of the organization of Japanese speakers’ knowledge in regards to verbs, as an effective way of introducing this to Japanese language learners, the paper proposes the format of an innovative approach to Japanese verbs reference book. This proposed format capitalizes on full sentence definitions in the sense of the Collins Cobuild Dictionary.
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Cardinaletti, Anna, and Ur Shlonsky. "Clitic Positions and Restructuring in Italian." Linguistic Inquiry 35, no. 4 (October 2004): 519–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024389042350523.
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Verbs can be introduced (merged) in either a lexical VP or a functional head, the latter position giving rise to restructuring contexts. We argue that there are two clitic positions in Italian “restructured” clauses: one associated with the (restructured) lexical verb and the other a clausal clitic position located in the functional domain. While restructuring can be recursive, clitics appear either on the restructured infinitive (no clitic climbing) or in the functional domain of the highest verb (full clitic climbing). There is no clitic climbing to an intermediate restructuring verb. We argue that only the lowest restructured verb makes a position for clitics available and that this position is the same as that of infinitive-final [e]. Finally, we show that the functional ∼ lexical dichotomy is too sharp and that a variety of verb classes must be admitted, whose properties correlate with the point in the structure in which they are merged.
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WONG, ANITA M. Y., DORCAS C. C. CHOW, CATHERINE MCBRIDE-CHENG, and STEPHANIE F. STOKES. "Optional elements and variant structures in the productions of bei2 ‘to give’ dative constructions in Cantonese-speaking adults and three-year-old children." Journal of Child Language 37, no. 1 (March 10, 2009): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000909009416.
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ABSTRACTTo express object transfer, Cantonese-speakers use a ‘ditransitive’ ([V–R–T] or [V–T–R] where V=Verb, T=Theme, R=Recipient), or a more complex prepositional/serial-verb (P/SV) construction. Clausal elements in Cantonese datives can be optional (resulting in ‘full’ versus ‘non-full’ forms) or appear in variant orders (full non-canonical and full canonical). We report on usage of dative constructions with the word bei2 ‘to give’ in 86 parents and 53 three-year-old children during conversations. The parents used more P/SV than ditransitive bei2-datives, and vice versa for the children. Both groups showed a similar usage pattern of optional elements and variant structures in their ditransitive and P/SV bei2-datives. The roles of multiple construction types, optional elements and variant structures in children's learning of bei2-dative constructions are described.
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Lyubeznova, Natalia. "The phenomenon of syntagmatic motivation in prefix verb derivation in the Russian language." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.29207.
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The subject of this research is the syntagmatic motivational linkages in prefix verb derivation of the Russian language, observed in the aspect of synchronic dynamics. The author examines such aspects of the topic as syntagma (combination of two verbal-cogitative components connected by hierarchical relations of the principal and explanatory) and syntagmatic motivation (substantiated by syntactic models). Special attention is given to the fact that the motivated verb derivative structure can correlate with the motivating components in either syntagmatic sphere or paradigmatic sphere. The scientific novelty is associated with determination of peculiarities of syntagmatic motivation of derived verbs, role of the verbal prefixes in syntagmatic motivation, stages of “derivational history” and varieties of syntagmatic motivation of prefix verbs. The following conclusions were made: 1) full structural-semantic syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and prepositional-nominal constructs, in which preposition is materially and semantically analogous to prefix; 2) semi syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and adverb or combination of noun with preposition, consonant with prefix semantically, but not formally.
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Guérois, Rozenn, and Denis Creissels. "The relative verb forms of Cuwabo (Bantu P34) as contextually oriented participles." Linguistics 58, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 463–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0046.
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AbstractCuwabo (Bantu P34, Mozambique) illustrates a relativization strategy, also attested in some North-Western and Central Bantu languages, whose most salient characteristics are that: (a) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement with the subject (as in independent clauses), but agreement with the head noun; (b) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement in person and number-gender (or class), but only in number-gender; (c) when a noun phrase other than the subject is relativized, the noun phrase encoded as the subject in the corresponding independent clause occurs in post-verbal position and does not control any agreement mechanism. In this article, we show that, in spite of the similarity between the relative verb forms of Cuwabo and the corresponding independent verb forms, and the impossibility of isolating a morphological element analyzable as a participial formative, the relative verb forms of Cuwabo are participles, with the following two particularities: they exhibit full contextual orientation, and they assign a specific grammatical role to the initial subject, whose encoding in relative clauses coincides neither with that of subjects of independent verb forms, nor with that of adnominal possessors.
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Elenbaas, Marion. "The synchronic and diachronic status of English light verbs." Linguistic Variation 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2013): 48–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.13.1.02ele.
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This article elucidates the synchronic and diachronic status of English light verbs. In doing so, it contributes to the debate on the status of light verbs cross-linguistically. Synchronically, light verbs appear to straddle the boundary between lexical and functional categories. This has led to the view that light verbs are a diachronic stage on a grammaticalisation cline from full verb to auxiliary. Another view holds that light verbs are historically a dead-end. In this article I will present synchronic and diachronic data that show that the history of English light verbs does not display signs of grammaticalisation. I will argue that English light verbs are synchronic variants of full verbs.
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Terluin, Sonja. "Een Minimalistische Analyse Van Tweede-Taalverwervingsdata." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 61 (January 1, 1999): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.61.05ter.
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This paper reports on the acquisition of word order and subject-verb agreement by adult Turkish learners of Dutch. Five initial state hypotheses were translated into three Mini-malist hypotheses. An evaluation of these hypotheses showed that Minimal Trees and Full Transfer/'Full Access were empirically hardly distinguishable, in spite of the great differences between the original theories. The selection criterion used turned out to be inappropiate to properly evaluate Weak Features' (based on Valueless Features, the Basic Variety and the Initial Hypothesis of Syntax.) Word order in the initial state is probably determined by the word order of L1. The exact analysis for (the) stage(s) preceding target language structure, however, remains unclear. A strong relationship was found between verb morphology and verb movement, but it is unclear how Turks discover this relationship, which does not exist in their mother tongue.
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Carapeto-Conceição, Robson. "Begegnungsschule und Fremdsprache: Der pädagogisch-institutionelle Diskurs in Bezug auf die mehrsprachige und plurikulturelle Kompetenzförderung in einer deutschen Auslandsschule." Verbum 9 (December 20, 2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2018.5.
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[full article, abstract in German; abstract in English]
Im Kapitel 8 des Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmens für Sprachen (GER) wird die sogenannte mehrsprachige und plurikulturelle Kompetenz als weiteres Ziel des Sprachenlernens erläutert. Dementsprechend wird die allgemeine Sprachkompetenz „nicht als Schichtung oder als ein Nebeneinander von getrennten Kompetenzen verstanden, sondern vielmehr als eine komplexe oder sogar gemischte Kompetenz“ (Trim et al. 2001, p. 163) betrachtet. Insgesamt werden 140 Auslandsschulen mit Ressourcen des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes in 71 Ländern gefördert. Von 80.000 Schülern besitzen ca. 73% weder die deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft noch sprechen sie Deutsch als Erstsprache. Meistens handelt es sich um private Bildungsanstalten, welche als bikulturelle Begegnungsschulen bezeichnet und von Kindern und Jugendlichen aus ökonomisch privilegierten Elternhäusern besucht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich die Kernfrage: Inwiefern entspricht der dabei erwartete interkulturelle Dialog den Austauschdynamiken und Identitätsprozessen, wie sie im Schulalltag festgestellt werden können, und auch den Prämissen des GER in Bezug auf interkulturelle und mehrsprachige Kompetenz? An welcher sprachlichen Ideologie orientiert sich der Diskurs und die pädagogische Praxis in solchen binationalen Schuleinrichtungen? Die Analyse des institutionellen Diskurses der untersuchten Einrichtung zeigt ihren ideologischen Unterbau und die soziopolitische Zielgruppe auf, die sie in den Blick nimmt, sowie ihre Einstellung zu Interkulturalität und Mehrsprachigkeit. Die überwiegende Spracheinstellung verweist noch auf den „Nativitätsmythos“ (Rajagopalan 1997, p. 226 f.), indem die Sprachkompetenz des zweisprachigen Individuums hinsichtlich eines anachronistischen, imaginären ‚Muttersprachlers‘ bewertet wird.
Encounter Schools and Foreign Language: The Pedagogical-Institutional Discourse about Multilingual and Pluricultural Competence Promotion in a German School Abroad
Among the 80,000 students attending the 140 German schools abroad, about 73% are not German or ‘native’ German speakers. These are usually private schools, called “bicultural schools of encounter” frequented by children and young people from the economically privileged classes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the permeability of the space of this encounter and between the internal structures of the same. We seek to elucidate the extent to which the model of intercultural dialogue envisaged by this political project corresponds to the dynamics of exchanges and identity re-elaborations that occur organically and to the assumptions of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in relation to the development of intercultural and plurilingual competences. Analyzing the presentation of the institutional profile and pedagogical plan in the homepage of one of these schools, we hope to counter the vestiges of this proposal of literacy in the school environment to the social and linguistic representations shared by these institutions and their target audience. In this context, the key question arises: To what extent does the expected intercultural dialogue correspond to the exchange dynamics and identity processes that can be identified in everyday school life, and to the premises of the CEFR in relation to intercultural and multilingual competence? At which linguistic ideology is the discourse and pedagogical practice in such binational institutions oriented?
The analysis of the institutional discourse of a bilingual German school located in Brazil aims to reveal its ideological substructure and the socio-political target group that it looks at, as well as its attitude to interculturality and multilingualism. According to the results, the predominant language attitude still refers to the "myth of nativity" (Rajagopalan 1997: 226 f.), in which the linguistic competence of the bilingual individual is evaluated in terms of an anachronistic, imaginary 'native speaker'.
The theoretical basis for this study is presented in the first two chapters, followed by a brief discussion of the methodology applied on this research. Afterwards, chapter 5 deals in depth with the institutional discourse on the examined school concept. Chapter 6 deals with language attitudes and transcultural processes in reports on multidisciplinary activities and the following concluding chapter tries to reconstruct the challenges of a partly organic, partly planned development towards a multilingual (school) identity.
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Paula, Thaís Franco de, and Sueli Maria Coelho. "The metaphor in the grammaticalization process of the verb DANAR to express inceptive aspect with extension of the action in Brazilian Portuguese." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 15, no. 2 (June 2015): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-639820156128.
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This paper aims to present how a metaphor acts in the grammaticalization process of the verb DANAR, from Brazilian Portuguese, ranging from the full lexical verb to the grammatical, auxiliary verb in constructions like: "The kid danou(-se) to cry", hereby referred to as V1DANAR + (pron) + (prep) + V2infinitive. We support that this new usage of DANAR, perceived as a marker of an inceptive aspect with an extension of action, is a consequence of a metaphorical cognitive process that involves imagetic schemes of motion and force, which already existed within the concrete form of DANAR, which justifies that this verb, although not the archetypal aspect marker, may have updated this grammatical category.
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Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide, and Fátima Cheikh-Khamis. "“How to become a woman without turninginto a Barbie”: Change-of-state verbconstructions and their role in Spanish as a Foreign Language." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 57, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2018-2008.
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AbstractPseudo-copulative change-of-state (PCOS) verbs are predicates that involve a change in the composition of an entity undergoing a particular event. Due to their complex linguistic nature, these verbs are not easy to be accounted for and consequently, they represent a real challenge to language teachers and learners. First, this paper critically examines the specialized L1 and L2 literature on PCOS verbs in Spanish. Then, it is shown that previous studies are unable to provide a unanimous theory, but rather offer heterogeneous explanations that are full of exceptions and overlook semantic nuances. The second part of this work presents a corpus-based constructional study of the PCOS verbal structure [Vcl+NP] in two PCOS verbs,hacerse‘make.cl’andvolverse‘turn.cl’. It is argued that a multi-level family of PCOS constructions captures both the specificity of fully-saturated constructions (María se hizo mujer‘María became a woman’), as well as the more general abstract patterns ([Subject PCOS-verb Object]). This constructional approach offers a unified and motivated explanation for these PCOS verbs that can be very useful for Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL).
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Ulrich, Charles H. "A unified account of Choctaw intensives." Phonology 11, no. 2 (August 1994): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001998.
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Choctaw verbs form intensives by a complex procedure of (apparent) infixation, gemination and accentuation. Verbs of all shapes have two distinct intensive forms, which Ulrich (1986) distinguishes as they-grade (involving a geminateyy) and the g-grade (involving gemination of a stem consonant or a falling tone). Lombardi & McCarthy (1991) analyse Choctaw intensives in terms of the theory of prosodic circumscription (McCarthy & Prince 1990). Hammond (1993) gives an alternative analysis within the same theory. While insightful in certain respects, these analyses fail to account for the full range of Choctaw intensives, instead generating a single intensive for any verb. In the present paper, I propose a unified analysis of Choctaw intensives, with two, minimally different, procedures for generating the two intensives of any verb.
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MORGAN, GARY, ROSALIND HERMAN, and BENCIE WOLL. "The development of complex verb constructions in British Sign Language." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (July 22, 2002): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005184.
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This study focuses on the mapping of events onto verb-argument structures in British Sign Language (BSL). The development of complex sentences in BSL is described in a group of 30 children, aged 3;2–12;0, using data from comprehension measures and elicited sentence production. The findings support two interpretations: firstly, in the mapping of concepts onto language, children acquiring BSL overgeneralize the use of argument structure related to perspective shifting;secondly, these overgeneralizations are predicted by the typological characteristics of the language and modality. Children under age 6;0, in attempting to produce sentences encoded through a perspective shift, begin by breaking down double-verb constructions (AB verbs) into components, producing only the part of the verb phrase which describes the perspective of the patient. There is also a prolonged period of development of non-manual features, with the full structure not seen in its adult form until after 9;0. The errors in the use of AB verbs and the subsequent protracted development of correct usage are explained in terms of the conceptual–linguistic interface.
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Cappelle, Bert. "The Particularity of Particles, or Why They Are Not Just ‘Intransitive Prepositions’." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.04cap.
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Although the distinction between verb-preposition combinations (e.g., They fought over the money) and prima facie similar transitive verb-particle combinations (e.g., They handed over the money) is well known, some grammarians have taken the view that particles are in fact a sort of prepositions all the same, namely, intransitive ones. While this view is not faulty in itself, I do not subscribe to any of three related claims, namely (i) that directional particles and full directional PPs have the same syntactic distribution, (ii) that directional particles are shortened versions of full PPs, and (iii) that the use of a directional particle only differs from the use of a formally related full directional PP in leaving the reference object (i.e., the ‘landmark’ in Cognitive Grammar terms) understood. I argue that, since even directional particles can be quite different from their prepositional counterparts, it follows that we should consider all particles as a class distinct from prepositions.
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McCune, Lorraine, and Ellen Herr-Israel. "Infant single words for dynamic events predict early verb meanings." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 629–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2018-0087.
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Abstract Do children’s single words related to motion and change also encode aspects of environmental events highlighted by Talmy’s motion event analysis? If so, these meanings may predict children’s early verb meanings. Analyzing the kinds of meanings expressed in single “dynamic event words” through motion event semantics yields links between early true verbs in sentences and the semantics encoded in these single words. Dynamic event words (e.g., more, allgone, out, down) reflect the sense of temporal and spatial reversibility established in the late sensorimotor period. We propose that these dynamic meanings provide the semantic foundation for the most common verbs included in early sentences, and thus a bootstrap to full development of the verb repertoire. In this study, we followed the spoken language development (from single words to sentences) of five children. We identified dynamic event words as encoding dynamic change in the following dimensions: (1) spatial direction in relation to self; (2) vertical spatial direction; (3) figure/ground relationships; and (4) temporal event sequences. Verbs continuing the semantics previously identified in dynamic event words occurred early and dominated the verb repertoire through 24 months of age.
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Mel’čuk, Igor. "Verbes supports sans peine." Verbes supports 27, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.27.2.05mel.
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The paper is aimed at defining the concepts needed in the discussion of so-called ‘support (≈ light) verbs’ and presenting a way of describing them in the lexicon in terms of Lexical Functions [= LFs]. It develops the following six points : 1. A genuine support verb is semantically empty (or ‘emptied’ in the context of its keyword). 2. There are just three types of ‘pure’ support verbs — Oper, Func, and Labor — distinguished according to the syntactic role fulfilled by their keyword. 3. Two sorts of meanings are often combined with support verbs : phasic meanings (‘begin,’ ‘stop,’ ‘continue’) and causative meanings (‘cause’) ; such a meaning plus a support verb form a complex LF. 4. There exist other sorts of meanings (especially, intensification) that can bear on the predicative noun but are expressed together with the support verb : they form, with the latter, a configuration of LFs. 5. A family of semantically full collocational verbs show the same syntactic behavior as support verbs : these are called realization verbs. 6. Using support verbs and their encoding in terms of LFs, it is possible to construct a universal Deep-Syntactic paraphrasing system. Several examples of DSynt-paraphrasing rules are given. The discussion is carried out based on French.
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Pellegrini, Matteo. "Patterns of interpredictability and principal parts in Latin verb paradigms: an entropy-based approach." Journal of Latin Linguistics 19, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 195–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2020-2014.
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Abstract This paper provides a fully word-based, abstractive analysis of predictability in Latin verb paradigms. After reviewing previous traditional and theoretically grounded accounts of Latin verb inflection, a procedure is outlined where the uncertainty in guessing the content of paradigm cells given knowledge of one or more inflected wordforms is measured by means of the information-theoretic notions of unary and n-ary implicative entropy, respectively, in a quantitative approach that uses the type frequency of alternation patterns between wordforms as an estimate of their probability of application. Entropy computations are performed by using the Qumin toolkit on data taken from the inflected lexicon LatInfLexi. Unary entropy values are used to draw a mapping of the verbal paradigm in zones of full interpredictability, composed of cells that can be inferred from one another with no uncertainty. N-ary entropy values are used to extract categorical and near principal part sets, that allow to fill the rest of the paradigm with little or no uncertainty. Lastly, the issue of the impact of information on the derivational relatedness of lexemes on uncertainty in inflectional predictions is tackled, showing that adding a classification of verbs in derivational families allows for a relevant reduction of entropy, not only for derived verbs, but also for simple ones.
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Hunsicker, Dea, and Susan Goldin-Meadow. "How handshape type can distinguish between nouns and verbs in homesign." Where do nouns come from? 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 354–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.13.3.05hun.
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All established languages, spoken or signed, make a distinction between nouns and verbs. Even a young sign language emerging within a family of deaf individuals has been found to mark the noun-verb distinction, and to use handshape type to do so. Here we ask whether handshape type is used to mark the noun-verb distinction in a gesture system invented by a deaf child who does not have access to a usable model of either spoken or signed language. The child produces homesigns that have linguistic structure, but receives from his hearing parents co-speech gestures that are structured differently from his own gestures. Thus, unlike users of established and emerging languages, the homesigner is a producer of his system but does not receive it from others. Nevertheless, we found that the child used handshape type to mark the distinction between nouns and verbs at the early stages of development. The noun-verb distinction is thus so fundamental to language that it can arise in a homesign system not shared with others. We also found that the child abandoned handshape type as a device for distinguishing nouns from verbs at just the moment when he developed a combinatorial system of handshape and motion components that marked the distinction. The way the noun-verb distinction is marked thus depends on the full array of linguistic devices available within the system.
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Skallman, Emma. "Throwing results." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 10, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 49–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.10.1.02ska.
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This article explores synonymy and polysemy in the interaction of meaning and the elements that a verb combines with. It presents a corpus-based analysis of four Spanish verbs (tirar, lanzar, arrojar and echar) whose primary meaning is ‘to throw.’ A four-hundred sentence sample extracted from the Corpus del Español 1900s subcorpus serves as the basis for this study. Statistical tests are used to compare the verbs’ behavior across several factors: morphological markings such as mood, tense and person, the types of subjects (human versus nonhuman), the types of objects (concrete versus nonconcrete), and the interaction of subject and object in full constructions. The tests are accompanied by semantic analysis of the sample sentences. The result of the statistical and descriptive analyses is a radial categorization that highlights the types of metaphoric and metonymic extensions that each verb uses, and where and how the verbs overlap semantically.
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O'Donovan, Ruth, Michael Burke, Aoife Cahill, Josef van Genabith, and Andy Way. "Large-Scale Induction and Evaluation of Lexical Resources from the Penn-II and Penn-III Treebanks." Computational Linguistics 31, no. 3 (September 2005): 329–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120105774321073.
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We present a methodology for extracting subcategorization frames based on an automatic lexical-functional grammar (LFG) f-structure annotation algorithm for the Penn-II and Penn-III Treebanks. We extract syntactic-function-based subcategorization frames (LFG semantic forms) and traditional CFG category-based subcategorization frames as well as mixed function/category-based frames, with or without preposition information for obliques and particle information for particle verbs. Our approach associates probabilities with frames conditional on the lemma, distinguishes between active and passive frames, and fully reflects the effects of long-distance dependencies in the source data structures. In contrast to many other approaches, ours does not predefine the subcategorization frame types extracted, learning them instead from the source data. Including particles and prepositions, we extract 21,005 lemma frame types for 4,362 verb lemmas, with a total of 577 frame types and an average of 4.8 frame types per verb. We present a large-scale evaluation of the complete set of forms extracted against the full COMLEX resource. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most complete evaluation of subcategorization frames acquired automatically for English.
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DE WIT, ASTRID. "The relation between aspect and inversion in English." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000301.
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This article discusses the peculiar use of the simple present/past in full-verb inversion (i.e. locative inversion, directional inversion, quotative inversion, presentational there), and the corresponding scarcity of progressive aspect in these contexts. While it is normally ungrammatical in English to use the simplex tenses to report events that are ongoing at reference time, inversion seems to defy this restriction. Building on a combination of insights from analyses of aspect and of full-verb inversion in English, this study presents a cognitive-functional explanation for this exceptional characteristic of inversion that has gone largely unnoticed in previous accounts. I argue that there exists a canonical relationship between the preposed ground and the postposed figure in full-verb inversion and that this meaning of canonicity ties in perfectly with the perfective value that I deem constitutive of the English simple tenses. In addition, some cases of directional inversion involve a ‘deictic effect’ (Drubig 1988): in these instances, the conceptualizer's vantage point is anchored within the ground and the denoted (dis)appearance of the figure is construed as inevitable. On the basis of a large sample of corpus data and native-speaker elicitations, I demonstrate that the use of the progressive is disallowed in inverted contexts that involve a deictic effect, while its use is dispreferred but not excluded in other cases of inversion. This study thus brings together insights from the domains of information structure and aspect in English, and merges these into a comprehensive cognitive account.
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Trips, Carola, and Achim Stein. "Contact-Induced Changes in the Argument Structure of Middle English Verbs on the Model of Old French." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 232–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01201008.
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This paper investigates contact-induced changes in the argument structure of Middle English verbs on the model of Old French. 1 We study two issues: i) to what extent did the English system retain and integrate the argument structure of verbs copied from French? ii) did the argument structure of these copied verbs influence the argument structure of native verbs? Our study is based on empirical evidence from Middle English corpora as well as a full text analysis of the Ayenbite of Inwyt and focusses on a number of verbs governing a dative in French. In the first part of the paper we define the contact situation and relate it to Johanson’s (2002) model of code copying. In the second part we comment on Allen’s (1995) study of please and some other psych verbs and corroborate her assumptions that i) semantic similarity triggered change within the set of these verbs, and ii) this change has reflexes in the syntactic realisation of the dative argument as a prepositional phrase. We propose a method to identify contact-induced change beyond the verb class originally affected. More explicitly, based on further empirical evidence, we show that the argument structure of the native verb give, a transfer of possession verb, was also affected by these changes and that these effects are stronger in texts that are directly influenced by French.
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Backhouse, Anthony E. "Learning the Japanese pitch accent." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.23.1.08bac.
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Abstract Teaching and reference materials of Japanese frequently neglect the accentual features of words, and accentual distinctions have been claimed to carry a low functional load in the language. The aim of this article is to present evidence for the communicative importance of the pitch accent, and to provide a comprehensive pedagogically-oriented description of the accentual features of one important section of the vocabulary, Japanese verbs. Full accentual paradigms of verb forms are described, and common verbs are presented in heuristic groupings as an aid to learners in internalizing their accentual category membership.
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Fakhruddin, Afief. "Students’ Mastery of Parts of Speech in English Writing." Wiralodra English Journal 3, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 376–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/wej.v3i2.59.
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The research is entitled “students’ mastery of parts of speech (noun, pronoun, and verb) in English writing. The purposes of this research are (1) to find out the students’ mastery of parts of speech (noun, pronoun and verb), (2) to find out the most and least understood parts of speech among noun, pronoun and verb often found in English writing, (3) to find out the common problems faced by the students,(4). To find out workable solutions to these problems so as to increase the students’ mastery in using parts of speech (noun, pronoun and verb) in English writing. The data collections are done by giving questionnaire, test in completion item and simple English writing. The conclusion of this research are: (1) the students’ mastery of parts of speech is fair (60,30), (2) the most understood parts of speech is Noun (21,66% error) and the least understood parts of speech is Verb (49,46% error), (3) common problems happened in constructing countable and uncountable noun, using possessive pronoun and pronoun function as object, and using full verb and to be in constructing continuous and future tense. (4) The workable solutions that can be used are by using game, and quiz.
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Deen, Kamil. "The acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Nairobi Swahili." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 3 (December 31, 2003): 139–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.3.06dee.
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This study investigates the acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Swahili, an eastern Bantu language. The order of morphemes in adult Swahili is: Subject Agreement – Tense – (Object Agreement) –Verb Root – (derivational suffixes) –Mood Vowel. I present data from an original corpus of 4 Swahili-speaking children (ages 1;8-3;0) who were recorded in Nairobi, Kenya. An analysis of the children’s verbal utterances reveals that four clause types occur in the speech of all four children: a. Agr–T–Verb StemFull Clause b. Ø–T–Verb Stem[-SA] Clause c. Agr–Ø–Verb Stem[-T] Clause d. ؖؖVerb StemBare Verb Stem Of these four, only full clauses and [-SA] clauses are permitted by adults in this non-standard dialect of Swahili. A review of five influential theories on the acquisition of morphosyntax (the Metrical Omission Model, Gerken, 1991; the Truncation Hypothesis, Rizzi, 1994; the Underspecification of T, Wexler, 1994; the underspecification of Agr, Clahsen et al. , 1996; and the underspecification of Agr and T, Schütze & Wexler, 1996) shows that the data support the Agr-Tense Omission Model (Schütze & Wexler, 1996) in showing that agreement and tense may be optionally and independently underspecified.
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Molina-Plaza, Silvia, and Eduardo de Gregorio-Godeo. "Stretched verb collocations with give: their use and translation into Spanish using the BNC and CREA corpora." ReCALL 22, no. 2 (May 2010): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344010000078.
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AbstractWithin the context of on-going research,1 this paper explores the pedagogical implications of contrastive analyses of multiword units in English and Spanish based on electronic corpora as a CALL resource. The main tenets of collocations from a contrastive perspective – and the points of contact and departure between both languages – are discussed prior to examining the commonest types of verb + noun combinations as a significant case of so-called ‘de-lexicalized’, ‘light’, ‘empty’, ‘thin’, ‘stretched’ or ‘support verbs’. A qualitatively and quantitatively-oriented case study is accordingly conducted, determining the weight of dar in support verb constructions within the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA) and of the English equivalent stretched verb constructions with give within the British National Corpus (BNC). Based on the empirical data obtained in this way, this paper provides relevant insights for more accurate translations, helping to enhance the collocational competence of L2 students, who tend to avoid constructions including empty verbs like give in favour of full-verb forms. The detailed findings in this paper come to shed light on the potential of CALL resources for improving the collocational usage of foreign-language learners, as quantitative and qualitative comparisons of collocations based on electronic corpora serve to highlight the similarities and, more importantly, the lexical and typological differences between both languages, thereby substantiating the invaluable role that corpus analysis may play for language teaching in general and for collocational knowledge and proficiency in particular.
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Ningrum, Rosita. "Analisis Kan’yoku Verba ”Dekiru” 「できる」 dalam Konteks Sosiolinguistik." Humaniora 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i1.3073.
Full textAbstract:
There are three kinds of Kan'youku or idiom verb "dekiru" "できる" namely, (1) 腹 が できる 'hara ga dekiru', meaning the stomach nutrients and when combined with the verb dekiru have had the sense of readiness / commitment, although not in any circumstances will be disappointed / angry, (2) 溝 が できる 'Mizo ga dekiru', Mizo means deep and narrow water channel and when combined with the verb dekiru mean gulf and (3) 耳 に 胼胝 が できる 'mimi ni Tako ga dekiru , mimi means ear and Tako means bones. When combined with the verb dekiru means formed bones in the ear. Idiom is closely associated with the flexibility to speak more than one functional or grammatical level of a language. Someone must have a full understanding of the context of the idiom is to use it properly; because idiom words can be translated literally. By studying the idioms, learners can enter into a language and its roots, in this case cultural roots in the language being studied and how to present it as a form of communication, not merely in its grammatical form.
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Quarezemin, Sandra. "A estrutura interna da small clause complemento de verbos ECM." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 49, no. 1 (July 15, 2011): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v49i1.8637246.
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The present work analyzes the syntax of small clause (SC) complement of ECM (Exceptional Case Marking) verbs within the framework of the Minimalist Program, specifically in the model of Phases (Chomsky, 1999). The hypothesis that guides this study is that the SCs that complements ECM verbs constitutes a xP phase. From the analysis-xP of the SC complement of verb ECM it is possible to establish a narrow relation between the SC and the xP phase (vP, aP, nP, pP) and, still, to stand out a parallelism between a full sentence/SC and the CP/vP phases.
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Rubin, Edward J. "Obligatory dative clitic-doubling of type III experiencers in Bulgnais." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4299.
Full textAbstract:
The correlation between the position of the Dative experiencer of a type III psych-verb relative to the verb itself and the obligatory vs. optional nature of an associated Dative clitic has seldom been noted in the literature, and it has never previously been explained. This paper presents relevant new data from Bulgnais (Bologna, Italy), and it proposes that these verbs, in the languages that require the Dative clitic with the preverbal Dative experiencer, have an additional strong lexical property beyond inherent Case licensing. Like Case licensing, this property requires feature checking, which is satisfied alternately by the clitic (unmarked word-order) or by the experiencer phrase. Only when the clitic checks the lexically required feature can the full experiencer move to the preverbal position, because otherwise, it is frozen in a postverbal position by its role in checking the mentioned strong lexical feature, which occurs lower in the verbal domain.
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McLeod, Stephen K. "First-order logic and some existential sentences." Disputatio 4, no. 31 (November 1, 2011): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2011-0012.
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Abstract ‘Quantified pure existentials’ are sentences (e.g., ‘Some things do not exist’) which meet these conditions: (i) the verb EXIST is contained in, and is, apart from quantificational BE, the only full (as against auxiliary) verb in the sentence; (ii) no (other) logical predicate features in the sentence; (iii) no name or other sub-sentential referring expression features in the sentence; (iv) the sentence contains a quantifier that is not an occurrence of EXIST. Colin McGinn and Rod Girle have alleged that standard first-order logic cannot adequately deal with some such existentials. The article defends the view that it can.
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Agathopoulou, Eleni, and Despina Papadopoulou. "Morphological dissociations in the L2 acquisition of an inflectionally rich language." EUROSLA Yearbook 9 (July 30, 2009): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.9.07aga.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the validity of Pinker’s (1991, 1999) Dual-Mechanism Model in the mental representation of regular and irregular active past perfective verbs in adult non-native Greek. In this model, regular inflection is computed by a symbolic rule, while irregular words are fully stored in the lexicon. A nonce-probe elicitation task showed that both natives and non-natives generalized the regular affix -s, and more so in regular than in irregular perfective verb stems. Moreover, the degree of similarity of the nonce verbs to real ones did not affect the affixation of regulars. Dissimilar irregulars were affixed less often than similar ones by the intermediate learners but neither by the advanced learners, nor by the natives. Our findings support computation for regulars, as proposed by the Dual Mechanism Model, both in native and in non-native language acquisition. Yet, the model’s claim for full storage of all irregular words is not verified.