Journal articles: 'Full scope of practice'

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Nguyen, Thuan. "Full scope of practice." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 149, no. 2 (March 2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163516631479.

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Ganz, Freda DeKeyser, Orly Toren, and Yafit Fadlon. "Factors Associated With Full Implementation of Scope of Practice." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 48, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12203.

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Adams, Alex, and Krystalyn Weaver. "Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process: A State “Scope of Practice” Perspective." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i2.1389.

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Objective: Explore the intersection of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP) and state laws in order to identify laws that may impede the delivery of optimal patient care. Summary: A review of the PPCP identified six areas in which state laws can limit full pharmacist engagement: 1) ordering and interpreting laboratory tests; 2) participating in a collaborative practice agreement; 3) independently prescribing certain medications; 4) independently adapting medications; 5) administering medications; and 6) effective delegation. A framework is put forth to organize how these scope of practice matters are interrelated. Conclusion: For pharmacists to fully engage in the PPCP, state laws must enable full participation. By unleashing pharmacists to fully engage in the process, patient care delivery and outcomes can be improved, and total health care costs can be reduced. Article Type: Commentary

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Hoke, Kathleen, and Sarah Hexem. "Expanding Access to Care: Scope of Practice Laws." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703316.

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Allied health professionals play an integral role in providing safe, affordable care to communities in need. Laws that define the permissible scope of practice for these professionals may take full advantage of these providers and may unnecessarily restrict safe and effective care. Nurse practitioners in many states may provide care independent of a physician; research reveals that this care is safe, affordable and accessible. Yet hurdles exist that prevent communities from securing the full benefit of NPs in independent practice. The scope of independent practice for allied dental providers varies greatly across the country, often including stringent supervision requirements. Emerging approaches to allowing allied dental providers to practice independently in certain settings or with dentist supervision via telemedicine and creating the intermediate provider, the dental therapist, may increase access to safe, affordable dental care. Research on the impact of laws that allow broader independent practice by NPs to ferret out the hurdles to full implementation of the spirit of such laws is needed. That research could support expanded independent scope for allied dental providers and other allied health care providers.

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Hart, Laura, Rebecca Ferguson, and Azita Amiri. "Full Scope of Practice for Alabama Nurse Practitioners: Act Now." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.10.016.

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Reitz, Randall, Kyle Horst, Maura Davenport, Shiela Klemmetsen, and Michael Clark. "Factors Influencing Family Physician Scope of Practice:." Family Medicine 50, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2018.602663.

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Background and Objectives: Despite the efforts of many organizations to increase the volume of rural health care providers, rural communities continue to experience a shortage of physicians. To address this shortage, more information is needed as to how specific factors contribute to family physicians’ choice to purse rural full-spectrum practice. Methods: Interviews with 21 key informants guided a grounded theory analysis around the question of “What factors contribute to the decision to, and maintenance of, practicing full-spectrum rural medicine?” Results: Analysis revealed two categories of factors that influenced choice of scope and maintenance of scope across a career: contextual and developmental factors. Contextual factors included the national health care landscape, the local setting, and personal factors. The developmental factors pertained to the point in the physician’s career, and include preprofessional envisioned scope, current scope, and ideal future scope of practice. Conclusions: Results describe how a rural physician’s scope of practice generally narrows as her/his career progresses. The results elaborate on how the larger health care landscape, local community, and personal factors all intersect to inform a physician’s decision to pursue and/or continue practice. Results of the study were consistent with preexisting literature, but provide additional depth and suggest a theoretical relationship among factors.

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Gigli, Kristin H., and Grant R. Martsolf. "Implications of State Scope-of-Practice Regulations for Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Nurse Practitioner Roles." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 22, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15271544211021049.

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Nurse practitioner (NP) advocacy efforts often focus on attaining full practice authority. While the effects of full practice authority in primary care are well described, implications for hospital-based NPs are less clear and may differ because of hospitals’ team-based care and administrative structure. This study examines associations between state scope-of-practice (SSOP) and clinical roles of hospital-based pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) NPs. We conducted a national survey to assess clinical roles of PICU NPs including daily patient care, procedural, and consultation responsibilities as well as hospital-level administrative oversight practices. We classified SSOP as full or limited (reduced or restricted SSOP) practice. We present descriptive statistics and evaluate differences in clinical roles and hospital-level administrative oversight based on SSOP. The final sample included 55 medical directors and 58 lead (senior or supervisory) NPs from 93 of the 140 (66.4%) PICUs with NPs. There were no significant differences in daily patient care, procedural, or consultation responsibilities based on SSOP ( p > .05). However, NPs in full practice authority states were more likely to bill for care than those in limited practice states (66.7% vs. 31.8%, p = .003), while those in limited practice states were more likely to report to advanced practice managers (36.7% vs. 13%, p = .03). For PICU NPs, SSOP was not associated with variation in clinical responsibilities; conversely, there were differences in billing and reporting practices. Future work is needed to understand implications of variation in hospital-level administrative oversight.

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Hays, Catherine, Melanie Sparrow, Selina Taylor, Daniel Lindsay, and Beverley Glass. "Pharmacists’ “Full Scope of Practice”: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Rural and Remote Australian Pharmacists." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare Volume 13 (December 2020): 1781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s279243.

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Park, Jeongyoung, Erin Athey, Arlene Pericak, Joyce Pulcini, and Jessica Greene. "To What Extent Are State Scope of Practice Laws Related to Nurse Practitioners’ Day-to-Day Practice Autonomy?" Medical Care Research and Review 75, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558716677826.

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We explore the extent to which state scope of practice laws are related to nurse practitioners (NPs)’ day-to-day practice autonomy. We found that NPs experienced greater day-to-day practice autonomy when they had prescriptive independence. Surprisingly, there were only small and largely insignificant differences in day-to-day practice autonomy between NPs in fully restricted states and those in states with independent practice but restricted prescription authority. The scope of practice effects were strong for primary care NPs. We also found that the amount of variation in day-to-day practice autonomy within the scope of practice categories existed, which suggests that factors other than state scope of practice laws may influence NP practice as well. Removing barriers at all levels that potentially prevent NPs from practicing to the full extent of their education and training is critical not only to increase primary care capacity but also to make NPs more efficient and effective providers.

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Cusack, Cheryl, Benita Cohen, Javier Mignone, Mariette J. Chartier, and Zana Lutfiyya. "Reorienting Public Health Nurses’ Practice With a Professional Practice Model." Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 49, no. 1 (January 4, 2017): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0844562116686003.

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Purpose Documents articulating public health nurses’ (PHNs’) roles, including Canadian standards and competencies, depict a broad focus working at multiple levels to improve population outcomes through the promotion of health equity. Conversely, Canadian experts depict a looming crisis, based on the rising disconnect between daily activities and ideal practice. While perfectly positioned, PHNs’ skills and abilities are under-utilized and largely invisible. The intention of this study was to develop a model to support the full scope of equity-focused PHN practice. Method A participatory action research approach was used. Qualitative data were gathered using semistructured interview guides during audio-recorded meetings. The data were coded into central themes using content analysis and constant comparison. A researcher reflexive journal and field notes were kept. A significant feature was full participant involvement. Results The outcome was a professional practice model to reframe the PHN role to focus on population health and equity. The model was imperative in promoting full scope of practice, dealing with workload pressures, and describing PHNs’ value within the organization and broader health system. Conclusion Professional practice models hold promise as frameworks to depict autonomous practice activities, situated within organizations and healthcare systems, and underpinned by nursing knowledge.

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Reed, Pamela G. "Philosophical Clarity and Justifying the Scope of Advanced Practice Nursing." Nursing Science Quarterly 30, no. 1 (December 25, 2016): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318416680709.

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The United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs proposed a policy change for nursing practice that would grant full practice authority to advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) nationwide. In this article, the author briefly explains this proposed policy and explores the relevance and implications of bringing philosophy into policy debates and discussions about the nature and scope of practice.

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Smith-Gagen, Julie, Larissa L. White, Amanda Santos, Shaun M. Hasty, Wei-Chen Tung, and Minggen Lu. "Scope-of-practice laws and expanded health services: the case of underserved women and advanced cervical cancer diagnoses." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 3 (January 11, 2019): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210709.

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BackgroundUnderserved women (rural, minority or poor) are disproportionally diagnosed with late-stage cervical cancer, indicative of inadequate access to, and use of, preventative healthcare. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has proposed that nurse practitioners (NP) can address provider shortages among underserved populations, but to reduce shortages, scope-of-practice laws that restrict the delivery of care, must be revised. We examined the IOM recommendation of NP expanded scope-of-practice laws on reducing the disparity of underserved women diagnosed with late-stage cervical cancer.MethodsWe examined the cohort of 10 673 women diagnosed with cervical cancer between 2010 and 2014 and reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry. We linked state-level laws regarding NP scope-of-practice to patients with cancer by their state of residence, diagnosis date and law enactment date. Hierarchical regression was used to explore NP full scope-of-practice law’s impact on late-stage cancer diagnoses considering the moderating effect of women living in medically underserved areas. We adjusted for known confounders available in this population-based data set.ResultsMedically underserved women living in states with laws that restrict NP full scope-of-practice are twofold more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage cancer; adjusted OR and 95% CI (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.1). These disparities were not observed among underserved women living in areas with NP full scope-of-practice laws (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3).ConclusionsNP full scope-of-practice laws could provide a pragmatic and cost-effective solution to healthcare provider shortages associated with late stage of cervical cancer diagnoses among underserved women.

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Young, Gretchen, Julie Hulcombe, Andrea Hurwood, and Susan Nancarrow. "The Queensland Health Ministerial Taskforce on health practitioners’ expanded scope of practice: consultation findings." Australian Health Review 39, no. 3 (2015): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14141.

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Objective Queensland Health established a Ministerial Taskforce to consult on and make recommendations for the expansion of the scope of practice of allied health roles. This paper describes the findings from the stakeholder consultation. Methods The Ministerial Taskforce was chaired by the Assistant Minister for Health and included high-level representation from allied health, nursing, medicine, unions, consumers and universities. Widespread engagement was undertaken with stakeholders representing staff from a wide cross-section of health service provision, training and unions. Participants also tendered evidence of models incorporating full-scope and extended scope tasks undertaken by allied health professionals. Results The consultation incorporated 444 written submissions and verbal feedback from over 200 participants. The findings suggest that full scope of practice is often restricted within the Queensland public health system, resulting in underuse of allied health capacity and workforce inefficiencies. However, numerous opportunities exist to enhance patient care by extending current roles, including prescribing and administering medications, requesting investigations, conducting procedures and reporting results. The support needed to realise these opportunities includes: designing patient-centred models of service delivery (including better hours of operation and delegation to support staff); leadership and culture change; funding incentives; appropriate education and training; and clarifying responsibility, accountability and liability for outcomes. The taskforce developed a series of recommendations and an implementation strategy to operationalise the changes. Conclusions The Ministerial Taskforce was an effective and efficient process for capturing broad-based engagement for workforce change while ensuring high-level support and involving potential adversaries in the decision-making processes. What is known about the topic? Anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that allied health professionals do not work to their full scope of practice and there is potential to enhance health service efficiencies by ensuring practitioners are supported to work to their full scope of practice. What does this paper add? This paper presents the findings from a large-scale consultation, endorsed by the highest level of state government, that reinforces the perceptions that allied health professionals do not work to full scope of practice, identifies several barriers to working to full scope and extended scope of practice, and opportunities for workforce efficiencies arising from expanding scope of practice. The top-down engagement process should expedite the implementation of workforce change. What are the implications for practitioners? High-level engagement and support is an effective and efficient way to broker change and overcome intraprofessional barriers to workforce change policies. However, practitioners are often prevented from expanding their roles through an implied need to ‘ask for permission’, when, in fact, the only barriers to extending their role are culture and historical practice.

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Barnes, Hilary, Claudia B. Maier, Danielle Altares Sarik, Hayley Drew Germack, Linda H. Aiken, and Matthew D. McHugh. "Effects of Regulation and Payment Policies on Nurse Practitioners’ Clinical Practices." Medical Care Research and Review 74, no. 4 (May 13, 2016): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558716649109.

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Increasing patient demand following health care reform has led to concerns about provider shortages, particularly in primary care and for Medicaid patients. Nurse practitioners (NPs) represent a potential solution to meeting demand. However, varying state scope of practice regulations and Medicaid reimbursement rates may limit efficient distribution of NPs. Using a national sample of 252,657 ambulatory practices, we examined the effect of state policies on NP employment in primary care and practice Medicaid acceptance. NPs had 13% higher odds of working in primary care in states with full scope of practice; those odds increased to 20% if the state also reimbursed NPs at 100% of the physician Medicaid fee-for-service rate. Furthermore, in states with 100% Medicaid reimbursement, practices with NPs had 23% higher odds of accepting Medicaid than practices without NPs. Removing scope of practice restrictions and increasing Medicaid reimbursement may increase NP participation in primary care and practice Medicaid acceptance.

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Donovan, Jacqueline, Ross T. Tsuyuki, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, and Beata Bajorek. "Barriers to a full scope of pharmacy practice in primary care: A systematic review of pharmacists’ access to laboratory testing." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 152, no. 5 (August 6, 2019): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163519865759.

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Objectives: To describe primary care pharmacists’ current scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. Method: A 2-tiered search of key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) and grey literature with the following MeSH headings: prescribing, pharmacist/pharmacy, laboratory test, collaborative practice, protocols/guidelines. We focused on Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for this review. Results: There is limited literature exploring primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. The majority of literature is from the United States and Canada, with some from the United Kingdom and New Zealand and none from Australia. Overall, there is a difference in regulations between and within these countries, with the key difference being whether pharmacists access and/or order laboratory testing dependently or independently. Canadian pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests independently or dependently, depending on the province they practise in. US pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests dependently within collaborative practice agreements. In the United Kingdom, laboratory testing can be performed by independent prescribing pharmacists or dependently by supplementary prescribing pharmacists. New Zealand prescribing pharmacists can order laboratory testing independently. Most publications do not report on the types of laboratory tests used by pharmacists, but those that do predominantly resulted in positive patient outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in laboratory testing is presently limited to certain jurisdictions and is often performed in a dependent fashion. As such, a full scope of pharmacy services is almost entirely unavailable to patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. Just as in the case for pharmacists prescribing, evidence indicates better patient outcomes when pharmacists can access/order laboratory tests, but more research needs to be done alongside the implementation of local guidelines and practice standards for pharmacists who practise in that realm. Patients around the world deserve to receive a full scope of pharmacists’ practice, and lack of access to laboratory testing is one of the major obstacles to this. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.

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Loxterkamp, David. "Whither Family Medicine? Our Past, Future, and Enduring Scope of Practice." Family Medicine 51, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.633317.

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After 3 decades in private practice, I joined the faculty of a nearby residency program. Like most family medicine residencies, it follows a curriculum that my physician father would have recognized: heavy emphasis on inpatient medicine; short shrift to continuity care. Despite a changing marketplace, there is still a disconnect between how we train graduates (for full spectrum care) and where they end up (in ambulatory practices). Is our identity disappearing? I contend that the primary and indispensable duty of a residency program is to model professional values and prepare residents to live and work in sustainable communities. Though the scope of practice will vary, family physicians still pride themselves in putting the needs of their patients at its center.

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McDermott, Imelda, Sharon Spooner, Mhorag Goff, Jon Gibson, Elizabeth Dalgarno, Igor Francetic, Mark Hann, et al. "Scale, scope and impact of skill mix change in primary care in England: a mixed-methods study." Health and Social Care Delivery Research 10, no. 9 (May 2022): 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/ywtu6690.

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Background General practices have had difficulty recruiting and retaining enough general practitioners to keep up with increasing demand for primary health care in recent years. Proposals to increase workforce capacity include a policy-driven strategy to employ additional numbers and a wider range of health professionals. Objectives Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive study of the scale, scope and impact of changing patterns of practitioner employment in general practice in England. This included an analysis of employment trends, motivations behind employment decisions, staff and patient experiences, and how skill mix changes are associated with outcome measures and costs. Design NHS Digital workforce data (2015–19) were used to analyse employment changes and to look at their association with outcomes data, such as the General Practitioner Patient Survey, General Practitioner Worklife Survey, prescribing data, Hospital Episode Statistics, Quality and Outcomes Framework and NHS payments to practices. A practice manager survey (August–December 2019) explored factors motivating general practices’ employment decisions. An in-depth case study of five general practices in England (August–December 2019) examined how a broader range of practitioners is experienced by practice staff and patients. Results We found a 2.84% increase in reported full-time equivalent per 1000 patients across all practitioners during the study period. The full-time equivalent of general practitioner partners decreased, while the full-time equivalent of salaried general practitioners, advanced nurse practitioners, clinical pharmacists, physiotherapists, physician associates and paramedics increased. General practitioners and practice managers reported different motivating factors regarding skill mix employment. General practitioners saw skill mix employment as a strategy to cope with a general practitioner shortage, whereas managers prioritised potential cost-efficiencies. Case studies demonstrated the importance of matching patients’ problems with practitioners’ competencies and ensuring flexibility for practitioners to obtain advice when perfect matching was not achieved. Senior clinicians provided additional support and had supervisory and other responsibilities, and analysis of the General Practitioner Worklife Survey data suggested that general practitioners’ job satisfaction may not increase with skill mix changes. Patients lacked information about newer practitioners, but felt reassured by the accessibility of expert advice. However, General Practitioner Patient Survey data indicated that higher patient satisfaction was associated with a higher general practitioner full-time equivalent. Quality and Outcomes Framework achievement was higher when more practitioners were employed (i.e. full-time equivalent per 1000 patients). Higher clinical pharmacist full-time equivalents per 1000 patients were associated with higher quality and lower cost prescribing. Associations between skill mix and hospital activity were mixed. Our analysis of payments to practices and prescribing costs suggested that NHS expenditure may not decrease with increasing skill mix employment. Limitations These findings may reflect turbulence during a period of rapid skill mix change in general practice. The current policy of employing staff through primary care networks is likely to accelerate workforce change and generate additional challenges. Conclusions Skill mix implementation is challenging because of the inherent complexity of general practice caseloads; it is associated with a mix of positive and negative outcome measures. Future work Findings from this study will inform future funding applications for projects that seek to examine the nature and impact of evolving multiprofessional teams in primary care. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 10, No. 9. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Kozlová, Kateřina, Karla Barčová, and Jan Kubíček. "Analysis of Data Collected at Control Room Full Scope Simulator at Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant." TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsbses-2017-0010.

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Abstract This article describes a computer program that will be used by experts to analyze human factor reliability when analyzing data obtained during the training of operators on a nuclear power plant's control room simulator. The program was applied to data collected during the training of a scenario called Rupture of the Hot Loop of the Primary Circuit (250 t/h). Based on the comparison of charts, temporal passage through the scenario, or by personal participation in the training, analysts evaluate the successful passing of the practice scenario and propose final recommendations. The article also describes the criteria for successfully passing the practiced scenario and its final evaluation.

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Patel, Esita Y., Victoria Petermann, and Barbara A. Mark. "Does State-Level Nurse Practitioner Scope-of-Practice Policy Affect Access to Care?" Western Journal of Nursing Research 41, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 488–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945918795168.

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There is heated debate surrounding policy reform granting full state-level nurse practitioner (NP) scope of practice (SOP) in all U.S. states. NP SOP policy is argued to impact access to care; however, a synthesis of empirical studies assessing this relationship has yet to be performed. Our study fills this critical gap by systematically reviewing studies that examine this relationship. We apply Aday and Andersen’s Access Framework to operationalize access to care. We also use this framework to map components of access to care that may relate to NP SOP through concepts identified in this review. Our findings suggest that full state-level NP SOP policy is associated with increases in various components of access to care, but additional work is needed to evaluate causality and underlying mechanisms behind this policy’s effect on access. This work is necessary to align research, practice, and policy efforts surrounding NP SOP with healthcare accessibility.

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Paterson, Ruth. "Emerging evidence on the scope and safety of physiotherapy prescribing practice in the UK." Journal of Prescribing Practice 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2019.1.1.14.

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Ruth Paterson provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to non-medical prescribers. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided

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McAuliffe, Marie, Cate Nagle, Karen Yates, Ms Lesley Brown, Vanessa Watkins, Mr Misha Byrne, and Ms Anna Walters. "Support for midwives to practice with professional autonomy within their full scope of practice: Evidence from a scoping review." Women and Birth 35 (September 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.07.080.

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Foong, E. Ai-Leng, Kelly A. Grindrod, and Sherilyn K. D. Houle. "Will I lose my license for that? A closer look at Canadian disciplinary hearings and what it means for pharmacists’ practice to full scope." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 151, no. 5 (August 17, 2018): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163518790773.

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Objective: Concerns about liability from clinical errors have been cited as a barrier preventing greater adoption of practice change. Our objective was to determine the most common actions or omissions that result in disciplinary action for pharmacists and the restrictive actions imposed. Methods: Canadian disciplinary reports were reviewed. Cases were coded as charges of professional misconduct, unskilled practice or dishonest business practices. Results: There were 558 disciplinary cases from 10 provinces that occurred between January 2010 and July 2017. Professional misconduct charges commonly involved stealing/diverting or inappropriately dispensing narcotic drugs, pharmacy supervision/premises charges and refusing to cooperate with the college. Charges of unskilled practice included dispensing the wrong drug, failing to assess the appropriateness of a drug order, providing the wrong dose and failing to counsel. Fraudulent billing practices and accepting rebates from generic drug companies were the most common dishonest business practices. Professional misconduct, unskilled practice and dishonest business practice charges were involved in 342 (61%), 169 (30%) and 191 (34%) cases, respectively. Most cases occurred in community pharmacies and were not caused by an isolated clinical error. Fines were the most common penalty, followed by temporary license suspensions, professional development and reprimands. License revocations were the least common (4%), often involving professional misconduct. Conclusion: This review suggests that disciplinary action against a pharmacist for an isolated, unintentional clinical error is uncommon and that losing a license is rare. Fear of disciplinary action should not be a barrier to practice change or the provision of full-scope patient care services.

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Poghosyan, Lusine, Donald R. Boyd, and Sean P. Clarke. "Optimizing full scope of practice for nurse practitioners in primary care: A proposed conceptual model." Nursing Outlook 64, no. 2 (March 2016): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2015.11.015.

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Smigorowsky, M. J., J. Gotaas, T. Hogan, G. Gebreyesus, and L. Lalonde. "IMPROVING CARDIAC PATIENT CARE BY UTILIZING RN’S AND NP’S TO THEIR FULL SCOPE OF PRACTICE." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 30, no. 10 (October 2014): S355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.657.

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Cairo, Jamie, Mary Ann Muzi, Deanna Ficke, Shaunta Ford-Pierce, Katrina Goetzke, Diane Stumvoll, Laurie Williams, and Federico A. Sanchez. "Practice Model for Advanced Practice Providers in Oncology." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 37 (May 2017): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_175577.

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According to ASCO, the number of practicing oncologists has remained stable despite growth demands, leading to an overall shortage in many areas of the country. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants are advanced practice providers (APPs) who can assist in the provision of support and care to patients with cancer, but the role of the APP in the oncology setting has not been well defined. There exists a variety of different practice patterns for APPs who work in oncology, and the lack of role definition and absence of an established practice model are considered leading causes of APP attrition. According to the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, it has been well demonstrated that, when nurse practitioners are allowed to work to the full scope of their education and preparation, there are notable cost reductions and quality improvements in patient care. The focus of APP education and training is on health promotion, disease prevention, and primary care medical management, but most APPs have limited exposure to management of cancer in patients. With this in mind, Aurora Cancer Care developed a practice model for APPs who work in oncology. The goal of the model is to enhance the quality of care delivered to patients and provide a stimulating work environment that fosters excellent collaborative relationships with oncologist colleagues, supports professional growth, and allows APPs to practice to the full extent of their licensure.

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Brown, Robin, Heidi Mennenga, Alham Abuatiq, Linda Burdette, Leann Horsley, and Christina Plemmons. "Collaborating with Rural Practice Patners to Address the Need for RNs in Primary Care." Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 20, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v20i2.618.

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Abstract Purpose: Primary care in rural areas of the U.S. urgently need competent healthcare providers, especially registered nurses (RNs). Registered nurses are ideal team members to help meet the primary care needs in rural communities, yet RNs are underutilized in primary care settings and rarely practice to the full scope of their license in these settings. The purpose of the project was to conduct a needs assessment with rural primary care practice partners to address the need for RNs in primary care. Sample: A needs assessment was sent to nurse leaders at 13 rural primary care facilities via an online survey in December 2018. Methods: This descriptive exploratory study utilized an online needs assessment survey to gather information from 13 rural clinical practice partners regarding their knowledge, interest, and use of RNs in primary care. Results: Twelve of the 13 rural clinical practice partners completed the needs assessment survey. A majority of the clinical partners indicated they felt knowledgeable about the RN full scope of license and expressed a high interest in the expanded role of the RN in primary care. The clinical practice partners reported interest in providing independent RN chronic and acute care visits, care management, medication management, and collaborative provider and RN visits. Conclusion: Conducting a needs assessment and collaborating with rural primary care practice partners to address the need for RNs in primary care is the first step in developing policies and utilizing RNs to the full scope of their license. Keywords: primary care, rural, registered nurses

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Maughan, Erin D., and Martha Dewey Bergren. "Future of Nursing 2030: The Future Is Bright for School Nursing." NASN School Nurse 36, no. 5 (July 29, 2021): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x211034915.

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The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recently released The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a path to achieve health equity. The 2021 report emphasized the role of nursing in addressing social determinants of health and inequities, as well as the need for nurses at all levels to work to their full scope of practice. The report harmonizes with the scope of practice outlined in the National Association of School Nurses’ Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice. This article outlines how frontline school nurses, state affiliates, and school nurse leaders will adopt the recommendations in their practice and in the schools and communities they serve.

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Moore, Catherine, Angela Kabbe, Tiffany S. Gibson, and Susan Letvak. "The Pursuit of Nurse Practitioner Practice Legislation: A Case Study." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 21, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154420957259.

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Across the United States, nursing practice acts (NPAs) have been revised to include provisions that promote full practice authority (FPA) for nurse practitioners (NPs). Such revisions provide a mechanism to better utilize the full scope of NP services to address growing demands for access to health care. Modernized NPAs that facilitate FPA for NPs are imperative, especially now with the unprecedented health care crisis that the world now faces: Coronavirus Disease 2019. This is the first known study to use an embedded single-case study design, guided by the Kingdon policy stream model, to provide a detailed account of how stakeholders for NP FPA determine the appropriate time to pursue legislative changes to NP scope of practice regulations. Qualitative data analysis revealed four themes which comprised the components considered by stakeholders during their decision-making processes related to NP FPA: participants, problem, policy development, and politics. Themes were further collapsed within concepts from the Kingdon model to form the case description. Study findings can be used to increase the competency among NP FPA stakeholders in determining the timing of legislative pursuits for regulatory change.

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Johnson, Karen E., Marian Morris, and Annie-Laurie McRee. "Full Coverage Sports Physicals." Journal of School Nursing 34, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840517696963.

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Pre-participation physical exams (PPEs) hold great potential for addressing adolescents’ health-risk behaviors. School nurses may be well positioned to assist with PPEs, yet little is known about their involvement. In this mixed methods study conducted in 2015, we collected data from school nurses in Texas (surveys, n = 208; key informant interviews, n = 10) to explore their roles and attitudes toward being involved in PPEs and addressing health-risk behaviors. Most respondents described minimal involvement in PPEs or were not involved to their full scope of practice. Most (69%) felt that school nurses are an untapped resource for addressing health-risk behaviors among student athletes. Interview participants felt that student athletes saw nurses as a “safe space” to talk about health-risk behaviors. Barriers included a lack of time, resources for follow-up, parental approval, and legal concerns. Study findings identify potential opportunities to support nurses’ involvement in addressing health-risk behaviors among student athletes.

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Dusmanov, S. "THE SCOPE AND TOUCHSTONES OF SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 04, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue11-02.

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The article specifies the material and procedural touchstones, which differentiate the forms of the criminal proceedings. Revealed and substantiated the need for simplified proceedings in criminal cases. The author proposes to introduce a new model of simplified procedure, which would meet the needs of law enforcement practice and would fully ensure the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of persons involved in criminal proceedings.

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Massie, Maribeth Leigh. "The Tipping Point in Health Care: Using the Full Scope of Practice of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists as Advanced Practice Registered Nurses." Clinical Scholars Review 7, no. 1 (2014): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1939-2095.7.1.4.

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MacKinnon, Karen, Diane L. Butcher, and Anne Bruce. "Working to Full Scope: The Reorganization of Nursing Work in Two Canadian Community Hospitals." Global Qualitative Nursing Research 5 (January 1, 2018): 233339361775390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333393617753905.

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Work relationships between registered nurses (RNs) and practical nurses (LPNs) are changing as new models of nursing care delivery are introduced to create more flexibility for employers. In Canada, a team-based, hospital nursing care delivery model, known as Care Delivery Model Redesign (CDMR), redesigned a predominantly RN-based staffing model to a functional team consisting of fewer RNs and more LPNs. The scope of practice for LPNs was expanded, and unregulated health care assistants introduced. This study began from the standpoint of RNs and LPNs to understand their experiences working on redesigned teams by focusing on discourses activated in social settings. Guided by institutional ethnography, the conceptual and textual resources nurses are drawing on to understand these changing work relationships are explicated. We show how the institutional goals embedded in CDMR not only mediate how nurses work together, but how they subordinate holistic standards of nursing toward fragmented, task-oriented, divisions of care.

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Brdar, Milan. "Significance of functionalistic concept of socialization." Socioloski godisnjak, no. 5 (2010): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1005007b.

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In this article author gives try to dispel the scope and role of socialization allong the lines of Parsons funcionalist theory of social system. Starting with pattern-variables (universality-particularity, specificitydiffuseness, qualities-acts, neutrality-affectivity, self-collective orientation) as a necessary condition of action, for actor must do his choice among them before start acting, author points out that individual in society meets readymade choices that must be adopted. Adopting and interioriyation of readymade social choices is seen as a primary function of socialization proces. Thus, socialization conects two levels: of presocialized individual, on the one hand, and of institutionalized level of social practices (roles and expectations connected with them), values, norms, and rules. Aim of socialization is to lift individual from natural buttom level to the institutional level by forming skilfull responsible person capable to perform various social roles and to fulfill expectations connected to them in the socijal interaction with others. Main conclusion maintains that social rationality limits full effects of socialization for, full institutional practice would be irational and disfunctional for society as well as for individual. Point is that, individual itself will resist to full institutionalization, and on the other hand, will fight for scope of freedom as a condition for rational performing of his roles. Teerefore, on the social plane we have institutional level of practice and non institutional level of it, as a components of social rationality. That means that in the continuum between conformity and deviant acting we have meny variations in individual performance of the action of same type or kind. So, next to the conform and deviant action we have variant socijal action of the individuals. Article is concluded with reflection of positive social functions of deviant practices as for example: prostitution, gambling, etc. These have function of social ventilation in favour to provide relaxation from institutional overloading of social actors.

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Robinson, Sara, and Feng Chang. "Exploring Pharmacy Trainee Experiential Learning in a Full Scope Collaborative Rural Primary Care Practice: A Retrospective Chart Review." Pharmacy 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9030155.

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Despite reported benefits of pharmacy trainees (e.g., pharmacy students, pharmacy residents) in hospital settings, limited research on the impact of these trainees has been conducted in rural primary care. To explore the potential benefits and impact of pharmacy trainees practicing in a supervised collaborative rural primary care setting, a retrospective chart review was conducted. Drug therapy problems (DTPs) were classified using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE V9) system. Valuation was measured using a validated tool developed by Overhage and Lukes (1999). Over 16 weeks on a part-time basis, pharmacy trainees (n = 3) identified 366 DTPs during 153 patient encounters. The most common causes for DTPs were related to patient transfers and the need for education. Drug level interventions carried out directly by trainees under supervision accounted for 13.1% of total interventions. Interventions that required prescriber authorization had an acceptance rate of 83.25% higher than previous acceptance rates found in urban primary care settings. About half (51%) of the interventions proposed and made by pharmacy trainees were classified as significant or very significant, suggesting these trainees added significant value to the pharmacy service provided to rural community residents. This study suggests that pharmacy trainees can be effective resources and contribute meaningfully to patient care in a collaborative rural primary care team setting.

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Tannyhill, R., M. Baron, and M. Troulis. "Do american oral and maxillofacial surgery chief residents feel competent to practice the full scope of the specialty?" International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 48 (May 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.577.

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Walker, Léonie, Jill Clendon, and Katherine Nelson. "Nursing roles and responsibilities in general practice: three case studies." Journal of Primary Health Care 7, no. 3 (2015): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15236.

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INTRODUCTION: Primary care nursing teams may now comprise registered nurses (usually termed practice nurses), nurse practitioners, physician assistants, enrolled nurses, and primary care practice assistants, clinical assistants, or nursing assistants. There is a need to understand how practitioners in the different roles work with patients in the changed environment. The aim of this study was to describe the different configurations of health professionals? skill-mix in three dissimilar primary care practices, their inter- and intra-professional collaboration and communication, and to explore the potential of expanded nursing scopes and roles to improve patient access. METHODS: Document review, observation and interviews with key stakeholders were used to explore how health practitioners in three practice settings work together, including their delegation, substitution, enhancement and innovation in roles and interdisciplinary interactions in providing patient care. A multiphase integrative, qualitative and skill-mix framework analysis was used to compare findings related to nursing skill-mix across case studies. FINDINGS: Three models of primary care provision, utilising different nursing skill-mix and innovations were apparent. These illustrate considerable flexibility and responsiveness to local need and circumstances. CONCLUSION: Enabling nurses to work to the full extent of their scope, along with some adjustments to the models of care, greater multidisciplinary cooperation and coordination could mitigate future workforce shortages and improve patient access to care. KEYWORDS: Advanced practice nursing; primary care nursing; primary health care; New Zealand

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Guastello, Stephen J. "Nonlinear dynamics in psychology." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 6, no. 1 (2001): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022601000024.

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This article provides a survey of the applications of nonlinear dynamical systems theory to substantive problems encountered in the full scope of psychological science. Applications are organized into three topical areas – cognitive science, social and organizational psychology, and personality and clinical psychology. Both theoretical and empirical studies are considered with an emphasis on works that capture the broadest scope of issues that are of substantive interest to psychological theory. A budding literature on the implications of NDS principles in professional practice is reported also.

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Ashcroft, Rachelle, Toula Kourgiantakis, and Judith Belle Brown. "Social work’s scope of practice in the provision of primary mental health care: protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e019384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019384.

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IntroductionSocial work is a key member of interprofessional primary healthcare teams and foundational to primary healthcare reforms that aim to improve the provision of mental healthcare. Little is known, however, about social work’s scope of practice within primary healthcare settings, particularly in the provision of mental healthcare. The objective of this study is to identify and describe social work’s scope of practice as it relates to mental healthcare in primary healthcare settings.Methods and analysisA scoping review will be conducted using the methodology established by Arksey and O’Malley. We will search electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Social Services Abstracts and Social Work Abstracts) to identify studies appropriate for inclusion. One reviewer will independently screen all abstracts and full-text studies for inclusion, with supervision by lead investigator. We will include any study that focuses on social work and mental healthcare within primary healthcare settings. All bibliographic data, study characteristics and range of social work practice activities will be collected and analysed using a tool developed by the research team.Ethics and disseminationThe scoping review will synthesise social work’s scope of practice in the provision of mental healthcare within primary healthcare settings. This review will be the first step to formally develop guidelines for social work practice in primary healthcare. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.

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Mérő, Katalin. "The practice of rating covered bonds." Economy & finance 8, no. 3 (2021): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2021.3.3.

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This article analyses and compares the rating of covered bonds in the practice of the five credit rating companies which have 90% market coverage in the rating of European covered bonds (Moody’s, S&P, Fitch, DBRS and Scope). The rating of covered bonds tends to be excellent, it can even be significantly better than that of the issuing bank or that of the country in which the bank is located. The main reason for this are the different lines of defence laid down in regulation, which are also supported by the large-scale covered bond purchasing programme of the European Central Bank on the market’s side. The question is whether these lines of defence can really be deployed with full effectiveness in the event of significant turbulence in the real property market or a systemic banking crisis or a sovereign crisis, i.e. whether the current practice of the rating of covered bonds is not too optimistic.

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McCoy, Kathleen T. "Achieving Full Scope of Practice Readiness Using Evidence for Psychotherapy Teaching in Web and Hybrid Approaches in Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Nursing Education." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 54, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12202.

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Auerbach, David I., Carie Michael, Douglas Levy, Peter Maramaldi, Robert Dittus, Joann Spetz, Peter Buerhaus, and Karen Donelan. "OPTIMAL STAFFING MODELS TO CARE FOR FRAIL ELDERLY ADULTS IN PRIMARY CARE AND GERIATRIC PRACTICES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.255.

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Abstract As the US population ages, primary care is expected to be the health care “home” for older adults, and several initiatives are aimed at helping to transform primary care practice to care for this population. Wide variation in staffing has been observed. Meyers et al proposed ideal models of primary care staffing for a general population and for a frail elderly population (2018). We developed the 2018 Survey of Primary Care and Geriatric Clinicians to measure optimal team configuration in clinical practices caring for older adults. A majority employed NPs, MDs and PAs, with [r = -.53] between % of clinician labor of NPs and physicians). High-NP practices are more likely located in states with full scope of practice, perform well for frail elders and are less expensive. Meyers' models, with fewer physicians, more SW and CHWs, more RNs, perform better for frail elders, and are less expensive.

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Qu, Zhi Ming. "Study on Influence Scope of Shock Wave and Smoke Flow after Gas Explosion." Advanced Materials Research 136 (October 2010): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.136.48.

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Gas explosion is very disastrous accident all over the world. Influence scope analysis of shock wave and smoke after gas explosion is of great importance and significance. The results indicate that, during the process of shock wave propagation destroying the air throttle, the shock wave energy will be consumed as part of air throttle destruction, which causes the overpressure reduced. However, the shock wave continues to be propagated and attenuated to a certain distance. Results on analyzing influence scope of smoke flow show that the smoke temperature and concentration in roadway are higher before restoring ventilation. The smoke is diluted by the fresh air through diffusion. After restoring ventilation, the temperature and concentration of smoke flow are lowered greatly. In conclusion, the influence scope study of shock and smoke flow is of full practice.

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Töre, Esra. "The opinions of students, professors and practice teachers on the teaching practice course." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i1.20363.

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<span>The goal of this study was the evaluation of the teaching practice course in the Psychological Counseling and Guidance (PCG) department by students, professors and practice teachers. It was a pneumology study designed with qualitative research method. The study group consists of seven students, five professors and five practice teachers from 3 different schools and 3 different universities in İstanbul. Study data were analyzed with content analysis. It was found that the communication and collaboration between the professors and practice teachers of the teaching practice course were low, and the applications within the scope of the course were inadequate. Additionally, the study has revealed that it is necessary to inform the practice teachers about the previous courses and internships the students have taken, to ensure the attendance of students to full-day practice courses on different days and that a detailed teaching practice course guide is prepared. This study is thought to benefit the literature in the sense that it shows how PCG teaching practice course differs from other teaching practice courses, in addition to suggestions to the decision makers and practitioners for improving the course.</span>

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Finley, Brooke A. "Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners Meeting Rural Mental Health Challenges." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 26, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390319886357.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the current rural mental health system crisis in the United States and how psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) can holistically mitigate this systemic issue. METHOD: Respective to the objective, relevant literature is reviewed. RESULTS: PMHNPs have successfully increased access to care in underserved rural communities by practicing at the fullest extent of their scope without mandated supervision, utilizing telepsychiatry practice, while expanding PMHNP rural mental health education and research to meet and absolve pressing rural mental health challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports that rural mental health care improves when PMHNPs have full scope of practice, utilize telepsychiatry, engage in related scholarly activity, and have formalized education and training for rural health care delivery, which collectively answer the professional and moral call serving the underserved rural population with mental illness.

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Lee, Christopher S., Barry H. Greenberg, Ann S. Laramee, Susan E. Ammon, Marilyn Prasun, Marie Galvao, Lynn V. Doering, et al. "HFSA and AAHFN Joint Position Statement: Advocating for a Full Scope of Nursing Practice and Leadership in Heart Failure." Journal of Cardiac Failure 18, no. 11 (November 2012): 811–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.09.001.

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Lee, Christopher S., Barry H. Greenberg, Ann S. Laramee, Susan E. Ammon, Marilyn Prasun, Marie Galvao, Lynn V. Doering, et al. "HFSA and AAHFN joint position statement: Advocating for a full scope of nursing practice and leadership in heart failure." Heart & Lung 41, no. 6 (November 2012): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2012.10.002.

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Roemer, Milton I. "Higher Education for Public Health Leadership." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/p3k6-2nqj-3clg-atb8.

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The primary health care approach to public health stresses recognition of economic, political, and social determinants of health. In practice, briefly trained community health workers provide people with education and health care, but they require sound supervision. Such tasks of leadership require higher education. This demands more schools of public health of independent status, as well as stronger departments of community medicine within schools of medicine. Independent schools of public health throughout the world are much stronger than preventive medicine departments in medical schools, as measured by full-time faculty, scope of teaching and research, and candidates enrolled. To train properly for leadership, such independent schools in the developing world should be multiplied by 12 times to meet the needs. Leadership requires basic preparation in the full scope of public health knowledge, along with skills of effective management.

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McInnes, Susan, Kath Peters, Andrew Bonney, and Elizabeth Halcomb. "The influence of funding models on collaboration in Australian general practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 1 (2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16017.

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Despite more nurses working in Australian general practice, there has been limited investigation exploring ways that general practitioners and registered nurses work together to deliver clinical care. However, it has been postulated that the small business structure, common in Australian general practices, might influence collaboration between these two groups of health professionals. This paper presents one theme from a larger qualitative study. Eight general practitioners and fourteen registered nurses working in general practice participated in semistructured face-to-face interviews between February and May 2015. Naturalistic inquiry was adopted to elicit and explore the narrative accounts of participants about working together in general practice. An inductive process of thematic analysis was used to identify, analyse and report patterns and themes. Ancillary costs associated with the employment of registered nurses in general practice and the time registered nurses took to undertake procedural services were a concern for general practitioners. Registered nurses did not always work to their full scope of practice and many felt that their expertise was not appropriately remunerated. Findings suggested that fee for service-funding models can negatively influence collaboration between general practitioners and registered nurses working in general practice.

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Teixeira, Beatriz, Paul A. M. Gregory, and Zubin Austin. "How are pharmacists in Ontario adapting to practice change? Results of a qualitative analysis using Kotter’s change management model." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 150, no. 3 (April 6, 2017): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163517701470.

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Background: The pace of practice change in community pharmacy over the past decade has been significant, yet there is little evidence documenting implementation of change in the profession. Methods: Kotter’s change management model was selected as a theoretical framework for this exploratory qualitative study. Community pharmacists were interviewed using a semistructured protocol based on Kotter’s model. Data were analyzed and coded using a constant-comparative iterative method aligned with the stages of change management outlined by Kotter. Results: Twelve community pharmacists were interviewed. Three key themes emerged: 1) the profession has successfully established the urgency to, and created a climate conducive for, change; 2) the profession has been less successful in engaging and enabling the profession to actually implement change; and 3) legislative changes (for example, expansion of pharmacists’ scope of practice) may have occurred prematurely, prior to other earlier stages of the change process being consolidated. Interpretation: As noted by most participants, allowing change is not implementing change: pharmacists reported feeling underprepared and lacking confidence to actually make change in their practices and believe that more emphasis on practical, specific implementation tactics is needed. Conclusions: Change management is complex and time and resource intensive. There is a need to provide personalized, detailed, context-specific implementation strategies to pharmacists to allow them to take full advantage of expanded scope of practice.

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Liu, Yuan. "Application of Internet Technology in Ideological and Political Practice Teaching." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 03057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125103057.

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Practical teaching is an important content of ideological and political teaching. Using the advantages of Internet technology can not only broaden the teaching scope of ideological and political practical teaching, but also improve the efficiency and quality of ideological and political practical teaching. This article combines the current situation of ideological and political teaching, and analyzes the characteristics and advantages of Internet technology, and discusses and analyzes the application of Internet technology in ideological and political practical teaching in terms of practical teaching content, teaching methods, and teaching evaluation. The author further thought about how to better integrate Internet technology with ideological and political practice teaching, and give full play to the role of Internet technology in ideological and political teaching.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Full scope of practice'

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