Journal articles: 'Full-Income'

1

Vobruba, Georg. "Income Mixes. Work and Income Beyond Full Employment." Czech Sociological Review 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.1999.35.2.05.

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Wang, Guangtong, and Qiang Jiang. "Full – Perspective Analysis of Medium Income Trap." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n3p195.

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The backward economies can’t enter into the high-income group after stepping on the middle-income stage successfully. Based on multidimensional perspective of economics, this paper will analyze the reasons of "middle-income trap". As the adverse condition of international environment and domestic weakness, the development process of backward economies when they enter into the "middle income trap" is generally affected by the global economic crisis, while it is difficult to resist the global economic crisis for the middle income stage because its vulnerability. Turning to another views, the lower domestic savings rate, the shortage of high-end production factors, the low degree of market standard, the low-end embedded international production system will hinder the middle-income economies to enter into high-income group. The analysis of this paper in details will provide reference for China and provide theoretical support and policy guidance for its rapid entry into high - income economies.

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Koutsampelas, Christos, and Panos Tsakloglou. "The distribution of full income in Greece." International Journal of Social Economics 40, no. 4 (March 8, 2013): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068291311305008.

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4

Dowd, K. "Consumer demand, ?full income? and real wages." Empirical Economics 17, no. 3 (September 1992): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01206297.

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Hodder, Leslie D., Patrick E. Hopkins, and James M. Wahlen. "Risk-Relevance of Fair-Value Income Measures for Commercial Banks." Accounting Review 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 337–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.2.337.

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We investigate the risk relevance of the standard deviation of three performance measures: net income, comprehensive income, and a constructed measure of full-fair-value income for a sample of 202 U.S. commercial banks from 1996 to 2004. We find that, for the average sample bank, the volatility of full-fair-value income is more than three times that of comprehensive income and more than five times that of net income. We find that the incremental volatility in full-fair-value income (beyond the volatility of net income and comprehensive income) is positively related to marketmodel beta, the standard deviation in stock returns, and long-term interest-rate beta. Further, we predict and find that the incremental volatility in full-fair-value income (1) negatively moderates the relation between abnormal earnings and banks' share prices and (2) positively affects the expected return implicit in bank share prices. Our findings suggest full-fair-value income volatility reflects elements of risk that are not captured by volatility in net income or comprehensive income, and relates more closely to capital-market pricing of that risk than either net-income volatility or comprehensiveincome volatility.

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Schloss, Patrick J., Constance W. Wolf, and Cynthia N. Schloss. "Financial Implications of Half- and Full-Time Employment for Persons with Disabilities." Exceptional Children 54, no. 3 (November 1987): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440298705400310.

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Increased financial well-being is often assumed to be a benefit of full-time employment for handicapped individuals. However, there is some evidence that this is not true. In this study a balance sheet approach was utilized to examine the financial implications of part-time and full-time employment for persons with handicaps. Balance sheets (income versus expenses) were developed for three income levels: no earned income, income from a part-time (20 hours a week) job, and income from a full-time (40 hours a week) job. The results indicated that net disposable income was comparable for individuals working part time when compared to individuals working full time. In either case, the net disposable income is no more than $3,000 over the net disposable income for an unemployed person. This provides evidence that there is an absence of financial incentives for full-time employment and suggests that persons with disabilities should carefully consider the financial effects of potential employment.

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SAWYER, M. "Income distribution, macroeconomic analysis and barriers to full employment." Journal of Income Distribution 7, no. 2 (1997): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6437(99)80042-0.

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Groome, Michelle J., and Umesh D. Parashar. "Understanding the full clinical spectrum of childhood diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries." Lancet Global Health 7, no. 5 (May 2019): e534-e535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30056-7.

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Hill, Trish. "Time Use, Gender and Disadvantage in Australia: Conventional Income and ‘Full Income’ Approaches to Estimation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 20, no. 1 (December 2009): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460902000103.

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Kouki, Mondher, Mosbeh Hsini, and Farah Tabassi. "The Value and Risk Relevance of Fair Value: The Case of French Firms." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 6, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v6i2.9692.

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We study the performance of fair value accounting standards of financial instruments starting from the analysis of quality relevance of accounting information. In particular, we are interested in the value relevance and risk relevance of income that contains financial instruments measured or not at fair value. To do so, we compare three income levels known as accounting standard’s history. The three major levels are Full-Fair-Value income measurement (all-fair-value changes recognized in income), piecemeal-fair-value income measurement or comprehensive income (some fair-value changes recognized in income), and historical-cost income measurement or net income (no fair-value measurement existing). The empirical tests of value relevance showed that net income is not a relevant value, and Full Fair Value Income is more significant than the Comprehensive Income. The study shows also that risk relevance is more, measured by the volatility of Full Fair Value Income.

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Kalugina, Ekaterina, Natalia Radtchenko, and Catherine Sofer. "HOW DO SPOUSES SHARE THEIR FULL INCOME? IDENTIFICATION OF THE SHARING RULE USING SELF-REPORTED INCOME." Review of Income and Wealth 55, no. 2 (June 2009): 360–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00323.x.

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Tsouli, Driss. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality: Evidence from High, Middle, and Low-income Countries." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 69, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0005.

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The past two decades have witnessed a high national importance to financial inclusion around the world. This paper intends to explore the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. For this purpose, a new composite financial inclusion was constructed with three dimensions for finding various macroeconomic variables affecting the level of financial inclusion for 122 economies, including 32 from high-income, 38 from upper middle income, 38 from lower middle income, and 14 from low-income countries. Then the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, for the world and then for high, middle, and low-income countries was investigated. The estimates reveal that rule of law significantly affects financial inclusion for the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. But age dependency ratio influences the financial inclusion only for our full sample. However, population density significantly decreases financial inclusion just in the full sample and Upper middle-income countries. Education completion impacts significantly financial inclusion just in upper middle income. While literacy has a higher impact on financial inclusion in high-income countries. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. The link between financial inclusion and income inequality has been found for high-income countries and lower-middle-income countries.

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PARK, CYN-YOUNG, and ROGELIO MERCADO. "FINANCIAL INCLUSION, POVERTY, AND INCOME INEQUALITY." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 01 (February 8, 2018): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818410059.

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This paper extends the existing literature on financial inclusion by analyzing the factors affecting financial inclusion and assessing the impact of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality in the world and Asia. We construct a new financial inclusion indicators to assess various macroeconomic and country-specific factors affecting the degree of financial inclusion for 176 economies, including 37 of which from developing Asia. We test the impact of financial inclusion, along with other control variables, on poverty and income inequality. We do so for full sample of countries and then for developing Asia sample to access which factors are relevant for full sample and for developing Asia specifically. The estimation results show that per capita income, rule of law, and demographic characteristics significantly affect financial inclusion for both world and Asia samples. However, primary education completion and literacy significantly increases financial inclusion only in the full sample, not for the Asian sample. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty and income inequality levels for the full sample. For developing Asia, however, there appears to be no link between financial inclusion and income inequality.

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Sanford, Scott, and Luther Tweeten. "Farm Income Enhancement Potential for Small, Part-Time Farming Operations in East Central Oklahoma." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 2 (December 1988): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017702.

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AbstractLinear programming and stochastic farm growth simulation models are used to assess the impact of alternative enterprise selection, variation in farm income, inflation, and off-farm income on the growth of small, part-time farms in East Central Oklahoma. Results indicate that alternative rates of inflation or variation in farm income do not significantly impact the operation or expansion of part-time farming operations. Adoption of alternative enterprises on part-time farms can lead to full-time farming operations where expansion initially is aided through use of off-farm income. Small full-time operators could greatly enhance family income by obtaining off-farm employment and income.

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Jibrail, Ahmad, and Denny Hambali. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PERHITUNGAN METODE TRADISIONAL DENGAN METODE FULL COSTING DALAM MENENTUKAN LABA BERSIH (Study Kasus: UD. Rizka Jaya Desa Dete Kecamatan Lape Kabupaten Sumbawa)." Jurnal TAMBORA 3, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/jt.v3i3.397.

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Net income is one the of important elements that become the basis of decision making by corporate management. The higher the profit earned then the more developed the company. This study aims to (1) find out how the calculation of net income method of company, (2) know how the calculation of net income method of full costing, and (3) know how the computation of net income calculation between company method with full costing method. This research type is descriptive quantitative. Data was collected by interview method. The result of research indicates that using traditional method, as company used, makes company’s net income lower than using costing method. It happens because some costs were not calculated by the company. The company should use the method of full costing in the calculation of net income because it describes the actual state of the company that calculates all costs incurred in the productions process.

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16

Wang, Chi-Hui, Prasad Padmanabhan, and Chia-Hsing Huang. "The Impact of Renewable Energy, Urbanization, and Environmental Sustainability Ratings on the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413747.

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The impacts of renewable energy adoption and environmental sustainability ratings on the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis are examined using annual balanced panel data from 64 middle and low-income countries and spanning the 2005–2014 period. We show that the GDP per capita/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an inverse S curve for the full sample of low and middle-income countries and for each subsample. The renewable energy/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an inverse N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, but a V curve for the low-income sample. The foreign direct investment net inflows/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, and a positive relationship in the low-income subsample. High levels of government environmental sustainability ratings in low-income countries with relatively higher incomes can attract foreign direct investment net inflows while reducing pollution. In contrast, middle-income countries with high environmental sustainability ratings can attract foreign direct investment net inflows only if they allow small increases in pollution.

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17

Arestis, Philip, and Peter Howells. "Change in income distribution and aggregate spending: constraints on full-employment?" Review of Political Economy 7, no. 2 (April 1995): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259500000035.

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Seccareccia, Mario. "Basic Income, Full Employment, and Social Provisioning: Some Polanyian/Keynesian Insights." Journal of Economic Issues 49, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2015.1042743.

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19

Zieba, Marta. "Full-income and price elasticities of demand for German public theatre." Journal of Cultural Economics 33, no. 2 (March 7, 2009): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-009-9094-2.

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20

Hirst, D. Eric, Patrick E. Hopkins, and James M. Wahlen. "Fair Values, Income Measurement, and Bank Analysts' Risk and Valuation Judgments." Accounting Review 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.453.

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We examine how fair-value-income measurement affects commercial bank equity analysts' risk and value judgments. Normatively, holding information and other underlying economics constant, bank analysts' risk and valuation assessments should distinguish between banks with different risks, but should not depend on how banks measure income. In our experiment, we vary income measurement—full-fair-value (all fair-value changes recognized in income) versus piecemeal-fair-value (some fair-value changes recognized in income, others disclosed in the notes). We also vary interest-rate-risk exposure (exposed versus hedged). We find that bank analysts' risk and value judgments distinguish banks' exposure to interest-rate risk only under full-fair-value-income measurement. Our evidence contributes to research concerned with financial performance reporting, risk, and fair-value accounting by demonstrating that differences in income measurement affect fundamental judgments of specialist analysts. Our findings are striking because they: (1) point toward an important role for measurement and recognition of fair-value gains and losses in income, and (2) suggest that note disclosure is not a substitute for financial-statement recognition (even for professional analysts specializing in banks and working in a context that involves assessment of core operations of a bank). These results should be of interest to accounting standard setters as they evaluate whether to require full-fair-value-income measurement.

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Alm, James, and Reuben A. Zubrow. "Who Benefits from Indexation?" Public Finance Quarterly 15, no. 1 (January 1987): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218701500102.

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This article analyzes the distributional effects of indexation of the standard deduction, the personal exemption, and the marginal tax rate brackets in the personal income tax. The analysis focuses upon Colorado, a state that enacted full indexation of its personal income tax in 1978. It is found that full indexation is decidedly pro-poor: The percentage reduction in taxes due to indexation falls as income rises, with the percentage reduction nearly four times as great for the lowest income class as for the highest. The factors giving the largest proportional benefit to the lowest-income taxpayers are indexation of the standard deduction and, to a lesser extent, the rate brackets, although the relative importance of the various indexation factors is shown to vary over time.

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Abd Hamid, Izzah, Wan Asrina Wan Yahaya, and Hairazi Rahim. "Short Interview with Local Fisherman in Bintulu, Sarawak on Monthly Income based on their Experience." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e001607. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i7.1607.

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Fishermen earn income from their fishing activities, but it depends on various factors such as the type of employment, either part-time or full-time. The aim of the study is to identify which criteria based on their experience affect the income of part-time and full-time fishermen in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. About 33 fishermen were interviewed in the Bintulu area using semi-structured interview questions. A qualitative method such as an in-depth interview was conducted and analysed, resulting in three criteria that affecting our participants’ income. The first criterion was self-learning process which significantly hampered their ability to identify fish population areas, especially without the aid of technology. In contrast, the second criterion was equipment ownership. The ownership offers advantages to the full-time fisherman to facilitate their fishing activity by catching more fish in a short period of time. The final criteria were end products related to their sales activities, whether through intermediary (middleman) or directly to consumers. Regardless of their mode of operation or experience, direct-to-consumer sales is an alternative to earn a higher income, except that their yield varies significantly through the first and second criteria. Therefore, this finding indicated that the income of part-time or full-time fishermen in Bintulu, Sarawak could be influenced by three criteria.

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Restrepo-Méndez, María Clara, Aluísio JD Barros, Kerry LM Wong, Hope L. Johnson, George Pariyo, Giovanny VA França, Fernando C. Wehrmeister, and Cesar G. Victora. "Inequalities in full immunization coverage: trends in low- and middle-income countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94, no. 11 (August 31, 2016): 794–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.15.162172.

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Espinosa, Carolina, Estrella Torres, and John Worobey. "Energy Intake and Overweight Risk of Full-Term, Low-Income Minority Infants." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 41, no. 4 (July 2009): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.061.

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Lazarus, J. V., and S. A. Wallace. "Public health in low- and middle-income countries: a glass half full." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 64, no. 01 (December 9, 2009): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.097238.

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McDonough, L. C., and R. E. Wright. "Funding Postsecondary Education: A Full Tuition, Private Sector, Income Contingent Repayment Plan." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 28, no. 1 (April 30, 1998): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v28i1.183311.

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This study proposes and analyses the feasibility of a private sector ICR in which investments in human capital are accorded the tax treatment typical of fixed capital investments. Under this proposal, income-contingent repayment loans issued and administered by the private sector would cover both the full tuition costs and living expenses of students attending Postsecondary Education (PSE) institutions. The public sector would guarantee the loans, as well as provide relevant information to the private sector lenders as required. Simulations suggest that the student and public sector shares in the proposed full fee and expense plan would be approximately the same as those under the current financing system with students' fees set at 50% of full tuition. The proposed plan promises to eliminate virtually all accessibility problems related to financial constraints. Moreover, the incentive structures attendant to the proposed ICR are consistent with the "coherent learning system" advocated by the Economic Council of Canada.

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Aliyev, Khatai. "Well-being costs of perceived job insecurity: Mediating role of financial satisfaction, subjective healthiness and institutional trust." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 2 (June 2022): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-2/10.

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The fear of losing the current job or not finding a new job significantly affects an individual’s well-being. However, perceived job insecurity also affects an individual’s financial satisfaction, subjective healthiness, and trust in institutions - determinants of subjective well-being. This research explores the direct and indirect effects of perceived job insecurity on the life satisfaction of the full-time employed and unemployed people within a serial mediation analysis framework. Using the World Values Survey (6th wave) dataset, we estimated the effects in aggregate and disaggregated (by the income level of countries) samples. Regarding unemployed people, results display the almost equal contribution of direct and indirect channels. In contrast, the dominance of indirect impact channels is more considerable in the case of individuals employed full-time. In disaggregated samples, no significant impact is detected in low-income and upper-middle-income class members, while the effects are significant and economically meaningful for lower-middle-income and high-income countries. Non-pecuniary costs exceed pecuniary costs. The primary mediating factor is satisfaction with a household’s financial situation, especially in high-income countries. The availability of unemployment insurance benefits can partially compensate well-being costs of perceived job insecurity. Nevertheless, governments need to enhance labour market efficiency to diminish both unemployed and full-time employed individuals’ perceived job insecurity, which would improve societal welfare in the end.

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Tachega, Mark Awe, Xilong Yao, Yang Liu, Dulal Ahmed, Wilhermina Ackaah, Mohamed Gabir, and Justice Gyimah. "Income Heterogeneity and the Environmental Kuznets Curve Turning Points: Evidence from Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105634.

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The concept of environmental sustainability aims to achieve economic development while achieving a sustainable environment. The inverted U-shape relationship between economic growth and environmental quality, also called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), describes the correlation between economic growth and carbon emissions. This study assesses the role of agriculture and energy-related variables while evaluating the EKC threshold in 54 African economies, and income groups, according to World Bank categorization, including low income, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income in Africa. With 1990–2015 panel data, the results are estimated using panel cointegration, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS), and granger causality tests. The results are: (1) The study validated the EKC hypothesis in the low-income, lower-, and upper-middle-income economies. However, there is no evidence of EKC in the full African and high-income panels. Furthermore, the turning points of EKC in the income group are meagerly low, showing that Africa could be turning on EKC at lower income levels. (2) The correlation between agriculture with CO2 is found positive in the high-income economy. However, agriculture has a mitigation effect on emissions in the lower-middle-income and low-income economies, and the full sample. Also, renewable energy is negatively correlated with emissions in Africa and the high-income economy. In contrast, non-renewable energy exerts a positive effect on emissions in all income groups except the low-income economies.

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Iacobacci, Mario, and Mario Seccareccia. "Full Employment versus Income Maintenance: Some Reflections on the Macroeconomic and Structural Implications of a Guaranteed Income Program for Canada." Studies in Political Economy 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19187033.1989.11675528.

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Findeis, Jill L., and Venkateshwar K. Reddy. "Decomposition of Income Distribution Among Farm Families." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001495.

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The greater reliance of U.S. farm families on off-farm income has implications for the structure of agriculture and the distribution of income within agriculture. Using annual data on farm households from the Current Population Survey, the degree of income inequality for the U.S. and by region is assessed for 1984. The distribution of income among farm families is decomposed by income source. Off-farm income is shown to contribute to higher average incomes and reduce income inequality at the margin, but only in regions where full-time farming predominates. In the Northeast and South, increases in off-farm income increase regional income inequality.

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NAIDOO, YUVISTHI. "Comparing the Implications of Expanded Income-Based Measures of Living Standards with an Application to Older Australians." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000296.

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AbstractThe standard of living of older people is a critical policy matter, given Australia's ageing population. Conventional living standard assessments continue to rely on disposable income as a defining indicator, despite it not encompassing the full range of potential consumption possibilities that affect an individual's economic living standard. This article proposes a series of three economic resource metrics that sequentially append the disposable income metric with the value of non-cash benefits and services arising from the receipt of public goods and/or services from home ownership in the form of a ‘full’ income metric, and then the inclusion of wealth in the form of two derived ‘potential consumption’ metrics. Using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, the findings demonstrate that augmenting disposable income with income streams from non-cash services and annuitised wealth substantially improves the relative economic position of older Australians. It also highlights the heterogeneity in economic living standard outcomes for different demographic sub-groups of older people that would otherwise be drawn using a disposable income analytic lens. The article argues that an expanded economic resource perspective is necessary for informing ageing and social policy.

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Colomé-Hidalgo, Manuel, Juan Donado Campos, and Ángel Gil de Miguel. "Monitoring inequality changes in full immunization coverage in infants in Latin America and the Caribbean." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (June 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.56.

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Objective. To compare inequalities in full infant vaccination coverage at two different time points between 1992 and 2016 in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Methods. Analysis is based on recent available data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Reproductive Health Surveys conducted in 18 countries between 1992 and 2016. Full immunization data from children 12–23 months of age were disaggregated by wealth quintile. Absolute and relative inequalities between the richest and the poorest quintile were measured. Differences were measured for 14 countries with data available for two time points. Significance was determined using 95% confidence intervals. Results. The overall median full immunization coverage was 69.9%. Approximately one-third of the countries have a high-income inequality gap, with a median difference of 5.6 percentage points in 8 of 18 countries. Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, and Peru have achieved the greatest progress in improving coverage among the poorest quintiles of their population in recent years. Conclusion. Full immunization coverage in the countries in the study shows higher-income inequality gaps that are not seen by observing national coverage only, but these differences appear to be reduced over time. Actions monitoring immunization coverage based on income inequalities should be considered for inclusion in the assessment of public health policies to appropriately reduce the gaps in immunization for infants in the lowest-income quintile.

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Sanz-Sanz, José Félix. "A full-fledged analytical model for the Laffer curve in personal income taxation." Economic Analysis and Policy 73 (March 2022): 795–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.01.008.

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Brown, Cheryl, Stacy M. Miller, Deborah A. Boone, Harry N. Boone, Stacy A. Gartin, and Thomas R. McConnell. "The importance of farmers' markets for West Virginia direct marketers." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 1 (March 2007): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001561.

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AbstractIn the winter of 2004–2005, over 300 of West Virginia's farmers' market vendors were surveyed with regard to sales levels, promotional techniques and operational characteristics such as hours worked, types of products produced and length of season. Vendors were categorized based on part-time, full-time or retired status, and full-time farmers, both with and without off-farm jobs, were found to be distinct from part-time and retired vendors with respect to 2004 total farmers' market sales and the percentage of household income from farmers' markets. Econometric analysis [ordinary least squares (OLS)] was performed to identify the impact of explanatory variables on total farmers' market sales, percentage of household income from farmers' market sales and amount of household income from farmers' market sales. Independent variables such as bargaining, cost-plus pricing, selling at markets outside West Virginia and providing print materials were found to have a positive impact on annual sales. The number of products produced, distance traveled to market and number of weeks at market were also positively related to the percentage of income obtained from farmers' market sales. Both part-time and retired producers received a lower percentage of household income from farmers' markets relative to full-time producers. Retired and part-time, along with limited-resource vendors (with annual household income less than $20,000) were also found to have lower total sales in the 2004 season. Identifying the characteristics associated with greater farmers' market sales and a higher reliance on such sales for household income will help in the sustained success of markets as engines of economic development and small farm viability.

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Rooks, Ronica N., Eleanor M. Simonsick, Richard Schulz, Susan Rubin, and Tamara Harris. "Who Works Among Older Black and White, Well-Functioning Adults in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study?" Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 3 (January 1, 2017): 233372141772709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721417727098.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to examine social, economic, and health factors related to paid work in well-functioning older adults and if and how these factors vary by race. Method: We used sex-stratified logistic and multinomial logistic regression to examine cross-sectional data in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition cohort study. The sample included 3,075 community-dwelling Black (42%) and White adults aged 70 to 79 at baseline. Results: Multinomial logistic regression analyses show Black men were more likely to work full-time, and Black women were more likely to work part-time. Men with ≥US$50,000 family income were more likely to work full-time. Men with better physical functioning were more likely to work full- and part-time. Women with ≥US$50,000 family income and fewer chronic diseases were more likely to work full-time. Women who were overweight and had fewer chronic diseases were more likely to work part-time. Discussion: Results suggest that well-functioning, older Black adults were more likely to work than their White counterparts, and working relates to better health and higher income, providing support for a productive or successful aging perspective.

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Davies, James B. "Inequality and COVID-19 Deaths and Cases in the First Wave, a Cross-Country Analysis Economic." Canadian Public Policy COVID-19 (August 13, 2020): e2020157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-033.

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The cross-country relationship of COVID-19 case and death rates with previously measured income inequality and poverty in the pandemic’s first wave is studied, controlling for other underlying factors, in a worldwide sample of countries. If the estimated associations are interpreted as causal, the Gini coefficient for income has a significant positive effect on both cases and deaths per capita in regressions using the full sample, and for cases although not for deaths when OECD and non-OECD subsamples are treated separately. The Gini coefficient for wealth has a significant positive effect on cases, but not on deaths, in both subsamples and the full sample. Poverty generally has weak positive effects in the full and non-OECD samples, but a relative poverty measure has a strong positive effect on cases in the OECD sample. Analysis of the gap between COVID-19 first-wave cases and deaths per capita in Canada and the higher rates in the United States indicates that 37% of the cases gap and 28% of the deaths gap could be attributed to the higher income Gini in the U.S. according to the full sample regressions.

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Sugiarto Sugiarto, Lulusi, Muhammad Isya, Fadhlullah Apriandy, and Fuadh Ramadhan. "Understanding Household’s Travel Costs Budget Frontier in Banda Aceh, Indonesia." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): A116—A124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.2.a116-a124.

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This study aims to explore the constraints of the Travel Costs Budget Frontier (TCBF) before a full-charged fare is implemented for the bus system known as the “Trans Koetaradja” in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A stochastic frontier analysis was used to identify how people allocate their share of income for transportation in line with their mobility and socio-demographic characteristics. The findings showed the TCBF to be influenced by commuting trip activities, private mode usage, owning car and motorcycle and income limits. Barriers were observed to be restricting the low-medium income groups. Owning their own private modes within the low-medium income groups does mean household disbursement and could impose their transport expenditure rather than public modes usage. There is a need to devise policies considering the low-medium incomes to implement impartial full-charge to ensure affordable bus fare.

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Muhaling, Frieddelia Wathilda, Sujono Sujono, Ibnu Hajar, Buyung Sarita, Samdin Samdin, Valentinus Amstrong TN, and Zaluddin Zaluddin. "PERAN BIAS PERILAKU DALAM MEMEDIASI PENGARUH FAKOR DEMOGRAFI, LITERASI KEUANGAN, DAN PENDAPATAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI PADA INVESTOR SAHAM SULAWESI TENGGARA." Jurnal Manajemen, Bisnis dan Organisasi (JUMBO) 4, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jumbo.v4i2.15788.

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The purpose of this research istest and explaininfluence 1)demographics of investment decisions 2) influence demographics to financial behavior bias 3) influence financial literacy on investment decisions 4) influence of financial literacy on financial behavior bias 5) influence of income factors on financial behavior bias 6) influence of income factors on investment decisions 7)influencefinancial behavior bias towards investment decisions 8) demographic influence on investment decisions mediated by financial behavior bias 9) the effect of financial literacy on investment decisions mediated by financial behavior bias. 10) the influence of the income factor on investment decisions which is mediated by financial behavior bias. The research design used is quantitative research. The data used are secondary data. Data analysis usessoftware Smart PLS. The results showed that: 1).Demographicsdoes not have a significant effect on investment decisions. 2).Demographics have a significant effect on financial behavior bias.3) Financial literacy has a significant effect on investment decisions. 4) Financial literacy has a significant effect on bias in financial behavior. 5)Income does not have a significant effect on investment decisions. 6) Income has a significant effect on investment decisions. 7) Financial behavior bias has a significant effect on investment decisions. 8)Financial behavior bias is able to mediate (full mediation) the influence of demographics on investment decisions.9). Financial behavior bias is able to mediate (full mediation) the effect of financial literacy on investment decisions. 10)Financial behavior bias is able to mediate (full mediation) the effect of income on investment decisions.

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Zhang, Donglan, Matthew R. Ritchey, Chanhyun Park, Jason Li, John Chapel, and Guijing Wang. "Association Between Medicaid Coverage and Income Status on Health Care Use and Costs Among Hypertensive Adults After Enactment of the Affordable Care Act." American Journal of Hypertension 32, no. 10 (June 21, 2019): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz101.

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Abstract Background Hypertension is highly prevalent among the low-income population in the United States. This study assessed the association between Medicaid coverage and health care service use and costs among hypertensive adults following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), by income status level. Methods A nationally representative sample of 2,866 nonpregnant hypertensive individuals aged 18–64 years with income up to 138% of the federal poverty level (FPL) were selected from the 2014 and 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Regression analyses were performed to examine the association of Medicaid coverage with outpatient (outpatient visits and prescription medication fills), emergency, and acute health care service use and costs among those potentially eligible for Medicaid by income status—the very low-income (FPL ≤ 100%) and the moderately low-income (100% > FPL ≤ 138%). Results Among the study population, 70.1% were very low-income and 29.9% were moderately low-income. Full-year Medicaid coverage was higher among the very low-income group (41.0%) compared with those moderately low-income (29.1%). For both income groups, having full-year Medicaid coverage was associated with increased health care service use and higher overall annual medical costs ($13,085 compared with $7,582 without Medicaid); costs were highest among moderately low-income patients ($17,639). Conclusion Low-income individuals with hypertension, who were potentially newly eligible for Medicaid under the ACA may benefit from expanded Medicaid coverage by improving their access to outpatient services that can support chronic disease management. However, to realize decreases in medical expenditures, efforts to decrease their use of emergency and acute care services are likely needed.

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Chenglin, Bian, Liu Jinlin, Yang Liuyan, and Bian Zhiyao. "An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Language Proficiency and Economic Income of Chinese and Vietnamese Border Residents: A Case Study of Dongxing City, Guangxi Province." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 11 (January 10, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v11i.8551.

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Based on the full sample survey of border residents in Dongxing City, Guangxi, this paper uses language economics theory and data analysis methods to analyze the relationship between language proficiency and income of border residents in Dongxing City, Guangxi. The conclusions of the study include: multilingual ability can enhance residents' self-employment ability, obtain more employment opportunities and stable income sources, and have a positive correlation with their annual income. Putonghua popularization is an effective measure to promote poverty alleviation in border areas; Government departments should optimize and improve local industrial policies and promote the promotion and protection of traditional cultures of ethnic minorities while giving full play to the positive economic and social benefits of Putonghua popularization and cultivating new economic drivers.

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Vo, Duc, Thang Nguyen, Ngoc Tran, and Anh Vo. "What Factors Affect Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Middle-Income Countries?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010040.

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Income inequality in many middle-income countries has increased at an alarming level. While the time series relationship between income inequality and economic growth has been extensively investigated, the causal and dynamic link between them, particularly for the middle-income countries, has been largely ignored in the current literature. This study was conducted to fill in this gap on two different samples for the period from 1960 to 2014: (i) a full sample of 158 countries; and (ii) a sample of 86 middle-income countries. The Granger causality test and a system generalized method of moments (GMM) are utilized in this study. The findings from this study indicate that causality is found from economic growth to income inequality and vice versa in both samples of countries. In addition, this study also finds that income inequality contributes negatively to the economic growth in the middle-income countries in the research period.

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Christos. "Stress Testing the Effect of Income Tax Scale on a Full Time Agricultural Income in Greece After the New Tax Legislation." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XX, Issue 4A (November 1, 2017): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/864.

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Fox, Liana, Jonathan Rothbaum, and Kathryn Shantz. "Fixing Errors in a SNAP: Addressing SNAP Underreporting to Evaluate Poverty." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221040.

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Since 1969, the official poverty measure has remained largely unchanged, despite substantial changes in the social safety net. This paper proposes a methodology for creating a buildable replacement to the official poverty measure, starting with market-based income, incorporating social insurance income, and building toward the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). While all components would not be available for the full time series, this approach would keep the unit of analysis constant, allow thresholds to vary by geography, and allow full understanding of the role of government taxes and transfers on poverty rates over time.

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Galindo, Claudia, Mavis Sanders, and Yolanda Abel. "Transforming Educational Experiences in Low-Income Communities." American Educational Research Journal 54, no. 1_suppl (April 2017): 140S—163S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831216676571.

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Full-service community schools aim to reduce educational inequality by addressing the multifaceted needs of low-income children and youth. Critical to this task is the ability of these schools to generate sufficient social capital to provide students, families, and teachers with essential resources. Using data from a qualitative case study, this article explores how social capital was manifested in an urban full-service community elementary school. Findings show that the principal, teachers, and staff were important sources of school-based social capital, which enabled the provision of services to students and families. However, resource scarcity and interethnic tensions threatened the expansion of social capital and the school’s transformative potential. We discuss implications of these findings for the theory, research, and practice of full-service community schools.

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Rubin, Rose M., Bobye J. Riney, and Todd Johansen. "Tax Effects on the Net Income of Wives in Dual-Earner Households, 1980–1983." Public Finance Quarterly 15, no. 4 (October 1987): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218701500406.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of changes in the federal income tax structure on net income of wives in dual-earner households between 1980 and 1983. Utilizing the second-earner net income model (SENIM), simulation distributions of net income of married full-time women workers, representing six occupational categories, are calculated for alternative spouse income levels and for households of different sizes. The resulting net income distributions are analyzed by paired comparison t-tests to determine the effects of tax changes on dual-earner households during the first Reagan administration. The findings indicate that the tax changes benefit dual-earner households at all income levels, but that lower-income households receive the least benefit, so that the effects are inequitable.

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THANASUPSIN, KITTICHAI, SURAPHAN CHAICHANA, and SUDTIDA PLIANKAROM. "Factors Influencing Mode Selections of Low-cost Carriers and a Full-service Airline in Thailand." Transportation Journal 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.49.1.0035.

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Abstract This article investigates factors influencing Thai travelers' selection of traveling modes: lowcost carriers and a full-service airline in Thailand. The field data were collected using the revealed preference technique. The results on travelers' perceptions show that fare and safety concerns are most satisfied by low-cost carriers and full-service airline travelers, respectively. Based on the logit model developed, significant factors influencing mode selections are group size, fare deviation to income ratio, waiting time deviation multiplied by income, punctuality, and safety. The changes of significant factors affected on number of passengers have also been studied and presented.

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THANASUPSIN, KITTICHAI, SURAPHAN CHAICHANA, and SUDTIDA PLIANKAROM. "Factors Influencing Mode Selections of Low-cost Carriers and a Full-service Airline in Thailand." Transportation Journal 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40904820.

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Abstract This article investigates factors influencing Thai travelers' selection of traveling modes: lowcost carriers and a full-service airline in Thailand. The field data were collected using the revealed preference technique. The results on travelers' perceptions show that fare and safety concerns are most satisfied by low-cost carriers and full-service airline travelers, respectively. Based on the logit model developed, significant factors influencing mode selections are group size, fare deviation to income ratio, waiting time deviation multiplied by income, punctuality, and safety. The changes of significant factors affected on number of passengers have also been studied and presented.

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Akram, Vaseem, and Badri Narayan Rath. "DOES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION LEAD TO INCOME CONVERGENCE? EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 23, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v23i3.1251.

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In this study, we examine the role of export diversification in the convergence of per capita income (output). By applying the dynamic system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to a panel dataset consisting of 95 countries, we find evidence of both absolute and conditional divergence for the full sample and the subsamples based on income and regions. Thus, our findings suggest that, although high export diversification boosts the per capita income (output), it does not significantly reduce per capita income (output) gap between rich and poor countries.

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Liang, Lihong, and Edward J. Riedl. "The Effect of Fair Value versus Historical Cost Reporting Model on Analyst Forecast Accuracy." Accounting Review 89, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 1151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50687.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines how the reporting model for a firm's operating assets affects analyst forecast accuracy. We contrast U.K. and U.S. investment property firms having real estate as their primary operating asset, exploiting that U.K. (U.S.) firms report these assets at fair value (historical cost). We assess the accuracy of a balance-sheet-based forecast (net asset value, or NAV) and an income-statement-based forecast (earnings per share, or EPS). We predict and find higher NAV forecast accuracy for U.K. relative to U.S. firms, consistent with the fair value reporting model revealing private information that is incorporated into analysts' balance sheet forecasts. We find this difference is attenuated when the fair value and historical cost models are more likely to converge: during recessionary periods. Finally, we predict and find lower EPS forecast accuracy for U.K. firms when reporting under the full fair value model of IFRS, in which unrealized fair value gains and losses are included in net income. This is consistent with the full fair value model increasing the difficulty of forecasting net income through the inclusion of non-serially correlated elements such as these gains/losses. Information content analyses provide further support for these inferences. Overall, the results indicate that the fair value reporting model enhances analysts' ability to forecast the balance sheet, but the full fair value model reduces their ability to forecast net income.

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Long, James E. "The Effects of Tastes and Motivation on Individual Income." ILR Review 48, no. 2 (January 1995): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800209.

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The author examines the relationship between income and certain tastes and motivation factors using data from a national sample of individuals interviewed as college freshmen in 1971 and then surveyed nine years later. He finds that respondents' drive to achieve and the importance they attached to financial success were positively related to annual income. The extent to which raising a family was valued as a goal did not affect income, at least for full-time workers. The estimated income effects of these tastes and motivation factors vary by gender. For example, a strong desire for financial well-being enhanced income more for men than for women.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Full-Income'

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