Dissertations / Theses: 'Full-Income'

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Swenson, Brian G. "College Student Engagement: Removing the Costs of Full Participation for Low-Income Students." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107297.

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Thesis advisor: Ana Martinez-Aleman
College student engagement has been linked to a host of positive educational outcomes including academic performance and persistence. Problematically, many low-income college students are not able to get involved within the social system of higher education due to the costs associated with participation in the co-curricular events and activities that comprise so much of the full college experience. This mixed methods study explored the effect on student engagement of the Pinnacle Alliance (PA) - an intervention program designed to remove these cost barriers for low-income students at Lakefield University (LU), a private, highly selective, religiously-affiliated institution located in the Northeast United States. An electronic survey was administered to a sample of Lakefield undergraduate students concerning their involvement in co-curricular activities. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between participation in the Pinnacle Alliance and student engagement. While the quantitative findings indicate a non-significant relationship, subsequent focus groups were conducted to further examine and contextualize the effects of the Pinnacle Alliance on low-income students. Qualitative findings from the focus group suggest that the Pinnacle Alliance is an extremely important resource for many low-income LU students. The PA allowed these students to make participation choices free of the financial barriers they often face. In addition, PA-participating students reported feeling a greater sense of community and that they fit in more at LU. However, these students made clear that fitting in and belonging were not the reasons they chose to participate in the program; rather the elevated feelings of fitting in and belonging were the result of their participation. Finally, findings from focus groups conducted with students who were eligible for the Pinnacle Alliance but chose not to participate revealed that beyond financial constraints, motivational constraints can also inhibit engagement. Non-participating students cited lack of time, lack of interest, lack of awareness, and social stigma as the four major reasons behind their decisions to not be more involved with the Pinnacle Alliance
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education

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McLoughlin, II Paul J. "Full Financial Aid in the Ivy League: How High-Achieving, Low-Income Undergraduates Negotiate the Elite College Environment." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1833.

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Thesis advisor: Karen Arnold
Currently, there are nearly a million high-achieving, low-income students in the United States. In the nation's most selective institutions of higher education, students from low-income families have been persistently under-represented. Elite colleges, in particular, have only recently begun admitting low-income students in large numbers, a result of full need-based financial aid programs that began in the early 2000s as a way to attract a more socioeconomically diverse student body. This hermeneutic phenomenological study describes the lived experiences of these undergraduates and how they navigated a college environment historically reserved for wealthy students. Although participants initially expected to feel marginalized due to unfounded concerns of elitism, they formed friendships both within and across socioeconomic class divisions and described feeling integrated within the elite college. Participants developed self-protective narratives to compensate for their low-income backgrounds and employed strategies to make up for poor high-school preparation. Participants were grateful for the opportunity to attend an elite college and were proud and relatively forthcoming about their financial aid status because they considered it a reward for their intellectual ability. Three main conclusions derive from the findings of this research: Low-income students' tendency to make a distinction between socioeconomic and financial aid status; the notion of a new cultural capital hierarchy for high-achieving, low-income students within an elite college setting; and, a specific application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological developmental model for this niche population. The results of this study indicate that high-achieving, low-income students are flourishing in full need-based financial aid programs as a result of their own resilience and intellectual capital. Participants' experiences indicate that this population of undergraduates faces unique challenges and requires specific support services to equalize their opportunities vis-à-vis higher-income peers. From these findings, implications for colleges and universities and full need-based financial aid programs are discussed
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education

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Torres, Bahamonde Berenice, and Boris Topic. "Kommuners val av pensionsförvaltning : En studie av den kommunala pensionsredovisningen." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112365.

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Inledning: Svenska kommuners verksamhet betecknas som säregen. Till detta hör att kommunerna skiljer sig från den privata sektorn i avseende på målsättning och utförande. En utav de särdrag som finns inom kommunerna är deras redovisning av pensionerna som skall ske enligt blandmodellen. Ett flertal studier har lyft upp farhågor om att redovisningen enligt blandmodellen anses leda till diskretionära tolkningsutrymmen som troligtvis kommer utnyttjas av politikerna i syfte att påverka redovisningen. En del av de diskretionära åtgärder som antas vara möjliga är pensionsförvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara kommunernas val av förvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts i studien för att kartlägga de olika teoretiska förhållandena mellan pensionsförvaltning och pensionsredovisning. Studiens utförande grundar sig i att tillföra en ny inblick i redovisningsforskningen. För att åstadkomma detta har tolv hypoteser sammanställts och prövats utifrån den statistiska analysen. Slutsatser: Studien har visat att variabeln lönsamhet har varit signifikant inom samtliga analyser. Detta har lett till att hypotesen om resultatutjämning har använts som en förklaring till kommunernas val av pensionsförvaltning. Variablerna befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring har även de visat sig påverka valet av pensionsförvaltningen. I den logistiska regressionen har det dock varit problematiskt att införa samtliga variabler i samma modell. Därför har hypoteserna om befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring förkastats tillsvidare. Hypoteserna som utformades har stundom växlat mellan positiv redovisningsteori och institutionell teori för att på så vis ge en mer utförligt förklaring. De anses därför ha bidragit var på sitt sätt till att förklara valet av pensionsförvaltningen.
Introduction: Swedish municipalities’ operations are described as being distinctive. This means that the municipalities differ from the private sector in terms of goal settings and performance. One of the characteristics found in the municipalities is their reporting of pensions that is to be accounted for according to the mixed model. Several studies have brought forward concerns that the accounting according to the mixed model may give rise to discretionary interpretations that assumedly are going to be exploited by the politicians in order to affect the financial reporting. A part of the discretion that is used in the earnings management is assumed to occur in the pension management of the defined benefit pension plans. Aim: The aim of the study is to explain the municipalities’ choice of management of the defined benefit pension plans. Method: A deductive approach has been used in the study to identify different theoretical relationships between the pension management and pension accounting. The study's design was based on providing a new insight into accounting research. To achieve this, twelve hypotheses were formulated and later tested using the statistical analysis. Conclusions: The study has shown that the variable profitability has been significant in the overall analyzes. This has led to the hypothesis that income smoothing could be used as to explain the municipalities’ choice of pension management. The variables population size and population change have also been shown to affect the choice of pension management. Doing the logistical regression with all the variables was however problematic. Therefore, the hypotheses on population size and population change have been rejected for the time being. The hypotheses that were designed have been interchangeable at different points between positive accounting theory and institutional theory, which has led to a more detailed explanation. They are therefore considered to have contributed each in its own way to explain the choice of pension management.

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Karoui, Lotfi. "Three essays on fixed income markets." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103203.

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This thesis comprises three essays that explore several theoretical and empirical features of affine term structure models. In the first essay, we focus on the ability of continuous-time affine term structure models to capture time variability in the second conditional moment. Using data on US Treasury yields, we conclude that affine term structure models are much better at extracting time-series volatility from the cross-section of yields than argued in the literature. These models have nonetheless difficulty capturing volatility dynamics at the short end of the maturity spectrum, perhaps indicating some form of segmentation between long-maturity and short-maturity bonds. These results are robust to the choice of sample period, interpolation method and estimation method. In the second essay, we propose the use of the unscented Kalman filter technique for the estimation of affine term structure models using non-linear instruments. We focus on swap rates and show that the unscented Kalman filter leads to important reductions in bias and gains in precision. The use of the unscented Kalman filter results in substantial improvements in out-of-sample forecasts. Our findings suggest that the unscented Kalman filter may prove to be a good approach for a number of problems in fixed income pricing in which the relationship between the state vector and the observations is nonlinear, such as the estimation of term structure models using interest rate derivatives or coupon bonds, and the estimation of quadratic term structure models. The third essay provides a tractable framework for pricing defaultable securities with recovery risk. Pricing solutions are explored for a large family of discrete-time affine processes and a five-factor Gaussian model is estimated on BBB and B Standard and Poor's yield indices. This rich econometric setup allows the model to simultaneously capture two important stylized facts of defaultable securities: The positive correlation between the loss given default and the intensity of default, and the negative correlation between the intensity of default and the risk-free interest rate.

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Cardin, Philippe. "Rentierism and the rentier state : a comparative examination." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69550.

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This thesis proposes to challenge the assumption that a particular mode of politics known as rentierism is common to all rentier states. We assert that the successful emergence of rentierism is dependent on specific factors in the pre-rentier state period. To support our claim we examine and analyze three modern day rentier states; Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. These case studies allow us to demonstrate that the pattern we call rentierism is not common to all rentier states the mode of politics in both Venezuela and Iran differs significantly from that of Saudi Arabia, the literature's embodiment of rentierism. Moreover, analysis and comparison of the pre-rentier state period for all three cases allows us to propose specific pre-rentier state factors which, we suggest, are essential for the successful emergence of rentierism.

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Ghosh, Anindita 1966. "The use of domestic space for income generation in a low-income housing settlement : case study in Calcutta, India." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69775.

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The urban poor of the third world cities living in slums and squatter settlements often have to support themselves or augment their meagre and uncertain incomes with small-scale business enterprises. This deceptively marginal sector of the urban economy in reality plays a vital role as a major percentage of the urban population are poor. These enterprises are, more often than not, home-based due to their lack of resources. The squalid and congested living conditions in these settlements are thus further compromised by setting up these commercial endeavour, but it is essential for their livelihood as employment opportunities occupy a primary position in their list of priorities.
This thesis studies the phenomenon of people in low-income housing settlements using their own homes for income generating activities and the compromise between the various uses of the same space. A field study was undertaken in a typical bustee in Calcutta, India to help illustrate this phenomenon. Sample surveys of a number of households where small-scale economic activity takes place were taken and studied in detail. How the integration of such activities in their daily living environment shapes, changes and influences their living patterns forms the main focus of the study.

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Young, Grace 1956. "The survival strategies of rural low income mothers." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40471.

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Recent research suggests that rural people develop a rich array of informal support and exchange among their kin, neighbors and friends. These informal exchanges are argued to develop in response to the weak penetration of formal state structures and capitalist market relations in peripheral regions. This case study of the survival strategies of low income rural mothers who live in Quebec village demonstrates that these mothers' avenues for economic and social integration are restricted by the formal and informal sectors which constitute and reinforce one another. First, an extensive data and document analysis of the Quebec pronatalist and welfare policies reveals that they fail to provide low income rural women access to appropriate training and education, to transportation and adequately subsidized child care, or to secure jobs. This restricts these women's integration into formal or informal systems of support and exchange. The second section draws on interviews with 20 community leaders and on two years of participant observation. Contrary to the literature which suggests that extensive informal ties promote socially and economically inclusive rural communities, this case study reveals that centralized state development policies limit local community initiative and independence. Hence, community effort to aid low income families are limited to charity which does not fundamentally alter these families' marginal position. The third section draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 low income single and married (or common-law) mothers. Comparing the single and married mothers' strategies reveals that studies of the rural informal sector have narrowly defined the sector, by excluding unpaid domestic and child care work. It is shown that the married mother's strategy to stay in the home is a viable one because she alone performs the unpaid work of the home. This results in her isolation in the domestic sphere. For the single mothers who seek paid work, the gende

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Adelman, Ian. "Income splitting among family members : the attribution rules." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60524.

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This thesis is a study of certain means available to taxpayers who wish to split their income with other members of their family and thereby reduce their taxes. There are essentially four sections to the study: (a) a description of the Canadian system of taxation of the family and the reasons why the Income Tax Act treats each individual as a separate unit for income tax purposes as opposed to recognizing the family unit itself as the basis for taxation; (b) an analysis of the tax consequences of loans and transfers of property between spouses; (c) an analysis of the tax consequences of loans and transfers of property to children under the age of 18 years; and (d) an analysis of the concept of indirect payments. The principal conclusion of the study is that the means available to split income among family members are limited, especially in view of the recent amendments to the Income Tax Act to gradually eliminate the "family loan" method of splitting income.

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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.

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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits.
To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded.
The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions.
However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.

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Elkamhi, Redouane. "Three essays on credit risk, fixed income and derivatives." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21948.

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This dissertation comprises three essays. In the first essay, we provide results for the valuation of European style contingent claims for a large class of specifications of the underlying asset returns. Our valuation results obtain in a discrete time, an infinite state-space setup using the no-arbitrage principle. Our approach allows for general forms of heteroskedasticity in returns. It also allows for conditional non-normal return inno- vations, which is critically important because heteroskedasticity alone does not su¢ ce to capture the option smirk. The resulting risk-neutral return dynamics are from the same family of distributions as the physical return dynamics. Our framework nests the valuation results obtained by Duan (1995), and Heston and Nandi (2000) by allowing for a time-varying price of risk and non-normal innovations. In the second essay, we develop a methodology to study the linkages between equity and corporate bond risk premia and apply it to a large panel of corporate bond transaction data. We find that a significant part of the time variation in bond default risk premia can be explained by equity-implied bond risk premium estimates. We compute these estimates using a recent structural credit risk model. In addition, we show by means of linear regressions that augmenting the set of variables predicted by typical structural models with equity-implied bond default risk premia significantly increases explanatory power. This, in turn, suggests that time-varying risk premia are a desirable feature for future structural models. In the third essay, we first document empirically that embedded put option values are related to proxies for term structure risk, default risk and illiquidity. In a second step, we develop a valuation model that simultaneously captures default and interest rate risk. We use this model to disentangle the reduction in yield spread enjoyed by putable bonds that can be attributed to each risk. Perhaps surprisingly, the most imp
Cette thèse comprend trois essais. Dans le premier essai nous avons développé des résultats pour l'évaluation des actifs contingents de type Européen pour une vaste classe de spécification du rendement de l'actif sous-adjacent. Notre méthode est obtenue dans une économie à temps discret et espace infini en utilisant seulement la condition de non arbitrage dans le marché. Notre approche permet une forme générale d'heteroskedasticité pour les rendements. Les résultats pour les cas d'homoskedasticité sont retrouvés comme des cas spéciaux. Notre approche permet d'accommoder les cas où l'innovation dans la dynamique du rendement est conditionnellement non normale. Cette flexibilité est extrêmement importante car l'heteroskedasticité seulement n'est pas su¢ sant pour cap- turer le phénomène du "smirk" dans les prix des options. Nos résultats emboîtent ceux obtenue dans Duan (1995) et Heston et Nandi (2000). Dans le deuxième essai nous avons développé une méthodologie pour étudier le lien entre la prime de risque dans les obligations corporatives et celle de l'actif risqué de la firme. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode sur une large base de données des transactions des obligations corporatives. Nous avons trouvé qu'une importante partie de la variation temporelle du risque de défaut dans ces obligations peut être expliquer par des estimées de la prime de risque du défaut reconstruite à partir de l'actif risqué de la firme seulement. En plus, nous avons démontré à l'aide des régressions linéaires qu'augmentant la série des variables prédites par le modèle structurel par notre estimé de la prime du risque de défaut ajoute une explication significative. Dans le troisième essai nous avons montré empiriquement que la valeur des obligations corporatives du type" puttable" est reliée aux risques de défaut, de liquidité et celui dû aux taux d'intérêts. Dans la deuxième étape de ce projet nous avons développé un mo

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Copeland, Susan Marjorie. "Marketing and income generation in Scottish public library services." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23781.

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This thesis investigates the interaction between marketing practice and strategy and resource allocation in Scottish public library services. It focuses, in particular, on the period immediately prior to local government reorganisation in 1996. The historical framework within which public libraries have developed is described. So, too, is the political environment within which the libraries operate. A review of the literature indicates that, although there are examples of good practice with regard to libraries undertaking market research to ascertain the needs of their users, and potential users, many authorities could make improvements in this area. Similarly, the literature suggests that more could be achieved in other ways to ensure that libraries are more efficient, effective and responsive to user needs, and that some of the more systematic and aggressive approaches to fund-raising that are evident in the U.S.A. could be employed to advantage in Scotland. The results of a survey that was undertaken in 1996 support the view that Scottish public libraries could make better use of marketing techniques with a view to targeting the funds they have available and generating additional income. Existing, published, research has drawn attention to the significance of population size with regard to the efficiency of Scottish public libraries. Statistics published by the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) indicate the relevance of the size of local authorities in terms of the amount of income and expenditure per person. This thesis shows that population size is also a significant factor with regard to the use of marketing techniques and the range of ways in which library services generate income.

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Cruceru, Luiza Brindusa. "Treaty shopping and the abuse of income tax conventions." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83949.

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This study proposes to analyze the phenomenon of tax treaty abuse and the use of tax treaties as tools to avoid or minimize the taxation by residents doing business in a foreign jurisdiction. This study analyses a particular strategy using tax treaties known as "treaty shopping." This paper will argue that treaty shopping constitutes an abuse of the tax treaty regime. However, this study rejects the traditional arguments against treaty shopping and proposes a different basis to challenge the legitimacy of this practice and to explain why this strategy constitutes an improper use of tax treaties.

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Duder, Sydney. "Cards, dice and lifestyles : gaming a guaranteed annual income." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72093.

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A simulation game was designed to examine the impact of a guaranteed annual income (GAI). The sample of 158 player-objects included factory and clerical workers, high school dropouts, single mothers, and CEGEP and university social work students. To establish the validity of the game, the working and spending behaviour of players was compared with results reported for the New Jersey negative income tax experiment, and found to be similar in a number of respects. The game also simulated two features not present in the New Jersey experiment: (a) variable labour-market conditions, and (b) comparison of a partial, time-limited GAI with a permanent, universal plan. For players on a GAI, working hours were significantly lower when fellow-players were not on a GAI than when they were. Results suggest that work effort may be related to comparisions with a reference group on visible consumer goods.

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Stuart, Justin. "The determinants of income inequality: a cross- country investigation." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117168.

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This thesis investigates recent cross-country patterns of income inequality. A unique dataset is constructed using World Bank and OECD data sources for a sample of 124 countries over the 1980 to 2010 period. Analyses of this dataset reveal three distinct sets of results. First, in terms of the spatial distribution of world income inequality, we find (i) pockets of high levels of inequality in South and Central America along with (ii) clusters of low inequality in Western European countries, particularly in Scandinavian countries. Over the period of study, significant increases in levels of inequality are registered for Russia and North America (especially in Canada and the US). Despite continued high levels of inequality in South America, inequality in the region appears to be receding, if only ever so slightly. Second, regression results support the contention that the Kuznets hypothesis is still relevant today. This finding is also robust to different measures of inequality. Finally, in terms of the determinants of cross-country patterns of inequality, estimates from panel regression models reveal that not one but multiple factors are driving cross-country patterns of income inequality. The level of economic development, age dependency, public sector expenditures and manufacturing activity are all identified as key determinants of international income inequality.
Cette thèse étudie les tendances récentes de l'inégalité du revenu à l'échelle mondiale. Une base de données unique est construite à l'aide de données provenant de la Banque Mondiale et de l'OCDE pour un échantillon de 124 pays sur la période 1980 à 2010. L'analyse de ces données révèle trois résultats distincts. Tout d'abord, en termes de la distribution spatiale de l'inégalité du revenu dans le monde, on retrouve (i) des concentrations de niveaux élevés d'inégalité en Amérique du Sud et Centrale ainsi que (ii) des concentrations de niveaux faibles d'inégalité en Europe occidentale, en particulier dans les pays scandinaves. Au cours de la période d'étude, des augmentations significatives du niveau d'inégalité sont enregistrées pour la Russie et l'Amérique du Nord (notamment au Canada et aux États-Unis). Malgré la persistance de niveaux élevés d'inégalité en Amérique du Sud, les inégalités du revenu dans la région semble être en recul, si ce n'est que très légèrement. Deuxièmement, les résultats d'analyses de régression démontrent que l'hypothèse de Kuznets est toujours d'actualité. Ces résultats sont robustes à différentes mesures d'inégalité. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les déterminants de l'inégalité, les modèles de régression de panel révèlent que plusieurs facteurs sont derrières les tendances observées. Le niveau de développement économique, le ratio de dépendance d'âge, les dépenses du secteur public et le niveau d'activité manufacturière sont tous des déterminants importants de l'inégalité du revenu à l'échelle internationale.

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Saleh, Rania. "How do physicians perceive and respond to low income patients?" Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32370.

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Abstract How do physicians perceive and respond to low income patients? BACKGROUND: People with low socio-economic status have many health problems and relatively low access to medical and dental services. The dentists' attitudes, perceptions and ideas towards the low income patients have been shown to be significant determinants in accessing care. However, we have little information with respect to physicians. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was thus to determine the physicians' experiences with low income patients and in particular to identify the difficulties they encounter when dealing with deprived patients. We also wanted to identify the strategies and proposals suggested by physicians to improve health care for the deprived. METHOD: The study involved qualitative methodology using 7 open-ended interviews with physicians practicing in Quebec. The interviews were recorded on audiotapes and transcribed. The analyses consisted of debriefing the sessions, coding and interpreting the results. RESULTS: Three types of physicians were identified. The empathic physician looks beyond the physical problem of the deprived patient and tries to determine strategies to help on the social, psychosocial, financial and medical level. The blaming physician, on the contrary, tends to blame deprived patients for their laziness and abuse of the system. Its blaming attitude creates a communication and confidence barrier with the patients and complicates access to proper treatment. Finally, the indifferent physician treats the physical problems of all patients equally without concern about their social or socio-economic status. CONCLUSION: Like for dentists, the physicians' perc
Résumé Quel est la perception et la réponse des médecins aux patients démunis? LITTERATURE : Les personnes démunies ont beaucoup de problèmes de santé et un accès relativement faible aux services médicaux et dentaires. Les attitudes, perceptions et idées des dentistes vers les patients de faible revenu sont des déterminants significatifs dans l'accès aux soins. Cependant, nous avons peu d'information par rapport aux médecins. OBJECTIFS : L'objectif de cette étude est ainsi de déterminer les expériences des médecins avec les patients de faible revenu et d'identifier en particulier les difficultés rencontrées quand ils traitent des patients démunis. Nous voulions aussi identifier les stratégies et les propositions suggérées par les médecins pour améliorer les services de santé pour les personnes pauvres. METHODE : L'étude a consisté en 7 entretiens avec des médecins pratiquant au Québec utilisant la méthodologie qualitative. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés sur des bandes sonores et transcrits. L'analyse a consisté en une retranscription des données, un codage de l'information et une interprétation des résultats. RESULTATS : Trois types de médecins ont été identifiés : Le médecin empathique regarde au-delà du problème physique du patient pauvre et essaie de déterminer des stratégies pour l'aider sur les plans social, psychosocial, financier et médical. Le médecin qui blâme, au contraire, a tendance à blâmer les patients pauvres pour leur paresse et leur abus du système. Son attitude crée une barrière de communication et de confiance avec les patients et complique ainsi l'accès au traitement. Enfin, le médecin in

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Fung, Annie H. "Low income rental housing in Canada : policies, programs and livability." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56994.

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The government has through many legislations initiated programs to provide housing for those who cannot afford housing in the private market. From 1945, the government has continuously tried to fulfill those housing needs and to improve living conditions. This thesis is an overview of the policies, programs and livability of low rental housing in Canada.
This study is divided into three parts. In the first part, there is a factual description of the circumstances and policies that have influenced the development of low rental housing since 1945. The second part assesses the demand and tenant characteristics for such housing. Three types of low income housing: public housing, low rental housing and cooperatives, are compared to measure their merits. The third part analyses the design criteria for such housing with reference to projects built in Montreal, Quebec. Tenants' opinions on what is satisfactory in housing projects are discussed and appropriate management policies are suggested. In the conclusion, government policies of the past, and some recent developments are summarized, and future strategies suggested.

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Sedky, Khaled H. "Low income housing in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26021.

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The provision of houses for the tribal society in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi constitutes a major problem which greatly aggravates the housing problem in general. The major cause of this problem is that the designers of housing schemes have no sufficient understanding of the tribal traditions and requirements, necessary to provide the local people with convenient dwelling units that correspond with their social behaviour pattern. Ever since oil was discovered in Abu Dhabi, the government has developed an ambitious housing policy to serve the provision of local people with houses. The policy has been carried out for the last 25 years, where the government decided to :- 1. design convenient dwelling units for the local people; 2. plan new neighbourhoods and supply them with a sufficient infrastructure; 3. construct the dwelling units and maintain them once the local people have become their legal owners. The objectives of this policy were to provide the proper environment for the local people. There has been a great change in the design of housing schemes ever since this policy started. A number of foreign architects were involved in the development of a variety of low cost housing types, and inevitably their different cultural backgrounds influenced the design solutions. Many of their schemes use layouts and construction systems which contradict local bahaviour patterns and climatic conditions. During this period of 25 years Abu Dhabi has developed extensive experience in the field of housing but it is not always positive. This experience is worth registering, analysing and evaluating.

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Shecter, Marna A. "Network, discipline and income : the social mobility of Ontario university graduates." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61063.

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This thesis examines the link between background factors to educational attainment, discipline choice, how first job was found and income at that first job. Findings are based on results of a panel study of Ontario high school students. Using human capital theory and comparing and contrasting it with the radical and credentialist arguments, I create a model to further specify the contributing factors to the already well established link between education and jobs. The results produced from the interactive causal model indicate that past research has neglected certain variables while confounding others. Specifically, while the findings are generally consistent with other empirical work, they suggest that (i) education should be treated as a more differentiated variable, (ii) the role of networks in job search behaviour should be included, (iii) gender differences should be considered and, (iv) that non additive models will often provide a better description of the data. Finally, it is also suggested that future work explore the possibility that the relationship between job search behaviour and discipline choice can best be described using a non-recursive causal model.

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Garba, Shaibu B. (Shaibu Bala). "Urban land policies and low income housing in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61295.

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The scarcity and inaccessibility of land in urban areas has become a major obstacle in the provision of housing to low-income groups in developing countries. This thesis studies the land policies and practices in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria, and investigates the issues and problems hindering the adequate supply of residential land to low-income groups.
The thesis commences with a general study of urban land policies and low-income housing in developing countries. It examines the nature of housing problems in developing countries, the role of land in the housing problems, issues addressed by land policies, and policy measures and strategies used. The general study is followed by a specific study of the land policies and practices in the study area. The policy and institutional management frameworks are identified and examined. The roles of the major institutions are explained. The last section identifies and examines the main issues and problems with the existing policies.
The thesis concludes that actions are necessary to address the identified issues and problems with the policies in order to avoid chaos. Suggestions for policy reform are made.

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Vincent, Susan. "An analysis of income strategy in the central Andes of Peru /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64480.

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21

Lewis, Robert D. 1954. "The segregated city : residential differentiation, rent and income in Montreal, 1861-1901." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63246.

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22

Li, Xiaofei 1972. "Three essays on the pricing of fixed income securities with credit risk." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84523.

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This thesis studies the impacts of credit risk, or the risk of default, on the pricing of fixed income securities. It consists of three essays. The first essay extends the classical corporate debt pricing model in Merton (1974) to incorporate stochastic volatility (SV) in the underlying firm asset value and derive a closed-form solution for the price of corporate bond. Simulation results show that the SV specification for firm asset value greatly increases the resulting credit spread levels. Therefore, the SV model addresses one major deficiency of the Merton-type models: namely, at short maturities the Merton model is unable to generate credit spreads high enough to be compatible with those observed in the market. In the second essay, we develop a two-factor affine model for the credit spreads on corporate bonds. The first factor can be interpreted as the level of the spread, and the second factor is the volatility of the spread. Our empirical results show that the model is successful at fitting actual corporate bond credit spreads. In addition, key properties of actual credit spreads are better captured by the model. Finally, the third essay proposes a model of interest rate swap spreads. The model accommodates both the default risk inherent in swap contracts and the liquidity difference between the swap and Treasury markets. The default risk and liquidity components of swap spreads are found to behave very differently: first, the default risk component is positively related to the riskless interest rate, whereas the liquidity component is negatively correlated with the riskless interest rate; second, although default risk accounts for the largest share of the levels of swap spreads, the liquidity component is much more volatile; and finally, while the default risk component has been historically positive, the liquidity component was negative for much of the 1990s and has become positive since the financial market turmoil in 1998.

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Nallainayagam, Vettivelu. "Economic development and income distribution : the experience of Sri Lanka, 1953-1978." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72820.

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24

Attia, Khalid Abd El-Aziz. "Environmental accounting in a developing country : a case study of Egypt." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21342.

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The existing United Nations System of National Accounting (IJNSNA) provides useful indicators of economic performance in terms of traditional macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment, savings and depreciation of capital. However, they fail to account for the depletion and degradation of environmental capital and hence give a misleading picture of sustainable development. The need for a broader assessment of growth and welfare in terms of modified accounts has therefore become a pressing concern. The main objective of this research is to modify the current Egyptian System of National Accounting (SNA) to include environmental factors, in order to provide a basis for calculating Egyptian sustainable income. Firstly, an environmental accounting approach and model is developed for Egypt to value the depletion and degradation of natural resources caused by economic activities. Secondly, valued environmental costs are incorporated into the Egyptian System of National Accounts to build up the Egyptian Environmental Macro and Sectoral Accounting, which will be helpful in decision-making, planning and policy analysis. The main findings of this research are as follows. Firstly, the environmentally adjusted macro accounting indicators portray a totally different picture of the growth and development of the Egyptian economy compared to the one resulting from conventional SNA. In addition, they indicate that Egypt has experienced an unsustainable path in at least half of the ten-year study period. Secondly, sectoral concerns, which involve measurement of sectoral productivity and performance, indicate that both the performance and the productivity of tradable sectors decrease when their depletion and degradation costs are incorporated. On the other hand, the opposite result is found for the service sectors, which may indicate a potential leading role for the service sectors in the Egyptian economy. Finally, the results indicate that Egypt's natural wealth, which lies in its people, land, the Nile river, oil and gas, and the surrounding seas, has been depleted by many economic "development' programmes that have been carried out to date.

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Ansari, Hina. "Inequities in access to health care by income and private insurance coverage : a longitudinal analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112378.

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In 1997, the UK's Labour government introduced several health policy changes, including plans for greater collaboration with private providers. Building on previous cross-sectional research, we explore longitudinal inequities in physician access as these policy changes were materializing. Using GEE models we examine the effect of income and private health insurance (PHI) coverage on access to physicians in the general UK population from 1997 to 2003. The study finds no income inequities in GP access. In contrast, those in the highest income quintile are more likely to access consultants overall (OR:1.10, CI: 1.01,1.19), particularly private consultants (OR:2.49, CI:1.80,3.44). Not surprisingly, PHI is a strong predictor of private consultant access (OR:8.72 CI: 7.04,10.82), but a weak predictor of overall consultant access (OR:1.09, CI:1.01, 1.17). None of these findings exhibited significant time trends across the years of study, thus indicating that the existing inequities remained stable in the UK, despite the aforementioned reforms.

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Kevins, Anthony. "Filling the gaps: the extension of income support and healthcare in France, Italy, and beyond." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123142.

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Examining the evolution of welfare states over the past four decades, this dissertation explores the factors that have impacted coverage levels and benefit standardisation, with a particular emphasis on the role of left-wing parties and unions in reforming access to healthcare and income support for the unemployed in France and Italy. This comparison derives its force from contrasting policy outcomes across both countries and policy domains. In dealing with the growing swaths of individuals incapable of accessing benefits as the labour market became increasingly segmented, the Italian case was marked by dramatic universalising reform in healthcare but a persistent lack of universally available social assistance, while in France residualising transformations within the pre-existing framework prevailed in both sectors. Using a combination of archival research, in-depth elite interviews, and secondary source research, this thesis argues that the aforementioned variation in welfare state reform is less about partisanship than it is about institutional arrangements. While left-wing parties have been the main drivers of reform, they do not consistently problematise gaps in coverage, since the extension of generous benefits to all typically entails fiscal and/or political trade-offs. Within this context, certain characteristic features of Southern European states (such as the centrality of the family and clientelism) condition the political importance of coverage gaps, both for parties and the public. Public opinion then impacts the likelihood of reform, while the organisational incentives of parties structure the type of reform pursued. In order to assess the generalisability of conclusions drawn from the qualitative paired comparisons, the findings are then tested across OECD countries using statistical analysis. The analysis provides an opportunity to consider the proper definition of the dependent variables, and the corresponding modeling strategy, in comparative policy analysis. The thesis argues that duration analysis offers a particularly useful way of modelling policy change. Overall, results provide support for the conclusions drawn from the comparison of France and Italy: coverage levels and benefit standardisation in OECD welfare states are functions of complex interactions between social welfare institutions, public preferences, and political parties and unions.
Examinant l'évolution des États providences au cours des quatre dernières décennies, cette thèse explore les facteurs qui ont influencé les niveaux de couverture sociale et la standardisation des prestations en France et en Italie. La thèse met particulièrement l'accent sur l'influence des partis politiques et des syndicats sur l'extension d'accès à l'allocation chômage minimum et aux soins de santé. La force de cette comparaison provient du contraste des politiques tant entre les domaines politiques qu'entre les deux pays. Faisant face à un nombre croissant d'individus n'ayant pas accès à des prestations à cause d'un marché du travail de plus en plus segmenté, le cas italien a été marqué par une réforme remarquable d'universalisation du système de santé, avec toutefois un manque persistant d'assistance sociale universelle; tandis qu'en France, une « résidualisation » des systèmes existants dans les deux domaines a prévalu. Combinant une recherche archivistique avec des entretiens approfondis auprès des élites ainsi qu'en épluchant de nombreuses sources secondaires, cette thèse affirme que la variation des réformes susmentionnées est davantage fonction des arrangements institutionnels que fonction d'idéologie partisane. Bien que les partis de gauche aient été les principaux moteurs des réformes, ils n'ont pas toujours su problématiser les lacunes des couvertures sociales, puisque l'extension de prestations universelles implique normalement des compromis fiscaux ou politiques. Dans ce contexte, certaines particularités caractéristiques des États de l'Europe du Sud (comme la centralité de la famille et le clientélisme) ont conditionné l'importance politique des lacunes dans la couverture sociale, autant pour les partis politiques que pour le public. Ensuite, l'opinion publique a également influé sur la probabilité des réformes pendant que les motivations organisationnelles des partis ont joué sur le genre de réformes recherchées.Pour évaluer si les conclusions de la comparaison qualitative par paires peuvent être généralisées, les résultats ont ensuite été testés sur les pays de l'OCDE utilisant une analyse statistique. Cette analyse a fourni l'occasion d'examiner la définition appropriée des variables dépendantes, ainsi que la modélisation correspondante, dans l'analyse comparative des politiques. La thèse soutient que l'analyse de durée offre une façon particulièrement utile de modéliser les changements politiques. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de l'analyse statistique concordent avec les conclusions tirées de la comparaison des cas français et italien : les niveaux de couverture sociale et la standardisation des prestations dans les États providences de l'OCDE sont fonctions d'une interaction complexe entre les institutions de protection sociale, les préférences publiques ainsi qu'entre les partis politiques et syndicats.

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Ducey, Kimberley Anne. "Lone mothers and neoliberal 'discipline': A case study of a Canadian low-income housing project." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119362.

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This dissertation centers on a Canadian welfare state institution dubbed by the author, Hawthorne House. Hawthorne House is a housing project for low-income lone mothers studying and living in Canada. This study examines how neoliberalism as an ideology and practice infiltrates Hawthorne House as officials attempt to produce self-governing residents who are 'obliged to be free' and self-regulate. The manner in which residents (i.e., the lone mothers) and officials (i.e., the tools of the state that are merely carrying out ideology, instrumentalizing it) navigate the terrain of the home is coloured by their social locations. While both groups share gender, they tend to be in opposition along class and racial lines. Consequently, how neoliberalism enters and acts is nuanced along these categorical positions. A Foucaultian analysis informs the analysis of neoliberalism's penetration by explicating the ways in which neoliberalism acts as a regulatory ideology and practice à la Foucault. In other words, neoliberalism is not merely about rolling back the state; in Hawthorne House it acts as a disciplinary device to control the marginalized and disposed. This dissertation draws on in-depth interviews with residents, officials, and volunteers; field observations; and an examination of textual sources (e.g., brochures, posters) in order to assess the impact of the program on the residents' quality of life. The research documents how residents' lives are exceedingly ruled; however, what is far more profound is that the Hawthorne House program professes to motivate and enable mobility, while seemingly doing the opposite. Officials fail to contextualize the lives of low-income lone mothers, essentially ignoring, pathologizing, and individualizing social inequalities. While officials display confidence in the emancipatory power of capitalism and stress the central tenets of neoliberal governmentality – including independence and self-reliance – they ignore neoliberal capitalism's failure to deliver on such promises. Residents, on the other hand, perceive reliance on the state, familial supports, and their community to be advantageous – even an admirable mark of independence since it improves the financial security of their families, whilst securing their children's material and emotional security. The dissertation illuminates why programs like Hawthorne House, which remove low-income lone mothers from kinship networks and the like, may be less successful than those aimed at increasing reliance on others, including the state and the family.
Cette dissertation se base sur une institution d'État-providence canadienne doublée par l'auteur, la Maison de Hawthorne. La Maison de Hawthorne est un projet de logement pour les mères célibataires à faible revenu qui étudient et résident au Canada. L'étude décortique comment le néolibéralisme en tant qu'idéologie et pratique infiltre la Maison Hawthorne quand les fonctionnaires essaient de créer des résidents autonomes qui sont 'obligés d'être libres'. La manière dont les résidents (c'est-à-dire, les mères célibataires) et les fonctionnaires (c'est-à-dire, les pions de l'état qui exécutent l'idéologie, l'instrumentalisant) naviguent le terrain de la maison est faussé par leurs places sociales. Même si les deux groupes sont du même sexe, ils ont tendance à s'opposer par rapport à la classe et la race. Par conséquent, l'agissement du néolibéralisme est nuancé le long de ces positions catégoriques. Une analyse foucaldienne dénonce l'analyse de la pénétration du néolibéralisme en explorant les manières dont le néolibéralisme agit comme une idéologie de contrôle et une pratique à la Foucault. Autrement dit, le néolibéralisme ne se contente pas d'arriérer l'état; dans la Maison Hawthorne, il agit comme un appareil disciplinaire pour contrôler ceux qui sont marginalisés et disposés.La dissertation s'appuie sur des entrevues détaillées avec les résidents, les fonctionnaires et les volontaires; des observations de terrain; et une étude de sources textuelles (par exemple, les brochures, les affiches) pour évaluer l'impact du programme sur la qualité de la vie des résidents. La recherche dévoile à quel point la vie de résidents est extrêmement statuée; pourtant, ce qui est bien plus profond est que le programme de Maison Hawthorne prétend motiver et permettre la mobilité, en faisant apparemment l'inverse. Les fonctionnaires ne conceptualisent pas les vies de mères célibataires à faible revenu, essentiellement en ignorant, pathologisant et individualisant des inégalités sociales. Pendant que les fonctionnaires affichent la confiance de pouvoir émancipatrice du capitalisme et qu'ils insistent sur les doctrines centrales du gouvernementalisme néolibéral – incluant l'indépendance et la dépendance de soi – ils ignorent l'échec du capitalisme néolibéral de livrer à de telles promesses. D'autre part, les résidents perçoivent une dépendance de l'état, les soutiens familiaux et leur communauté pour être avantageux – même une marque admirable d'indépendance puisqu'il améliore la sécurité financière de leurs familles, tout en protégeant la sécurité matérielle et émotionnelle de leurs enfants. La dissertation explique pourquoi les programmes comme la Maison Hawthorne, qui supprime les faibles revenus des mères célibataires provenant des réseaux de parenté et autres de ce genre, sont peut-être moins réussis que ceux visant l'augmentation de la dépendance des autres, incluant l'état et la famille.

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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.

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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.
The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.

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Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre. "Association between fruit and vegetable consumption in children and mothers in low-income, urban neighbourhoods in Montréal." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19399.

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The objective was to describe the association between fruit and vegetable consumption in mothers and children. 572 girls and 528 boys in grades 4-6 were recruited from 24 elementary schools in low-income, multiethnic neighbourhoods in Montreal, Canada. Dietary data were collected in food frequency questionnaires completed by both mothers and children and were analyzed using the proportional odds model. Ten percent of girls and 20% of boys had not eaten any vegetables in the week prior to questionnaire administration ; 54% of girls and 63% of boys did not consume fruit daily. Both fruit and vegetable consumption in children were associated with consumption in their mothers (OR: 1.12 CI: 1.04, 1.20 and OR: 1.13 CI: 1.05, 1.22 for fruit and vegetable consumption respectively). Because of the association between consumption in children and mothers, interventions to improve fruit and vegetable consumption should be improving awareness among parents of the importance of fruit and vegetables, as well as the potential role modeling impact of their own behaviour on that of their children.

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Jefferson, Therese. "Australian women's financial security in later life : the effects of social structures and decision processes /." Curtin University of Technology, Graduate School of Business, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16372.

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Existing studies provide a range of insights into the causes of womens low retirement incomes and emphasise the effect of low life-time incomes on womens access to economic resources in later life. Despite these insights, however, there is relatively little research on the roles played by motivations, social institutions and decision-making processes in determining womens capacity to save for retirement. In order to address some of these gaps in our understanding, this study aimed to broaden the range of theoretical approaches applied to economic studies of womens retirement savings strategies. Based on methodological perspectives informed by critical realism and feminist epistemology, the study utilised grounded research methods to collect and analyse qualitative data relevant to womens financial decisions and retirement plans. The data collection and analysis process are conceptually organised and integrated to propose a theoretical contribution that emphasises the links between social structures and specific decision-making processes that systematically contribute to low retirement savings for women. The studys findings are discussed with reference to existing economic literature that has not previously been utilised in studies of womens retirement incomes. The conclusions from this study suggest that there are significant features of womens decision-making contexts that contribute to ongoing under-saving to support women in later life.

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Kjüllerstrüm, Mónica Isabel Bento De Braga. "Reservation income and the decision to borrow : an empirical analysis of interlinked informal credit contracts in the Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29446.

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This thesis examines factors that determine household reliance on interlinked informal credit contracts for fish in the Peruvian Amazon, and the degree to which implicit interest rates in these contracts are explained by transaction costs, administrative costs and lender risk.
A probit model was used to determine household likelihood to borrow, using survey data collected in the region. This likelihood is found to depend on access to alternative activities to generate income, household resilience to income volatility, and demographics: age, education and mobility.
High implicit interest rates (112%) are not explained by the average costs (67%) incurred by local lenders. Market access and household demand elasticity seem to be the main factors determining the degree to which forest peasants are exploited. Local lenders are found to receive credit at rates below the cost to non-resident lenders who use the credit relationship to secure a supply of fish.

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Bellas, Noel. "Successes and challenges in implementing community art programs for youth in low-income communities : implications for social work practice." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100738.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the successes and challenges in implementing community art programs for youth in low-income communities. The National Arts and Youth Demonstration Project (NAYDP) was initiated in September 2001 in five program sites across Canada. This article reports on the qualitative findings of NAYDP staff implementation journals that were utilized in the first term of the project. Findings suggest that community partnerships in program recruitment, youth management and engagement and survey administration were all key aspects in the ability of staff to deliver the program. Positive Youth Development (PYD) provides a guiding framework and implications for social work practice, education and future research are explored.

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McKinnon, Brittany. "The impact of financial barriers and health services on inequalities in neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123208.

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In 2011, an estimated 3 million children died in their first four weeks of life. The majority of these neonatal deaths are avoidable if effective low-cost interventions, such as clean delivery practices, exclusive breastfeeding, and newborn resuscitation are available. However, these interventions are clearly not reaching many of the women and newborns who need them most. A major challenge is how best to expand access to essential obstetric and newborn interventions, particularly among disadvantaged populations and in areas with poor access to health services. This requires an understanding of the social and geographical patterning of neonatal mortality rates (NMR) as well as evidence about which policies can reduce inequalities in access to essential maternal and newborn care. The three objectives of my thesis addressed these issues directly.First, we described socioeconomic inequalities in NMR across low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and assessed changes in inequalities over the past decade. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 24 countries, we estimated absolute and relative socioeconomic inequalities using the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality, respectively. In most countries, absolute and relative inequality in NMR declined over the approximate 10-year period. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity both in the magnitude of NMR inequalities between countries and in how inequalities changed over time. Furthermore, there remained a substantial survival advantage for newborns born into wealthier and more educated households, which should be considered in global efforts to further reduce NMR. Next, we evaluated the impact of a policy that removes user fees for facility-based deliveries on health service utilization, neonatal mortality, and socioeconomic inequalities. Using DHS data from ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa, we employed a difference-in-differences regression approach to control for underlying secular trends in the outcomes that are common across countries and for time invariant differences between countries. Reducing fees for delivery services was associated with an increase in facility-based deliveries and a possible reduction in NMR. Furthermore, increases in facility-based deliveries occurred across all socioeconomic groups, with no indication that richer or more educated women benefited more from the policy change.Finally, we assessed the effect of distance to emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) services on early neonatal mortality and examined whether proximity to services contributed to socioeconomic inequalities in early neonatal mortality. Using geographical coordinates collected in both surveys, we linked data from the 2011 Ethiopian DHS with comprehensive facility census data from the 2008 Ethiopian EmONC Needs Assessment. Closer proximity to delivery services and higher level of care were associated with lower early NMR. Distance to EmONC services was a main determinant of total inequality in NMR, although it did not make a significant contribution to socioeconomic inequality. In this thesis, we have identified several barriers that contribute to large and persistent inequalities in neonatal mortality and in the utilization of essential obstetric and newborn care in LMIC. The findings highlight the importance of a multipronged policy approach that addresses geographic accessibility and quality of obstetric and newborn services, affordability barriers, and socioeconomic inequalities to significantly reduce neonatal mortality. Further research examining the relative importance of various access barriers in different settings will help policy makers and planners adopt locally relevant approaches to improve newborn survival.
En 2011, environ 3 millions d'enfants sont morts au cours des quatre premières semaines de leurs vies. La majorité de ces morts néonatales peuvent être évitées si des interventions abordables, telles que des accouchements sanitaires, l'allaitement exclusif et la réanimation des nourrissons sont disponibles. Cependant, ces interventions ne sont pas accessibles aux femmes et aux nouveaux nés qui en ont le plus besoin. Un des défis majeurs à relever est de formuler la meilleure stratégie pour étendre l'accès des interventions obstétriques et des interventions aux nouveaux nés aux populations désavantagées et dans les zones qui manquent des services de santé. Cela nécessite une connaissance des dynamiques sociales et géographiques des taux de mortalité néonatale (TMN) et des données concernant les politiques pouvant réduire les inégalités d'accès aux soins essentiels aux mères et aux nouveaux nés. Les trois objectifs de ma thèse explorent directement ces sujets. D'abord, nous décrivons les inégalités socioéconomiques du TMN à travers les pays à bas et moyens revenus (PBMR). Basée sur les données du Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) sur 24 pays, nous calculons les inégalités absolues et relatives. Dans la plupart des pays, les inégalités absolues et relatives du TMN ont diminué sur une période approximative de 10 ans. Il y a toutefois une hétérogénéité considérable quant à la magnitude des inégalités du TMN entre les pays et quant à leur fluctuation dans le temps. De plus, un avantage de survie substantiel pour les nouveaux nés des ménages riches et éduqués subsiste encore. Ensuite, nous évaluons l'impact des politiques supprimant les coûts des accouchements qui ont lieu dans des établissements de santé sur l'utilisation des services de santé, la mortalité néonatale et sur les inégalités socioéconomiques. Avec les données du DHS de dix pays sub-sahariens, nous utilisons l'approche de différence-en-différences dans des modèles de régression pour réguler les tendances séculaires des indicateurs communs à tous les pays ainsi que pour contrôler toute différence fixe dans le temps qui pourrait exister entre les pays. La réduction des coûts liés aux services d'accouchement est associée à une augmentation du nombre d'accouchements dans les établissements de santé et à une réduction potentielle du TMN. De plus, l'augmentation des accouchements en établissements de santé a eu lieu dans tous les groupes socioéconomiques.Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de la distance entre le domicile et les centres des services obstétricaux et néonataux d'urgence (SONU) sur la mortalité néonatale. Dans ce projet, nous lions les données géographiques du DHS 2011 sur l'Éthiopie avec celles du recensement exhaustif des établissements de santé de 2008 sur l'Éthiopie. La proximité des services d'accouchement et un niveau élevé de soins sont associés à un plus faible taux de mortalité néonatale. La distance des services SONU est un déterminant principal des inégalités totales dans le taux de mortalité néonatale, malgré le fait qu'elle ne contribue pas significativement aux inégalités socioéconomiques. Dans cette thèse, nous identifions plusieurs obstacles qui contribuent aux inégalités larges et persistantes dans le taux de mortalité néonatale et de l'utilisation des soins obstétrique et néonataux essentiels dans les PBMR. Les résultats démontrent l'importance d'une approche politique multidimensionnelle qui prend en considération l'accessibilité géographique, la qualité des services obstétriques et néonataux, et l'accessibilité des coûts et des inégalités socioéconomiques afin de réduire sensiblement la moralité néonatale. D'autres recherches portant sur l'importance relative des obstacles à l'accessibilité dans différents contextes aideront les décideurs politiques et les administrateurs à adopter des approches locales appropriées pour améliorer la survie des nouveaux nés.

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34

Rochon, Louis-Philippe. "The regionalization of the unemployment insurance programme in Canada : its effect on income redistribution, Newfoundland and Ontario, 1980-1988." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60081.

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The evolution of the Unemployment Insurance Programme since 1940 has led to the abandonment of the intended insurance nature of the programme. As a result, it can no longer be considered solely an income protection scheme. Rather, it has evolved into an income maintenance plan aimed at supplementing the income of seasonal workers in high unemployment regions. As a consequence, there has been an interprovincial transfer of unemployment insurance funds from low to high unemployment regions. The regional characteristics of the programme have also distorted the structure of labour markets in high unemployment regions by attracting workers in seasonal industries therefore maintaining unemployment rates high.

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Růžičková, Martina. "UNIVERSAL BASIC OPRESSION." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295731.

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Master's thesis Polyamory Design Unit (PDU) explores the possibilities of collaboration between experts being active in fine arts, product design, graphic design, architecture and philosophy in order to create a speculative future scenario. Together with Jana Trundova, Simon Barak, Ondrej Mohyla and Lukas Likavcan, I create the concept and the presentation structure for a housing complex, which is designed for polyamoric coexistence of human and non-human entities. Such a coexistence is made possible by full automation of work and global implementation of universal basic income. These initial parameters constitute a big emancipatory potential, that could change present meaning of the concept of polyamory and thus redefine networks of relations in bigger scales too.

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Maldonado, Andrea. "Is urban agriculture associated with food security and nutritional status of preschool-aged children among low- income-peri-urban households of Lima, Peru?" Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32573.

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In the peri-urban slums of Lima, food insecurity and child malnutrition are prevalent. Urban agriculture (UA) is a coping strategy to help poor urban households meet food needs. This study investigated relationships between UA and food security, and children's diets and nutritional status among poor peri-urban households of Lima. Caregivers (n=197) of young children (9-71 mo.) were recruited from 40 community kitchens. Household sociodemographic, food security, UA activity, child health and anthropometric data were documented. The results revealed no differences between UA and non-UA households in household food security, children's nutritional status or diets. However, stratification of UA activity size into small, medium and large revealed greater frequency of consumption of animal source foods among children of large scale UA households, and decreased child height-for-age z-scores in small scale UA households, but no differences in food security. These findings suggest UA of sufficient volume may contribute to improving children's diets.
Dans les bidonvilles périurbains de Lima, l'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition de l'enfant sont des problèmes de premiers ordres. L'agriculture urbaine (AU) est une stratégie d'adaptation qui aide des familles pauvres dans les zones urbaines à satisfaire leurs besoins alimentaires. Cette étude a enquêté sur les rapports entre l'AU et la sécurité alimentaire, et l'alimentation et le statut nutritif des enfants parmi les foyers pauvres périurbains de Lima. Les personnes principalement responsables des soins des petits enfants des foyers ont été recrutées des cuisines communautaires. Information sur la socio-démographie, sécurité alimentaire, et l'activité d'AU du foyer, ainsi que les données anthropométrique et la santé de l'enfant ont été documentées. Les résultats n'ont pas révélé de différences au niveau de la sécurité alimentaire entre les foyers qui se livrent à l'AU et ceux qui ne font pas d'AU, ni pour le statut nutritif ou l'alimentation d'enfant. Pourtant, la stratification en bas, moyenne et haute intensité d'activité AU a révélée la plus haute fréquence de consommation d'aliments de source d'animal parmi les enfants des foyers avec beaucoup d'activité AU, et des z-tas d'hauteur-pour-âge diminués parmi les enfants des foyers avec un minium d'activité AU, mais aucune différence dans le statut de sécurité alimentaire. Ces conclusions suggèrent que l'AU peut contribuer à l'amélioration d'alimentation d'enfants.

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Johnson-Down, Louise. "A nutritional assessment of low income and multi-ethnic school children 9-12 years old and validation of alternative tools to measure fat intake." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23898.

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Despite the recognition that culturally diverse groups of children in low income areas are at elevated risk for future health problems, no dietary/nutritional studies have been reported on this population. Children aged 9-12 were sampled from schools selected on the basis of a poverty index and ethnicity. Nutritional information (24-hour recall, heights and weights) indicated children were growing well but a high proportion were overweight. A comparison of reported energy intake to calculated BMR indicated that overweight children under-estimated their intakes. Mean intakes met the Canadian RNIs except for calcium in 10-12 year old girls. Nutrient intake was related to family size, income and ethnic origin. Validation of two alternative tools to measure fat intake proved unsuccessful. In conclusion, dietary intake for these school children was adequate for all nutrients except calcium in 10-12 year old girls, but for approximately 40% of children, intake exceeded energy requirements.

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Lamontagne, Erik. "The economic analysis of the AIDS response and its determinants among sexual and gender minority." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211220_LAMONTAGNE_906coigum240yxx699ovkzw401sgt_TH.pdf.

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Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) constitue l'une des principales causes de décès dans les pays à revenu faible ou moyen. Le 8 juin 2021, les Nations unies ont adopté la Déclaration politique visant à mettre fin aux inégalités et mettre fin au sida d'ici 2030. Seulement, les besoins en matière de prévention et de traitement antirétroviral dans les pays les moins riches dépassent de loin leur capacité de payer. De plus, le sida touche principalement des groupes de population à risque comme ceux appartenant à des minorités de sexe et de genre. Cette thèse montre que les bénéfices liés à cet investissement massif de la communauté internationale pour mettre fin à l'épidémie de sida d'ici 2030 excède 6 dollar pour chaque dollar investis. Bien que cela soit un investissement attrayant, l’atteinte de l’objectif mondial est loin d’être acquis, notamment concernant les minorités sexuelles et de genres pour qui le risque d’acquérir le VIH est jusqu’à 26 fois plus élevé. Les modèles économiques utilisés ici permettent d’identifier trois facteurs principaux qui freinent l’atteinte des cibles. Premièrement le stigma et la discrimination qui sont la principale barrière à l’accès aux services HIV. Deuxièmement, une trop faible importance est accordée au rôle de la santé mentale sur la vulnérabilité à l’infection par VIH. Finalement, les inégalités qui minent les efforts de la riposte au VIH en diminuant le recours aux tests VIH. Les résultats de cette thèse encouragent les décideurs à prendre en compte l’importance des inégalités, de la santé mentale et de la marginalisation des personnes à haut risque de VIH pour mettre fin au sida
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of death in low- and middle-income countries.On June 8, 2021, the United Nations adopted the Political Declaration on Ending Inequality and Ending AIDS by 2030. Nevertheless, the need for prevention and treatment in many of the most affected countries far exceed their ability to pay. In addition, AIDS mainly affects most-at-risk population groups. This thesis shows that the benefits of this massive investment by the international community to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 exceed 6 for every 1 invested. While this is an attractive investment, achieving the global 95-95-95 HIV target is far from certain, especially for sexual and gender minorities who are up to 26 times more likely to acquire HIV.The economic models used in this research identify three main factors that impede the achievement of the targets. First, stigma and discrimination are the main barrier to accessing HIV services. Second, too little emphasis is placed on the role of mental health in vulnerability to HIV infection. Finally, it demonstrates that inequalities undermine HIV response efforts by reducing the uptake of HIV testing.The findings of this thesis encourage policy makers to consider the importance to address inequality, mental health and homophobia in order to ending AIDS

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Meftah, Leïla. "La protection sociale de l'agriculteur victime d'accidents." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG2065/document.

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L’étude de la protection sociale de l’agriculteur victime d’accidents fait le constatd’inégalités manifestes entre les victimes elles-mêmes et entre le régime des accidents dutravail et celui du droit commun. Ces inégalités sont inhérentes à la qualité d’agriculteur ;qu’il soit salarié ou non, ce dernier ne bénéficie pas des mêmes droits. En outre, l’agriculteurblessé dans le cadre de son activité professionnelle n’aura qu’une réparation forfaitaire. Cettedernière tend à compenser la perte de revenu et l’incidence professionnelle de l’accident.L’indemnisation des préjudices personnels est exclue, sauf dans l’hypothèse d’une fauteinexcusable de l’employeur. Quant aux victimes d’accidents de droit commun, leur protectionsociale n’est optimisée que si elles possèdent une complémentaire prévoyance qui va parfaireles remboursements en espèces et en nature du régime agricole. En dehors de la prise encharge du régime légal de base, la réparation des accidents de droit commun tend à êtreintégrale. Afin que toutes les victimes d’accidents soient traitées de manière égale par le droitet qu’une réparation de tous leurs préjudices puisse être réalisée, nous préconisons dessolutions pour tenter de faire disparaître les inégalités entre les agriculteurs victimesd’accidents
The study of the social welfare of the farmer victim of accidents reveals theexistence of disparities between the victims themselves and between the industrial accidentsand the common law. These disparities are inherent to farmer’s quality; whether he isemployed or not, the latter does not benefit from the same rights. In addition, the injuredfarmer in the course of his professional activity will have only a fixed compensation. Thelatter tends to compensate the loss of income and the professional incidence of the accident.Compensation for personal injury is excluded except in the hypothesis of unforgivablemisconduct of the employer. As for the victims of accidents of common law, their socialwelfare is only optimized if they possess a top up insurance plan that will completerepayments in cash and in kind of the agricultural system. Except the coverage of the basiclegal system, the compensation of accidents of common law tends to be complete. In order toensure that all accident victims are treated with equal manner by law and that compensationfor all their injuries can be achieved, we recommend solutions so that the disparities betweenthe farmers victims of accidents can disappear

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40

Astrand, Rachelle Navarro. "Selection model to choose innovative building systems for progressive housing with special reference to Metro Manila, Philippines." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82824.

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A crucial factor to enable low-income families to participate in the gradual development of their homes is to find a link between their building activities and those of the large-scale building sector. Amidst technological development and increasing demand for housing, the large-scale sector, such as government and private groups, resorted to industrialised housing to replace traditional and conventional building materials and methods. Industrialisation, however, resulted not only in expensive and inappropriate dwellings but also eliminated homeowners from the building process and management of their homes. To bring back the homeowners in the building process, the shift was towards the production of small components and partial prefabrication.
Following the same thrust, there have been numerous innovative building systems for housing developed in the Philippines in the last two decades. Private entrepreneurs develop these building systems either promoting locally invented systems or adapting imported versions. Seeing their potentials, government and private groups are trying to employ them in housing. Despite the growing number of the innovative building systems and the interest to use them, their integration in low-income housing is still limited.
Focusing on Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, the thesis aims to develop a selection model for the effective integration of innovative building systems in low-income housing. The process of integration is not simply using the building systems for mass production of houses but also enabling homeowners to utilise, maintain and sustain them. The proposed model involves sets of selection parameters essential at each stage of the housing delivery based on the homeowners' progressive building process and their criteria for choosing building materials for their homes. To facilitate progressive building and enhance the homeowners' initiative to build, the model also includes design strategies when employing new building systems and suggests the necessary channels to ensure the availability of the building systems, technical assistance and information.

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Gauthier, Anne 1952. "Essai sur les politiques sociales et le travail domestique." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63947.

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42

Guterres, Acacio da Costa. "The effects of different cutting heights, mulching and burning on the control of bellyache bush (jatropha gossypifolia L.) applicable in East Timor." Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Muresk Institute, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119757.

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Since bellyache bush invaded to East Timor it has significantly reduced crop and animal production and consequential loss of income from farm enterprises. Methods of control of bellyache bush chosen should be appropriate to the poor economic position of the farmers. An integrated method of controlling bellyache bush involving slashing combined with mulching and or burning is low cost and is widely used by the Timorese farmers. Although these practices are commonly used to control weeds, there are still many problems that appear in the field during and after weed control. For instance, rapid regeneration of cut stems and production of less fuel than mixed stands to support burning management.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate mechanical control such as cutting stems at different heights and cutting stems at different heights in combination with mulch, handpulling and mulching of small plants and mulching of seedlings. This study also investigates bellyache bush properties as a fuel for burning management in the late dry season to control its infestations.
Mechanical control of bellyache bush plants was undertaken south of Darwin at Acacia (12º45’S, 131º09’E) which has an annual average rainfall of 1588.1 mm and Channel Island (12º33’S, 130º51’E) which has annual rainfall of 1713.9 mm. This study was conducted from January 2007 to February 2008. All bellyache bush plants were cut off at different heights according to treatment 0cm (ground level), 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and uncut plants considered as a control.
The results indicated that all cutting treatments achieved 100% mortality under low canopy cover, irrespective of season. While, under high canopy cover bellyache bush plants only achieved 100% mortality if cut at 0cm and 10cm height. Stems cut at 20cm, 30cm and 40cm heights re-sprouted in the dry season. Hand-pulling completely killed small plants while mulching did not. Mulching achieved a partial kill of seedlings however it stimulated seedling emergence in the wet season, irrespective of site.
The use of bellyache bush as a fuel for burning management was studied. The study was undertaken at Channel Island, Acacia and Katherine (14º22’S, 132º09’E). The latter has a mean annual rainfall of 875 mm. All bellyache bush plants in the plot were cut in May. Five 1m x 1m quadrat samples were selected within a 10m x 10m plot to measure wet weight and dry weight for the curing rate calculation. In addition, 15 of the cut stems were randomly selected to measure re-sprouting. From five randomly selected 25cm x 25 cm quadrat samples were taken to calculate the weight of fine fuel (less than 6mm in diameter), medium (6mm-25mm) and coarse (greater than 25mm). Heat yield of fuel combustion of this material was calculated by using a bomb calorimeter (As 10-38.5 leco 350 calorimeters).
The results indicated that cut stems of bellyache bush from a low canopy cover site had 7 percent moisture content while stems from a high canopy cover site had a 66 percent moisture content by the end of the dry season. The proportion of these stems in the site with low canopy cover re-sprouted significantly less than those in the high canopy cover site. The fuel load at bellyache bush monoculture had less fine, medium and coarse fuel compared with tropical savanna fuel. However, results from this study indicated that it had a similar heat yield of combustion to other plants in the tropical savanna.
A study of the use of fire as a control tool for bellyache bush was undertaken at Acacia and Katherine from May 2007 to February 2008. This study was carried out on established plants of bellyache bush. The experiment was undertaken in three 10m X 10m plots at each of the two sites. The experiment consisted of three treatments namely: cutting stems at 30 cm and followed by burning, uncut plants plus burning and unburnt plants considered as a control. Each of 20 pieces of bellyache bush stems were randomly selected for fine 0-6 mm, medium 6-25 mm and coarse 25 mm fuel. All these pieces were weighed before and after fire to calculate fuel consumption. Fire intensity was calculated by using Byram’s fire intensity equation. Fifteen soil temperature sensors were buried under uncut plants before burning. After burning all soil temperature sensors were dug out the temperature read and used to calculate fire temperature. Plant mortality was calculated by counting live bellyache bush plants before and after fire. Seed germination and seed recruitment was calculated by counting all seedlings within five 1m x 1m randomly chosen quadrats.
The results show that fire consumed all bellyache bush stems in the late dry season burning. Fire intensity of bellyache bush fuels was quite low compared to other tropical savanna fuel. Soil temperatures ranged between 54.17ºC to 126.13ºC. All bellyache bush plants were completely killed by the fire treatment, but fire stimulated seedling emergence in the following wet season. It was concluded from the results of the experiments that mechanical control slashing system may provide a suitable fuel for the burning management if cut early in the dry season. By late in the dry season bellyache bush plants cut early in the dry season have a low moisture content are completely cured and able to support fire spread of adequate intensity to destroy the plants.

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Achuo, George. "Partner satisfaction and renewal likelihood in consumer supported agriculture (CSA) : a case study of The Equiterre CSA network." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19555.

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Rincon, Hugo Rodolfo 1968. "Study of dialogic approaches and responses in planning low-income communities in Maracaibo, Venezuela : the "Promotion of Full Citizenship" plan." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10616.

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The research followed up a local development initiative in Maracaibo, Venezuela, named Programa Promoción de la Ciudadanía Plena (Promotion of Full Citizenship Program), a joint initiative that has sought to bring the population of low-income communities to the sphere of citizen participation with a revaluation of citizenship and the promotion of participation. The research included first, a preliminary bibliographical review of the theoretical framework to understand the significance of citizenship and participation at the community level and the implications of organizational development and self-improvement approaches in development projects and institutions, and second, the review of the principles of the local program and the social-economic data of the four communities considered in the study. The results of a preliminary survey (secondary data provided by the municipality) of adult heads of household from the four communities, who openly expressed to the institutions their interest in participating and benefiting from the program, and the passive observation of local meetings and workshops in the communities contributed to the analysis. A series of open-ended interviews to facilitators (3 individuals) were conducted in 2006 in order to assess the facilitator's identification with the program's objectives and the possible bond between the learning assumptions and their personal experiences while working in these communities. That same year, a final series of open-ended interviews to a sample group of 39 beneficiaries (30% of the group that successfully completed the citizenship and technical education), provided the input to assess the impact of the program in the motivation of people toward participation and self-improvement. In these events, information was extracted, which contributed to the evaluation of people's expectations and attitudes, as they differed or not from the initial condition. A methodological guideline, in the form of field notes and questionnaires, was needed to address and manage conversation and dialogue. Following an interpretive and constructivist approach, evidence was inferred from the logic of the narratives gathered in meetings and interviews, and a coded frequency of responses. Findings suggest that the initiative strengthened local people's empowerment by involving them in the collaborative identification of problems and issues affecting their lives, in all activities planned to tie the relationship among stakeholders, and in every recognition and public ceremony. People's improvement depended on economic growth, but it was necessary that beneficiaries develop and exercise their capacities, abilities, knowledge, information and motivation, which were necessary conditions to improve the quality of life of local residents, and consequently, to strengthen the local social capital. Project agents did it with a respectful dialogue in the decision-making concerning the design and construction proposal, and recognizing people's own capacities, which assured collaboration and feedback. People did not participate unless they believed that an interest or individual benefit was possible; and for them, the immediate interest was economic. People associated changes to the following values --from high to low frequency of response: being more confident, reaching mutual support, improving communication, strengthening unity, consciousness, and achieving better social relations. Empowerment of the individual as head of household was strengthened by his or her involvement in the collaborative identification of household limitations and housing-related issues. Nevertheless, beyond the individual and household levels, the success of the educational strategy was not sufficiently effective to reach changes on people's attitude and motivation to confront and interact in the solution of community-related issues, but the increase of 6 percent in this indicator indicated that change was possible but required the sustainability of the educational approach in the communities. By the time the field research ended, a perceivable empowerment and partnership approach, with all the complex administrative and intellectual assumptions, guided Ciudadanía Plena toward its set goals. The attention and dedication in the four barrios were based on the need to materialize an ideal that was expected to expand in order to reach more communities in the near future. The transparency, the material incentive and the citizenship education to achieve self-improvement and empowerment were key elements to achieve change and improvement.
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Johannes, Benhardt Laurentius. "The interpretation of South African double taxation agreements under international law." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41452.

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This dissertation interrogates which principles should govern the interpretation of South African Double Tax Agreements (‘DTAs’). This field of study is complex because any DTAs have a dual nature. In the first place, it is an international agreement where two states are parties (a bilateral agreement); second, it also becomes part of domestic law. DTAs are governed by principles of customary international law some of which have been codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (‘VCLT’). Though South Africa is not a party to the VCLT, nevertheless, there is judicial support in South Africa for the notion that VCLT reflects general principles of international law [Harksen v President of the Republic of South Africa 1998 (2) SA 1011 (C)]. DTAs are incorporated into South African domestic law by way of statutory enactment in accordance with the dualist approach to international law. The first purpose of the dissertation is to systematise and analyse the structure of an OECD Model Tax Convention (‘OEC D MTC’) and the international methods (principles) of interpretation of DTAs in order to gain a better understanding of how this international methods functions. A number of issues relating to the interpretation of these methods are analysed. Since DTAs are applied by tax authorities, courts and taxpayers in a domestic law context, i.e. within the framework of the legal system of a particular state, the analysis focuses on the application in South Africa of the methods of the interpretation of South African DTAs. The second objective of the dissertation refers to international tax law principles (treaties and customary international law) derived from South Africa public international law and to evaluate a few selected issues related to South African DTAs and their relevance to South Africa domestic tax laws; the interpretation of DTAs and the implications of a DTA overriding or in conflict with South Africa domestic tax laws. It will also interrogate the legal status of a DTA under South African tax law and whether the anti-discrimination article in South Africa DTAs have the force of law in South Africa?
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2014
Mercantile Law
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