Journal articles on the topic 'Full event interpretation'
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Kaplan, Max J., Amulya Raju, and Sudha Arunachalam. "Real-time processing of event descriptions for partially- and fully-completed events: Evidence from the visual world paradigm." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4954.
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The current study investigated non-culminating accomplishments through an experimental lens. We used a well-established paradigm for studying real-time language processing using eye-tracking, the visual world paradigm. Our study was modeled after Altmann and Kamide’s (2007) investigation of processing of aspectual information contained in a perfect verb form (e.g., has eaten). We compared English-speaking adults’ interpretations of sentences like ‘The girl has eaten a cookie’ and ‘The girl was eating a cookie’ in the context of one of two visual scenes. In the Full Completion condition, the scene depicted two referents that were compatible with the predicate: one was compatible with the expected end state of the event (e.g., an empty plate), the other with an unrealized version of the event (e.g., an uneaten cookie). In the Partial Completion condition, the scene depicted a referent that was compatible with a partially-completed version of the event (e.g., part of a cookie on a plate) and an unrealized interpretation (e.g., an uneaten cookie). For verb forms in the perfect (e.g., has eaten) but not in the progressive, we found a difference between conditions; listeners preferred to look at the fully-affected referent in the Full Completion condition as compared to the partially-affected referent in the Partial Completion condition. We take the results as suggestive in favor of a pragmatic rather than semantic account of non-culmination interpretations in English.
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Louie, Meagan. "Deriving full repetition in Blackfoot with additive focus." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2553.
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I argue that Blackfoot’s method of marking repetition, mattsista’- consists of two morphemes, matt- and ista’-. While both encode an additional event, matt-’s event is restricted only to being a focus alternative to the asserted event, leaving predicate identity and temporal precedence to be encoded by ista’-. I propose that ista’-’s event variable requires a linguistically encoded antecedent which matt-’s event acts as, deriving the fact that mattsista’- has a focus-sensitive interpretation.
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Louie, Meagan. "Deriving full repetition in Blackfoot with additive focus." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2553.
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I argue that Blackfoot’s method of marking repetition, mattsista’- consists of two morphemes, matt- and ista’-. While both encode an additional event, matt-’s event is restricted only to being a focus alternative to the asserted event, leaving predicate identity and temporal precedence to be encoded by ista’-. I propose that ista’-’s event variable requires a linguistically encoded antecedent which matt-’s event acts as, deriving the fact that mattsista’- has a focus-sensitive interpretation.
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Angelelli, Claudia. "Interpretation as a Communicative Event: A Look through Hymes' Lenses." Meta 45, no. 4 (October 2, 2002): 580–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001891ar.
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Abstract In the last ten years, more researchers and practitioners have turned their attention to community interpreting. Issues of similarities and differences with other forms of interpreting, as well as recognition and prestige, have arisen. It is often the case that the standards of conference interpreting are blindly transferred to other forms of interpreting both for measurement and educational purposes. This blind transfer does not allow a full understanding of the complexities involved in community interpreting. Hymes' taxonomy of speaking is used to compare and analyze two interpreting events, one occurring in a community setting and the other in a conference one. The analysis suggests that there are more differences than similarities between the two settings. The differences point to a complex form of social interaction which needs attention in its own right.
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Willacy, Chris, Ewoud van Dedem, Sara Minisini, Junlun Li, Jan-Willem Blokland, Indrajit Das, and Alexander Droujinine. "Full-waveform event location and moment tensor inversion for induced seismicity." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): KS39—KS57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0212.1.
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Locating microearthquake events below complex heterogeneous overburden requires robust location methodologies that can honor multipathing in the seismic wavefield. We have developed two full-waveform event location methods that form a complementary solution for locating earthquakes and simultaneously deriving focal mechanisms via moment tensor inversion. The methods are based on the application of 3D elastic wavefield modeling, which is used to generate waveforms and extract wavefield attributes, for comparison to the observed field data. Events are located and focal mechanisms are derived via a multiparameter inversion, which minimizes the differences between synthetic and observed data. The results have been applied to the induced seismicity observed within the giant Groningen gas field, onshore Netherlands, where recorded earthquakes are triggered by stress changes, induced in the reservoir through pressure depletion. Locating events below the field is compounded by the presence of strong guided waves, which are trapped in the lower velocity reservoir interval. This complex multivalued wavefield is problematic for traditional event location methods, which assume a single traveltime arrival. We overcome this limitation by using all event arrivals in a wave-based solution to improve the accuracy of locating earthquakes and overcome the ambiguity of solving for location and the focal mechanism simultaneously. The event location methods have been applied to shallow and deep monitoring networks, and 150 events have been located with high accuracy. The interpretation of the earthquake activity indicates that the events studied originate from the movement of larger graben bounding faults, which are oriented in a north-northwest–south-southeast direction.
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Nguyen, M., E. J. Woo, S. Winiecki, J. Scott, D. Martin, T. Botsis, R. Ball, and B. Baer. "Can Natural Language Processing Improve the Efficiency of Vaccine Adverse Event Report Review?" Methods of Information in Medicine 55, no. 02 (2016): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me14-01-0066.
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SummaryBackground: Individual case review of spontaneous adverse event (AE) reports remains a cornerstone of medical product safety surveil-lance for industry and regulators. Previously we developed the Vaccine Adverse Event Text Miner (VaeTM) to offer automated information extraction and potentially accelerate the evaluation of large volumes of unstructured data and facilitate signal detection.Objective: To assess how the information extraction performed by VaeTM impacts the accuracy of a medical expert’s review of the vaccine adverse event report.Methods: The “outcome of interest” (diagnosis, cause of death, second level diagnosis), “onset time,” and “alternative explanations” (drug, medical and family history) for the adverse event were extracted from 1000 reports from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) using the VaeTM system. We compared the human interpretation, by medical experts, of the VaeTM extracted data with their interpretation of the traditional full text reports for these three variables. Two experienced clinicians alternately reviewed text miner output and full text. A third clinician scored the match rate using a predefined algorithm; the proportion of matches and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Review time per report was analyzed.Results: Proportion of matches between the interpretation of the VaeTM extracted data, compared to the interpretation of the full text: 93% for outcome of interest (95% CI: 91– 94%) and 78% for alternative explanation (95% CI: 75 – 81%). Extracted data on the time to onset was used in 14% of cases and was a match in 54% (95% CI: 46 – 63%) of those cases. When supported by structured time data from reports, the match for time to onset was 79% (95% CI: 76 – 81%). The extracted text averaged 136 (74%) fewer words, resulting in a mean reduction in review time of 50 (58%) seconds per report.Conclusion: Despite a 74% reduction in words, the clinical conclusion from VaeTM extracted data agreed with the full text in 93% and 78% of reports for the outcome of interest and alternative explanation, respec -tively. The limited amount of extracted time interval data indicates the need for further development of this feature. VaeTM may improve review efficiency, but further study is needed to determine if this level of agreement is sufficient for routine use.
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Mrak Tadel, Alja, Matevz Tadel, Avi Yagil, Dmytro Kovalskyi, and Sergey Linev. "Exploring server/web-client event display for CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 05039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921405039.
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The divergence of windowing systems among modern Linux distributions and OSX is making the current mode of event display operations difficult to maintain. In order to continue to support the CMS experiment event display, Fireworks, we need to explore other options beyond the current distribution model of centrally built tarballs. C++-server web-client event display is a promising direction that can maintain the full functionality of Fireworks, including operation from the full experiment framework. In addition, it brings new features like multi-user debugging and the possibility to implement more elaborate visualization of non-event data through remote access to independent services. We have been exploring mainly in the direction of Fireworks-based C++ server and thin web-client user interface as it allows for a large degree of reuse of existing algorithms as well as for full access to CMS data formats and accompanying functions that are crucial for the correct physics interpretation of event data. This paper presents the basic architecture of the system, discusses the communication protocol between server and client, and shows existing prototypes that demonstrate the feasibility of advanced event display features.
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Thiengburanathum, Prang. "Thai lɛ́ɛw: Between Tense and Aspect." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 43, no. 1 (July 22, 2014): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-00431p03.
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This paper proposes that Thai lɛ́ɛw displays both aspect and tense properties. It expresses not only the internal composition of an event (event transition: event → EVENT), but also the temporal relation between the topic time (TT) and the time of situation (T-SIT). That is to say, the temporal relation between TT and T-SIT imparts a full interpretation to the meaning of lɛ́ɛw. The interaction between T-SIT and TT allows various possible aspectual interpretations such as inchoative, completive, perfective, and perfect. Cet article propose une nouvelle analyse du marqueur lɛɛ́w en thai. Nous montrons que lɛɛ́w possède des propriétés aspectuelles et temporelles. Ce marqueur indique à la fois la composition interne d’un événement (une transition entre deux événements: event → EVENT) et la relation temporelle entre le temps de l’assertion (TT) et le temps de la situation (T-SIT). Autrement dit, la relation entre le TT et le T-SIT permet d'expliquer complètement le sens de lɛɛ́w. L’interaction entre le T-SIT et le TT s’ouvre à différentes interprétations possibles, y compris les aspects inchoatif, complétif, perfectif et parfait.
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Tiwari, Dhananjay, Jian Mao, and James Sheng. "Suprasalt model building using full-waveform inversion." Leading Edge 38, no. 3 (March 2019): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle38030214.1.
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The application of full-waveform inversion (FWI) to bring high resolution to the velocity model is becoming a standard approach in the velocity model-building workflow. Diving wave FWI in conjunction with reflection FWI (RFWI) has been widely used in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to optimize the suprasalt model. Accuracy of a velocity model from tomography is dependent on residual moveout (RMO) picking accuracy. In a good signal-to-noise ratio area, the confidence of RMO picking is high. But gathers in areas affected by gas exhibit poor event continuity, which makes it difficult to get accurate RMO picks. In such a geologic regime, FWI can improve the velocity model and therefore the final image quality. There are two main components of a velocity model from the GOM area: the first is the sediment, and the second is salt geometry. In the beginning of the model-building cycle, it is most likely that salt geometry is not accurately defined. This inaccuracy leads to a big mismatch between synthetic and observed data for both diving wave FWI and RFWI. One way to handle this situation is to start with the salt model and iteratively adjust the salt interpretation as FWI model building progresses from lower to higher frequencies. Another approach could be eliminating the salt-related energy from the input and then using the sediment-only model for FWI. We are proposing a desalt approach in which we try to eliminate or reduce the salt-related energy from the input data and then use a sediment-only velocity model as a starting model for the entire suprasalt FWI workflow. We will present a case study in which, by adapting the desalt workflow, we could manage to do more FWI iterations by eliminating salt interpretation.
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Paczynski, Martin, Ray Jackendoff, and Gina Kuperberg. "When Events Change Their Nature: The Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Aspectual Coercion." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 9 (September 2014): 1905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00638.
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The verb “pounce” describes a single, near-instantaneous event. Yet, we easily understand that, “For several minutes the cat pounced…” describes a situation in which multiple pounces occurred, although this interpretation is not overtly specified by the sentence's syntactic structure or by any of its individual words—a phenomenon known as “aspectual coercion.” Previous psycholinguistic studies have reported processing costs in association with aspectual coercion, but the neurocognitive mechanisms giving rise to these costs remain contentious. Additionally, there is some controversy about whether readers commit to a full interpretation of the event when the aspectual information becomes available, or whether they leave it temporarily underspecified until later in the sentence. Using ERPs, we addressed these questions in a design that fully crossed context type (punctive, durative, frequentative) with verb type (punctive, durative). We found a late, sustained negativity to punctive verbs in durative contexts, but not in frequentative (e.g., explicitly iterative) contexts. This effect was distinct from the N400 in both its time course and scalp distribution, suggesting that it reflected a different underlying neurocognitive mechanism. We also found that ERPs to durative verbs were unaffected by context type. Together, our results provide strong evidence that neural activity associated with aspectual coercion is driven by the engagement of a morphosyntactically unrealized semantic operator rather than by violations of real-world knowledge, more general shifts in event representation, or event iterativity itself. More generally, our results add to a growing body of evidence that a set of late-onset sustained negativities reflect elaborative semantic processing that goes beyond simply combining the meaning of individual words with syntactic structure to arrive at a final representation of meaning.
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Li, Yunyue Elita, and Laurent Demanet. "Full-waveform inversion with extrapolated low-frequency data." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 6 (November 2016): R339—R348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0038.1.
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The availability of low-frequency data is an important factor in the success of full-waveform inversion (FWI) in the acoustic regime. The low frequencies help determine the kinematically relevant, low-wavenumber components of the velocity model, which are in turn needed to avoid convergence of FWI to spurious local minima. However, acquiring data less than 2 or 3 Hz from the field is a challenging and expensive task. We have explored the possibility of synthesizing the low frequencies computationally from high-frequency data and used the resulting prediction of the missing data to seed the frequency sweep of FWI. As a signal-processing problem, bandwidth extension is a very nonlinear and delicate operation. In all but the simplest of scenarios, it can only be expected to lead to plausible recovery of the low frequencies, rather than their accurate reconstruction. Even so, it still requires a high-level interpretation of band-limited seismic records into individual events, each of which can be extrapolated to a lower (or higher) frequency band from the nondispersive nature of the wave-propagation model. We have used the phase-tracking method for the event separation task. The fidelity of the resulting extrapolation method is typically higher in phase than in amplitude. To demonstrate the reliability of bandwidth extension in the context of FWI, we first used the low frequencies in the extrapolated band as data substitute, to create the low-wavenumber background velocity model, and then we switched to recorded data in the available band for the rest of the iterations. The resulting method, extrapolated FWI, demonstrated surprising robustness to the inaccuracies in the extrapolated low-frequency data. With two synthetic examples calibrated so that regular FWI needs to be initialized at 1 Hz to avoid local minima, we have determined that FWI based on an extrapolated [1, 5] Hz band, itself generated from data available in the [5, 15] Hz band, can produce reasonable estimations of the low-wavenumber velocity models.
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Small, Robin. "A Dynamic Interpretation of Nietzsche’s “The Greatest Weight”." Nietzsche-Studien 49, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2020-0005.
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AbstractGS 341 is one of the most familiar of Nietzsche’s writings. This article proposes a new reading that stands in contrast with most English-language Nietzsche scholarship. The text presents a communication and its reception. A ‘demon’ makes an announcement, and a hearer responds in one way or another. But there is also another narrative altogether, whose conceptual vocabulary comes from a dynamic world-view. In this an interaction of forces leads to a new situation. If the hearer is not crushed by the ‘greatest weight’, there must be an inner force that counteracts its impact. I argue that what Nietzsche calls amor fati is a state that allows our drives to achieve full expression, and so makes possible a collective strength able to withstand the greatest impact. The final sentence refers to a “confirmation and sealing”. What happens is that the demon’s message makes an impression on the receptive hearer. For Nietzsche this is a working metaphor, not a turn of phrase. In a draft from this period he writes: “Let us stamp the image of eternity on our life!” That sudden and forceful act, embodying an evaluative judgement, is the event that GS 341 is all about.
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Chang, Hung-Chi, Hau-Tieng Wu, Po-Chiun Huang, Hsi-Pin Ma, Yu-Lun Lo, and Yuan-Hao Huang. "Portable Sleep Apnea Syndrome Screening and Event Detection Using Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 25, 2020): 6067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216067.
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Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by repeated airflow partial reduction or complete cessation due to upper airway collapse during sleep. OSAHS can induce frequent awake and intermittent hypoxia that is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular events. Full-channel Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for diagnosing OSAHS; however, this PSG evaluation process is unsuitable for home screening. To solve this problem, a measuring module integrating abdominal and thoracic triaxial accelerometers, a pulsed oximeter (SpO2) and an electrocardiogram sensor was devised in this study. Moreover, a long short-term memory recurrent neural network model is proposed to classify four types of sleep breathing patterns, namely obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea (CSA), hypopnea (HYP) events and normal breathing (NOR). The proposed algorithm not only reports the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) through the acquired overnight signals but also identifies the occurrences of OSA, CSA, HYP and NOR, which assists in OSAHS diagnosis. In the clinical experiment with 115 participants, the performances of the proposed system and algorithm were compared with those of traditional expert interpretation based on PSG signals. The accuracy of AHI severity group classification was 89.3%, and the AHI difference for PSG expert interpretation was 5.0±4.5. The overall accuracy of detecting abnormal OSA, CSA and HYP events was 92.3%.
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Al-Mosawy, Suhad K., Ahmed A. Al-Jaberi, Tuqa R. Alrobaee, and Ahmed S. Al-Khafaji. "Urban Planning and Reconstruction of Cities Post-Wars by the Approach of Events and Response Images." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1836–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091763.
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The research attempts to shed light on how to invest the philosophical and intellectual concept of the event in preparing the development plans for the city. Based on it, there are three strategies to read the event (Explanation, Interpretation, and Deconstruction) that are regularly responded to it with three strategies represented by (Revitilaization, Renewal, and Reform). Through the use of reading and response strategies, and the corresponding planning policies represented by: preservation, rehabilitation, and redevelopment. The research adopted an analytical and descriptive methodology for some world experiences for the eventful cities, such as Warsaw, which reflects (Explanation - Revitilaization) and used preservation, Bilbao, which reflects (Interpretation - Renewal) and used rehabilitation, and Tianjin, which reflects (Deconstruction - Reform) and used redevelopment. In an attempt to benefit from these experiences and derive some indicators for each strategy. By applying the derived indicators to the traditional Mosul city, it concluded that the most appropriate strategy for the reconstruction of this city is the strategy of Explanation – Revitalization, which represents preservation because the destruction of the city was intending to crush the historical and cultural value of the city and destroy the local and national identity. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091763 Full Text: PDF
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Hedlun, Randall J. "A New Reading of Acts 18:24‐19:7Understanding the Ephesian Disciples Encounter as Social Conflict." Religion and Theology 17, no. 1-2 (2010): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430110x517915.
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AbstractThis article analyses the social function of glossolalia in the narrative world reflected in Acts 18:24‐19:7. In so doing, it begins to address the lack of scholarship related to treating glossolalic references from a social scientific perspective. No treatment of this pericope succeeds to fully integrate it into a Lukan narrative programme. Through application of Berger and Luckmann’s sociology of knowledge models, this essay argues that reading Luke-Acts as the author’s legitimation of the Jesus movement’s social world is a valid, even preferred reading of this literature. Purity-related conflicts between circumcision loyalists and Jesus followers from the Gentile world dominate the second half of Acts and drive Luke’s legitimation programme. Based on Luke’s demonstration in the Cornelius episode of glossolalia as a divinely initiated marker of Gentile purity status, new social boundaries emerge that supersede circumcision. These new social boundaries represent an integral component of the Jesus movement’s revised purity map, relative to temple-centred Yahwism. This study argues that the events narrated in this passage represent a continuing social conflict between circumcision loyalists and Gentile converts. Luke narrates the events in Acts 18:24‐19:7 in order to correct a deviant baptism teaching (John’s baptism) that was propagated with the intent, based on purity concerns and prejudice, to marginalize Gentiles from full social integration into the Jesus community. Demonstrating that glossolalia functions as a social boundary marker that supersedes circumcision and that this best informs our interpretation of the Ephesian disciples pericope fully integrates this narrative event into Luke’s literary programme.
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Divya, BR, HR Nagendra, K. Shiva Kumar, and S. Sushrutha. "Effect of Homas on collective consciousness fields using random event generator." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3409.
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Background: The subtle energies of sacred fire rituals performed in a scientific systematic way are very supportive for the human system at physical, psychological and spiritual levels. The sacred fire rituals help in tuning the consciousness of the participants to merge with the Supreme consciousness. Aims & Objectives: To explore the effect of Homas in offering epochs of sustained synchronous awareness in influencing the Random Event Generator (REG). Methods: Data was recorded for each Homa from the commencement to completion of each ritual using Psyleron Field REGequipment and software. Microsoft Excelwas used for statistical analysis. Probability of less than 0.05 of the REG sequence was considered to have significant change in collective consciousness and a probability value between 0.1 and 0.05 has been reported as a trend. Results: Significant deviations p< 0.05 were observed InDhanvantri Homa SankalpaPrathana, Homa Preparations, Pradhana Homa, and Explanation on Homa. In Rudra Homa Vedic chanting, Kalasha puja, Agnisthapana, Purna ahuti, Explanation on Homa. In Gayatri Homa during the periods of Full Homa event and Pradhana Homa, Purna ahuti was observed with REG trend. In Durga Homa during the periods of Agnisthapana, Homa Preparations, Purna ahuti and REG trend observed during Pradhana Homa. Ayushya Homa did not show any significant deviations. Conclusion: Yajna rituals have the potential to cause a change in the REG sequence resulting in the interpretation of improved collective consciousness.
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Ryndin, D. G. "Merab Mamardashvili: Event of Thought and Pedagogic Practice." Higher Education in Russia 28, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-28-1-104-118.
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The concept of event has been widely disseminated in various fields of human sciences, including the psychology of education and pedagogics. If one seeks to explore the full heuristic potential of the concept, it is necessary to take into account its essential affiliation with non-classical ontology. The article presents an attempt to analyze the inner structure of Merab Mamardashvili’s oral philosophical speech, that can be considered a distinctive feature of the series of lection courses, which he held in the late 70-ies – beginning of 80-ies mainly for the audience of non-philosophers. The article deals with the research of essential connection between form and content of Mamardashvili’s philosophy. In the light of this connection the article reviews the project of the non-classical ontology of cognition, that Mamardashvili develops in some of his main works.The first part of the article contains an exposition of the problem field of “event” in the context of history and ontology of cognition, as well as reconstruction of the genesis of this theme in Mamardashvili’s philosophy. Mamardashvili describes the classical type of rationality and its “blind spots” – that is, historicity and “evental” character of phenomena of cognition, which cannot be seen in the objectifying gaze of the classical observer. An attempt is made to analyze Mamardashvili’s concept of conscience in the context of his phenomenology of event. The term “epiphany” is interpreted as a key characteristic of events of cognition.The second part of the article deals with the uniqueness of Merab Mamardashvili’s oral philosophical speech, that is interpreted as one of the strategies of indirect communication. Indirect communication is distinguished from direct communication of knowledge, the central model of classical pedagogics. The article studies several different approaches to interpretation of Merab Mamardashvili’s teaching strategy and proposes the approach that is based on the concept of indirect communication of event of cognition.
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Li, Zhengxue, Yong Ma, Chengbo Li, Charles C. Mosher, Jun Ming, Xiaofen Ma, Lei Liu, et al. "Imaging through gas clouds: The application of CSI and FWI in Bohai, China." Leading Edge 40, no. 5 (May 2021): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40050365.1.
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Oil field A, situated in Bohai Bay, was discovered in 1999 and has been developed as one of the most productive oil assets in China. It continues to hold significant growth potential for the future. Though the field contains a large amount of resources remaining to be developed, seismic imaging has been challenging in area 5, resulting in structural uncertainty for reservoir interpretation and well planning. In the past three decades, several 2D and 3D seismic surveys have been acquired, processed, and reprocessed in this area. However, due to the existence of complicated gas clouds, which are shallow, multilayered, and extensive, obscured sub-gas-cloud images appear in all legacy seismic results, making fault interpretation under the gas clouds almost impossible. To improve the sub-gas-cloud image and overall structural interpretability, a narrow-azimuth full-field ocean-bottom cable (OBC) acquisition was conducted in field A during 2018 and 2019, and later, a compressive seismic imaging (CSI)-based full-azimuth and large-offset OBC infill survey was acquired in area 5, covering the widest gas cloud. Through high-fidelity signal processing, full-waveform inversion (FWI)-driven velocity model building, and imaging using both Kirchhoff migration and reverse time migration (RTM), the seismic image quality beneath complicated gas clouds is improved significantly. It is the first time that sub-gas-cloud faults and the Base of Guantao event have been imaged by seismic without significant dim zones. CSI acquisition, FWI, and RTM are the key elements to resolve gas-cloud-related challenges in area 5.
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Wei, Meng. "Location and source characteristics of the 2016 January 6 North Korean nuclear test constrained by InSAR." Geophysical Journal International 209, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx053.
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Summary The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ALOS-2 satellite show possible deformation associated with the 2016 January 6 North Korean nuclear test whereas the European Space Agency Sentinel-1A data are decorrelated. This is the first time that deformation related to a nuclear test has been measured since 1992. Here, I present two interpretations of the observed deformation: First, the deformation can be explained by a triggered landslide on the western slope of Mt Mantap, with a displacement of up to 10 cm across a patch of 1 km2. Second, the observation may be from uplift created by the nuclear explosion. In the second interpretation, the location, depth and cavity size can be estimated from a topography-corrected homogenous half-space model (Mogi). The preferred location of the 2016 January 6 event is 41.2993°N 129.0715°E, with an uncertainty of 100 m. The estimated depth is 420–700 m and the cavity radius is 23–27 m. Based on empirical data and the assumption of granite as the host rock, the yield is estimated to be 11.6–24.4 kilotons of TNT, which is consistent with previous results based on seismic data. With these two interpretations, I demonstrate that InSAR data provide an independent tool to locate and estimate source characteristics of nuclear tests in North Korea. The ambiguity of interpretation is mainly due to the limited InSAR data acquisition. Future frequent data collection by current and upcoming InSAR satellites will allow full use of InSAR for nuclear monitoring and characterization in North Korea and around the world.
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VUKOBRATOVIĆ, MIOMIR, BRANISLAV BOROVAC, VELJKO POTKONJAK, and MILOŠ JOVANOVIĆ. "DYNAMIC BALANCE OF HUMANOID SYSTEMS IN REGULAR AND IRREGULAR GAITS: AN EXPANDED INTERPRETATION." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 06, no. 01 (March 2009): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843609001668.
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The development of humanoid robotics during the last decades has undoubtedly resulted in numerous successful realizations in this area. One of the most important tasks that have been in the research focus is bipedal walk, which, despite the progress that has been made, has still remained an intriguing research task. The problem is not only how to realize a sustainable walk in an unstructured environment, requiring on-line trajectory planning and changes of gait parameters (turning, stopping, acceleration and deceleration, switching from the walk on a flat ground to the walk on an inclined surface or staircases, etc.), but the gait realization that will allow some additional activities such as, e.g. manipulation tasks. A prerequisite for the fulfillment of such requirements is that the system is dynamically balanced. On the other hand, we are witnesses of the diverse realizations of locomotion systems, from those with human-like feet, aiming to mimic in full the human gait, passive walkers, which practically roll on specially profiled feet, to the footless locomotion systems. It is quite clear that any of these systems can realize a gait, but our present study shows that performances of such walking systems are essentially different. In this sense we consider the minimal conditions for the realization of a dynamically balanced gait, analyze some examples of irregular gaits, and indicate the conditions in which particular phases of such gates are dynamically balanced. We point out the fact that in the presence of disturbances the transition to a dynamically (or even statically) balanced mode of the gait may prevent the system from falling. Besides, it is shown that at the end of the single-support phase of a dynamically balanced gait it is possible to "allow" a temporary, preplanned beforehand, loss of the dynamic balance without jeopardizing the gait realization only if the system has been prepared in advance for such an event. Finally, the work points out the indispensability of the regular, fully dynamically balanced gait for the simultaneous realization of locomotion-manipulation activities, as well as for the walk in an unstructured environment.
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Xu, Xiaodong, Meizhu Pan, Haoyun Dai, Hui Zhang, and Yiyi Lu. "How referential uncertainty is modulated by conjunctions: ERP evidence from advanced Chinese–English L2 learners and English L1 speakers." Second Language Research 35, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318756948.
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Conjunctions play a crucial role in the construction of a coherent mental representation by signaling coherence relations between clauses, especially for second language users. By using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study aimed to investigate how different conjunctions ( so, and, although, or a full stop) affect the interpretation of a following ambiguous pronoun for both native and non-native speakers, in sentences such as Lily disappointed Nina, so she …. ERP results showed that relative to so, and, and full stop sentences, the pronoun in although clauses elicited a larger Nref (sustained negativity) response in both native (L1) readers and second language (L2) readers, irrespective of whether the verb in the first clause biased towards a particular noun phrase (NP) referent. Moreover, larger Nrefs to pronouns were seen in L2 than L1 readers when clauses were connected by so, although or a full stop. Additionally, larger Nref responses were evoked by pronouns in NP2- than NP1-biased conditions when the clauses were connected by the conjunction so or when sentences contained no overt conjunctions ( full stop). These findings indicate that different conjunctions exert different modulating effects on resolving referential uncertainty/ambiguity. Relative to native speakers, non-native speakers are more likely to encounter referential uncertainty when the sentences are conjoined by conjunctions with more complex semantics.
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Ikhlas, Nur, and Sihabussalam Sihabussalam. "The Reception of The Prophet Yusuf and His Family: Analyzing of Yusuf Verses 99-100 of Martin Heidegger's Hermeneutic Perspective." Takwil: Journal of Quran and Hadith Studies 1, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/twl.v1i1.1251.
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The story of the Prophet Yusuf (AS) is one of the stories narrated by the Qur'an, even specified in a full Surah, namely Surah Yusuf. In it, there is an event that is evidence of Yusuf's greatness related to dream interpretation which is proven by his reception with his family in Egypt. Surah Yusuf verses 99 and 100 are two verses that describe the story. Understanding these two verses with Martin Heidegger's hermeneutics basically gives a new face regarding the secret of the reception, as well as understanding this phenomenon through Heidegger's concept of phenomenology. With qualitative data and analyzed using Heidegger's hermeneutics, this paper answers the question, how does Heidegger's hermeneutics read the Surah Yusuf verses 99 and 100. As a result, the expression of the reception between the prophet Yusuf and his family was natural and certain; and the terms Abawaihi, Al-'arsy, and Sajada are representations of the sacredness of the reception.
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Zhisheng, An, Stephen C. Porter, Zhou Weijian, Lu Yanchou, Douglas J. Donahue, M. J. Head, Wu Xihuo, Ren Jianzhang, and Zheng Hongbo. "Episode of Strengthened Summer Monsoon Climate of Younger Dryas Age on the Loess Plateau of Central China." Quaternary Research 39, no. 1 (January 1993): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1005.
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AbstractThe Baxie loess section, just east of the Tibetan Plateau, contains evidence showing that the Asian monsoon climate experienced an abrupt reversal near the end of the last glacial age. Rapid deposition of dust under cool, dry full-glacial conditions gave way to an interval of soil development and reduced dust influx attributed to a strengthening of the warm, moist summer monsoon. A subsequent abrupt increase in dust deposition, a response to a weakening of the summer monsoon, was later followed by renewed soil formation as summer monsoon circulation again intensified during the early Holocene. By one interpretation, the thin upper loess is a manifestation of the European Younger Dryas oscillation; however, in this case the available 14C ages require either that (1) onset of loess deposition lagged the beginning of the Younger Dryas event in Europe by as much as 2000 calibrated 14C years or (2) all the 14C ages are too young, possibly due to contamination. Alternatively, the late-glacial paleosol, the top of which is synchronous with the abrupt end of the late-glacial δ18O anomaly in the Dye 3 Greenland ice core, records the Younger Dryas event. Such an interpretation is consistent with general circulation model simulations of Younger Dryas climate that show strong seasonality and a strengthened summer monsoon, and with marine cores from the western Pacific Ocean that contain evidence of pronounced cooling of surface waters during Younger Dryas time.
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Herg, Alexandra, and Kurt Stüwe. "Tectonic interpretation of the metamorphic field gradient south of the Koralpe in the Eastern Alps." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0010.
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AbstractIn order to constrain tectonic models for the nature of the Eoalpine high pressure belt at the eastern end of the Alps, we investigate the formation pressure of metamorphic rocks along a profile between the Koralpe and the well-known UHP rocks of the southern Pohorje mountains. Rocks from three different regions are considered: (i) the rocks of the southernmost Koralpe to the north, (ii) the rocks of the Plankogel Unit between the Plankogel detachment and the Drava valley and (iii) the rocks between the Possruck range and the southern Pohorje mountains. In the Koralpe, pelitic rocks record a formation pressure around 15 – 18 kbar, as reported in the literature. For the Plankogel Unit, we derive pressures between 7.1 ± 1.95 kbar and 11.5 ± 3.42 kbar at 650 °C and recognize only a single Eoalpine metamorphic event. For the high grade rocks of the Pohorje mountains, we derive peak metamorphic pressures (explored with the garnet-muscovite-kyanite-quartz assemblage) that rise from 16.2 ± 3.45 kbar (at 700°C) in the north, to 23.9 ± 2.49 kbar (at 700 °C) in the south. There, we also recognize a later lower pressure event that is derived from pressure calculations with the full equilibrium assemblage. This lower pressure event yields similar conditions around 10 ± 2 kbar at 650 °C for the entire north-south transect within the Pohorje mountains. Peak metamorphic conditions in the Koralpe and Pohorje regions are matched by a continuous field gradient of about 1.3 kbar per 10 kilometers distance corresponding to a depth increase of about 0.5 km per kilometers distance assuming lithostatic conditions. We suggest that this supports that the two units may be interpreted together in terms of a 45° dipping subducting plate. Above this subducting plate, it is inferred that a slab was extracted that was located between the Plankogel Unit and the high pressure rocks, causing a first exhumation stage that is associated with buoyant upwards tilting of the subducted slab to mid crustal levels. Within this model, the Plankogel Unit was located in the hanging wall of the extracted slab and the Plankogel detachment forms the suture of the extracted slab. Exhumation from mid crustal levels to the surface during a 2nd stage occurred due to erosion and normal faulting. This normal faulting is responsible for some 10 km of upward displacement of the Pohorje mountains relative to the Koralpe and ultimately for the current distribution of lithologies on a map scale.
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Yahyapour, Marzieh, Janolah Karimi-Motahhar, Fahrahnaz Farmani, and Tatiana V. Maltseva. "“My poetry… is full of movement and heat, characteristic of life”: The theme of love in the lyrics Forugh Farrokhzad." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 6 (November 2022): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-22.128.
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The article deals with forms of representation of love theme in lyrics by F. Farrokhzad. It considers the fact that interpretation of love in Farrokhzad’s lyrics differs from traditional perception of love in oriental poetry. Hence the authors prove that F. Farrokhzad has broken the traditional circle of associations in oriental love lyrics and has rethought it by adding new “bodily” signs of love. Love in Farrokhzad’s lyrics is shown through the prism of everyday, natural and existential patterns. Love as an event serves as a core for the poetess’ lyrics and displaces the generic features of the lyrics itself. Love lyrics by F. Farrokhzad demonstrates the features of the narrative text combining lyrical and epic pictures of the world in poem’s structure, so narrativeness is one of the key parameters of F. Farrokhzad’s poetics. The authors conclude that poetess tends to concentration of everyday details and to eventful measure of the reality.
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Brdar, Milan. "Heidegger’s thanatology." Theoria, Beograd 62, no. 4 (2019): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1904099b.
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This article was writen to eleborate three teses: First, we have paradox that Heidegger obtained the instant glory with publishing of Being and Time (1927): But in due time it was impossible to understand this book as for its main tenets. It remained untransparent if intepreteur is not ackowledged with Heideggers papers writen from 1922. until 1929. Second thesis: full understanding of Heidegger?s work in any of its parts asks for the look from witihin the whole of its opus beforhand. Closely conected with it one must have in mind Heidegger?s famous turn (Wendung) and its consequences for his pihosophy of the second phase. Third: important issue of Heideggers work as a trial for all Heidegger-interpretation is the sense of authenticity in vast number of interpretation. It is a real philosophocal scandal, first, for we have failed insurching for interpretation of sense oh human existance than not lose a connection with Heideggers main theme: surching for the sense of Being; second, we did not find the interpretation founded in positive valuation of being towards death as ?most authentic? form for Dasein. Closely related to this there is not article that demonstrates sense and significance of relation to death for realization of program of sense of being. Therefore, in the face of such a scandalous condition in the realim of Heidegger intgerpretation, author elaborates the sense of ?the relation toward death? on two ways: first, within the Beong of Time, and second, in the wider context from 1922. until 1929. Formula tha is ?most authentic? for everyday man litteraly could be not understandble within Being and Time, as relevent on the meta-level of philosophical surching for the sense of being. Its understanding become attainable by the aid of the lecture ?What is Metaphysics? (1929). Also, full understanding in its methodological meaning unfolds not on the level of everydayness but on the meta-level of philosophy, and asks for full understanding of the reasons for the turn (Wendung) as a prior and necessary condition that its starting point have had in the very same lecture. At the end of the article author point out that the ultimate aim of whole Heideggers work on the deconstruction of nto-theological tradition of metaphysics to attain truthfull authenticity through the juncture the man and Being in the Event (Ereignis).
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DEHNERT, JULIANE, and WIL M. P. VAN DER AALST. "BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN BUSINESS MODELS AND WORKFLOW SPECIFICATIONS." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 13, no. 03 (September 2004): 289–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843004000973.
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This paper presents a methodology to bridge the gap between business process modeling and workflow specification. While the first is concerned with intuitive descriptions that are mainly used for communication, the second is concerned with configuring a process-aware information system, thus requiring a more rigorous language less suitable for communication. Unlike existing approaches the gap is not bridged by providing formal semantics for an informal language. Instead it is assumed that the desired behavior is just a subset of the full behavior obtained using a liberal interpretation of the informal business process modeling language. Using a new correctness criterion (relaxed soundness), it is verified whether a selection of suitable behavior is possible. The methodology consists of five steps and is illustrated using event-driven process chains as a business process modeling language and Petri nets as the workflow specification language.
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Tavus, B., S. Kocaman, H. A. Nefeslioglu, and C. Gokceoglu. "A FUSION APPROACH FOR FLOOD MAPPING USING SENTINEL-1 AND SENTINEL-2 DATASETS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-641-2020.
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Abstract. The frequency of flood events has increased in recent years most probably due to the climate change. Flood mapping is thus essential for flood modelling, hazard and risk analyses and can be performed by using the data of optical and microwave satellite sensors. Although optical imagery-based flood analysis methods have been often used for the flood assessments before, during and after the event; they have the limitation of cloud coverage. With the increasing temporal availability and spatial resolution of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite sensors, they became popular in data provision for flood detection. On the other hand, their processing may require high level of expertise and visual interpretation of the data is also difficult. In this study, a fusion approach for Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical data for flood extent mapping was applied for the flood event occurred on August 8th, 2018, in Ordu Province of Turkey. The features obtained from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 processing results were fused in random forest supervised classifier. The results show that Sentinel-2 optical data ease the training sample selection for the flooded areas. In addition, the settlement areas can be extracted from the optical data better. However, the Sentinel-2 data suffer from clouds which prevent from mapping of the full flood extent, which can be carried out with the Sentinel-1 data. Different feature combinations were evaluated and the results were assessed visually. The results are provided in this paper.
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Hummel, Martin. "Baseline elaboration and echo-sounding at the adjective adverb interface." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 407–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0033.
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AbstractThe paper examines the semantic effects of modification in phrases combining verbs with so-called short adverbs in French, that is, adjectives (A) used as modifiers of the verb (V), as inaller direct‘to go direct’ (VA structures). For this purpose, a sample of over 3200 attested examples has been analyzed. Far from being simple verb modifiers in the sense of “manner” modification, the qualitative analysis shows that short adverbs also refer to other features of the event, e.g. participant, instrument, source, goal, result, circumstance, and the speaker’s attitude. These manifold modification scopes are then described by means of a newly created event-modification frame. The theoretical discussion of these results tackles the relationship between structure, construction, and baseline elaboration, constructions being conceived as cognitive developments of baseline VA structure. Baseline elaboration thus turns out to be a necessary complementary approach to construction grammar. However, neither construction nor baseline elaboration allows the full prediction of the meaning of a given VA structure since both ways of accessing meaning leave considerable space for inferential interpretation. The corpus also allows the quantification of the modified event features, that is, the frequency with which the slots of the frame are accessed by modification via VA structure. Quantification thereby provides the general modification profile of VA structures (as opposed to the individual modification profiling of a given VA structure in a single utterance).
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Castorina, Paolo, and Helmut Satz. "Hawking-Unruh Hadronization and Strangeness Production in High Energy Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/376982.
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The thermal multihadron production observed in different high energy collisions poses many basic problems: why do even elementary,e+e-and hadron-hadron, collisions show thermal behaviour? Why is there in such interactions a suppression of strange particle production? Why does the strangeness suppression almost disappear in relativistic heavy ion collisions? Why in these collisions is the thermalization time less than≃0.5 fm/c? We show that the recently proposed mechanism of thermal hadron production through Hawking-Unruh radiation can naturally answer the previous questions. Indeed, the interpretation of quark (q)-antiquark (q̅) pairs production, by the sequential string breaking, as tunneling through the event horizon of colour confinement leads to thermal behavior with a universal temperature,T≃170 Mev, related to the quark acceleration,a, byT=a/2π. The resulting temperature depends on the quark mass and then on the content of the produced hadrons, causing a deviation from full equilibrium and hence a suppression of strange particle production in elementary collisions. In nucleus-nucleus collisions, where the quark density is much bigger, one has to introduce an average temperature (acceleration) which dilutes the quark mass effect and the strangeness suppression almost disappears.
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Mathieu, Eric. "Discontinuity and discourse structure: stranded nominals as asserted background topics." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 315–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.232.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate Rizzi's (2001) recent claim that in combien constructions full movement correlates with a specific or D-linking interpretation of the nominal (see also Obenauer, 1994) while the in-situ option corresponds to focus of the noun. On the one hand, it is argued that the notion of specificity or D-linking for the raised nominal is too strong while on the other hand it is shown that the stranded nominal is not a focus, but a topic, albeit of a special kind. It is also argued that there is a dedicated postverbal position for this kind of topic and that the nominal has all the properties of an incorporated nominal: it is interpreted as an asserted background topic. In the final part of the article, some time is spent discussing the pragmatics and the modality involved in discontinous structures, and showing that the stranded nominal is interpreted inside the VP/below the event variable.
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Lalonde, Amanda. "Buddy Esquire and the early hip hop flyer." Popular Music 33, no. 1 (January 2014): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143013000512.
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AbstractBetween 1978 and 1984 Buddy Esquire designed over 300 hip hop flyers. His career coincided with the first flourishing of the Bronx scene, when hip hop shifted from a community-based event to a full-blown commercial phenomenon. This paper analyses Buddy Esquire's flyer design style, supported by a discussion with the flyer artist. The analysis demonstrates that Esquire's ‘neo-deco’ style communicates the aspiration of live hip hop to classiness by suppressing overt graffiti elements, by alluding to the nightclub culture of disco and by using the Art Deco stylings of the Jazz Age as a signifier of sophistication. The paper then moves beyond an interpretation of the flyers, searching for reflections of Buddy Esquire's aesthetic in early hip hop culture. Finally, it proposes that Buddy Esquire's flyers challenge assumptions in current hip hop scholarship regarding early hip hop's aesthetic relationship to the past (particularly the early 20th century) and its self-documenting impulse.
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Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias, Edward K. Vogel, and Edward Awh. "Contralateral Delay Activity Indexes Working Memory Storage, Not the Current Focus of Spatial Attention." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 8 (August 2018): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01271.
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Contralateral delay activity (CDA) has long been argued to track the number of items stored in visual working memory (WM). Recently, however, Berggren and Eimer [Berggren, N., & Eimer, M. Does contralateral delay activity reflect working memory storage or the current focus of spatial attention within visual working memory? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28, 2003–2020, 2016] proposed the alternative hypothesis that the CDA tracks the current focus of spatial attention instead of WM storage. This hypothesis was based on the finding that, when two successive arrays of memoranda were placed in opposite hemifields, CDA amplitude was primarily determined by the position and number of items in the second display, not the total memory load across both displays. Here, we considered the alternative interpretation that participants dropped the first array from WM when they encoded the second array because the format of the probe display was spatially incompatible with the initial sample display. In this case, even if the CDA indexes active storage rather than spatial attention, CDA activity would be determined by the second array. We tested this idea by directly manipulating the spatial compatibility of sample and probe displays. With spatially incompatible displays, we replicated Berggren and Eimer's findings. However, with spatially compatible displays, we found clear evidence that CDA activity tracked the full storage load across both arrays, in line with a WM storage account of CDA activity. We propose that expectations of display compatibility influenced whether participants viewed the arrays as parts of a single extended event or two independent episodes. Thus, these findings raise interesting new questions about how event boundaries may shape the interplay between passive and active representations of task-relevant information.
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van Herten, Marieke, Dorothee J. Chwilla, and Herman H. J. Kolk. "When Heuristics Clash with Parsing Routines: ERP Evidence for Conflict Monitoring in Sentence Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 7 (July 2006): 1181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1181.
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Monitoring refers to a process of quality control designed to optimize behavioral outcome. Monitoring for action errors manifests itself in an error-related negativity in event-related potential (ERP) studies and in an increase in activity of the anterior cingulate in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Here we report evidence for a monitoring process in perception, in particular, language perception, manifesting itself in a late positivity in the ERP. This late positivity, the P600, appears to be triggered by a conflict between two interpretations, one delivered by the standard syntactic algorithm and one by a plausibility heuristic which combines individual word meanings in the most plausible way. To resolve this conflict, we propose that the brain reanalyzes the memory trace of the perceptual input to check for the possibility of a processing error. Thus, as in Experiment 1, when the reader is presented with semantically anomalous sentences such as, “The fox that shot the poacher…,” full syntactic analysis indicates a semantic anomaly, whereas the word-based heuristic leads to a plausible interpretation, that of a poacher shooting a fox. That readers actually pursue such a word-based analysis is indicated by the fact that the usual ERP index of semantic anomaly, the so-called N400 effect, was absent in this case. A P600 effect appeared instead. In Experiment 2, we found that even when the word-based heuristic indicated that only part of the sentence was plausible (e.g., “…that the elephants pruned the trees”), a P600 effect was observed and the N400 effect of semantic anomaly was absent. It thus seems that the plausibility of part of the sentence (e.g., that of pruning trees) was sufficient to create a conflict with the implausible meaning of the sentence as a whole, giving rise to a monitoring response.
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Murphy, Sean D. "Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters and Other Topics: The Sixty-Eighth Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 110, no. 4 (October 2016): 718–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000763196.
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The International Law Commission held its sixty-eighth session in Geneva from May 2 to June 10, and from July 4 to August 12, 2016, under the chairmanship of Pedro Comissário Afonso (Mozambique). Notably, the Commission completedonsecond reading a full set of eighteen draft articles with commentaries on the protection of persons in the event of disasters and recommended to the United Nations General Assembly that it elaborate a convention based on the draft articles.Additionally, the Commission adopted on first reading a complete set of draft conclusions, with commentaries, for two topics: identification of customary international law; and subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties. As such, both topics might be completed by the Commission on second reading in 2018.Progress was also made in developing draft articles on crimes against humanity; draft guidelines on protection of the atmosphere; draft conclusions on jus cogens; and draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts. The Commission commenced a debate on a proposed draft article on “limitations and exceptions” to the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, but, due to insufficient time, the debate will continue in 2017. Furthermore, an additional proposed guideline on the provisional application of treaties was sent to the drafting committee. The Commission decided to add two new topics to its long-term work program: the settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties; and succession of states in respect of state responsibility.
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Williams, Michael L., Timothy Grover, Michael J. Jercinovic, Sean P. Regan, Claire R. Pless, and Kaitlyn A. Suarez. "Constraining the timing and character of crustal melting in the Adirondack Mountains using multi-scale compositional mapping and in-situ monazite geochronology." American Mineralogist 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6906.
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Abstract Migmatites are common in the hinterland of orogenic belts. The timing and mechanism (in situ vs. external, P-T conditions, reactions, etc.) of melting are important for understanding crustal rheology, tectonic history, and orogenic processes. The Adirondack Highlands has been used as an analog for mid/deep crustal continental collisional tectonism. Migmatites are abundant, and previous workers have interpreted melting during several different events, but questions remain about the timing, tectonic setting, and even the number of melting events. We use multiscale compositional mapping combined with in situ geochronology and geochemistry of monazite to constrain the nature, timing, and character of melting reaction(s) in one locality from the eastern Adirondack Highlands. Three gray migmatitic gneisses, studied here, come from close proximity and are very similar in microscopic and macroscopic (outcrop) appearance. Each of the rocks is interpreted to have undergone biotite dehydration melting (i.e., Bt + Pl + Als + Qz = Grt + Kfs + melt). Full-section compositional maps show the location of reactants and products of the melting reaction, especially prograde and retrograde biotite, peritectic K-feldspar, and leucosome, in addition to all monazite and zircon in context. In addition, the maps provide constraints on kinematics during melting and a context for interpretation of accessory phase composition and geochronology. More so than zircon, monazite serves as a monitor of melting and melt loss. The growth of garnet during melting leaves monazite depleted in Y and HREEs while melt loss from the system leaves monazite depleted in U. Results show that in all three localities, partial melting occurred during at ca. 1160–1150 Ma (Shawinigan orogeny), but the samples show high variability in the location and degree of removal of the melt phase, from near complete to segregated into layers to dispersed. All three localities experienced a second high-T event at ca. 1050 Ma, but only the third (non-segregated) sample experienced further melting. Thus, in addition to bulk composition, the fertility for melting is an important function of the previous history and the degree of mobility of earlier melt and fluids. Monazite is also a sensitive monitor of retrogression; garnet breakdown leads to increased Y and HREE in monazite. Results here suggest that all three samples remained at depth between the two melting events but were rapidly exhumed after the second event.
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Petrone, P., and J. A. Asensio. "Trauma in Pregnancy: Assessment and Treatment." Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 95, no. 1 (March 2006): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145749690609500102.
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Women between the ages of 10 and 50 year-old have the potential for pregnancy; therefore this condition must be taken into consideration when a woman is examined in the Emergency Room after sustaining a traumatic event. Pregnancy produces significant physiologic and anatomic changes in every system of the female body. The evaluation of the traumatized pregnant patient, the approach, and the interpretation of the diagnostic tests results must be accompanied by the full knowledge of all changes that take place during pregnancy. In the same context, although the physician treating a pregnant trauma victim must remember that there are two patients, the treatment priorities are the same as for the non-pregnant trauma patient. The best initial treatment for the fetus is the optimum resuscitation of the mother. A thorough exam should take place to discover unique conditions that might be present in any pregnant patient such as blunt or penetrating injury to the uterus, placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, isoimmunization, and premature rupture of membranes. The obstetrician should be present at all times and be considered a part of the trauma team in the evaluation and treatment of apregnant trauma patient.
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Promma, Kitchakarn. "Using P-wave velocity logs with petrofabric effects to map natural and blast-induced fractures in hard rocks." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.3.267.
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Abstract A challenging task in environmental geophysics is to locate fractures near a leaching stope in an underground mine. Existing methods for interpreting sonic logs do not incorporate petrofabric effects. The petrofabric effects are variations of P-wave velocities caused by textural variations in the lithology. This paper describes a new concept of using the petrofabric effects in the logs to determine anomalies of natural and blast-induced fractures in hard rocks. Full-waveform acoustic logs were acquired near an underground stope at the Colorado School of Mines Experimental Mine, Idaho Springs, Colorado. Data acquisition occurred once before the stope was blasted and twice after the blast event. Laboratory studies show that the petrofabric effects range from 4 to 15 percent. This variation depends on rock types. To interpret location of fractures, variation envelopes of petrofabric effects were placed in P-wave velocity logs. P-wave velocities that are lower than lower limits of the variation envelopes indicate natural and blast-induced fractures. Results show that the blasting broke the entire rock mass within 6 ft from the stope's perimeter. The use of petrofabric effect interpretation improves effectiveness of P-wave velocity logs in identifying fractures.
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Tubbs, Robert E., Hussein G. Aly Fouda, Abdulkader M. Afifi, Nickolas S. Raterman, Geraint W. Hughes, and Yousuf K. Fadolalkarem. "Midyan Peninsula, northern Red Sea, Saudi Arabia: Seismic imaging and regional interpretation." GeoArabia 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1903165.
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ABSTRACT The Midyan Peninsula of northwest Saudi Arabia offers an exceptional opportunity to observe a complex interplay of rifting, salt tectonics, and strike-slip faulting. Recently onshore 3-D, transition zone 2-D, and offshore 2-D seismic data have been acquired in the area. In addition, ongoing fieldwork and an active drilling program have provided new insights into the geologic history of the region. The initial stages of continental rifting began during the Early Oligocene (ca. 33 Ma) and often utilized pre-existing basement fault trends. The early syn-rift sedimentary record is typified by formation of deep half-grabens filled with thick wedges of primarily continental sediments, with lesser amounts of evaporitic and marine deposits. Seismic data show a distinct break in deposition occurred ca. 21 Ma characterized by a persistent angular unconformity near the basin-bounding fault, before a shift to marine and offshore deposits of the Lower Miocene Burqan Formation. Post-Burqan a second angular unconformity termed the mid-clysmic event is evident away from the basin edge. This surface exhibits significant relief created by re-activation of older EW-trending faults and lower Maqna Group sediments display substantial thickening across these faults. Overall, the Maqna section transitions from normal marine sedimentation to more restricted basin conditions before being succeeded by the thick-layered evaporite sequence of the Mansiyah Formation. Approximately 15–12 Ma active strike-slip faults appeared in the Red Sea and shifted the extension from rift normal to highly oblique directed at N15°–20°E, parallel to the Gulf of Aqaba. During this transition the composition of the rift-fill changed as well from basin-wide precipitates to thick siliciclastic wedges of the Ghawwas Formation. Seismic images of the Ghawwas show abrupt thickness changes and stratal geometries that date deposition as coincident with both the growth of Mansiyah Formation diapirs and the movement of a large detachment at the base of the Mansiyah. Roughly five million years ago, organized seafloor spreading began in the southern Red Sea and strike-slip motion intensified as deformation began to focus along the Dead Sea/Aqaba strike-slip fault system. Adjacent to Midyan, a pull-apart basin in the Gulf of Aqaba has opened over 26 km perpendicular to the strike-slip system resulting in significant footwall uplift. The positive interference of the Aqaba/Dead Sea and Red Sea footwall uplifts has uniquely exposed the full syn-rift stratigraphic section from basement to Upper Miocene at Midyan, making the area an ideal locality for field studies. Presence of the complete Miocene section on the Aqaba shoulder uplift clearly indicates the uplift occurred after the Miocene. Salt-filled pull-apart basins in the same orientation as the Gulf of Aqaba are also observed on 3-D seismic data in the Ifal Basin.
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Zambon, Alberto A., Megan A. Waldrop, Roxane Alles, Robert B. Weiss, Sara Conroy, Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, Stefano Previtali, and Kevin M. Flanigan. "Phenotypic Spectrum of Dystrophinopathy Due to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Exon 2 Duplications." Neurology 98, no. 7 (December 22, 2021): e730-e738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000013246.
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Background and ObjectivesTo describe the phenotypic spectrum of dystrophinopathy in a large cohort of individuals with DMD exon 2 duplications (Dup2), who may be particularly amenable to therapies directed at restoring expression of either full-length dystrophin or nearly full-length dystrophin through utilization of the DMD exon 5 internal ribosome entry site (IRES).MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, we analyzed data from large genotype–phenotype databases (the United Dystrophinopathy Project [UDP] and the Italian DMD network) and classified participants into Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), intermediate muscular dystrophy (IMD), or Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) phenotypes. Log-rank tests for time-to-event variables were used to compare age at loss of ambulation (LOA) in participants with Dup2 vs controls without Dup2 in the UDP database and for comparisons between steroid-treated vs steroid-naive participants with Dup2.ResultsAmong 66 participants with Dup2 (UDP = 40, Italy = 26), 61% were classified as DMD, 9% as IMD, and 30% as BMD. Median age at last observation was 15.4 years (interquartile range 8.79–26.0) and 75% had been on corticosteroids for at least 6 months. Age at LOA differed significantly between participants with Dup2 DMD and historical controls without Dup2 DMD (p < 0.001). Valid spirometry was limited but suggested a delay in the typical age-related decline in forced vital capacity and 24 of 55 participants with adequate cardiac data had cardiomyopathy.DiscussionSome patients with Dup2 display a milder disease course than controls without Dup2 DMD, and prolonged ambulation with corticosteroids suggests the potential of IRES activation as a molecular mechanism. As Dup2-targeted therapies reach clinical applications, this information is critical to aid in the interpretation of the efficacy of new treatments.
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Ruiz i Altaba, A. "Gli proteins encode context-dependent positive and negative functions: implications for development and disease." Development 126, no. 14 (July 15, 1999): 3205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.14.3205.
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Several lines of evidence implicate zinc finger proteins of the Gli family in the final steps of Hedgehog signaling in normal development and disease. C-terminally truncated mutant GLI3 proteins are also associated with human syndromes, but it is not clear whether these C-terminally truncated Gli proteins fulfil the same function as full-length ones. Here, structure-function analyses of Gli proteins have been performed using floor plate and neuronal induction assays in frog embryos, as well as induction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in SHH-responsive mouse C3H10T1/2 (10T1/2) cells. These assays show that C-terminal sequences are required for positive inducing activity and cytoplasmic localization, whereas N-terminal sequences determine dominant negative function and nuclear localization. Analyses of nuclear targeted Gli1 and Gli2 proteins suggest that both activator and dominant negative proteins are modified forms. In embryos and COS cells, tagged Gli cDNAs yield C-terminally deleted forms similar to that of Ci. These results thus provide a molecular basis for the human Polydactyly type A and Pallister-Hall Syndrome phenotypes, derived from the deregulated production of C-terminally truncated GLI3 proteins. Analyses of full-length Gli function in 10T1/2 cells suggest that nuclear localization of activating forms is a regulated event and show that only Gli1 mimics SHH in inducing AP activity. Moreover, full-length Gli3 and all C-terminally truncated forms act antagonistically whereas Gli2 is inactive in this assay. In 10T1/2 cells, protein kinase A (PKA), a known inhibitor of Hh signaling, promotes Gli3 repressor formation and inhibits Gli1 function. Together, these findings suggest a context-dependent functional divergence of Gli protein function, in which a cell represses Gli3 and activates Gli1/2 prevents the formation of repressor Gli forms to respond to Shh. Interpretation of Hh signals by Gli proteins therefore appears to involve a fine balance of divergent functions within each and among different Gli proteins, the misregulation of which has profound biological consequences.
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Hutsul, Volodymyr. "Combat between John Chalons and Luis de Bueil in Tour 1446: Joust À Outrance in Texts and Visual Sources." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2020): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2020.1.03.
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This paper is focused on the joust between English squire John Chalons and French écuyer Louis de Bueil, that was held in 1446 in Tours, France, in the King Charles VII of France and his courtiers presence. The mounted combatants fought with full armour on using couched lances. The article also covers the connection issue of this chivalric encounters type with warfare and military practices of that time, their effectiveness in then military training and interpretations of 15th century tournaments and pas d’armes in the 20th -early 21 century historiography. Available existing sources for this event suggest that the fighters with premeditation used lethal combat techniques during the collision, that resulted in Louis de Bueil death. However, Jean de Bueil, the older brother of the deceased, soldier, courtier and writer, expresses his highly hostile attitude towards chivalric practices of this kind in his autobiographical work "Le Jouvencel", which in the long run led to a false interpretation of the Late Middle Ages pas d’armes as an escapist and anachronic manifestation of the Late Middle Ages elites culture, spread by renowned Dutch scholar Johann Huizinga and his epigones. The article has its emphasis on participants’ arms and armour, as well as their impact on the course and result of a joust. The paper presents the analysis of the narrative program of eight mid. 15th century colored handwritten miniatures, conveing the stages and course of the duel. Visual narration is created with profound knowledge of the knight weapon and equipment features, as well as an accurate understanding of the equestrian encounters course and logic. Depicted by unknown artist plate armor on the combating fighters has direct historical analogies among the preserved survived artifacts of knights weapons. This miniatures series may be considered as a ‘documentary military art’ prominent example for its time.
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Chisham, G., M. Pinnock, A. S. Rodger, and J. P. Villain. "High-time resolution conjugate SuperDARN radar observations of the dayside convection response to changes in IMF B<sub>y</sub>." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 2 (February 29, 2000): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0191-y.
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Abstract. We present data from conjugate SuperDARN radars describing the high-latitude ionosphere's response to changes in the direction of IMF By during a period of steady IMF Bz southward and Bx positive. During this interval, the radars were operating in a special mode which gave high-time resolution data (30 s sampling period) on three adjacent beams with a full scan every 3 min. The location of the radars around magnetic local noon at the time of the event allowed detailed observations of the variations in the ionospheric convection patterns close to the cusp region as IMF By varied. A significant time delay was observed in the ionospheric response to the IMF By changes between the two hemispheres. This is explained as being partially a consequence of the location of the dominant merging region on the magnetopause, which is ~8-12RE closer to the northern ionosphere than to the southern ionosphere (along the magnetic field line) due to the dipole tilt of the magnetosphere and the orientation of the IMF. This interpretation supports the anti-parallel merging hypothesis and highlights the importance of the IMF Bx component in solar wind-magnetosphere coupling.Key words: Ionosphere (plasma convection) - Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; solar wind - magnetosphere interactions)
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Brett, Carlton E., and Gordon C. Baird. "Taphonomic approaches to temporal resolution in stratigraphy: Examples from Paleozoic marine mudrocks." Short Courses in Paleontology 6 (1993): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001148.
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One of the most important and challenging aspects of stratigraphy is the interpretation of the temporal scope of sedimentary units (Schindel, 1980, 1982; Sadler, 1981; Brandt Velbel, 1984). The problem arises at the scale of individual beds and of stratigraphic intervals up to many meters thick. Does a particular bed or interval-represent hours, days, years, centuries, or millennia? Resolution of this question is critical for determination of rates of sedimentation and biotic processes, and in assessing the reliability of the sample for paleoecological or evolutionary analysis. In the absence of a reliable framework of absolute radiometric dates the question can only be answered by indirect inference. Biostratigraphic zonation is a critical first step. But zonation is typically too coarse to resolve temporal scales less than 106years and many zones are not firmly anchored to absolute dates. It is also important to keep separate the issue of temporal duration represented byfossils (as bioclasts)within a given stratum and that of the deposition of thesedimentaryunit itself. There are many instances of thin graded beds full of fossils, which would be characterized unambiguously by sedimentologists as deposits of a single event of sedimentation, but in which the fossils may differ in age by thousands or even millions of years. Examples include many condensed, lag deposits of bones and conodonts (Baird and Brett, 1991), and condensed ammonoid beds containing fossils of several ammonite zones (Fürsich, 1971). Sedimentologic criteria provide one avenue of approach to this issue but commonly fall short of unambiguous answers.
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Brannath, Werner, Matthias Brückner, Meinhard Kieser, and Geraldine Rauch. "The Average Hazard Ratio – A Good Effect Measure for Time-to-event Endpoints when the Proportional Hazard Assumption is Violated?" Methods of Information in Medicine 57, no. 03 (May 2018): 089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me17-01-0058.
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Summary Background: In many clinical trial applications, the endpoint of interest corresponds to a time-to-event endpoint. In this case, group differences are usually expressed by the hazard ratio. Group differences are commonly assessed by the logrank test, which is optimal under the proportional hazard assumption. However, there are many situations in which this assumption is violated. Especially in applications were a full population and several subgroups or a composite time-to-first-event endpoint and several components are considered, the proportional hazard assumption usually does not simultaneously hold true for all test problems under investigation. As an alternative effect measure, Kalbfleisch and Prentice proposed the so-called ‘average hazard ratio’. The average hazard ratio is based on a flexible weighting function to modify the influence of time and has a meaningful interpretation even in the case of non-proportional hazards. Despite this favorable property, it is hardly ever used in practice, whereas the standard hazard ratio is commonly reported in clinical trials regardless of whether the proportional hazard assumption holds true or not. Objectives: There exist two main approaches to construct corresponding estimators and tests for the average hazard ratio where the first relies on weighted Cox regression and the second on a simple plug-in estimator. The aim of this work is to give a systematic comparison of these two approaches and the standard logrank test for different time-toevent settings with proportional and nonproportional hazards and to illustrate the pros and cons in application. Methods: We conduct a systematic comparative study based on Monte-Carlo simulations and by a real clinical trial example. Results: Our results suggest that the properties of the average hazard ratio depend on the underlying weighting function. The two approaches to construct estimators and related tests show very similar performance for adequately chosen weights. In general, the average hazard ratio defines a more valid effect measure than the standard hazard ratio under non-proportional hazards and the corresponding tests provide a power advantage over the common logrank test. Conclusions: As non-proportional hazards are often met in clinical practice and the average hazard ratio tests often outperform the common logrank test, this approach should be used more routinely in applications.
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Gerasimov, S. V. "Dynamics of Event Processes in the Information Society: Social Functions of Fake and Hype." Discourse 7, no. 6 (December 21, 2021): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2021-7-6-62-73.
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Introduction. The article examines the phenomenon of fake, the factors of its occurrence, development and destruction. Despite the fact that the concept of fake has become popular and has acquired a large number of definitions, the discussion around the definition of this concept continues to the present. Fake and hype, each separately, becomes the subject of research and there is already a detailed classification of them. Fake, like hype, is usually understood as negative, misleading and distracting phenomena. Meanwhile, they represent a phenomenon of stable interaction. A fake can trigger a hype wave and a subsequent series of events. At the same time, the tangible discomfort of this phenomenon is especially emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the need to consider these phenomena as positive processes, to show their role and functions from a new, positive point of view. The purpose of the article is to describe the hidden social functions of the phenomenon of fake and hype, their mutual inclusion, their positive role in the processes of the formation of social reality.Methodology and sources. The source of the research was the discussion on fakes and presented in the collective monograph “Fakes: Communication, Meanings, Responsibility” edited by G.L. Tulchinsky. In the article, to create dynamic models of events, the theory of latent oscillations and stability of control systems were used, N.V. Kuznetsova and the classical theory of oscillatory and wave processes in the interpretation of N.V. Karlov, N.A. Kirichenko.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, an important connection between fake and hype was traced. A fake triggers a reaction in the form of a hype, which in turn gives competitive advantages to all participants in the process: persons, social and subcultural groups, institutions, states and their unions. In addition to the negative impact of a fake on a person and social reality, there are many cases when a fake is a necessary phenomenon in social and cultural processes. In the conditions of traditionally high competition in the processes of achieving each subsequent step of the social and career ladder, fake is one of the necessary elements for achieving competitive superiority. Hype, like fake, can act not only as an annoying and negative factor, but also as a necessary element in the balanced development of society and public communication space. Using a fake as a triggering event to generate a hype wave can be used to construct social reality. Modeling the dynamics of event processes allows you to create a communication environment with pre-built properties, use special events as an effective tool for managing socio-cultural processes.Conclusion. Fake and the hype generated by it are a necessary element of the evolutionary development of social reality and culture, therefore, consideration of the positive consequences of these phenomena is so necessary for a full description of the socio-cultural processes generated by them, a balanced study of the processes of the formation of social reality.
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Politov, Andrey V., and Vladimir N. Zheleznyak. "On the Question of Author and Hero in M.M. Bakhtin’s Philosophical Anthropology of the Early Period." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences 22, no. 5 (December 15, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v219.
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This article is an ontological and existential interpretation of Mikhail Bakhtin’s early works (Art and Answerability; Toward a Philosophy of the Act; Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity), containing a deep philosophical-anthropological and innovative, in historical and philosophical terms, dialectic of author and hero. The study suggests that during his years in Nevel and Vitebsk Bakhtin strove for an ontological and ethical deepening of the aesthetics of verbal creativity, asserting (in the ontological plane) the being of the hero and, accordingly, the ontological status of the author and the literary work. Unlike with being (an objectively outside position), it is possible to argue with the “author” (a subjectively involved position); the existing (genuine) author is present in the literary work in the form of events that are transgredient (out-of-reach) to the hero’s consciousness. While a hero’s life unfolds as a sequence of actions, the real author is hidden in the hero’s fate (in fact, his own fate) and must be responsible for him. In order to embrace his life in a holistic event, an individual needs to “disappear” as a psychological subject in the practical procedure of ontological conversion of consciousness and relate himself to the moments of his life that are transgredient to his personality. The sum of such moments can be called human destiny. In order to be a full-ledged, real author for the hero, the “subject” must become an author for himself (regardless of whether he is going to become an artist or not). As a result, an objective ontological and existential situation arises, in which the hero and the author undergo an ontological and aesthetic conversion (neutralization of bad subjectivity).
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Kunkel, Kenneth E., Michael A. Palecki, Kenneth G. Hubbard, David A. Robinson, Kelly T. Redmond, and David R. Easterling. "Trend Identification in Twentieth-Century U.S. Snowfall: The Challenges." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2017.1.
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Abstract There is an increasing interest in examining long-term trends in measures of snow climatology. An examination of the U.S. daily snowfall records for 1900–2004 revealed numerous apparent inconsistencies. For example, long-term snowfall trends among neighboring lake-effect stations differ greatly from insignificant to +100% century−1. Internal inconsistencies in the snow records, such as a lack of upward trends in maximum seasonal snow depth at stations with large upward trends in snowfall, point to inhomogeneities. Nationwide, the frequency of daily observations with a 10:1 snowfall-to-liquid-equivalent ratio declined from 30% in the 1930s to a current value of around 10%, a change that is clearly due to observational practice. There then must be biases in cold-season liquid-equivalent precipitation, or snowfall, or both. An empirical adjustment of snow-event, liquid-equivalent precipitation indicates that the potential biases can be statistically significant. Examples from this study show that there are nonclimatic issues that complicate the identification of and significantly change the trends in snow variables. Thus, great care should be taken in interpretation of time series of snow-related variables from the Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) network. Furthermore, full documentation of optional practices should be required of network observers so that future users of these data can properly account for such practices.
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Zulfa N, Eva. "Pengupahan Berkeadi lan Menurut Hukum Islam, Kajian terhadap UMP Jakarta." JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 5, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/idi.v5i2.11752.
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The disertation is to prove that there was a wrong government policy of establishing the Provincial Minimum Wage reffering to the living cost for single. Because of such reason, the wage paid to labour is always insufficient to meet the living cost for labour and his family. The minimum wage should cover the operational cost of labour, so they can work fully during one month. The data of the minimum wage applied in in Pulau Gadung Estate, Jakarta (JIEP) showed that the wage paid to workers were only able to survive. If the policy is continued to be kept, the labour can not improve their living quality, and event the labour will be poor forever.This disertation is an alternative solution to overcome low wage happened in Indonesia. The system found will result the optimalization of labour income as their right must be gained from the company, and further effect to the company, the company will gain more profit, and event the company will develop its business optimally. Wage labour system will combine shirkah-inanwaal-ijarah so it will have a form of sharing any profit among labour, management power and stake holder. Besides, the labour will get wage proper basic wages including basic salary and benefit.The disertation refuses the views: firstly, employers and the Indonesia government bureaucracy have created the labour as a part of production, effientcy and attractor for investation with low wages. Secondly, Jack Stiber says that workers are human resource belong to companies like other resources such as machine, material, money and method. As a result, workers must be ready for ending their works anytime. For management, the workers can be conside, as things like other sources. This ways resulted outsourcing method of employing labour. Thirdly, a view of Abdurahman al-Maliki, said that the policy of wage is based on estimation of experts in manpower market stock exchange.This dissertation has supported related to the Naqvi’s opinion about the distribution of income should be separated from the concentration of the economic power dominated by certain people, but the economic power must orientate to maximize the total welfare. The dissertation also improve the opinion of Joseph Qardawi starting that wages of labour is given on basis of value of his work and it is not just enough to eat and drink as a replacement for the lost power, but the wage must also consider the workers’ participation as a profit generator. Mustajir must pay full wages ajir event though the workers are willing to accept under proper wage. According to the opinion of Banisadr, Islam rejects all concepts related to the application where the human beings or some of the people receive and get a bigger wage than the others who out of their responsibility. Abdul Jalil combine the wage system between the principal wage with the incentive (gainsharing) with the term combination called as shirkah inanwa al-ijarah which is still normative. Thus, the three opinions above cannot be applied in the waging system in increasingly complex companies.This dissertation is a case study observing labour wage system in Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung in view of business men, labour and goverment. The primary data was randomly gained through quesionares and deep interview comparing with constitution nomor 13, 2003 and Islamic wage concept. The Interpretation of Islamic wage concept uses fenomenology method which is a research method that mixed a subjective interpretation in observation object. The involvement of researcher in the field observing the object becomes standard pattern.
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Kapustnyk, Volovymyr. "Directions of improvement of legal regulation of carrying out by the National Police units of operational-search measure «Getting acquainted with financial and economic activity of enterprises»." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-1-210-215.
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The article is devoted to the definition of directions of improvement of legal regulation of carrying out operative-search measure "familiarization with financial and economic activity of enterprises" by units of the National police. It is established that today there is a lack of thorough research on the directions of improving the legal grounds for conducting an operative-search event "familiarization with the financial and economic activity of enterprises" by units of the National Police. It is established that familiarization with the financial and economic activity of enterprises is one of the main and effective mechanisms for obtaining and verifying primary information about abuse in the economic and official sphere, which is used by many law enforcement and controlling bodies of the state. However, to date, the said operative-search measure cannot be used to the full extent by the units of the National Police, since the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Operational-Investigative Activity” contain separate legislative conflicts and contradictions. It is proved that the interpretation of the existing rule governing the introduction of financial and economic activity of enterprises leads to legal conflict, since it is not clear how the said measure will be carried out for suspected of committing a crime, since in this case criminal proceedings should already be opened, and after its opening, the search operations are terminated. It is established that today the legislator has sufficiently enshrined the issue of familiarization with the financial and economic activity of enterprises, however, in the normative legal acts, insufficient attention is paid to the interpretation of the law regarding familiarization with the financial and economic activity of enterprises. It has been proposed to adopt the Instruction on the Organization and Conduct of Familiarity with Financial and Economic Activities of Enterprises, as well as to introduce responsibility for non-compliance with the legal requirements of officials of the National Police of Ukraine.