Academic literature on the topic 'Full event interpretation'

The current study investigated non-culminating accomplishments through an experimental lens. We used a well-established paradigm for studying real-time language processing using eye-tracking, the visual world paradigm. Our study was modeled after Altmann and Kamide’s (2007) investigation of processing of aspectual information contained in a perfect verb form (e.g., has eaten). We compared English-speaking adults’ interpretations of sentences like ‘The girl has eaten a cookie’ and ‘The girl was eating a cookie’ in the context of one of two visual scenes. In the Full Completion condition, the scene depicted two referents that were compatible with the predicate: one was compatible with the expected end state of the event (e.g., an empty plate), the other with an unrealized version of the event (e.g., an uneaten cookie). In the Partial Completion condition, the scene depicted a referent that was compatible with a partially-completed version of the event (e.g., part of a cookie on a plate) and an unrealized interpretation (e.g., an uneaten cookie). For verb forms in the perfect (e.g., has eaten) but not in the progressive, we found a difference between conditions; listeners preferred to look at the fully-affected referent in the Full Completion condition as compared to the partially-affected referent in the Partial Completion condition. We take the results as suggestive in favor of a pragmatic rather than semantic account of non-culmination interpretations in English.

I argue that Blackfoot’s method of marking repetition, mattsista’- consists of two morphemes, matt- and ista’-. While both encode an additional event, matt-’s event is restricted only to being a focus alternative to the asserted event, leaving predicate identity and temporal precedence to be encoded by ista’-. I propose that ista’-’s event variable requires a linguistically encoded antecedent which matt-’s event acts as, deriving the fact that mattsista’- has a focus-sensitive interpretation.

I argue that Blackfoot’s method of marking repetition, mattsista’- consists of two morphemes, matt- and ista’-. While both encode an additional event, matt-’s event is restricted only to being a focus alternative to the asserted event, leaving predicate identity and temporal precedence to be encoded by ista’-. I propose that ista’-’s event variable requires a linguistically encoded antecedent which matt-’s event acts as, deriving the fact that mattsista’- has a focus-sensitive interpretation.

Abstract In the last ten years, more researchers and practitioners have turned their attention to community interpreting. Issues of similarities and differences with other forms of interpreting, as well as recognition and prestige, have arisen. It is often the case that the standards of conference interpreting are blindly transferred to other forms of interpreting both for measurement and educational purposes. This blind transfer does not allow a full understanding of the complexities involved in community interpreting. Hymes' taxonomy of speaking is used to compare and analyze two interpreting events, one occurring in a community setting and the other in a conference one. The analysis suggests that there are more differences than similarities between the two settings. The differences point to a complex form of social interaction which needs attention in its own right.

Locating microearthquake events below complex heterogeneous overburden requires robust location methodologies that can honor multipathing in the seismic wavefield. We have developed two full-waveform event location methods that form a complementary solution for locating earthquakes and simultaneously deriving focal mechanisms via moment tensor inversion. The methods are based on the application of 3D elastic wavefield modeling, which is used to generate waveforms and extract wavefield attributes, for comparison to the observed field data. Events are located and focal mechanisms are derived via a multiparameter inversion, which minimizes the differences between synthetic and observed data. The results have been applied to the induced seismicity observed within the giant Groningen gas field, onshore Netherlands, where recorded earthquakes are triggered by stress changes, induced in the reservoir through pressure depletion. Locating events below the field is compounded by the presence of strong guided waves, which are trapped in the lower velocity reservoir interval. This complex multivalued wavefield is problematic for traditional event location methods, which assume a single traveltime arrival. We overcome this limitation by using all event arrivals in a wave-based solution to improve the accuracy of locating earthquakes and overcome the ambiguity of solving for location and the focal mechanism simultaneously. The event location methods have been applied to shallow and deep monitoring networks, and 150 events have been located with high accuracy. The interpretation of the earthquake activity indicates that the events studied originate from the movement of larger graben bounding faults, which are oriented in a north-northwest–south-southeast direction.

SummaryBackground: Individual case review of spontaneous adverse event (AE) reports remains a cornerstone of medical product safety surveil-lance for industry and regulators. Previously we developed the Vaccine Adverse Event Text Miner (VaeTM) to offer automated information extraction and potentially accelerate the evaluation of large volumes of unstructured data and facilitate signal detection.Objective: To assess how the information extraction performed by VaeTM impacts the accuracy of a medical expert’s review of the vaccine adverse event report.Methods: The “outcome of interest” (diagnosis, cause of death, second level diagnosis), “onset time,” and “alternative explanations” (drug, medical and family history) for the adverse event were extracted from 1000 reports from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) using the VaeTM system. We compared the human interpretation, by medical experts, of the VaeTM extracted data with their interpretation of the traditional full text reports for these three variables. Two experienced clinicians alternately reviewed text miner output and full text. A third clinician scored the match rate using a predefined algorithm; the proportion of matches and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Review time per report was analyzed.Results: Proportion of matches between the interpretation of the VaeTM extracted data, compared to the interpretation of the full text: 93% for outcome of interest (95% CI: 91– 94%) and 78% for alternative explanation (95% CI: 75 – 81%). Extracted data on the time to onset was used in 14% of cases and was a match in 54% (95% CI: 46 – 63%) of those cases. When supported by structured time data from reports, the match for time to onset was 79% (95% CI: 76 – 81%). The extracted text averaged 136 (74%) fewer words, resulting in a mean reduction in review time of 50 (58%) seconds per report.Conclusion: Despite a 74% reduction in words, the clinical conclusion from VaeTM extracted data agreed with the full text in 93% and 78% of reports for the outcome of interest and alternative explanation, respec -tively. The limited amount of extracted time interval data indicates the need for further development of this feature. VaeTM may improve review efficiency, but further study is needed to determine if this level of agreement is sufficient for routine use.

The divergence of windowing systems among modern Linux distributions and OSX is making the current mode of event display operations difficult to maintain. In order to continue to support the CMS experiment event display, Fireworks, we need to explore other options beyond the current distribution model of centrally built tarballs. C++-server web-client event display is a promising direction that can maintain the full functionality of Fireworks, including operation from the full experiment framework. In addition, it brings new features like multi-user debugging and the possibility to implement more elaborate visualization of non-event data through remote access to independent services. We have been exploring mainly in the direction of Fireworks-based C++ server and thin web-client user interface as it allows for a large degree of reuse of existing algorithms as well as for full access to CMS data formats and accompanying functions that are crucial for the correct physics interpretation of event data. This paper presents the basic architecture of the system, discusses the communication protocol between server and client, and shows existing prototypes that demonstrate the feasibility of advanced event display features.

This paper proposes that Thai lɛ́ɛw displays both aspect and tense properties. It expresses not only the internal composition of an event (event transition: event → EVENT), but also the temporal relation between the topic time (TT) and the time of situation (T-SIT). That is to say, the temporal relation between TT and T-SIT imparts a full interpretation to the meaning of lɛ́ɛw. The interaction between T-SIT and TT allows various possible aspectual interpretations such as inchoative, completive, perfective, and perfect. Cet article propose une nouvelle analyse du marqueur lɛɛ́w en thai. Nous montrons que lɛɛ́w possède des propriétés aspectuelles et temporelles. Ce marqueur indique à la fois la composition interne d’un événement (une transition entre deux événements: event → EVENT) et la relation temporelle entre le temps de l’assertion (TT) et le temps de la situation (T-SIT). Autrement dit, la relation entre le TT et le T-SIT permet d'expliquer complètement le sens de lɛɛ́w. L’interaction entre le T-SIT et le TT s’ouvre à différentes interprétations possibles, y compris les aspects inchoatif, complétif, perfectif et parfait.

The application of full-waveform inversion (FWI) to bring high resolution to the velocity model is becoming a standard approach in the velocity model-building workflow. Diving wave FWI in conjunction with reflection FWI (RFWI) has been widely used in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to optimize the suprasalt model. Accuracy of a velocity model from tomography is dependent on residual moveout (RMO) picking accuracy. In a good signal-to-noise ratio area, the confidence of RMO picking is high. But gathers in areas affected by gas exhibit poor event continuity, which makes it difficult to get accurate RMO picks. In such a geologic regime, FWI can improve the velocity model and therefore the final image quality. There are two main components of a velocity model from the GOM area: the first is the sediment, and the second is salt geometry. In the beginning of the model-building cycle, it is most likely that salt geometry is not accurately defined. This inaccuracy leads to a big mismatch between synthetic and observed data for both diving wave FWI and RFWI. One way to handle this situation is to start with the salt model and iteratively adjust the salt interpretation as FWI model building progresses from lower to higher frequencies. Another approach could be eliminating the salt-related energy from the input and then using the sediment-only model for FWI. We are proposing a desalt approach in which we try to eliminate or reduce the salt-related energy from the input data and then use a sediment-only velocity model as a starting model for the entire suprasalt FWI workflow. We will present a case study in which, by adapting the desalt workflow, we could manage to do more FWI iterations by eliminating salt interpretation.

The verb “pounce” describes a single, near-instantaneous event. Yet, we easily understand that, “For several minutes the cat pounced…” describes a situation in which multiple pounces occurred, although this interpretation is not overtly specified by the sentence's syntactic structure or by any of its individual words—a phenomenon known as “aspectual coercion.” Previous psycholinguistic studies have reported processing costs in association with aspectual coercion, but the neurocognitive mechanisms giving rise to these costs remain contentious. Additionally, there is some controversy about whether readers commit to a full interpretation of the event when the aspectual information becomes available, or whether they leave it temporarily underspecified until later in the sentence. Using ERPs, we addressed these questions in a design that fully crossed context type (punctive, durative, frequentative) with verb type (punctive, durative). We found a late, sustained negativity to punctive verbs in durative contexts, but not in frequentative (e.g., explicitly iterative) contexts. This effect was distinct from the N400 in both its time course and scalp distribution, suggesting that it reflected a different underlying neurocognitive mechanism. We also found that ERPs to durative verbs were unaffected by context type. Together, our results provide strong evidence that neural activity associated with aspectual coercion is driven by the engagement of a morphosyntactically unrealized semantic operator rather than by violations of real-world knowledge, more general shifts in event representation, or event iterativity itself. More generally, our results add to a growing body of evidence that a set of late-onset sustained negativities reflect elaborative semantic processing that goes beyond simply combining the meaning of individual words with syntactic structure to arrive at a final representation of meaning.

Theory and experiment both have key roles to play in our understanding of the Universe. In flavour physics, semileptonic and leptonic decays of B mesons let us access CKM matrix elements, and anomalies in these decay processes offer tantalising hints of new physics. New measurements of these processes with improved statistical and systematic errors are expected over the coming years using data from the Belle II experiment. New lattice calculations (with a greater understanding of QCD effects in the Standard Model) will be needed to support this increase in experimental precision. Precise measurement of rare processes with unreconstructed energy from neutrinos such as B→D(*)τν and B→τν requires the entire BB‾ event to be constrained. This is achieved via reconstruction of the companion B meson in the decay, the so-called tag B. In this work, we describe Belle II's reconstruction process for the tag B, and prepare the skimming to collect data for analysts ahead of Belle II data production. Measurements of B→τν can be used to resolve the anomaly between inclusive and exclusive measurements of CKM matrix elements, if a suffciently precise value of fB is available from the lattice QCD community. As fB is often calculated on the lattice via the ratio fBs/fB, it is important to understand and control SU(3) breaking effects in the light and strange quarks, and study how these affect extrapolations of fBs/fB. In this work, we compute fB and fBs using a set of gauge field configurations that break SU(3) flavour in a controlled way, keeping the average of the lighter quark masses held fixed at the physical value.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2020

The Art of Building has captured the interest of artists from the Roman period to today. The process of construction appears in western art in all its details, trades, and operations. Michael Tutton investigates the representation of building processes and materials through an examination of paintings, illuminated manuscripts, watercolours, prints, drawings and sculpture. Technical terms are explained and detailed interpretations of each work are provided, with insights into the artists' inspiration and themes. Even paintings not wholly or principally devoted to construction sites may give tantalising glimpses of building activity. How do these images convey meaning? How much is imagined; how much is authentic? Fully referenced endnotes, bibliography, and glossary complement the text and captions, informing not only the architectural and construction historian, but also those simply interested in art.

The storm came on the night of 31 October. It was a full moon, and the tides were at their peak; the great rivers of eastern Bengal were flowing high and fast to the sea. In the early hours the inhabitants of the coast and islands were overtaken by an immense wave from the Bay of Bengal — a wall of water that reached a height of 40 feet in some places. The wave swept away everything in its path, drowning around 215,000 people. At least another 100,000 died in the cholera epidemic and famine that followed. It was the worst calamity of its kind in recorded history. Such events are often described as "natural disasters." This book turns that interpretation on its head, showing that the cyclone of 1876 was not simply a "natural" event, but one shaped by all-too-human patterns of exploitation and inequality — by divisions within Bengali society, and the enormous disparities of political and economic power that characterized British rule on the subcontinent. With Bangladesh facing rising sea levels and stronger, more frequent storms, there is every reason now to revisit this terrible calamity.

In recognition of the role that false confessions play in wrongful convictions, it is recommended that criminal interrogations be video recorded from beginning to end to document the process by which suspects decide to confess. With a full video recording, it is assumed that jurors can see for themselves whether the defendant was coerced to confess to a crime he or she did not commit. Yet research suggests that video recording may in fact induce bias in interpretations of coercion and confession reliability, as factors like camera angles and close-ups can make confession evidence too vivid and persuasive. Without proper interpretation, even seemingly neutral recordings may unduly influence jurors’ decisions about confessions. This chapter reviews the literature on the usefulness of video-recorded interrogations in assisting jury decision-making, as well as the potential for procedural safeguards (e.g., expert testimony) to improve jurors’ understanding of the issues at hand.

The view put forward in this chapter about slur terms is that their interpretations require expansive, open-ended engagement with an utterance and its linguistic meaning, through a host of distinctive kinds of reasoning. This reasoning may include inferences about the speaker’s psychology and her intentions—in light of the full social and historical context—but it may involve approaching the utterance through strategies for imaginative elaboration and emotional attunement, as required, for example, for metaphor, poetic diction, irony, sarcasm, and humor. In the face of their heterogeneity and open-endedness, these interpretive strategies are most perspicuously elucidated through critical attention to the psychological, social, historical, and even artistic considerations at play in specific cases. Thus, in contrast to the common practice in philosophy and linguistics, this chapter will not offer a general account of the interpretation of slur terms. It puts forward that there can be no such thing.

This chapter argues that current strands of the theories on international, supranational, and transnational law are on the road to leaving the dichotomy of universalism and particularism. It maintains against the trend that this dichotomy should be upheld. While some innovative conceptions look forwards to post-dichotomous rearrangements of domestic and international order, many other authors are still to be located within the traditional categories. Even if theories overcome the dichotomy of universalism and particularism, this does not imply that these categories fully belong to the past. On the contrary, they are still instruments for the understanding of the contrasting interpretations of domestic and international order. As normative concepts, the concepts of universalism and particularism help to shape preferences as regards the extension of order and the sources of its legitimacy, enabling to substantiate options by a well-founded interpretation of the old and new scholarship.

If there is a line between semantics and pragmatics, where is it drawn? In this essay I propose that appreciating a sentence is subject to two sets of processes: linguistic (viz., syntactic, semantic) driving the composition of shallow propositions, and unbounded pragmatic (viz., thinking). In section 1, I discuss some guiding assumptions on cognitive architecture, which constrain the nature of linguistic and cognitive representations and processes—and by implication, the conception of the semantics/pragmatics divide I have to offer. The phenomena I examine in section 2, relying on linguistic arguments and experimental evidence, suggest that for certain constructions there is an early “literal” process of interpretation followed by a period of uncertainty, indicating that the early linguistic computations produce a “shallow” semantic representation, not a fully enriched one. The cases I discuss, culminating in metaphors and so-called indeterminate sentences, challenge the prowess of linguistic computations for resolving—even suggesting—interpretations.

After a brief discussion of the anthropological model that has transformed lyric scholarship in recent decades (highlighting both achievements and areas that have received little attention), two meanings of ‘Textual Events’ are set out. The first relates to pragmatics: lyric texts create their own settings, which variously interact with the actual circumstances of the performance. The second gestures to the concept of ‘event’ in contemporary philosophy: lyric creates unique interpretative, sensory, and emotive encounters with each listener and reader. A case is made for applying the term ‘literary’ to Greek lyric, despite (and because of) its anachronism. The remainder of the Introduction develops the notion of context (to encompass intellectual context), discussing continuities and discontinuities with context in book lyric; sets out ‘lyric moves’ (micro-traditions within the genre); and discusses aspects of performance not fully captured by the anthropological paradigm.

The formal organization of court systems and jurisdictional rules established by legislatures often determine which litigants will have their cases reviewed by an appellate court. While some procedural obstacles are straightforward in their application, others require judicial interpretation with research findings suggesting that judges’ policy goals are related to decision-making on threshold issues. Even if there are no jurisdictional constraints, some losing litigants weigh the costs and benefits of pursuing an appeal. Still, filing an appeal does not guarantee full consideration of the issues raised by an appellant. Caseload pressures have contributed to screening procedures that result in only a minority of cases being closely scrutinized by an appellate panel. This chapter examines research on this winnowing process that characterizes litigant access to intermediate appellate courts.

AbstractThe main consequence of Sentenza 238/2014 is that Germany has been denied jurisdictional immunities before Italian courts. However, the inflexible conception of the right of access to courts adopted by the Corte Costituzionale gives rise to a number of questions that go well beyond the issue at stake in Judgment 238/2014. First, there is the issue of whether the right of access to justice should also prevail over the international customary rule on immunity from execution. Secondly, one may ask whether the need to protect the right provided by Article 24 of the Italian Constitution could trump the criteria established by Italian law for exercising civil jurisdiction in order to allow access to justice in respect to all international crimes, even those committed outside Italian territory and involving individuals having no link to Italy. Finally, there is the question of whether a sacrifice of the right of access to justice would be justified if alternative, non-judicial means of redress were available to the victims; in particular, whether an alternative means of redress should in any case ensure to each and every individual victim full compensation or whether instead, in light of the specific circumstances of the case—the fact that the crimes occurred in the course of an international armed conflict affecting hundreds of thousands of victims—such alternative means could provide only symbolic compensation based on a lump sum settlement. This chapter aims at exploring these and possibly other issues arising in connection to the broad interpretation of the principle of access to justice given by the Corte Costituzionale.

In March 1979 a conference at UNISA focused on ‘The Meaning of History’. Although these were not as such times of transition, they were deeply troubled times of struggle and conflict. The interpretation of history was also a site of struggle – and believers and theologians were all part of these very real struggles. A group of right-wing activists from the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging led by Eugene Terreblanche entered the Senate Hall in full battle dress, and attacked, tarred and feathered the respected historian F.A. van Jaarsveld on stage, in front of the shocked scholarly audience, before his lecture on diverse interpretations of the event at Blood River in 1838. This became the earliest incident for which an amnesty application before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was received. On 10 May 1999 Eugene Terreblanche defended their conduct by arguing that it was motivated by their religious convictions, their interpretation of the acts in history of ‘our God, the Holy Trinity, and the God of Blood River, who brought, who gave us the victory at Blood River’. In detail, he described the events at Blood River, interpreting all these details in the light of the conviction that ‘it was God, it was not a myth’. Asking for amnesty, he refused any apology:

In this chapter we examine nature, ecology and ecological impacts, as distinct from the impacts of events and tourism on the built or human environment. This brings sustainability to the fore, and that is a term that has to be examined carefully with reference to the ‘greening’ of events, different interpretations of the meaning of sustainability, and how this influences evaluation and impact assessment. It is also very useful to examine environmental impacts ON events, as opposed to the impacts OF events. This involves an illustration of the event settings spectrum that identifies important variables related to the differences between indoor events and those situated in natural environments. The subjects and objects of ecological impact assessment for events and tourism are examined in detail, presenting goals, methods and indicators that can be applied to the full range of ‘subjects’ – individuals and families or the entire nation. The process of EIA follows the generic IA process model, with a number of special considerations. Methods include the Leopold Matrix, Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response model, and carbon and ecological footprint analysis.

Japanese law is primarily based on statutory law. There are general codes such as the Civil Code and the Criminal Codes and a number of statutes. Case law also plays a significant role. Courts may ‘create a contract’ on behalf of the parties, and even modify statutes by way of interpretation. Japan has a system of full judicial review.

The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of the parable’s genre form in the Temporary by Ivan Timofeev. Among the full-text “parables- narrations” in the text we can distinguish parables-stories, parables-reflections, parables-instructions. The parables-stories (The Parable of the Tsar’s Roman Son ... and two parables about the widowhood of the Muscovy) are distinguished by a developed plot and represent vital examples told in order to edify and clarify the author’s attitude to historical events and persons. All parables have a two- part structure. The first part is a plot, the second is an interpretation. The technique of abstraction is appeared in the absence of a portrait and nature in many of the characters and in the absence of the historical and geographical realities. At the same time, didacticism is skillfully combined with amusement. For example, in The Parable of the Tsar’s Roman Son... the plot is entertaining with an element of the miraculous, there are elements atypical for the “classical” genre form: various kinds of the motivation for the characters’ actions, as well as a conventional portrait. The second part in the parables-stories is an interpretation that doesn’t contain a detailed disclosure of the allegory, and a prayer to the Lord, returning to the events of the Time of Troubles. An intermediate position between “parables-narrations” and “parables-maxims” is occupied by the parable of two friends. Being an example from life in content, it is close in form to apothegms. The interpretation of the plot situation is not singled out in a parable-reflection in a separate part, it is organically woven into the plot, drawing in the potential possibility of the events development. The plot of the parable about simple natural affairs reminds the instruction of how a person should act when he wants to travel to some city or another country. A laconic interpretation testifies to the fact that the parable-instruction about the completion of the path is applicable, according to Timofeev, to the creative process of writing a historical essay. In general, the parables scattered in many fragments of the text, given in full or only indicated, are a kind of companions that help not only create an extensive historical work, but also comprehend the unusual events of the Time of Troubles.

The Americanization movement in the early twentieth century tried to redefine the qualifications for full membership within the nation. In the same period, the anti-Asian movement flourished. Responding actively to the discourses of anti-Japanese (and Asian) movements, Japanese immigrants tried to prove their eligibility for full membership in the U.S. nation by following their own interpretation of Americanization, or Beika (米化‎) in Japanese. The ideas of Beika were based on idealized Japanese virtues, as well as on what was required by the Americanization movement. Even though they used the parallel terms in ideas of Beika, however, the gender discourses such as virtues of Yamatonadeshiko and the definition of family highlighted the difference between the views of Americanization and those of Beika despite their similar intention. This gap in perception might have reinforced the racialized and gendered stereotypes on both sides and hindered mutual understanding before World War II.

Tracing the roots of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict is a daunting task as nationalist narratives have obscured real historical origins. This book has sought to offer a new interpretation of the first years of the conflict and presents a new context in which to understand it by going back to the late Ottoman era. This starting point is crucial to understanding how the conflict later developed into a full-fledged clash between two national movements during the British Mandate and the subsequent 1947–8 war. This book has clearly shown that the Jewish population in Ottoman Palestine was able to become a dominant force even before the Balfour Declaration, something that was accomplished within the Ottoman system....

Although Genesis 2-3 looms large in Christian anthropology, it was probably composed only in the Persian Period and did not seem to have much cultural impact until the Hellenistic Period. It sees full human agency, including moral agency, as something of an accident in creation, albeit an inevitable accident. In the context of Genesis 1-11 human agency is judged to be fatally flawed, with the problem not solved by the flood. This perception, so at odds with earlier Israelite notions of moral agency, was resisted through creative ways of interpreting Gen 2-3 in Sirach and other texts, which wished to argue that God granted humans “knowledge of good and evil.” Thus even in early Jewish tradition, arguments about moral agency engaged Gen 2-3, though in ways that drew strikingly different conclusions about its significance.

A view of the nature of Jesus Christ that rises to the level of full Christian orthodoxy, as expressed in such creeds and definitions as the Apostles’ Creed, and the statements of Nicea, and Chalcedon, cannot be responsibly derived from the New Testament if the constraints of modern historical criticism are obeyed. But robust and faithful views of the nature of Christ may be read from the New Testament, and even from the Old Testament, when the text is interpreted via lenses of creative, Christian interpretation, led by the holy spirit, and interpreted with the guidance of love. Moreover, though constructions of “the historical Jesus” may be used for theological reflection, the Jesus of Christian faith is the Christ of Christian creed and confessions, not the Jesus of modern historical research and construction.

The paper adresses parallels between tense, aspect and modality marking in Russian embedded clauses. It is widely known that tense forms of embedded verbs can be interpreted relatively or absolutely, and in some cases, the relative and absolute use seem to be in free variation. It turns out that the interpretation of modality and aspect can be described along the same lines and classified into the relative and absolute uses. For instance, subjunctive mood—one of the main instruments of irreality marking—can be interpreted as less real than the main event (relative interpretation) or less real than the moment of speech (and to the same degree as the main event; absolute interpretation). Similarly, aspect forms, depending on their interpretation, can describe the structure of the situation compared to the speech act or to the main event. I show that the parallelism between the three categories is not full: for instance, relative modality is mainly observed in triclausal constructions. Modality interpretation is sensitive to the opposition of clausal adjuncts vs. relative clauses. For the aspect interpretation, the contrast between finite forms and infinitive is relevant: infinitive allows for relative use of perfective aspect use much easier than finite forms. Finally, interpretations of the three categories are related to each other. For example, in complement clauses, the relative interpretation is perfectly acceptable for all the three categories.

Abstract Ascertaining the characteristics of fracture system at different scales integratedly is very important for performing efficient exploration and development activities of specific shale gas reservoirs. In this paper, an area around 250 square kilometers in Changning Block of Sichuan Basin is taken as an example, which belongs to Chinese Shale Gas Development Demonstration Plot. Seismic structural interpretation was performed detailedly based on original seismic amplitude cube and derived edge-detection cubes, and then the technologies of finite element horizon flattening, orthogonal decomposition principal component analysis, seismic discontinuity patch auto-extraction and paleo-stress field inversion were applied, together with the existing regional geological understanding and fracture information in wells, to figure out the staging and grouping of fracture system at seismic scale (i.e., at large and middle scales), at the same time to clarify the regional tectonic evolution and its genetic relationship with fractures at different scales such as the ones revealed by seismic data and cores or image logs. The following conclusions were reached. (a) The tectonic movements affecting the development of fracture system in study interval mainly happened during Yanshanian-Himalayan periods, i.e., 3 compressional tectonic episodes which were nearly in S-N direction in Late Yanshanian period, in NNE-SSW direction in Early Himalayan period, and in NWW-SEE direction in Middle Himalayan period respectively. (b) The Late Yanshanian tectonic event primarily formed long-axis anticlines and synclines, thrust faults and fault-related fractures, all of which were nearly in E-W trending, and fold-related fractures in different directions. (c) The Early Himalayan tectonic event mainly formed genetically related conjugate fracture sets including strike-slip faults and shear fractures both in NNW and NE directions, and transverse extensional fractures. (d) The Middle Himalayan tectonic event chiefly formed thrust faults, and related fractures and folds in NNE~NE direction, and transverse extensional fractures. (e) Furtherly our work demonstrated that such kind of fracture system analysis was of great significance in building discrete fracture network, providing precautionary advice for drilling engineering, and optimizing completion program and field development plan, etc. Hence, integrated fracture system analysis at full scales to reach more meaningful and robust conclusions is essential work for unconventional resources evaluation and characterization.

Pipelines transporting compressible hydrocarbons like methane or high-vapor-pressure liquids under supercritical conditions are uniquely susceptible to long-propagating failures in the event that initiation triggers this process. The unplanned release of hydrocarbons from such pipelines poses the risk for significant pollution and/or the horrific potential of explosion and a very large fire, depending on the transported product. Accordingly, the manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) developed to ensure the design requirements are met by the steel and pipe-making process is a critical element of the fracture control plan, whose broad purpose is to protect the environment and ensure public safety, and preserve the operator’s investment in the asset. This paper considers steel specification to avoid long-propagating shear failures in advanced-design larger-diameter higher-pressure pipelines made of thinner-wall higher-grade steels. Assuming that the arrest requirements can be reliably predicted it remains to specify the steel design, and ensure fracture control can be affected through the MPS and manufacturing procedure qualification testing (MPQT). While standards exist for use in MPQTs to establish that the MPS requirements have been met, very often CVN specimens remain unbroken, while DWTT specimens exhibit features that are inconsistent with the historic response and assumptions that underlie many standards. In addition, sub-width specimens are often used, whereas there is no standardized means to scale those results consistent with the full-width response required by some standards. Finally, empirical models such as the Battelle two curve model (BTCM) widely used to predict required arrest resistance have their roots in sub-width specimens, yet their outcome is widely expressed in a full-size context. This paper reviews results for sub-width specimens developed for steels in the era that the BTCM was calibrated to establish scaling rules to facilitate prediction in a full-size setting. Thereafter, issues associated with the use of sub-width specimens are reviewed and criteria are developed to scale results from such testing for use in the MPS, and MPQT, which is presented as a function of toughness. Finally, issues associated with the acceptance of data from unbroken CVN specimens are reviewed, as are known issues in the interpretation of DWTT fracture surfaces.

Abstract Objectives/Scope This paper will present predicted vs. measured wear for six wells that were analysed in the Culzean field, which is a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) gas condensate field located in the central North Sea. The focus rests on the casing wear prediction, monitoring and analysing process and within that, especially on how to make use of offset data to improve the accuracy of casing wear predictions. Methods The three major inputs to successfully predict casing wear are: Trajectory & Tortuosity, Wear Factor and required rotating operations. All those were calibrated based on field measurements (High-resolution gyro, MFCL (Multi-Finger-Caliper-Log) and automatically recorded rig mechanics data), to improve the prediction quality for the next section and/or well. The simulations were done using an advanced stiff-string model featuring a 3D mesh that distinguishes the influence of different contact type and geometry on the wear groove shape. The "single MFCL interpretation method", in which the wear is measured against the most probable elliptical casing shape and herby allowing wear interpretation with only one MFCL log and avoiding bias error, was applied. (Aichinger, 2016) Results, Observations, Conclusions For the six wells that were analysed the prediction of the largest wear peak per well section was compared to the measurement. In the planning phase (before any survey data was available) the mean error on the wear groove depth was +/− 0.025 [in] (+/− 0.6 [mm]), the maximum error was +/− 0.045 [in] (1.1 [mm]). The average error of the results is summarized in Figure 10 and laid out in detail in Figure 9. Generally, the predictions are accurate enough to be able to manage casing wear effectively. In this particular case, the maximum allowable wear on the intermediate casing was extremely limited to ensure proper well integrity in case of a well full of gas event while drilling an HTHP reservoir. Novel/Additive Information This paper should provide help to Engineers who seek to improve the accuracy of casing wear prediction and hence improve casing wear management. It presents a new way of anticipating tortuosity based on offset well data and it offers a suggestion on how to deal with MFCL measurement error during Wear Factor calibration and Wear prediction.

Abstract Westinghouse’s AP600 thermohydraulic design, with passive safety features, poses new challenges to computer simulation and analyses, the design of experimental test facilities to represent it, and to the proper interpretation of the data from these facilities. The conventional approach of modeling the reactor thermohydraulic system as a closed, steady state, natural circulation loop from which non-dimensional groups of parameters can be derived and used in the design of integral tests, is limited and can not capture the abrupt time-varying open system nature of the new design. A rigorous and systematic, eight-step methodology has been developed to scale and interpret the results from three different integral test facilities, and to relate them to the full scale plant. In this paper, the aforementioned scaling methodology is applied to the analysis of the long term cooling phase of the AP600 behavior. This long term cooling phase, which appears independent of the initiating event, is divided for its analysis into two sub-phases. A first sub-phase dominated by the draining of the large In-Containment Refueling Water Storage Tank through the primary systems, and a second sub-phase characterized by the quasi-steady recirculation of coolant through the reactor vessel and the outside of the primary system. The analysis shows that with a few verifiable assumptions one can determine the key parameters and non-dimensional groups that govern the behavior in either of these sub-phases. One then uses these parameters and non-dimensional groups to evaluate the relevancy of existing test data.

Abstract Located in remote interior South of Oman, Field X historically comprised of multi-stacked clastic reservoirs. Since its production in 1980s, production had declined significantly that the field was identified as a potential abandonment candidate. In 2020, Field X integrated team successfully discovered commercial oil accumulation in overburden, naturally fractured carbonates reservoir Y; first carbonates discovery in the area. This case study focused on how the team embarked on the challenge to accelerate production from this new reservoir. Following this success, short-term opportunities were identified whereby existing vertical well stocks were re-perforated to evacuate production from reservoir Y. Key decisions that needed to be answered for full field development concept were optimum number of wells, well type and recovery mechanism. Analogues study was done and horizontal appraisal wells were identified and drilled. Acquisition and interpretation of static (including image logs) and dynamic (including pressure transient analysis) data in reservoir Y provided somewhat fractures characterization. A model framing event was conducted to identify complexity level of dynamic modeling required to answer above key decisions. History matching and sensitivity analysis using experimental design was performed to identify the most impacting key parameters to the development. Reperforation of existing vertical well stocks and 2021 horizontal well appraisal drilling not only generated early oil, but also valuable data gathering which helped in determining uncertainties ranges. Sensitivity analysis concluded that key uncertainties to the project were fracture characterization and its distribution across the field and oil water contact. Decision-based modeling approach was carried out. This means rather than building complex 3D-discrete fracture network model, a relatively simple full-field 3D-Dual Permeability simulation was deemed sufficient to answer decisions to be made whilst honoring uncertainty ranges. This was not only efficient but also at the same time brought early insights to key uncertainties in the development and therefore the team was able to identify what additional data acquisitions are relevant for the project moving forward. Three deterministic realisations were selected from probabilistic runs, and forecast results were also benchmarked to analogous fields for realism checks. The development will be phased, with high confidence wells drilling scheduled to start in early 2023, to balance between early oil recovery (first key value driver of the project), lower UTC and maximising ultimate recovery. The total development of reservoir Y, up to 5 wells drilling campaign, was estimated to bring total resources volume double of that of NFA's (no further activities) remaining reserves. This leads to growth for Field X with attractive UTC and NPV and ultimately maximizing its value.

Abstract Conventional downhole dynamic characterization is based on data from standard production logging tool (PLT) strings. Such method is not a feasible option in long horizontal drains, deep water scenarios, subsea clusters, pump-assisted wells and in presence of asphaltenes/solids deposition, mainly due to high costs and risk of tools stuck. In this respect, intrawell chemical tracers (ICT) can represent a valid and unobtrusive monitoring alternative. This paper deals with a new production allocation interpretation model of tracer concentration behavior that can overcome the limitation of standard PLT analyses in challenging environments. ICT are installed along the well completion and are characterized by a unique oil and/or water tracer signature at each selected production interval. Tracer concentration is obtained by dedicated analyses performed for each fluid sample taken at surface during transient production. Next, tracer concentration behavior over time is interpreted, for each producing interval, by means of an ad-hoc one-dimensional partial differential equation model with proper initial and boundary conditions, which describes tracer dispersion and advection profiles in such transient conditions. The full time-dependent analytical solutions are then utilized to obtain the final production allocation. The methodology has been developed and validated using data from a dozen of tracer campaigns. The approach is here presented through a selected case study, where a parallel acquisition of standard PLT and ICT data has been carried out in an offshore well. The aim was to understand if ICT could be used in substitution of the more impacting PLT for the future development wells in the field. At target, the well completion consists of a perforated production liner with tubing. The latter, which is slotted in front of the perforations, includes oil and water tracer systems. The straightforward PLT interpretation shows a clear dynamic well behavior with an oil production profile in line with the expectations from petrophysical information. Then, after a short shut-in period, the ICT-based production allocation has been performed in transient conditions with a very good match with the available outcomes from PLT: in fact, the maximum observed difference in the relative production rates is 5%. In addition, the full analytical solution of the ICT model has been fundamental to completely characterize some complex tracer concentration behaviors over time, corresponding to non-simultaneous activation of the different producing intervals. Given the consistency of the independent PLT and ICT interpretations, the monitoring campaign for the following years has been planned based on ICT only, with consequent impact on risk and cost mitigations. Although the added value of ICT is relatively well known, the successful description of the tracer signals through the full mathematical model is a novel topic and it can open the way for even more advanced applications.

For decades, mud gas data acquired by surface logging has been, and still is, routinely utilized throughout the oil and gas industry for safety monitoring and qualitative reservoir information. Nevertheless, its full potential is not often realized or is highly underestimated. One reason is that current interpretation routines require dedicated personnel and are commonly done offline either daily or sometimes even after the well is already drilled and completed. In this paper the authors present a new real-time approach, significantly supporting real-time operational decision making such as reservoir navigation, formation testing, and completion planning. As of today, mud gas data is used for the identification of fluid contacts and to characterize the hydrocarbon content of geological formations. An offline interpretation has been developed and presented in 2016 by Ritzmann et. al bringing the standard mud gas data into a format that matches a standard petrophysical workflow output. The resulting dataset contains a porosity, saturation and permeability index, matched to the most likely fluid types present in the formation. This method serves as an independent source of information in addition to the commonly used downhole measurements and provides valuable insight where the standard interpretations are in doubt or not decisive. Such scenarios can be, but are not limited to, fluid contacts in mature fields, certain mineralogy masking pay zones or freshwater indicating false pay. Mud gas data is a cost-effective source of information that does not require additional logging tools run in hole. Therefore, this technology is very useful where it is desired to reduce the deployment of additional LWD tools or there is a high risk of tools being lost in hole. This methodology is now available in a real-time, reservoir navigation application and can be monitored while the well is being drilled. Based on the resulting interpretation, sweet spots as well as false detections can be identified, and the well path adjusted accordingly. Additionally, it enables a preliminary insight into potential fluid distribution along the wellbore, helping to optimize logging-while-drilling and wireline pressure and fluid sampling selections. Petrophysical and fluid interpretation can sometimes be very challenging especially in mature fields and complex reservoirs. Therefore, it is crucial to leverage all available data to make the best timely decisions, preferably while the well is being drilled. The authors strongly recommend integration of all available data, as early as possible, to derive the closest interpretation to reality, before landing the well.

Understanding and quantifying the uncertainty in petrophysical interpretation inputs and results are increasingly important in subsurface settings as drilling targets and reservoirs are getting harder and more complex to evaluate. To make the right key decision in exploration or field development it is important to quantify the uncertainty of the interpreted property outputs. In our approach we assume the source of uncertainty originates from three sources, measured logs, the parameter settings used for our equation sets and finally also the imperfectness of the applied interpretation model. In-depth studies of the probability distribution of each parameter in every zone in every well are normally too time consuming to be part of standard well interpretation procedures. It would also open for too much subjectivity and inconsistency in how the uncertainty is deemed from case to case, and petrophysicist to petrophysicist. It is also known that the meta data describing the relevant conditions at the downhole sensor at every depth and in every zone is not always fully and perfectly measured or recorded and available to the analyst. One can ask what the exact properties of the mud are (density, temperature, salinity, pad contact, pad tilt, etc.) depth increment for depth increment? Also, what is the sensor really measuring in heterogenous formation, is it at the lamina with m and n = 2 or was it also measuring some of the rock at the other side of the borehole with higher m and n? There will always be some error associated with both the measurements, and the parameters used as input to the petrophysical equation sets. There will even be some error in the models used, as the chosen interpretation model will fit better to some zones and depth intervals than others. To help quantify the resulting uncertainty of the petrophysical interpretations we therefore have built a context-based approach where the interpreter specifies the context for the various key parameters, the input logs, and the applied model. Every context defined will call a predefined probability density functions fitting to the described scenario/situation as chosen by the interpreter. The predefined probability density functions are a product of consensus reached by a board of expert petrophysicists.

Advancements in the establishment of the geological framework of the Sverdrup Basin resulting from the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program can be grouped under the main topics of tectonostratigraphy, crosslinking of biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, integration of igneous records with newly refined stratigraphy, and effects of global climatic environments on hydrocarbon source rocks in geological time. New discoveries of volcanic ash beds throughout much of the Triassic stratigraphic section required new tectonic interpretations involving a magmatic arc northwest of the basin that was likely involved in the opening of the Amerasia Basin. Modern approaches to biostratigraphy calibrated by radiometric age dating of volcanic ash beds made global correlations to chronostratigraphic frameworks and tectonic models possible. Correlation of the stratigraphy and recent geochronology of the High Arctic large igneous province (HALIP) places the main pulse of mafic magmatism in a postrift setting. Finally, the depositional setting of source rocks in the Sverdrup Basin is explained in terms of oceanographic factors that are related to the global environment. All of these advancements, including hints of undefined and relatively young structural events, lead to the conclusion that the hydrocarbon potential of the Sverdrup Basin has not been fully tested by historical exploration drilling.

The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.

Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.