Journal articles on the topic 'Fuels and energy resources'
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1
Pokharel, Tika Ram, and Hom Bahadur Rijal. "Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 4243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084243.
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Energy is an important input for socioeconomic development and human well-being. The rationality of energy transitions toward cleaner energy resources is not only to improve individual living conditions, but also to enhance the economic growth of a nation. Nepal is considered to be one of the countries with a low per-capita electricity use, heavily relying on traditional energy resources such as firewood and agricultural residues. The country is rich in hydropower resources. However, various economic and socioeconomic constraints have left the significant potential for hydroelectricity untapped. This study describes the energy transition patterns in Nepal based on a literature review and field survey of household energy use in the winter. We collected data from 516 households in the Solukhumbu, Panchthar, and Jhapa districts of Nepal. The rate of per-capita electricity consumption was 330 kWh/capita/year, which is significantly lower than that of other contemporary global societies such as India 1000 and China 4900 kWh/capita/year. The increasing trend in hydroelectricity production has optimistically transformed the energy sector toward cleaner resources; this correlates with the GDP per capita. Solar home systems, mini- and micro-hydropower plants, biogas technology, and improved cook stoves have been widely used, which has lowered the health and environmental burdens in rural areas. By analysing the survey data, we found that 25% of the households only relied on traditional cooking fuel, while 67% and 8% of the households relied on mixed and commercial cooking fuels, respectively. Moreover, 77% and 48% of traditional and mixed-fuel-using households were unhappy with current cooking fuels while 40% and 66% of these households preferred to use clean cooking fuels. The share of traditional energy resources decreased from 78% to 68%, while that of commercial energy resources increased from 20% to 28% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. This study suggests that future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the reality of energy transition to achieve sustainability by establishing reliable and clean sources of energy.
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Suvorova, Iryna, Oleh Kravchenko, Vitalii Goman, and Ihor Baranov. "Criteria for Assessing the Energy-Ecological Effectiveness of using the Sludge of Waste Treatment Plants as Components of Liquid Composite Fuels." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p328.
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The challenging issues in the sustainable development of a state currently are the problems of protecting the environment from contamination, increasing the capacity of systems for recycling and reusing water, and the development of resource saving and non-waste technologies. The authors have developed and introduced the technology of hydrocavitation activation of liquid hydrocarbons to create composite fuels that can contain off-spec hydrocarbons, including stale fuel oil, oil tanker outwashes, stillage bottoms, coal, bio mass, industrial wastes and the sludge of wastewater treatment plants. The main criteria were defined for assessing the energy-ecological effectiveness of using sludge in municipal wastewater as a component of composite fuels. The criteria are as follows: the calorific capacity of the fuel mixture, the energy effectiveness of its use as an energy resource, consumer properties, and the environmental performance of combusting this kind of fuel. Using these criteria during the production and combustion of composite fuels obtained with hydrocavitation activation allows producing high-quality fuel mixtures with specified thermophysical and consumer properties. This opens the prospects of more effective usage of hydrocarbon resources and of solving simultaneously two problems: the production of surplus energy and environmental load reduction during the disposal and neutralisation of moisture-containing waste.
Keywords: sludge; hydrocarbon resources; hydrocavitation activation; composite fuels; waste disposal and neutralisation
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Nehring, Richard. "Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (October 27, 2009): 3067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0170.
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During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.
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Gingerich, Jon, and Ole Hendrickson. "The theory of energy return on investment: A case study of whole tree chipping for biomass in Prince Edward Island." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69300-3.
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Industrial societies consume vast quantities of fossil fuel resources; the carbon dioxide released when these fuels are combusted is a major concern because of global warming. "Energy Return On Investment" (EROI) is the ratio of energy gain from a resource relative to the energy invested to achieve that gain. EROI analysis shows that the net energy available from fossil fuels decreases as resources are depleted, encouraging a transition to renewable resources which will not be depleted under sustainable management. Renewable resources can reduce net contributions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; however, many sources of renewable energy require fossil fuel inputs into their production process. EROI analysis can also be used to determine renewable energy sources with the greatest energy gain, relative to the fossil fuel investment required to achieve that gain.One renewable source of energy with considerable potential for expansion in Canada is wood biomass. A case study of whole tree chipping (WTC) in Prince Edward Island revealed an EROI ratio of wood chip energy gained relative to fuel energy invested of 26.7:1. The major factor affecting the EROI for WTC was transport of the chips to the burning facilities: distance and load size were important components that should be considered when designing new burning facilities. There are some benefits and disadvantages of WTC not captured by EROI analysis that also need to be considered.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Research results on the use of combined fuels." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 46 (July 22, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20214404.
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At present, much attention is paid to reducing the emission of harmful impurities into the atmosphere in exhaust gases. This is achieved by using alternative sources of thermal energy necessary for the operation of the internal combustion engine operating by using electrical energy and transferring existing internal combustion engines operating on liquid fuel (diesel or carburetor) to gas. At the same time, the issue of transferring energy resources used in agricultural production to the above-mentioned sources of thermal energy is very acute. This is since the transfer to alternative fuels requires a certain amount of money. This issue is especially acute in small farms that do not have sufficient funds to buy a new one or transfer existing energy resources to more environmentally friendly fuels. The presented article presents the results of studies on increasing the efficiency of using available energy resources and improving the quality of fuel combustion using a combined composition of the combustible mixture. Keywords: TRACTOR, FUEL, FUEL MIXTURE, TORQUE, EFFICIENT ENGINE POWER
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Ku Azman Shah, Ku Nur Afrina, Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop, Jafri Mohd Rohani, Nor Akmal Fadil, Mohd Faizal Hasan, Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin, Natrah Kamaruzaman, et al. "Solar and biomass potential of renewable energy in selected ASEAN countries and Japan." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2053, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2053/1/012018.
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Abstract ASEAN region is believed to have a great potential for biomass and solar energy generation due to its abundance of sunlight, rain, and fertile land. However, these resources are still underutilized as the current rate of renewable energy is relatively low, whereby most countries are still highly emphasizing fossil fuels. The use of fuel without replenishing the fuel source will ultimately deplete the resource in very much the same as fossil fuels currently utilized. While the concept of fuel replenishment seemed simple, the implementation posed a challenge to meet. This is where free energy in the form of solar, wind, wave, underground thermal, and biomass is being harnessed. Therefore, these forms of energy also have certain limitations depending on the geographical and the availability of the sources throughout the region. This study aims to analyze the current potential renewable energy scenario and future prospect of renewable energy resource for biomass and solar energy in selected ASEAN countries and Japan.
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Hodas, David R. "Law, the Laws of Nature and Ecosystem Energy Services: A Case of wilful Blindness." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i2a2344.
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Ecosystems services include the collection, concentration, and storage of solar energy as fossil fuels (e.g., coal, petroleum, and natural gas). These concentrated forms of energy were produced by ancient ecosystem services. However, our legal and economic systems fail to recognise the value of the ecosystem service subsidies embedded in fossil fuels. This ecosystem services price subsidy causes overuse and waste of fossil fuels in the free market: fossil fuels are consumed more quickly than they can be replaced by ecosystem services and in far larger quantities than they would be if the price of fossil fuels included the cost of solar energy collection, concentration and manufacturing of raw fossil fuels. Moreover, burning fossil fuels produces enormous environmental, human health and welfare costs and damage.Virtually no legal literature on ecosystem services, sustainable development, or sustainable energy, considers fossil fuels in this context. Without understanding stored energy as an ecosystem service, we cannot reasonably expect to manage our fossil fuel energy resources sustainably. International and domestic energy law and policy systems generally ignore this feature of fossil fuel energy, a blind spot that explains why reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels is fundamentally a political challenge. This paper will use new understandings emerging from the field of complex systems to critique existing legal decision-making models that do not adequately account for energy ecosystem services in policy design, resource allocation and project approvals. The paper proposes a new "least-social-cost" decision-making legal structure that includes ecosystem energy services.
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Socha, Luboš, Vladimír Socha, Peter Čekan, Daniela Čekanová, Lenka Hanáková, and Tomáš Puškáš. "Perspectives of Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Air Transport." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.01.02.
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The problem of environmental load is also reflected in air transport. Usage of fossil fuels, which are dominant nowadays, has a negative impact on the environment and also its resources are limited. Therefore, the article focuses on the prospective of use of other energy sources in aviation, such as alternative fuels (synthetic fuels, biofuels, alcohol, methane, hydrogen), solar energy and the use of fuel cells. Also, the paper briefly summarizes the approach of aircraft manufacturers to the use alternative sources.
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Magnuson, Ann, and Stenbjörn Styring. "Molecular Chemistry for Solar Fuels: From Natural to Artificial Photosynthesis." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 6 (2012): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12114.
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The world needs new, environmentally friendly, and renewable fuels to exchange for fossil fuels. The fuel must be made from cheap, abundant, and renewable resources. The research area of solar fuels aims to meet this demand. This paper discusses why we need a solar fuel, and proposes solar energy as the major renewable energy source to feed from. The scientific field concerning artificial photosynthesis is expanding rapidly and most of the different scientific visions for solar fuels are briefly reviewed. Research strategies for the development of artificial photosynthesis to produce solar fuels are overviewed, with some critical concepts discussed in closer detail.
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Tonhauzer, Peter, and Marcela Morvova. "Use of Biomass and Waste for Energy Purposes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 832 (April 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.109.
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This article focuses on the use of alternative renewable energy sources (waste and biomass) as a full replacement for traditional non-renewable resources. We focus on ways to increase the heating value of the raw materials by drying and pyrolysis, and the possibilities of influencing low heating value of fuels by using pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis generates heat and products, which may be used directly as fuel or after modification as additives for fuels. Pyrolysis is a suitable process for recovery of municipal, biological or contaminated waste. It contributes to a sustainable way of energy production and waste management. Moreover, the production in local conditions from local resources, increases land use, employment in the regions and energy self-sufficiency in the state. With combined production of fuels (pellets, briquettes) from biomass, wastes and pyrolysis products we expect to increase the heating value of well over 20 MJ.kg-1.
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Contin, A. "Sustainable energy." EPJ Web of Conferences 246 (2020): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024600007.
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A brief overview of why it is important to think of energy in a sustainable way is given. The starting point is that the future of mankind depends on a sufficient energy supply, both in terms of electric power and liquid fuels, at present based on fossile resources. A shift of paradigm towards Sustainable Development is needed, based on ethical considerations and on some legal rules. A possible technological solution to the liquid fuel problem is also presented.
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Sarkar, Snatika, and Vijaya Ilango. "Advancement in Applicability of Carbon Nanotubes in Progressive Fuel Cells." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.02.227.
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Energy conservation is an important issue in a world that is still largely dependent on non-renewable energy resources. Despite the growing awareness about the advantages of renewable resources, fossil fuels in the form of coal and petroleum dominate the energy consumption scenario. The primary reason for this situation is the greater commercial viability of fossil fuels. Fuel cells are an important, environment friendly means of utilizing the energy stored in hydrogen. It is however, essential to strive towards making them more economical for commercial use. This paper focuses on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and usage of carbon nanotubes for increased efficiency. The paper also discusses a possible material that may find potential application in the fuel cell as an alternative to the carbon nanotubes existing so far.
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Alimonti, Gianluca. "Our energy future starts from actual energy limits." EPJ Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818900003.
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Since the discovery of fire, the history of human evolution reflects the history of mankind’s ability to control and transform energy. Steam engine gave rise to the industrial revolution and fossil fuels entered and shaped our development: diffused and cheap energy allowed to replace human labor, and activities, impossible until that time, became common. Nowadays more than 80% of the global primary energy consumption comes from fossil fuels, but this energy system has limitations: green house gases and polluting emissions are generated by the fossil fuels combustion. Moreover fossil fuels are limited energy resources and sooner or later they will run out. It is thus important to start shaping and building a new energy system and this is what this school is about.
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Kler, Aleksandr, Elina Tyurina, and Aleksandr Mednikov. "Comparative efficiency of technologies for conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia’s eastern regions to NEA countries." E3S Web of Conferences 27 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182702005.
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The paper presents perspective technologies for combined conversion of fossil fuels into synthetic liquid fuels and electricity. The comparative efficiency of various process flows of conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia's east that are aimed at supplying electricity to remote consumers is presented. These also include process flows based on production of synthetic liquid fuel.
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Azizi, Muzhda, and Sweeta Akbari. "A review on production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 1, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.8.
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Nowadays, preservation of natural resources on earth is one of the most important concerns of humanity. In this regard, increasing the consumption of energy is one of the most critical challenges that humans are facing. Because, on the one hand, the untapped use of different sources of energy from fossil fuels can destroy this natural resource and, on the other hand, pollution from the use of these resources is a serious threat to the environment. Recent research suggests that affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels, which can be a good alternative to fossil fuels, have become more important. Therefore, biodiesel has made it possible to release less greenhouse gas emission and low toxicity emissions, which can partly meet fuel requirements and is the best alternative for petroleum diesel. In addition, the waste cooking oils are a major source of biodiesel for their essential compounds, such as glycerol. The use of waste cooking oils can reduce biodiesel production cost by 60 to 90 percent. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to study the production of biodiesel using transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel that can be used easily in diesel engines.
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Tauqeer, Haider Ali, Faisal Saeed, Muhammad Hassan Yousuf, Haroon Ahmed, Asad Idrees, Muhammad Haseeb Khan, and Hasan Ertaza Gelani. "Proposed Model of Sustainable Resource Management for Smart Grid Utilization." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020070.
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Automation and modernization of the grid with the availability of micro-grids including non-conventional sources of energy are the main constituent of smart grid technology. Most energy demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel-based power plants. Inadequacy of fuel resources, higher operating costs, and ever-increasing carbon emissions are the primary constraints of fossil fuels-operated power plants. Sustainable energy resource utilization in meeting energy demand is thought to be a preferred solution for reducing carbon emissions and is also a sustainable economic solution. This research effort discusses an accurate mathematical modeling and simulation implementation of a sustainable energy resource model powered by solar, grid, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack and focuses on the energy management of the model. In the proposed model, despite energy resources being sustainable, consumer side sustainability is achieved by using electrical charging vehicles (ECVs) to be integrated with sustainable resources. The proposed energy resource management (ERM) strategy is evaluated by simulating different operating conditions with and without distributed energy resources exhibiting the effectiveness of the proposed model. PEMFC is incorporated in the model to control fluctuations that have been synchronized with other energy resources for the distribution feeder line. In this proposed model, PEMFC is synchronized with grid and solar energy sources for both DC and AC load with ERM of all sources, making the system effective and reliable for consumer-based load and ECVs utilization.
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Gligorijevic, Radinko, Jeremija Jevtic, Djuro Borak, and Velimir Petrovic. "Potentials and limitations of alternative fuels for diesel engine." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903175g.
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The primary energy consumption in the world has increased continuously. The most important primary energy source is oil. The supply of automotive fuels today is based almost entirely on oil, and the demand for liquid transportation fuels worldwide will rise significantly in the next fifty years. Growing energy consumption and decreasing fossil resources are reasons for increasing prices of fossil fuel. Besides limited availability, contribution to greenhouse effect and pollutant emission represent another problem of fossil fuel. Both of these problems can be overcome by increased application of renewable biofuels. Therefore, great effort is made to supplement the primary energy sources by including renewable energies. There are alternative fuels 1st and 2nd generation. Some of them show high potential for reduction of engine out emission. But there are economical and technical barriers when such fuels are applied. This paper shows both advantage and disadvantage of alternative fuels, especially when used for diesel engines.
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Wang, Sheng, Jing Dai, and Meirong Su. "Material Flow Analysis of Fossil Fuels in China during 2000–2010." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/625828.
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Since the relationship between the supply and demand of fossil fuels is on edge in the long run, the contradiction between the economic growth and limited resources will hinder the sustainable development of the Chinese society. This paper aims to analyze the input of fossil fuels in China during 2000–2010 via the material flow analysis (MFA) that takes hidden flows into account. With coal, oil, and natural gas quantified by MFA, three indexes, consumption and supply ratio (C/S ratio), resource consumption intensity (RCI), and fossil fuels productivity (FFP), are proposed to reflect the interactions between population, GDP, and fossil fuels. The results indicated that in the past 11 years, China’s requirement for fossil fuels has been increasing continuously because of the growing mine productivity in domestic areas, which also leads to a single energy consumption structure as well as excessive dependence on the domestic exploitation. It is advisable to control the fossil fuels consumption by energy recycling and new energy facilities’ popularization in order to lead a sustainable access to nonrenewable resources and decrease the soaring carbon emissions.
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Hug, Michel. "Energy availability." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, no. 1-2 (1987): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009520.
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SynopsisThe present buyer's market in energy is likely to continue for several years, but in the longer run the disparity in resources and consumption rates among the principal fuels will result in renewed shortage and price rises for oil and natural gas. In the longer term the major energy importers must rely on the broad international market in coal and uranium. A useful insurance for power producers will be to invest overseas in the production of their fuels.
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Khalatov, A. A., N. M. Fialko, and M. P. Tymchenko. "ENERGY SECURITY OF UKRAINE: THE THREAT OF LONG-TERM ENERGY RESOURCES DEPLETION." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.3.2020.1.
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In the context of the energy transition, the impact on the energy security of Ukraine of the global threat of depletion of the main types of fossils of traditional energy resources is analyzed. The peculiarities of FER consumption in the recent period in the world as a whole, in the EU and in Ukraine are considered. It points to the fundamental difference in the dynamics of consumption of fossil fuels in the world as a whole and in the EU. The data concerning the proved world reserves of traditional energy resources and terms of their exhaustion are given. Estimates of fossil fuels own stocks in Ukraine are presented and prospects of their use are considered. It is indicated that the development of nuclear energy in Ukraine is promising (as one of the directions of decarbonization of energy in the French interpretation) given the significant world geological reserves of various uranium isotopes. At the same time, it is noted that hybrid technologies of nuclear power deserve special attention.
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Kawakami, Hinako, and Yasumitsu Matsuo. "Beautiful renewable energy." Impact 2019, no. 10 (December 30, 2019): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.10.39.
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As the world's consumption of non-renewable fuels continues to grow, so do the associated problems. Coal, gas and nuclear are all on the rise with each presenting significant environmental problems. The fossil fuels contribute to global warming through CO2 emissions as well as polluting the environment through particulates and waste products. Nuclear energy, whilst cleaner, still produces significant and long-term dangerous waste products. In addition, the raw materials are finite and will be exhausted sometime this century. The battle to develop effective clean alternatives is one of the key fights that will come to define the 21st century. The process will require considerable innovation and greater effort by business and state to improve the situation. Many researchers are working towards a myriad of different solutions that, together, could form the basis for re-gearing the global economy towards the use of renewable and sustainable resources and fuels. One such alternative is the fuel cell and variations of this. A fuel cell harnesses the energy released when hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water to produce electricity. Its inputs are cheap and readily available whilst its outputs are completely clean. In order to effectively assimilate new technologies such as these, it is necessary to consider how this technology can be applied and integrated into modern life. Doing so will allow new technologies to be adopted and employed far quicker after development. Two researchers from Setsunan University, Japan are working together to make cheap and renewable fuel cells that can be integrated directly into new, green architecture.
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Pekhota, A. N., and S. A. Filatov. "Investigation of Energy Properties of Briquetated Multicomponent Fuel by Thermo-Analytical Methods." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 65, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2022-65-2-143-155.
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The paper presents studies on saving energy resources by creating conditions and introducing modern energy-efficient technologies and equipment into production activities that allow to develop the production and use of local fuels, including the use of briquetting of combustible municipal and industrial waste. The purpose and objectives of the work are to study trends and analyze the problems associated with the processing and use of various types of combustible waste generated and accumulated in industrial and agricultural enterprises, as well as in the field of housing and communal services. The main directions of national sustainable development strategy concerning energy and resource saving and rational use of natural and secondary resources are considered in the paper. Methods for briquetting multicomponent compositions of combustible wastes with the possibility of obtaining solid fuels have been studied. An innovative production technology developed by the authors is described that makes it possible to process waste products by briquetting with the use of various binders. The results are presented and the analysis of the conducted experimental studies is carried out in accordance with the theory of experiment planning for multicomponent systems, taking into account phase equilibria. A qualitative assessment of the component composition of the briquetted fuel, which ensures the highest density of the briquette and effective performance, is carried out taking into account of the moisture content of the multicomponent mixture. Qualitative indicators of the produced two- and three-component fuels have been determined using differential thermal analysis on the MOM-1500 derivatograph, which make it possible to identify phase transformations and chemical reactions occurring during heating. Comparative analysis of qualitative indicators has permitted to draw conclusions about the possibility of using the developed fuel compositions in operated fuel combustion plants.
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Solaymani, Saeed. "A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137328.
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Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic characteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources. While present policies indicate the incorporation of sustainable energy sources, further efforts are needed to offset the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the study predicts that with the production capacity of agricultural products in 2018, approximately 4.8 billion liters of bioethanol can be obtained from crop residues and about 526 thousand tons of biodiesel from oilseeds annually. Granger’s causality analysis also shows that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth to renewable and non-renewable energy use. Labor force and gross fixed capital formation cause renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption causes renewable energy consumption.
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Manohar, D. P. Jesudoss, and T. Jayaprakasam. "SOLAR POWER THE SUPER POWER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1(SE) (January 31, 2017): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1(se).2017.1922.
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India is facing an acute energy scarcity which is hampering its industrial growth and economic progress. Setting up of new power plants is inevitably dependent on import of highly volatile fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to tackle the energy crisis through judicious utilization of abundant the renewable energy resources, such as Biomass Energy solar Energy, Wind Energy and Geothermal Energy. Apart from augmenting the energy supply, renewable resources will help India in mitigating climate change. India is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Most of the power generation is carried out by coal and mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission. Solar Power a clean renewable resource with zero emission, has got tremendous potential of energy which can be harnessed using a variety of devices.
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Peter. J, Arun, and Keerthi Vijayadhasan. G. "Design of an energy efficient campus-based on energy audit report." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (April 3, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11353.
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Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization there is fast depletion of fossil fuels. Renewable energy resources contribute a considerable part in the Grid these days yet there is a mismatch between generation and consumption. The consumption of electrical energy is more than the electrical energy generated. It has become mandatory for us to conserve electrical energy in order to save the fuel reserves for our future generation. In this paper it is explained how an energy efficient institution can be made with the help of periodic Energy Audit
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Je, Yeong-Wan, Jong-Chul Lee, and Youn-Jea Kim. "Performance Characteristics of In-Line Oil Separator with Various Airfoil Vane Configurations of the Axial-Flow Swirl Generator." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050948.
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Recently, as the industry develops, global energy consumption has been increasing. Power generation using various energy sources is used to meet energy consumption. The demand for renewable energy resources is increasing as well as the demand for fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel reserves offshore are limited, and the continued resource development is causing the depletion of fossil fuels. Accordingly, there is a demand for resource development not only offshore but also in the deep sea. In order to efficiently separate water and oil, it is necessary to study a compact in-line oil separator. In this study, the oil–water separation characteristics according to various airfoil vane configurations of the in-line type oil separator are numerically calculated. The maximum camber and location of the maximum camber of the NACA(National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil model were selected as design parameters. As a result, the maximum separation efficiency of 63.9% was predicted when the maximum camber value was 13.51% and the maximum camber position was 50%.
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Setiyo, Muji. "Alternative fuels for transportation sector in Indonesia." Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry 2, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/mesi.6850.
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Only a few countries in the world have rich energy resources like Indonesia which owns practically all-natural energy resources, including biological resources. Japan, a country renowned for its technological advancements, lacks sufficient land to cultivate crops used as raw materials for biofuels. Several countries near the north pole, do not expose to sunlight throughout the year like Indonesia, which impacted to development of solar energy to provide electricity. Therefore, this short article reviews the three main energy sources available in Indonesia for the transportation sector, which include: natural gas and coal as new energy sources; natural energy for electricity and hydrogen supply, and energy from biological sources.
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Mishra, Sakshi. "Effect of Variable Compression Ratio on Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Octanol as an Alternative Fuel." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 07, no. 03 (September 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.202008.
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Alternative fuels also called as advanced fuels or non-conventional fuels, are any constituents or materials which could be used as fuels, apart from conventional fuels. The need of the hour is to ploy on to unconventional energy resources since conventional sources of energy are fast depleting. Also, we need to look out for the fuels which are environment friendly as well. Alternative fuels are immediately needed to deal with the dual issues of fast depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as environmental pollution. Some of these fuels can be used directly while others need to be transformed to bring the relative properties close to conventional fuels. The economics of the fuels like vegetable oils, ethanol and methanol etc. compared to the traditional petroleum resources are marginal. In this paper, we are discussing the preparation of blends of octanol with diesel in the proportion of 5,10,15,20 and 25% to identify its potential to be used as an alternative fuel. Then after comparing the properties of blends with diesel and estimate its combustion characteristics at different compression ratio and compare with the diesel. To end with, the effect of variable compression ratio on combustion characteristics of blend would be analysed. As an outcome of the exhaustive engine trials, it may be recommended that 20% (v/v) of diesel can be replaced with IPA for direct application in unmodified diesel engines with a marginal increase in emissions of CO and HC and substantial improvements in the emissions of CO2 and NOx.
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Spěvák, Josef, and Miroslav Havlíček. "Biomass utilization for the process of gasification." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 2 (2008): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856020147.
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Biomass as one of the renewable resources of energy has bright future in utilization, especially in obtaining various forms of energy (heat, electrical energy, gas).According to the conception of energy policy of the Czech Republic and according to the fulfillment of the indicators of renewable resources using until the year 2010, the research of thermophysical characteristics of biofuels was realized.There were acquired considerable amount of results by combustion and gasification process on the basis of three-year project „Biomass energy parameters.” By means of combustion and gasification tests of various (biomass) fuels were acquired the results which were not published so far.Acquired results are published in the fuel sheets, which are divided into four parts. They consist of information on fuel composition, ash composition, testing conditions and measurand overview. Measurements were realized for the process of combustion, fluidized-bed gasification and fixed-bed gasification. Following fuels were tested: Acacia, Pine, Birch, Beech, Spruce, Poplar, Willow, Rape, Amaranth, Corn, Flax, Wheat, Safflower, Mallow, and Sorrel.
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Kamińska-Pietrzak, Natalia, Natalia Howaniec, and Adam Smoliński. "THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDSTOCK TYPE AND OPERATING PARAMETERS ON TAR FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATION." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0052.
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Abstract Increasing energy demand, limited resources of fossil fuels and environmental aspects are the main rationales of the research efforts aiming at wider utilization of renewable resources and waste in energy generation systems. Gasification technologies are based on thermochemical processing of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels to gas of the composition dependent on kind of gasification agent and operating parameters used. The range of applications of the product gas includes basically chemical and petrochemical industries. Its utilization in power generation systems is also of industrial interest since the environmental impact of gasification technologies is lower and the process efficiency is higher than of coal-fired power plants and it enables to utilize wide range of fuels, including fossil fuels, biomass, industrial waste and various fuel blends. One of the most important operational issues related with thermochemical processing of biomass and waste is the formation of tars, which reduces the energy efficiency of the process and causes technical problems in a system operation. The amount and quality of tars depends on the chemical composition of a fuel, a gasification agent used and its ratio to fuel flow, process temperature and pressure as well as the construction of a gasifier. In the paper review of the research on the influence of operating parameters and kind of feedstock on tar formation and composition in the process of gasification and co-gasification is presented.
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Lear, M. "The New Zealand Energy Scene Now and Post-Maui." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-302.
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Supply and demand forecasts to 2020 published by the Ministry of Commerce highlight the significance of the depletion of the Maui gas and condensate field for the New Zealand energy scene. Maui currently produces around 34% of our primary energy and 45% of our transport fuels, including fuel from the synthetic fuels plant. The depletion of Maui around 2010 is expected to reduce our liquid fuel self-sufficiency and reduce the availability of gas for electricity generation and petrochemicals. The Ministry's forecasts conclude this will result in price rises for gas and electricity, and increased use of coal, geothermal, hydro, wind and other renewables for generation. The depletion of the Maui field highlights the importance of developing an attractive petroleum royalty regime to encourage further exploration of New Zealand's petroleum resources.
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Seow, Victor. "Fuels and Flows." Transfers 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2014.040309.
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Despite obvious links, the relationship between transport and energy remains generally understudied among historians of transport. By briefly examining the ways in which energy resources and energy flows have intersected with transport patterns, transport costs, and transport technology, this thought piece makes a case for bringing considerations of energy into our writing of transport histories. It goes on to argue that a focus on energy and its movement also offers new insights and objects of study to those with broader interests in questions of mobility, for in tracing energy's pathways, we can better see how social, political, and environmental phenomena of varying scales have been constituted and connected in motion.
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Kipkoech, Rogers, Mohammed Takase, and Ernest Kofi Amankwa Afrifa. "Renewable Energies in Ghana in Relation to Market Condition, the Environment, and Food Security." Journal of Renewable Energy 2022 (March 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8243904.
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Energy is essential to the development of a country, and several studies have been carried out on the production and use of energy by industrialised countries. However, little research and development has been carried out in developing countries on renewable energy. Also, the importance of traditional fuels such as biomass has not been emphasised in developing countries like Ghana, which rely on fossil fuels. Ghana relies heavily on imported petroleum fuel obtained from fossil fuels. However, fossil fuels are faced with many limitations including environmental pollution and an escalating price. Hydropower, biomass, biofuel, wind, and solar energy are the major renewable energy resources expected to be fully exploited in the future. This study, therefore, assesses the sources of the main renewable energy in relation to policy, the conditions of the market and food security. The government of Ghana has put in place a favourable business environment for the renewable energy sector by setting explicit feed-in tariffs (FITs). In addition, various acts and legislation have been passed and formulated by the relevant institutions (Renewable Energy Act (832) of 2011). The study revealed that there is an increase in the exploitation and use of energy from renewable resources when compared with the past decades. However, this exploitation is still limited due to barriers such as the cost of technologies, financing issues, and scientific and technical barriers.
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Ćirković, Milorad, Vlastimir Trujić, and Mile Bugarin. "Synergy of energy resources of copper pyrometallurgy in RTB Bor-Serbia." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/metmateng1404261c.
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Copper production is a significant consumer of energy, consisting of almost all fossil fuels, and also including electricity. This work presents a comparison of the specific energy consumption of several metallurgical copper producers in the world, with the installed different technological processes, in comparison to the production of copper in RTB Bor (Serbia). An important place is dedicated to the quantitative participation of energy fuels in the production of copper. In addition to this, an analysis of cost structure for energy fuels was shown in the production process of copper. This work particularly emphasizes the aspect of use the secondary (waste) heat energy as a prerequisite to improve the energy efficiency and economy of pyrometallurgical copper production. Using the waste heat of pyrometallurgical process, the protection of working and life environment is improved Selection and development of new metallurgical processes in order to achieve the best economic effects is achieved selecting the optimum technology, on one side, and selection of energy system with the best performances with the full utilization the secondary heat energy of the process. Concretization of this aspect also relates to the modernization of the Copper Smelter in RTB Bor installing the new technology for smelting of copper concentrates.
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Balat, Havva, and Cahide Öz. "Challenges and Opportunities for Bio-Diesel Production in Turkey." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 26, no. 5 (October 2008): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459808787945371.
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This paper will discuss the main challenges and opportunities for sustainable production of bio-diesel fuel in Turkey. Turkey's energy demand has risen rapidly as a result of economic and social development over the past two decades. As in many other countries, Turkey is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy requirements. Fossil fuels account for approximately 88% of the country's total primary energy consumption. Turkey imports three major sources of energy, and its dependence on imported fossil fuels is expected to increase even further. At present, Turkey's oil production met only 7% of demand, the rest was imported. In spite of Turkey's heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy demand, the country has a large potential for development of renewable resources of every type. Bio-fuels can provide an opportunity for Turkey to decrease its dependence on foreign oil, eliminate irregularities in agriculture, create new employment opportunities, decrease rural depopulation, and sustainable energy development. Turkey has a large area of suitable agricultural land for the production of bio-fuel crops. Unfortunately, only about 4–5% of total cultivable area is used for cultivating bio-fuel crops. The vegetable oil sector, which is considered to be one of the strengths of the Turkish agriculture and process industry, could be reformed to meet bio-diesel production demands.
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Bourrelier, P.-H., and X. Boy Tour. "Fossil fuels and other energy resources in the 21st century." Nonrenewable Resources 2, no. 3 (September 1993): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02257916.
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Miyan, Mohammad, and M. K. Shukla. "Review on Non-Conventional Energy Resources in India." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 02 (December 25, 2018): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v10i02.2.
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The sources of energy that are exhaustible and being made unceasingly in nature are known as nonconventional energy or renewable sources of energy. The standard sources embrace the fossil fuels i.e., coal, oil and gas, sorts of atomic energy i.e., Uranium, whereas the nonconventional sources like daylight, wind, rain, tides, and energy heat, that are renewable. Since theevent and progress of grouping are closely associated with energy sources, several countries throughout the globe have engaged themselves in looking and developing non-conventional energy sources that may be terribly essential to sustain the life cycle of person. The consumption of energy is directly proportional to the progress of the grouping. With ever growing population, improvement within the living commonplace of the mankind, industrialization of developing countries, the world demand for energy is anticipated to extend considerably within the close to future. The energy crisis that began in 1973 caused oil provides to decrease and costs to rise usuriously. This crisis forced developing countries to cut back or hold over necessary development programs, so that they may purchase oil to stay their economies operational. It created the imperative necessity to seek out and develop energy sources, like different fossil fuels i.e., coal, gas, atomic energy, and renewable energy resources. Our country, Republic of India has additionally taken sure initiatives during this read. In this paper, a review based mostly study has been given concerning numerous non-conventional energy sources and their current standing and usage in India.
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Alper, Koray, Kubilay Tekin, Selhan Karagöz, and Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Sustainable energy and fuels from biomass: a review focusing on hydrothermal biomass processing." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 9 (2020): 4390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00784f.
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Aien, Morteza, and Omid Mahdavi. "On the Way of Policy Making to Reduce the Reliance of Fossil Fuels: Case Study of Iran." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410606.
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Nowadays, fossil fuels are well known as a predominant source of energy in the planet. Located in the Middle East region, Iran holds one of the largest fossil fuel reservoirs in the world. The country has abundant oil and natural gas fields in various regions; some of them are shared between other countries and have not reached their operational capacity yet. Meanwhile, during recent years and due to global warming followed by environmental global contracts such as Kyoto protocol, using fossil fuels is being criticized to a large extent around the world. Therefore, the global interest has been focused toward clean energy resources. Furthermore, endowed with sundry geographical pattern throughout its land, Iran has adequate renewable energy potentials. So, there will be a serious paradox affecting its whole energy policy: more exploration and extraction of conventional fossil fuels or take advantage of renewable and sustainable energy resources? In this paper, energy structure of Iran is generally overviewed, followed by study of renewable energy potentials in various parts of the country. Afterwards, policy making in renewable energy market, systems, and applicable strategies are elaborated. Furthermore, a number of barriers obstructing the development path of renewable energy schemes and initiatives are presented and discussed in detail.
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Venkatesan, V., and N. Nallusamy. "A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.776.
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Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.
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RENO, M. L. G., R. J. SILVA, M. L. N. M. MELO, and S. B. V. BOAS. "AN OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS FUEL AND MINERALIZER IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 46, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2016.326.
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The cement industry worldwide is facing growing challenges in conserving material and energy resources. According to the International Energy Agency, the main levers for cement producers are the increase in energy efficiency and the use of alternative materials. This work shows the application of industrial wastes in cement industry as fuel and mineralizer that are found out in many studies of literature. The works showed that the waste fuels are viable but it is necessary to take to account that the burning behavior of most waste fuels differs significantly from the behavior of fossil fuels due to higher particle sizes, material densities and transport characteristics. On the other hand the mineralizer decreases of burning temperature of Portland clinker without altering the clinker quality.
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Veronica, A. Jeya, and N. Senthil Kumar. "Development of hybrid microgrid model for frequency stabilization." Wind Engineering 41, no. 5 (August 2, 2017): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17723203.
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Power systems of today are highly complex and highly interconnected. It generates electricity by burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, diesel, nuclear fuel, etc.), which produces harmful gases and particles, pollutes environment, and degrades lives. To mitigate the bad impact of burning fossil fuels and meet the increase in electrical system, demand distributed energy sources employing nonconventional energy sources like wind and solar are used. Electric power generation through the nonconventional energy sources has become more viable and cheaper than the fossil fuel–based power plants. This article explores the development of a microgrid model incorporating wind turbine generators, diesel generator, fuel cells, aqua electrolyzers, and battery energy storage systems. An optimization scheme for fixing the proportional–integral controller parameters of frequency regulation is developed for different possible combinations of wind power with other distributed energy resources in the microgrid.
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Bondarev, V., and K. Chebanov. "USE OF LOW POTENTIAL ENERGY FOR ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION." ASJ 1, no. 55 (November 30, 2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2021.1.55.131.
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This article presents new directions for the search for alternative energy sources that can be extracted from the environment, have unlimited reserves, low cost of conversion into other types of energy, do not use fossil fuels, are autonomous, environmentally friendly, do not depend on meteorological conditions and the time of year, do not require long lines for power transmission. Objectives: Rational use of fuel and energy resources is today one of the global world problems, the successful solution of which, apparently, will be of decisive importance not only for the further development of the world community, but also for the preservation of its habitat
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Tunçez, Fatma Didem. "Utilization of Waste for Energy Generation in Clinker Production: Environmental Perspective." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 21, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2020.12.21.
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Meeting the increasing energy need from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas caused the rapid depletion of natural resources. In a world where the need for energy is constantly increasing and resources are getting scarce; it is necessary to ensure the sustainability of energy. Clinker production is a process which require high amount of energy in manufacturing industry. The fact that energy is mostly obtained from coal, which is a non-renewable fuel, puts the future of the sustainability of cement production at risk. Alternative fuel usage plays the most important role in achieving more than one goal, such as protecting natural resources and utilization of waste. In this study, data was obtained from Turkish cement factories which used waste for fuel generation in clicker production in year 2017. The data was evaluated and amount of coal that could be saved annually was calculated. Results revealed that a10934.573 TJ of energy was obtained from the use of waste for alternative fuel in 2017 in Turkey thus, it is demonstrated that 918871 tons of nonrenewable fuel-lignite coal could be preserved.
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Zhu, Ji Zhong, and Kwok Cheung. "Summary of Environment Impact of Renewable Energy Resources." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1133.
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Every type of energy utilization for electricity generation has environmental consequences. The main consequences of burning fossil fuels and of nuclear power are well-known. Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, etc.) are generally thought of as harmless, but this doesn’t mean they have no environmental consequences at all. Most of them have a significant aesthetic impact and require large areas of land. Some also have a significant impact on the eco-system (birds, fishes, etc.). This paper summarizes the environmental issues caused by all kinds of renewable energy sources.
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Wierzbicki, Sławomir, and Michał Śmieja. "Use of biogas to power diesel engines with common rail fuel systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818201018.
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The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.
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Jovanović, L., V. Radović, and M. Lukinović. "Significance of energy efficiency for energy security." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.4.08.
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Energy security of the European Union is one of the most important parameters that determine the present and the future on the world's geopolitical scene. EU countries are characterized by: insufficient fossil fuels from their own sources, continuous increase in consumption and strict environmental regulations (which limit the use of coal and oil). From all of the above, it follows that the long-term energy security of the European Union can be ensured by increase of gas supply capacity and diversification of sources of supply. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the situation and perspective of optimizing energy efficiency in the countries of the European Union through the application of resource of energy saving and new and innovative technologies of renewable resources.
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Martins, Florinda, Carlos Felgueiras, Miroslava Smitkova, and Nídia Caetano. "Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12060964.
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The use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy for most countries has caused several negative environmental impacts, such as global warming and air pollution. Air pollution causes many health problems, causing social and economic negative effects. Worldwide efforts are being made to avoid global warming consequences through the establishment of international agreements that then lead to local policies adapted to the development of each signing nation. In addition, there is a depletion of nonrenewable resources which may be scarce or nonexistent in future generations. The preservation of resources, which is a common goal of the Circular Economy strategy and of sustainable development, is not being accomplished nowadays. In this work, the calculation of indicators and mathematical and statistical analysis were applied to clarify and evidence the trends, provide information for the decision-making process, and increase public awareness. The fact that European countries do not possess abundant reserves of fossil fuels will not change, but the results of this analysis can evolve in the future. In this work, fossil fuel energy consumption, fossil fuel depletion, and their relationship with other variables, such as energy dependence and share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, were analyzed for 29 European countries. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that many European countries still depend heavily on fossil fuels. Significant differences were not found in what concerns gross inland consumption per capita when the Kruskal–Wallis test was applied. It was possible to estimate that by 2050 (considering Jazz scenario) it will only remain approximately 14% of oil proven reserves, 72% of coal proven reserves and 18% of gas proven reserves. Given the small reserves of European countries on fossil fuels, if they need to use them, they will fast disappear.
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Gates, Bruce C., George W. Huber, Christopher L. Marshall, Phillip N. Ross, Jeffrey Siirola, and Yong Wang. "Catalysts for Emerging Energy Applications." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.85.
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AbstractCatalysis is the essential technology for chemical transformation, including production of fuels from the fossil resources petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Typical catalysts for these conversions are robust porous solids incorporating metals, metal oxides, and/or metal sulfides. As efforts are stepping up to replace fossil fuels with biomass, new catalysts for the conversion of the components of biomass will be needed. Although the catalysts for biomass conversion might be substantially different from those used in the conversion of fossil feedstocks, the latter catalysts are a starting point in today's research. Major challenges lie ahead in the discovery of efficient biomass conversion catalysts, as well as in the discovery of catalysts for conversion of CO2 and possibly water into liquid fuels.
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Kulagin, Vyatcheslav A., Dmitry A. Grushevenko, and Nikita O. Kapustin. "Fossil fuels markets in the “energy transition” era." Russian Journal of Economics 6, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.55177.
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The global energy sector is undergoing a global transformation under the influence of technological breakthroughs in several sectors of production and consumption, as well as profound socioeconomic changes in approaches to energy use. This process became known as “energy transition.” In this paper, the authors investigate the long-term impact of the energy transition and related processes on the markets of key fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal. Research shows that all fossil fuel sectors will face a significant increase in competition, both within traditional markets and from other energy sources, due to the development of inter-fuel competition. At the same time, energy policies and efforts to combat greenhouse gas emissions will mostly determine the energy balances of the largest countries, and will have an even greater impact on the market. Natural gas, as the most environmentally friendly of fossil fuels, with a large potential to supplement the generation of new renewable energy sources (NRES), will be the least impaired by the energy transition. In the next 20 years, its consumption and production are expected to grow significantly. Oil is under serious pressure from environmental legislation and growing inter-fuel competition in the transport sector. It is highly likely that consumption will peak before 2040, yet the depletion of traditional resources is supporting prices. The coal market is set for an almost inevitable reduction in consumption. New technologies for capturing emissions can only partially mitigate the rate of coal use decline.