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Ivanytskyi, Maksym, and Максим Сергійович Іваницький. "Alternative energy from human heat." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50342.
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Альтернативні джерела енергії. Енергія вітру : навч. посіб. / С. В. Сиротюк, В. М. Боярчук, В. П. Гальчак. – Львів : Магнолія 2006, 2018. – 182 с. – ISBN 617-574-114-6.
Альтернативна енергетика з використанням сонячних елементів : навч. вид. / В. Ю. Єрохов; Нац. ун-т "Львів. політехніка". - Львів : Сполом, 2015. - 116 c. - Бібліогр.: с. 113-116.
Екологічний моніторинг: альтернативні джерела енергії : навч. посіб. / [В.Г. Сліпченко, О.В. Коваль, Л.Г. Полягушко та ін.]. - Київ : КПІ ім. І. Сікорського : Політехніка, 2019. - 368 с.
Нетрадиційні джерела енергії: теорія і практика : монографія / Й. С. Мисак, І. М. Озарків, М. Г. Адамовський та ін. ; за ред. Й. С. Мисака, І. М. Озарківа ; М-во освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України, Нац. ун-т "Львів. політехніка", Нац. лісотехн. ун-т України. – Л. : НВФ "Укр. технології", 2013. – 356 с. : іл., табл. – Бібліогр.: с. 353-354 (25 назв). – ISBN 978-966-345-267-8
Нетрадиційні і поновлювані джерела енергії як альтернативні первинним джерелам енергії в регіоні : матеріали сьомої міжнар. наук.-практ. конф., 10-11 квіт. 2013 р., Львів : зб. наук. ст. / Львів. обл. адмін., Львів. міська рада, Нац. ун-т "Львів. політехніка [та ін.]. – Л. : ЛвДЦНІІ, 2013. – 230 с. – Тит. арк. парал. укр., англ.There are many types of energy in the world that make up electricity, such as chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear and many others. The speciality of all types of energy are that they must have a source from which resources are fixed for the formation of an electric flow of energy. And that's a big problem. They depend on, so to speak, the source of certain energy - coal, water, nuclear fuel and so on. There is also a problem at the time that those resources are becoming scarce and people are starting to turn to alternative energy sources.
У світі існує багато видів енергії, з яких складається електрика, наприклад хімічні, термічні, механічні, ядерні та багато інших. Спеціальність усіх видів енергія полягає в тому, що вони повинні мати джерело, з якого закріплюються ресурси утворення електричного потоку енергії. І це велика проблема. Вони залежать від, отже так би мовити, джерело певної енергії - вугілля, вода, ядерне паливо тощо. є також проблема в той час, коли цих ресурсів стає дефіцитним, а людей починаючи звертатися до альтернативних джерел енергії.
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Gaslac, Lucero, Sebastian Willis, Grimaldo Quispe, and Carlos Raymundo. "A hybrid energy system based on renewable energy for the electrification of low-income rural communities." Institute of Physics Publishing, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624632.
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Electrification of low-income rural areas that have a limited connection or no access to electrical grids is one of the most demanding challenges in developing countries such as Peru. The international commitment to stop global warming and the reduction in the cost of renewable sources of energy have reduced the prices of fossil fuels in some cases. This has opened the way to the current research which proposes a hybrid energy system (HES) based on the use of renewable sources of energy. Therefore, a renewable electricity system (HRES) was set up at the village of Monte-Catache in the Cajamarca region, which is one of the poorest areas of Peru. Surveys and field studies were used to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics, availability of renewable energy resources, and energy demand of this region. Potential energy sources were evaluated, and isolated photovoltaic systems with a battery bank were found to be the most appropriate according to the results obtained in the simulation with HOMER. This proposal constitutes an interesting contribution for future energy solutions in isolated and low-income rural areas.Revisión por pares
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Mahlati, Andile. "Evaluating current energy management strategy : case study of an automotive manufacturer in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017152.
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Historically, the most frequently used energy sources have been those nearest and easiest to consume. Unfortunately, society’s reliance on fossil fuel for power generation has occurred at the expense of the environment, coal being a major contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Carbon dioxide is classified as a greenhouse gas (GHG); it contributes to the phenomenon of climate change (Haw & Hughes, 2007, p.1). According to Worrell (2011), industry uses nearly 40 percent of worldwide energy on economic activities. Value chain activities alone contribute almost 37 percent to global GHG. Organisations are socially and ethically required to minimise the carbon footprint of their operations. Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it saves money, enhances corporate reputations and helps everyone participate the fight against climate change (Carbon Trust, 2011). Gielen, Newman, and Patel (2008) strongly believe the overall energy and emissions trends can be mitigated through additional energy efficiency measures. However, implementing EnMS will enable organisations to establish systematic approaches and the processes necessary to improve energy performance, including energy efficiency, use and consumption (SANS 50001, 2011). The objective of this paper was to evaluate the current energy management strategy adopted by selected automotive manufacture in Eastern Cape. The research was motivated by the fact that previous researchers have focused more on technological aspects and less of management functions. The research paradigm followed in this paper was qualitative because a case study is used to gain an insight and understanding about more and less successful energy management strategies. In this report, background about the global energy outlook and its significant to economic development, factors behind energy demands, the link to climate change and providing effective energy management principles are covered. The energy management principles covered key elements for delivering successful energy management. Literature highlighted that, senior management commitment is the foundation of good energy management, which is delivered through a formal energy policy and a supporting energy strategy with action plan. High level commitment will provide: Advocacy from senior managers; Visibility of the issues across your organization; Impetus for the organisation to implement energy management; Resources, both human and financial. It will also demonstrate that good energy management is part of your organisation’s mission and as relevant as other management aspects. The empirical study is focused on the characteristics of the current management system and organisational structure employed with its relevant functions. Based on these reference points the paper concludes with recommendations for the case study organisation.
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Sällh, David. "Future North Sea oil production and its implications for Swedish oil supply regarding the transport sector : -A study on energy security and sustainability of future strategic resources." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-187538.
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Historically, it has been negative to be dependent on only one resource, in the current situation this resource represents oil. The oil dependence is primarily in the transport sector. From a Swedish perspective oil is an energy resource mainly used in the transport sector. Much of the oil that Sweden imports has its origin in the North Sea. The oil production in the North Sea has however begun to decline, which highlights that oil is a finite resource. This also means that Sweden has to start importing oil from other countries, which may affect the Swedish energy security as these countries may be geographical further away and also be more political instable. It also implies that a transition from oil to renewable fuel within the transport sector is essential. The aim of this thesis is to study how Swedish energy security is affected by the oil production volumes in The North Sea. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part consists of updating historical data from recent analyses on North Sea oil production (i.e. Höök and Aleklett, 2008 and Höök et al., 2009a), and also create updated forecasts of future oil production for both Denmark and Norway. The second part investigates how production declines in the North Sea affect the Swedish oil imports. The final section examines how a shift to renewable fuels within the transport sector is possible, with a focus on natural resources. Finally some recommendations are presented on how Sweden could increase their energy security regarding the transport sector by introducing renewable fuels.
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Sanga, Godfrey Alois. "Avaliação de impactos de tecnologias limpas e substituição de combustiveis para cocção em residencias urbanas na Tanzania." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264905.
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Orientador: Gilberto De Martino JannuzziDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar quantitativamente os impactos de melhoria de eficiência e de substituição de combustíveis para cocção na cidade de Dar es Salaam, na Tanzânia. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa, enfocando os países em desenvolvimento, sobre energia para cocção e as características que definem a energia limpa, baseado nos recomendados padrões de eficiência e de emissão de gases poluentes e substâncias particuladas. Discute-se, também os mecanismos de promoção e popularização das tecnologias eficientes e dos combustíveis limpos. E seguidamente, o trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa entre a melhoria de eficiência e a substituição de combustíveis em relação à demanda de energia para cocção, poluição do ar em ambientes fechados, emissão de gases de efeito estufa e custos. Espera-se que este trabalho seja útil na formação de políticas para melhorar a oferta de energia para cocção em Dar es Salaam como também para reduzir o desmatamento, poluição do ar em ambientes fechados e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa provenientes de uso de combustíveis tradicionais na Tanzânia
Abstract: The objective of this study is to verify quantitatively the impacts of energy efficiency improvements and cooking fuels substitution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The analysis focuses on developing countries and entails infonnation on access to cooking fuels, technologies and characteristics which defme a clean cooking 'energy based on the recommended efficiency and emissions standards. It also analyses various promotion and dissemination mechanisms for different energy efficient technologies and clean cooking fuels. Finally, the study presents a comparative analysis of energy efficiency improvement and fuel substitution in terms of cooking energy demand, indoor air pollution, emission of green house gases and costs. It is hoped that this work will be useful in policy fonnulation to improve energy supply in Dar es Salaam as well as in reducing tree depletion, indoor air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases from the use of charcoal in Tanzania
Mestrado
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Olson, John C. "Structural Shifts in Agricultural Markets Caused by Government Mandates: Ethanol and the Renewable Fuels Standard." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/279.
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For many decades, demand for agricultural commodities has remained stagnant and its growth has been limited. In contrast, agricultural production continues to become ever more efficient by increasing output for stable or decreased inputs. Long-run profits have historically been near zero due to an ongoing relative equilibrium. But recent U.S. energy policy has changed to include a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS), the goal of which is to boost domestic energy independence in an environmentally sound way. Most of the RFS in the near-term relies on the production of 15 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn. This has the effect of creating a new sector of demand for grain corn and subsequently supports rural economies.
The RFS creates a new demand for 5.5 billion bushels of corn by 2015. At the corn-ethanol conversion ratio of 2.7 gallons per bushel, this will sustain the production of 15 billion gallons of ethanol. The RFS is a blending floor imposed on gasoline refiners. Ethanol producers, on the other hand, are not forced to supply ethanol. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to implement the RFS, it does not have the ability to expand ethanol supplies. The U.S. government has therefore supported the use of ethanol through a current 45 cent tax credit for each gallon of ethanol blended into gasoline. Other financial support programs such as grants and loan guarantees are in place for ethanol refiners.
Ethanol in the U.S.is primarily made from the starchy molecules in corn. One bushel of corn in a dry mill ethanol plant will produce approximately 2.7 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) which can be used in livestock rations. A wet mill plant will produce other by-products. Ethanol can be used directly in the nation's fuel supply at limited levels of blending. Most cars in the United States can withstand the corrosive nature of ethanol in blends of up to 10% or more. But flex-fuel vehicles, which are able to operate on 85% ethanol are increasingly becoming available for sale and their use continues to grow.
Corn ethanol is a very complex issue when implemented on such a large scale as the RFS dictates. The amount of transportation fuel actually displaced by its use is a hotly debated topic. In any case, the large scale production of corn ethanol has created a firm link between agricultural markets and the energy sector. Ethanol is also an environmental issue. One of the primary goals of the RFS is to combat global warming and whether or not this is achieved it currently in debate. Aside from the climate change issue, there are other environmental ramifications tied directly to ethanol such as contamination, water use and land-use change.
Since the inception of the RFS, price volatility and uncertainty has never been greater. In the first half of 2008, prices for all commodities reached historically high levels. This raises the concern of the impacts with the RFS has on markets other than corn. The livestock industry and other grain markets have been affected to some degree by the RFS. This is in part due to the changing profile of the major trading participants in the commodity trading centers.
All of this is related to a structural change which has taken place in the agricultural markets as a result of the RFS. Historical relationships between price, supply and demand have adjusted and currently continue to adjust. The reasons for the adjustments are founded in economic theory regarding system-wide demand shocks. In this case, the demand shock is roughly a net 50% increase in the demand for corn by 2015 compared to the most recent decade. The adjustments which take place can be summarized by three periods. In period 1, the demand curve shifts outward, equilibrium is lost and higher corn prices are observed. In period 2, the market struggles to find a new equilibrium by increasing output. This period is marked by increased volatility and market participants over and under react to price signals until the new equilibrium is discovered. Period three is represented by the discovery of a relative market equilibrium at price higher than previously, but not as high as the initial demand shock.
Results from, a fundamental analysis of the grain markets show that the expected market behavior has begun to take place and agriculture finds itself in period 2 of the changes described above. While most of the price changes and acreage shifts can be explained, the degree to which prices have increased are not fully explained. A change in trading center activities (Boards of Trade, etc.) may help to further account for the new prices. A survey of brokers shows that the behavior of commercial traders has significantly changed since RFS implementation. Volatility and uncertainty have ensued.
The consequences of the RFS to the farmer have also been significant. Farm income has increased significantly sufficiently to overcome the riding costs of fuel and fertilizer. The risk exposure of farmers has also changed; the data indicates that exposure to risk has increased greatly. However, the farm gate prices have been more than enough to compensate for the changes in risk.
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Vacek, Tomáš. "Posouzení možnosti připojení kogenerační výrobny 138 MW v Prostějově." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219083.
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The goal of this project is to test the possibility to connect the Cogenerational generation of power 138 MW (still in the development stage) to the control room 110 kV in Prostejov production. This merge would product the electrical energy as well as the heat energy for all local area. In this dissertation we will be considering the solution of the steady state (stationary state) of system with the voltage level of 110kV, as well as the influence of the generation of power on this system, there by the suggesting a connection. The Congenerational production indicates higher effectiveness in the transformation of energy during primary production process due to the production of heat energy as well as the electrical energy from the primary power sources. In our country, as well as around the world, commonly used fuels are fossil fuels- coal, crude oil, and gas. As the demand for energy grows, those supplies are slowly running out. Not to mention that those fuels have a negative environmental impact. They are a source of carbon, which causes damage to the atmosphere and leads to global warming. Power plants which do not produce carbon are much safer for the environment, and much more productive. However, the residue of this energy is challenging to dispose of. Nuclear energy has common attributes with renewing the sources of energies that are extremely friendly to our environment. Nuclear power plants also produce enough energy and with the usage of Fourth generation reactors, they will be able to recycle the nuclear fuels. Today, more importance is put on renewing sources which are more gentle for the environment. In the near future, CEZ Company, the largest producer of electric energy is planning to use water energy. Water energy comes from water plants or dams. Other ecological forms of energy include geothermal and solar energies. These two types of energy are not as applicable for our geographical position. Geothermal energy is commonly used on islands where there is an abundance of natural hot springs. The most discussed source of energy is bioenergy. It uses natural wood sources, recycled wood products, and applies bioenergy as a main source for thermal power plants.
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Demianchuk, O., and A. Chaikivska. "Energy efficiency and the economic crisis." Thesis, SumyState University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45288.
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At this stage of the Ukrainian economy development the problem of energy shortages has escalated, as a result of resources of energy-intensive production, inefficient use of fuel and energy resources (FER), reducing own sources and increasing prices for imported ones. Economic growth in Ukraine depend on the amount of own available resources, potential of energy efficiency and energy intensity of leading industries.
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Lagerberg, Charlotte. "Emergy analysis of the resource use in greenhouse crop production and of the resource basis of the Swedish economy /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5742-4.pdf.
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Москальчук, Ю. Г. "Забезпечення енергетичної безпеки підприємства в умовах кризи." Thesis, ВНТУ, 2018. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua//handle/123456789/21205.
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Розглянуто питання енергетичної безпеки підприємства. Проведено діагностику загроз в енергетичній сфері. Надано перспективні заходи для досягнення енергетичної стабільності підприємства.The issues of energy security of the enterprise are considered. Diagnostics of threats in the energy sector was conducted. Provision of promising measures to achieve the energy stability of the enterprise.
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Howe, Daniel Trusler. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Nafion®-117 Proton Exchange Polymer Membranes." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/howe/HoweD1204.pdf.
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Караєва, Н. В. "Організаційно-правові засади формування енергетичної політики." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12759.
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Roy, Michael Joseph. "Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds via thermal catalytic reactions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45752.
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Lignin is an important component of biomass accounting for up to 30% by weight but up to 40% of the total energy content of the plant. As the push towards alternative fuels develops, more and more amounts of lignin will be gathered and used predominately as low grade boiler fuel to run primary processes. We argue there is usefulness in the conversion of lignin into value added specialty chemicals and fuels. In this work, a new approach for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds using platinum as the catalyst and organic solvent as the reaction medium was conducted, and the results were compared with those obtained using water as the reaction medium. It is shown that the organic solvent, with its increased hydrogen solubility, is able to hydrogenate the model compound with the same effect at lower temperature, hydrogen pressure, and time.
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Lovatel, Eduardo Ribeiro. "Produção de hidrogênio através da digestão anaeróbia de glicerol e vinhoto utilizando culturas mistas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1763.
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O aumento global da utilização de combustíveis tem por consequência maior demanda energética, seja ela renovável ou não. Posto que nossa matriz energética ainda é baseada em combustíveis fosseis, isso significa que há um aumento no impacto ambiental causado pela queima de fontes derivadas de petróleo e carvão. Neste contexto, destaca-se hidrogênio, um gás que pode desempenhar papel significativo na redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e produção energética limpa, pois a síntese de hidrogênio pode ser realizada a partir de resíduos orgânicos aplicando o processo de digestão anaeróbia. Em nível nacional, dois resíduos se destacam nesse contexto: glicerol e vinhoto. O primeiro é o principal subproduto da indústria do biodiesel, o segundo é o principal resíduo da indústria sucroalcooleira. Assim, essa pesquisa se focou em estabelecer os melhores parâmetros influência no processo de produção de hidrogênio utilizando vinhoto e glicerol em reatores de modo de operação de batelada. Concluiu-se que a produção de hidrogênio somente utilizando vinhoto tem seus melhores resultados usando pH 6,0 e pH 6,5, sendo que o primeiro estudo obteve maior produção total acumulada (7.585 mL H2) e o segundo obteve maior taxa de produção (0,88 mmol H2.gSSV-1.h-1). Os estudos com mistura dos substratos mostram que a produção de H2 pode ser ainda mais eficiente em comparação com vinhoto bruto, sendo que a melhor razão de mistura foi com 80% de DQO decorrente do glicerol e 20% de vinhoto em que houve produção total acumulada de 10.070 mL H2 e 0,85 mmol H2.gSSV-1.h-1.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-03-06T18:39:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo Ribeiro Lovatel.pdf: 2004975 bytes, checksum: fde05a04d0c4b0bbb9d5809c2370476d (MD5)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
The fuel use increase in a global scale have caused rising energy demand, whether it's renewable or not. Since our energy matrix is still based on fossil fuels, it also means an increase in the environmental impact caused by burning sources derived from oil and coal. In this context, hydrogen is highlighted, as a gas that could play a significant role in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and clean energy production, since hydrogen synthesis can be performed from organic waste using the anaerobic digestion process. At the national level, two residues stand out: glycerol and sugarcane vinasse. The first is the main by-product of the biodiesel industry, the second is the main residue of the sugar and ethanol industry. Thus, this research focused on establishing the best influence parameters in the hydrogen production process using vinasse and glycerol in batch mode operation reactors. It was concluded that the production of hydrogen only using vinasse had better results using pH 6.0 and pH 6.5, and the first study obtained higher accumulated total production (7,585 mL H2) and the second obtained a higher specific production rate (0.88 mmol H2.gSSV-1.h-1). The studies with mixture of the substrates shown that H2 production can be even more efficient in comparison with crude vinasse, and the best mixing ratio was with 80% of COD due to glycerol and 20% to vinhoto, in which there was total accumulated production 10.070 mL H2 and 0.85 mmol H2.gSSV-1.h-1.
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Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.
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The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
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Jonathan, Norris Allen. "Transitioning Central Appalachia: Understanding Framework Conditions Supporting the Adaptation to New Energy Economies." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1524242893014265.
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Kandala, Hiranmayee. "The Study of Variations in the Properties of Biodiesel on Addition of Antioxidants." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/93.
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Dell, Twyla J. "Flame, Furnace, Fuel: Creating Kansas City in the Nineteenth Century." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2009. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241120988.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 9, 2009). Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph. D. "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England, 2009"--The title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 466-487).
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Прокоф'єва, Г. М., А. С. Сеннік, Н. В. Книш, and В. В. Петрова. "Інтенсифікація використання паливно-енергетичних ресурсів при експлуатації компресорної техніки." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66517.
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До глобальних проблем розвитку сучасних технологій в базових галузях
промисловості відносяться збільшення ефективності використання паливно-
енергетичних ресурсів, а також коефіцієнтів використання техніки з одночасним
вирішенням екологічних задач.
При експлуатації компресорної техніки відбувається аерозольне забруднення
внутрішніх елементів газоповітряних трактів, що сприяє збільшенню їх енерговитрат та
зниженню потужності і надійності установок через активізацію корозійних та
ерозійних процесів.
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Борисенко, О. С., Сергій Олександрович Хованський, Сергей Александрович Хованский, and Serhii Oleksandrovych Khovanskyi. "Нормування питомих витрат паливно-енергетичних ресурсів машинобудівного підприємства." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39857.
Full textAbstract:
На сьогоднішній день машинобудівні підприємства витрачають значну
кількість паливно-енергетичних ресурсів (ПЕР). Близько 30% собівартості
продукції займають витрати за споживану енергію. У зв’язку з тим, що ціни
на енергетичні ресурси постійно зростають і це відображається на ціні
продукції, доцільно запровадити енергозберігаючі технології, або
виробництво з меншими затратами енергії.
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Xu, Chen. "Hybrid cell for harvesting multiple-type energies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44782.
Full textAbstract:
An abundance of energy in our environment exists in the form of light, thermal, mechanical (e.g., vibration, sonic waves, wind, and hydraulic), magnetic, chemical, and biological. Harvesting these forms of energy is of critical importance for solving long-term energy needs and the sustainable development of the planet. However, conversion cells for harvesting solar energy and mechanical energy are usually independent entities that are designed and built following distinct physical principles. The effective and complementary use of such energy resources whenever and wherever one or all of them are available demands the development of innovative approaches for the conjunctional harvesting of multiple types of energy using an integrated structure/material. By combining solar and mechanical energy-harvesting modules into a single package for higher energy conversion efficiency and a more effective energy recovery process, the research has designed and demonstrated a hybrid cell for harvesting solar and mechanical energy. The results of the research show that we can fully utilize the energy available from our living environment by developing a technology that harvests multiple forms of both solar and mechanical energy 24 hours a day. As the proposed research represents a breakthrough in the innovation of energy harvesting, it should pave the way toward building a new field called "multi-type hybrid" energy harvesting.
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Косяненко, Н. Н. "Energy resources." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17481.
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Balfoussias, S. S. "Problems in modelling industrial demand for fuels." Thesis, University of York, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372766.
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Jenkins, Rhodri. "Renewable liquid transport fuels from microbes and waste resources." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655722.
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In order to satisfy the global requirement for transport fuel sustainably, renewable liquid biofuels must be developed. Currently, two biofuels dominate the market; bioethanol for spark ignition and biodiesel for compression ignition engines. However, both fuels exhibit technical issues such as low energy density, poor low temperature performance and poor stability. In addition, bioethanol and biodiesel sourced from first generation feedstocks use arable land in competition with food production, and can only meet a fraction of the current demand. To address these issues it is vital that biofuels be developed from truly sustainable sources, such as lignocellulosic waste resources, and possess improved physical properties. To improve and control the physical properties of a fuel for specific application, one must be able to tailor the products formed in its production process. All studies within this thesis, therefore, have the aim of assessing the fuels produced for their variability in physical property, or the aim of directing the process considered to specific fuel molecules. In Chapter 2, spent coffee grounds from a range of geographical locations, bean types and brewing processes were assessed as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. While the lipid yield was comparable to that of conventional biodiesel sources, the fatty acid profile remained constant irrespective of the coffee source. Despite this lack of variation, the fuel properties varied widely, presumably due to a range of alternative biomolecules present in the lipid. Though coffee biodiesel was produced from a waste product, the fuel properties were found to be akin to palm oil biodiesel, with a high viscosity and pour point. The blend level would therefore be restricted. In Chapter 3 the coffee lipid, as well as a range of microbial oils potentially derived from renewable sources were transformed into a novel aviation and road transport fuel through cross-metathesis with ethene. Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst was found to be the most suitable, achieving 41% terminal bond selectivity under optimum conditions. Metathesis yielded three fractions: an alkene hydrocarbon fraction suitable for aviation, a shorter chain triglyceride fraction that upon transesterification produced a short chain biodiesel fuel, and a multifunctional volatile alkene fraction that could potentially have application in the polymer industry. Though there was variation for the road transport fuel fraction due to the presence of long chain saturates, the compounds fell within the US standard for biodiesel. The aviation fraction lowered the viscosity, increased the energy density, and remained soluble with Jet A-1 down to the required freezing point. Oleaginous organisms generally only produce a maximum of 40% lipid, leaving a large portion of fermentable biomass. In Chapter 4, a variety of ethyl and butyl esters of organic acids – potentially obtainable from fermentation – were assessed for their suitability as fuels in comparison to bioethanol. One product, butyl butyrate, was deemed suitable as a Jet A-1 replacement while four products, diethyl succinate, dibutyl succinate, dibutyl fumarate and dibutyl malonate, were considered as potential blending agents for diesel. Diethyl succinate, being the most economically viable of the four, was chosen for an on-engine test using a 20 vol% blend of DES (DES 20) on a chassis dynamometer under pseudo-steady state conditions. DES20 was found to cause an increase in fuel demand and NOx emissions, and a decrease in exhaust temperature, wheel force, and CO emissions. While fermentation is generally directed to one product, producing unimolecular fuels, they do not convert the entirety of the biomass available. An alternative chemical transformation is pyrolysis. In Chapter 5, zeolite-catalysed fast pyrolysis of a model compound representative of the ketonic portion of biomass pyrolysis vapour – mesityl oxide – was carried out. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanistic changes that occur, which could lead to improved bio-oil yields and more directed fuel properties of the pyrolysis oil. While HZSM-5 and Cu ZSM-5 showed no activity for hydrogenation and little activity for oligomerisation, Pd ZSM-5 led to near-complete selective hydrogenation of mesityl oxide to methyl isobutyl ketone, though this reduced at higher temperatures. At lower temperature (150-250 °C), a small amount of useful oligomerisation was observed, which could potentially lead to a selective pyrolysis oligomerisation reaction pathway.
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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
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Haney, Paul E. "Corn stalk as a bioenergy resource /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115551.
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Carvalho, Lara. "Small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18748.
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The ambitious targets of the European Union in increasing the use of renewable energies to 20% of Europe’s energy needs, call for urgent changes, including in the biomass sector. The share of solid biomass for heating purposes could be further increased by replacing oil- and gas-fired furnaces with biomass boilers and by expanding the spectrum of biomass raw materials for small-scale combustion systems. The interest in using non-woody biomass fuels for heat production has been increasing in Europe due to two main factors. First, the market for fossil fuels is unstable and their prices are continuously rising. Second, the increase competition for woody biomass between the heating sector and other industries, have increased the price of wood. As a result, the interest for alternative biomass fuels is growing rapidly, covering woody materials of low quality, energy crops and forest residues.The present work aims at investigating the technical feasibility of using non-woody biomass fuels in existing small-scale combustion appliances developed for burning wood. Therefore, combustion tests with different non-woody biomass fuels and in different combustion appliances were performed in standard laboratory conditions and in households under real life conditions (field tests). The laboratory tests were performed using eight different fuels (straw, Miscanthus, maize, vineyard pruning, hay, wheat bran and Sorghum) while in the field tests straw, Miscanthus and maize were burned. The gaseous and particle emissions, the slag tendency and the efficiency of the combustion systems operated with non-woody biomass fuels were analysed and when possible compared with the legal requirements defined in FPrEN 303-5. The limitations of the investigated combustion appliances when operated with non-woody biomass fuels were analysed and discussed.Non-woody biomass fuels could be used for heat production in existing combustion appliances as long as the systems are adapted for burning high ash content fuels. Among the investigated fuels, Miscanthus, vineyard pruning and hay could be burnt in most of the tested combustion appliances while fulfilling the legal European requirements (defined in FprEN303-5) in terms of emissions and efficiency. The non-woody biomass fuels showed problems with ash accumulation and slag formation and could only be burned without unwanted shutdowns in combustion appliances adapted to manage high ash content fuels. Straw, wheat bran and maize were the most problematic fuels regarding slagging. The combustion appliances require appropriate technological developments to manage the strong variability in terms of chemical and thermal properties of the non-woody biomass fuels. The results of the laboratory tests were generally in agreement with the field test results.Godkänd; 2012; 20121113 (joakim); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämne: Energiteknik/Energy Engineering Examinator: Professor Marcus Öhman, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Ph.D, Ass. Senior Lecturer Markus Broström, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, Umeå universitet Tid: Tisdag den 18 december 2012 kl 10.00 Plats: E246, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Griffin, Greggory A. "Ashes to Ashes: Identifying archaeological fuels." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17453.
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Understanding fuel use is important in researching ancient communities. This project developed methods to identify archaeological fuel from midden, hearth, and ash samples using comparison to modern analogues. Modern analogue fuels were ashed at 2000C, 4000C, and 9000C then analysed with a suite of methods, the results were then used to inform the development of an approach for the identification of archaeological fuels. These methods were tested using samples from Ness of Brodgar, Knowe of Swandro, and Smerquoy/Muckquoy in Orkney.
Magnetic susceptibility, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, pH and Munsell colour assignment were chosen based upon previous archaeological, biofuel, and soil pollution research. The methodologies were refined with the analysis of ash from fuels including peat, seaweed, driftwood, willow, hazel, heather, grasses, cow dung, sheep dung, and bone. Modern analogue fuels at increasing temperatures showed an intensification in magnetism and alkalinity, and an alteration to mineral components during the chemical reaction of combustion that is indicative of fuel type and temperature.
Principal components analysis confirmed matches between archaeological samples and modern ash, indicating a strong relationship between peat fuels and the archaeological samples. A correlation is also demonstrated between some of the archaeological samples and sheep dung, driftwood, willow, and animal bone.
It is evident that each archaeological site has unique patterns of both fuel type and temperature. This shows that in the absence of abundant traditional wood fuel resources, the occupants of these sites used a combination of alternative fuels.
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Dou, Chang. "Cooking fuels in China : contaminant emission and energy aspects." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-11996.
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At present, the main cooking fuels inChinaare natural gas, coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coal, biogas, wood and straw. This paper reviews the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and the current application status of these different cooking fuels. Moreover, a questionnaire survey is presented, dealing with different cooking fuels in Chinese households and the occupants’ perceived health, ventilation behaviors and general knowledge in potential health hazards. About 56% of the respondents of the questionnaire survey stated that symptoms like itching eyes, dry or irritated throat, irritated nose, running or blocked nose and headache were worse when they were cooking in their kitchens. This suggests that cooking fuel combustion has a significant influence on human health. The most evident health effect was that wood and straw as cooking fuel caused eye irritation. The present common house planning in Chinese countryside, where the kitchens are separated from the rest of the house via a courtyard, is very likely to reduce the stove contaminant exposure of all occupants. In general, the main cooking fuels of the cities tend to be better than the cooking fuels of the countryside. Natural gas appears to be the cleanest cooking fuel among all urban cooking fuels except electricity. For the rural residents, biogas or LPG is a better choice than wood, straw and coal as cooking fuel.
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Martin, Kevin Braun. "Hydrogen infrastructure: resource evaluation and capacity modeling." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Martin_09007dcc8071f0b7.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 15, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-80).
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Nikonov, M. "Energy resources: wave power." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62834.
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The topic of renewable energy is an evergreen subject, especially, in a world dominated by fossil fuels. Renewable energy is widely discussed in the contemporary world because it is unlimited, which means it’s sustainable and does not emit greenhouse gasses that are harmful to the environment and human life. A classic example of renewable energy is wave energy.
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Запухляк, І. Б. "Економічний механізм енергозбереження газотранспортних підприємств." Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2010. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4367.
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Дисертацію присвячено розвитку теоретичних положень формування та функціонування економічного механізму енергозбереження газотранспортних підприємств. У роботі розвинуто теоретичні положення щодо сутності економічного механізму енергозбереження підприємства та його структури, запропоновано методичний підхід щодо оцінювання ефективності його функціонування на вітчизняних газотранспортних підприємствах. Розглянуто управління енергозбереженням у процесі виробничо-господарської діяльності газотранспортних підприємств. Проведено діагностику енергоспоживання як передумову вдосконалення економічного механізму енергозбереження вітчизняних газотранспортних підприємств. Оцінено ефективність функціонування економічного механізму енергозбереження газотранспортних підприємств і запропоновано її підвищення на основі ефективного використання стимулів до раціонального використання паливно-енергетичних ресурсів та інструментів регулювання енергозбереження.Диссертация посвящена исследованию теоретических основ формирования и функционирования экономического механизма энергосбережения, а также разработке практических рекомендаций его усовершенствования и повышения эффективности функционирования на отечественных газотранспортных предприятиях. В работе развито теоретические подходы к определению сущности экономического механизма энергосбережения на микроуровне и его составляемых, предложено методические основы оценки эффективности его функционирования. В работе обосновано важную роль энергосбережения в активизации факторов развития отечественных газотранспортных предприятий, а также определено основные позитивные результаты, которых можно достигнуть реализацией энергосберегающих мероприятий. Определены основные элементы экономического механизма энергосбережения предприятия как органической составляющей механизма управления предприятием с целью интегрированного решения проблем рационального использования топливо-энергетических ресурсов с проблемами эффективного управления отечественных газотранспортных предприятий. В процессе исследования экономического механизма энергосбережения усовершенствовано понятие потенциала энергосбережения предприятия, который рассматривается как материальная основа повышения эффективности функционирования механизма. На основании моделирования и прогнозирования использования топлива и энергии в процессе транспортировки природного газа оценено условия формирования и действия экономического механизма энергосбережения газотранспортных предприятий. Усовершенствована классификация факторов формирования экономического механизма энергосбережения газотранспортных предприятий исходя с меры их влияния на энергоемкость транспортирования природного газа. В диссертации рассмотрены основные элементы процесса управления энергосбережением на газотранспортных предприятиях: оценка эффективности функционирования экономического механизма энергосбережения, определение резервов энергосбережения, планирование энергосберегающей деятельности, организация энергосберегающих мероприятий, мотивирование рационального использования топливо-энергетических ресурсов, контроль достигнутых результатов, регулирование и координация энергосберегающей деятельности. Разработано методический подход к оценке эффективности функционирования экономического механизма энергосбережения на отечественных газотранспортных предприятиях в трех направлениях: оценка уровня использования потенциала энергосбережения газотранспортного предприятия (технико-технологической, управленческой, кадровой и финансовой составляемых); обоснование выбора и расчет показателей, которые характеризуют итоги деятельности газотранспортных; определение интегрированного показателя эффективности функционирования экономического механизма энергосбережения как составление эффектов энергосбережения и издержек на управление и реализацию энергосберегающих мероприятий. Обосновано взаимосвязь экономических стимулов рационального использования топлива и энергии на газотранспортных предприятиях и размера их экономии, что дает возможность эффективно использовать мотивационную составляемую экономического механизма энергосбережения. Определено, что повышение таких стимулов, как премии за экономию топливо-энергетических ресурсов, изобретательство и рационализаторство, за разъездной характер работ приведёт к увеличению экономии томливо-энергетических ресурсов в процессе транспортирования природного газа.
The thesis is dedicated to the development of theoretical principles in forming and functioning of economical mechanism for energy conservation at gas-transportation enterprises. The thesis develops theoretical principles concerning economical mechanism for energy conservation of an enterprise and its structure and offers methological approach regarded for estimation of its the efficient functioning at domestic gas transportation enterprises. The approach to the process of energy consumption management at national gas transportation enterprises was proved. The diagnostics of energy consumption as a prerequisite in improvement of energy conservation economical mechanism at natural gas transportation enterprises was conducted. The efficiency of energy conservation economical mechanisms functioning at gas transportation enterprises was evaluated and was introduced its increase on the basic of effective use of incentives for rational application of fuel and energy resources and instruments of energy conservation regulation.
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Пономаренко, Марина Сергіївна. "Analysis of Ukraine’s prospects for fossil fuels phase out." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/49654.
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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент кафедри екології, к.т.н., Радомська Маргарита МирославівнаObject of research – fossil fuels use for energy generation. Subject of research – transition from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources. Aim оf work – the aim of the work is the assessment of the structure of modern energy supply and future prospects & opportunities for Ukraine to become energy independent in the gradual abandonment of fossil fuels, and its replacement by more ecologically friendly and renewable sources. Methods of research: analysis, data comparison, statistical data processing.
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Пономаренко, Марина Сергіївна. "Analysis of Ukraine’s prospects for fossil fuels phase out." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43590.
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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент кафедри екології, к.т.н., Радомська Маргарита МирославівнаObject of research – fossil fuels use for energy generation. Subject of research – transition from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources. Aim оf work – the aim of the work is the assessment of the structure of modern energy supply and future prospects & opportunities for Ukraine to become energy independent in the gradual abandonment of fossil fuels, and its replacement by more ecologically friendly and renewable sources. Methods of research: analysis, data comparison, statistical data processing.
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Niemeyer, Kyle Evan. "Skeletal Mechanism Generation for Surrogate Fuels." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1259018155.
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Thesis(M.S.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-01-28) Department of EMC - Aerospace Engineering Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Gül, Timur. "An energy-economic scenario analysis of alternative fuels for transport /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17888.
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Hussin, Ahmed Mohamed Taher Alaa Eldein. "New and renewable energy: renewable fuels in internal combustion engines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590482.
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At the moment the main impetus to move towards alternative fuels produced from renewable resources is legislation and market forces, which push the automotive industry to limit pollutant emissions. One way of reducing these hannful emissions is to replace the conventional fossil fuel totally with syngas or partially with alcohols and/or their ethers. The bending of alcohols to gasoline has been attempted since the mid of 1970's and recently it is in practice in some countries. Interestingly, alcohols are more competitive among the other alternatives such as syngas because they are compatible with existing fuelling distribution infrastructure and are easily stored in a vehicle. However, this blending may change the burning rate which consequently changes the level of cyclic variations. Cycle-to-cycle variability is the main cause of reduction in power output and efficiency and deterioration in the vehicle driveabiIity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of employing renewable fuels in spark ignition engine on the cycle-to-cycle variations. The employed fuels involved synthetic gas mixture of 2H2+CO, blends of Ethyl Tert Butyl Ether (ETBE) with primary reference fuel (PRF), and a commercial gasoline fuel (EOS) containing 5 % by volume of ethanol. In the first stage of this work, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) techniques were employed to characterise the in-cylinder turbulent flow at different engine speed during motoring cycles. In the main stage of the current study, PlY and LDV was also employed to monitor the in-cylinder flow during firing experiments simultaneously with natural light video photography for recording the flame propagation and pressure recordings methods. Results verified that, there was a slight increase in the cyclic variability of the indicated mean effective pressure with increasing the percentage of ETBE in the mixture. The cyclic variability has decreased when using E05 in comparison with PRF or its blends with ETBE. On the other hand, it was possible to run the engine at an equivalence ratio of 0.3 with 2H2+CO due to the extended flammability limit of hydrogen containing mixtures. Spatial and temporal analysis of flow field parameters for individual cycles was adopted in the current study. The analysis showed that there is a high degree of connection between early flame kernel development, RMS turbulent velocity and global burning rate of a cycle, such that a cycle that start fast will remain fast throughout the cycle in most cases.
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Wallace, Scott J. "Diesel Engine Energy Balance Study Operating on Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1212586902.
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Sani, Hassan Abubakar. "Management of distributed energy resources in energy systems." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100111/.
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This thesis investigated the use cases of Electric Vehicles (EV) and stationary battery storage in a multi-level energy system with high penetration of renewable DER. The different energy system levels considered include large and local level, distribution network and customer premises. The reduction of excess electricity due to high shares of renewable energy technologies by using EV with Vehicle to Grid capability in a future GB energy system was investigated. It was found that with EV in vehicle to grid mode integrated into the energy system, the utilisation of fluctuating wind power was increased. This was realised by minimising the curtailment of excess electricity and CO2 emissions. Also in a local energy system with a high share of intermittent renewable energy, EV with Vehicle to Grid capability can reduce electricity import of about 34%. A microgrid was modelled for evaluating the impact of electrical vehicle charging on voltage profiles and energy losses in a local distribution network with a high share of distributed energy resources. The results show that with a smart charging scheme, the voltage profiles remain within distribution network operator’s defined limit. A reduction of energy losses in the microgrid was also noted. An optimisation tool using an optimisation technique was developed for optimising charging and discharging of a stationary battery storage. This was simulated to evaluate the revenue streams for an existing photovoltaic generation system. The key benefit of the photovoltaic generation system to the owner is the ability to maximise feed in tariff revenue streams by maximising self-consumption using a wholesale electricity tariff. The impact of storage unit cost on the adoption of battery storage for the photovoltaic generation system was also simulated using a time of use tariff. It was found that battery storage for the simulated system will only be economically viable when battery unit cost drops to £138/kWh. The impact of an optimised distributed energy system simulated in the Lawrence Berkeley’s Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM) on distribution network constraints was investigated using a soft-linking power flow simulation procedure. It was found that voltage excursions occur mostly during peak day-types. It was found out that not all optimised distributed energy systems are feasible from the distribution network’s point of view.
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Jansson, Rickard. "An Assessment of Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels as Substitutions of Conventional Diesel and Jet Fuels." Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11138.
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Today, a majority of the world’s energy need is supplied through sources that are finite and, at the current usage rates, will be consumed shortly. The high energy demand and pollution problems caused by the widespread use of fossil fuels make it increasingly necessary to develop renewable energy sources of limitless duration with smaller environmental impact than the traditional energy sources.
Three fuels – rapeseed methyl ester (RME), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel and FT jet fuel – derived from biomass, coal or gas were evaluated in this project. The fuel properties evaluated are in most cases listed in standards, often with recommendations, developed for biodiesel, petroleum diesel and jet fuel.
Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters, e.g. RME, produced by transesterification of triglycerides in vegetable oil and an alcohol to esters and glycerin. This produce a fuel that is suitable as a direct substitution for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel may be used in pure form or in a blend with petrodiesel. Oxidative degradation and weak low temperature performance of biodiesel are properties of concern when substituting petrodiesel with biodiesel, as was shown in this project. The experiments show that oxidative stability can be improved with a synthetic antioxidant, e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
The FT process converts syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) to a range of hydrocarbons. Syngas can be generated from a variety of carbon sources, e.g. coal, natural gas and biomass. The high-temperature (300-350 °C) FT process with iron-based catalysts is used for the production of gasoline and linear low molecular mass olefins (alkenes). The lowtemperature (200-240 °C) FT process with either iron or cobalt catalysts is used for the production of high molecular mass linear waxes. By applying various downstream processes, fuels suitable for substitution of petrodiesel and conventional jet fuel can be obtained. The FT fuels have lower densities than the conventional fuels. However, conclusions from this project are that most of the properties of FT fuels are better, or equal, than conventional petroleum fuels.
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Zhang, Taoju. "Possibilities of Alternative Vehicle Fuels : a literature review." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19896.
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Historically, gasoline and diesel have been used as vehicle fuels for a long time. But the decline of oil supply and unstable oil price drive people to find alternative energy for vehicle fuel. Alternative energy solutions may shift energy consumption to less carbon, less pollutions and provide more energy diversity. These issues are investigated in the present literature review. The first part of the thesis introduces different kinds of alternative energy for vehicles, such as biofuel, natural gas, hydrogen, liquefied petrol gas, electricity and compressed air. The presentations includes their utilization, production, environment effect, running performance, fuel property, market share, running and investigate cost and production barriers. The second part of the thesis work compares the properties of the alternative fuels and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of different types of fuel energies. Compared with traditional fuels, alternative fuels have superiority in environment impact, sustainability and energy efficiency. Some of them have been used in reality and show a potential as future fuels. The author found that natural gas and liquefied petrol gas have low running costs, better environment performance and acceptable running range, and thus are able to substitute conventional fuels in the short term. Biofuel has better sustainability than gasoline. It will probably become more sustainable and cost effective in the mid-term period. Electricity can also become a future fuel in mid-term period since it has excellent emission performance and low running costs. Hydrogen is expected to substitute conversional fuels in the long term due to high investment costs and current unsustainable production pathway of the latter. The compressed air turned out not suitable for substituting conventional fuels because of poor efficiency and running range performance.
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Waller, Mary Kate, and University of Cape Town Dept of Energy and Development Studies. "Challenges facing the wind energy industry in South Africa : lessons learned from international experience in promoting wind energy." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18207.
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Thesis (MScEng (Energy and Development Studies)) -- University of Cape Town, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Growing concerns regarding climate change, energy security, long-term carbon price exposure, fuel-price risk and fossil fuel depletion have continued to drive growth in wind energy globally over the past decade. In spite of South Africa’s renewable energy target and feed-in tariff for renewable energy, the current deployment of wind energy in South Africa is extremely low. Consequently, as the country embarks upon promoting the development of renewable energy, it is important to consider the challenges facing the wind energy industry in South Africa.
Sponsored by the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
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Benedetto, Michael V. "A possible solution for the U.S. Navy's addiction to petroleum : a business case analysis for transitioning the U. S. Navy from petroleum to synthetic fuel resources /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FBenedetto.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Daniel A. Nussbaum. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99). Also available in print.
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Gill, J. S. "Traditional fuels and cooking stoves in developing countries : a technical, social and environmental assessment." Thesis, Open University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355644.
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Monoson, Ted. "Implications of a renewable fuels standard." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8405.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
During the past 10 years, ethanol production in the United States has grown exponentially. From 2000 to 2009 U.S. ethanol production increased from 1.6 billion gallons annually to 10.8 billion gallons annually. In 2010, U.S ethanol production increased by 23 percent from 2009 to 13.23 billion gallons. The increase in ethanol production was due to lawmakers reacting to skyrocketing oil prices by implementing a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) in 2005 and expanding the RFS in 2007. The RFS requires the use of specified amounts of biofuels, such as ethanol, through the year 2022. The creation of the RFS represented a step beyond lawmakers’ usual policy of using the tax code to promote ethanol production. There is a long history of encouraging ethanol production by using the tax code, but the implementation of a biofuels mandate is new and therefore there is not a great deal of research on the effects of such a policy. This study analyzes U.S. oil, unleaded gasoline, corn and ethanol prices dating back to 1985 to determine the impact that the RFS has had on corn prices. The key question answered is whether the creation and expansion of the RFS has brought the instability of the oil market into the corn market. The prices that an ethanol plant in western Kansas paid for the grain it used to produce ethanol and the price that the plant received for the ethanol that it produced are also analyzed. The plant began operation in January 2004, so it is possible to analyze the grain and ethanol prices both before and after the implementation and expansion of the RFS. To study the impact of the RFS creation and expansion, the prices were analyzed to see if there was an increase in the correlation after the creation and expansion of the RFS. Regression analysis of the national corn prices and the prices that Western Plains Energy paid for the grain that it used to produce ethanol; and regression analysis of the national price of ethanol and the price that Western Plains Energy sold its ethanol for were also used to study the impact of the RFS. Finally, the vector autoregression (VAR) model is used to analyze the dynamic relationships between the variables in the system: corn price, oil price, ethanol price and unleaded gasoline price. The analysis of the correlation reveals that both at the national and plant level grain and oil prices track much more closely together after the creation and then expansion of the RFS. The VAR reveals that there is some relationship between corn and oil prices contemporaneously. The correlation matrix of residuals reveals that there is not a strong correlation between national corn and oil prices. The results suggest the need for greater research in this area. The creation and expansion of the RFS represented a step into uncharted territory and the consequences are still not known.
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Katebi, Daniel, and Carlsson Olle Hoffman. "A comparative study on the prospects of sustainable aviation fuels in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278215.
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The aviation industry needs to move towards a more sustainable future to achieve the climate goals set forth by the European Union (to reach a climate neutral economy by 2050), and in the recent past the interest in sustainable jet fuel has increased. In this report we compared different feedstocks and pathways for production of sustainable jet fuels from an economical, technical and environmental perspective for long-term implementation. A literature study was performed to gather data regarding fossil-based jet fuel, feedstocks for jet bio fuels and pathways for producing sustainable jet fuels. There are multiple ways of producing sustainable jet fuel and this report compares three different pathways: Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and electrofuel. Of these pathways, only HEFA has received certification for use as a jet fuel as of April 2020. The report also compared three different feedstocks: forest residues, used cooking oil and food waste. The comparison was done with a Pugh matrix - a criteria-based matrix - and was based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, fuel readiness level (what stage of development the pathway is in), fuel production cost, yield and potential fuel output (how much of Sweden’s current jet fuel consumption can potentially be covered by each pathway/feedstock). The relevant data for the comparison was also gathered from the literature study. To put the comparison in a long-term context, the parameters where given a percentage of the total 100 points: potential fuel output – 30%, GHG-e – 30%, price – 20%, Yield – 10% and fuel readiness level – 10%. The study found that HTL with forest residues is most suitable for long-term implementation because of a high potential fuel output and low price. If the fuel production price of electrofuels can go down e.g. through government subsidies it would be another suitable alternative due to its massive potential in GHG emission reduction.Flygplansindustrin behöver röra sig mot en mer hållbar framtid för att nå Europeiska Unionens klimatmål (att nå en klimatneutral ekonomi senast 2050), och under de senaste åren har intresset för hållbara flygplansbränslen ökat markant. I denna rapport sammanställde och jämförde vi olika produktionsvägar och råmaterial utifrån ekonomiskt-, tekniskt- och klimatperspektiv för långsiktig implementation. En litteraturstudie utfördes för att samla information om hållbara flygplansbränslen. Det finns ett flertal sätt att producera hållbara flygplansbränslen och denna rapport jämför tre olika produktionsvägar: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), hydrotermisk förvätskning (HTL) och elektrobränslen. Av dessa har enbart HEFA godkänts för användning som flygbränsle (april 2020). Rapporten jämförde även tre olika råmaterial: biomassa från skogen, matlagningsolja samt matavfall ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Jämförelsen utfördes med en Pugh-matris som var baserad på: minskning i växthusgasutsläpp, teknisk mognadsgrad (hur långt i utvecklingen har produktionsväggen kommit), kostnaden för bränslet, effektivitet och potentiell bränslemängd (hur stor del av svenska jetbränslekonsumtionen kan vardera produktionsväg täcka). För att sätta jämförelsen i ett långsiktigt perspektiv vägdes jämförelseparameterna till: potentiell bränslemängd - 30%, minskning i växthusgasutsläpp - 30%, pris – 20%, avkastning – 10% och bränslet mognadsgrad – 10% av total 100 poäng. Studien fann att HTL med biomassa från skogen är lämpligast för en långsiktig implementation, på grund av dess höga potentiella bränslemängd samt ett lågt pris. Om priset för elektrobränslen kan minska genom till exempel statliga subventioner är även det ett intressant alternativ framförallt på grund av väldigt låga växthusgasutsläpp.
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Schriefer, Timothy. "The viability of a thermoelectric fuel conditioning system for a diesel engine utilizing biodiesel /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7508.
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Sukhtankar, Samir A. "Thermochemical conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418068.
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Perez, David C. "U.S.-China competition for energy resources." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FPerez.pdf.
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Thesis (Master of Arts in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Miller, Alice. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: U.S.-CHINA Competition, energy resources, economic interdependence, Africa. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-53). Also available in print.
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Amini, Mahraz. "Optimal dispatch of uncertain energy resources." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1046.
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The future of the electric grid requires advanced control technologies to reliably integrate high level of renewable generation and residential and small commercial distributed energy resources (DERs). Flexible loads are known as a vital component of future power systems with the potential to boost the overall system efficiency. Recent work has expanded the role of flexible and controllable energy resources, such as energy storage and dispatchable demand, to regulate power imbalances and stabilize grid frequency. This leads to the DER aggregators to develop concepts such as the virtual energy storage system (VESS). VESSs aggregate the flexible loads and energy resources and dispatch them akin to a grid-scale battery to provide flexibility to the system operator. Since the level of flexibility from aggregated DERs is uncertain and time varying, the VESSs’ dispatch can be challenging. To optimally dispatch uncertain, energy-constrained reserves, model predictive control offers a viable tool to develop an appropriate trade-off between closed-loop performance and robustness of the dispatch. To improve the system operation, flexible VESSs can be formulated probabilistically and can be realized with chance-constrained model predictive control.
The large-scale deployment of flexible loads needs to carefully consider the existing regulation schemes in power systems, i.e., generator droop control. In this work first, we investigate the complex nature of system-wide frequency stability from time-delays in actuation of dispatchable loads. Then, we studied the robustness and performance trade-offs in receding horizon control with uncertain energy resources. The uncertainty studied herein is associated with estimating the capacity of and the estimated state of charge from an aggregation of DERs.
The concept of uncertain flexible resources in markets leads to maximizing capacity bids or control authority which leads to dynamic capacity saturation (DCS) of flexible resources. We show there exists a sensitive trade-off between robustness of the optimized dispatch and closed-loop system performance and sacrificing some robustness in the dispatch of the uncertain energy capacity can significantly improve system performance. We proposed and formulated a risk-based chance constrained MPC (RB-CC-MPC) to co-optimize the operational risk of prematurely saturating the virtual energy storage system against deviating generators from their scheduled set-point. On a fast minutely timescale, the RB-CC-MPC coordinates energy-constrained virtual resources to minimize unscheduled participation of ramp-rate limited generators for balancing variability from renewable generation, while taking into account grid conditions. We show under the proposed method it is possible to improve the performance of the controller over conventional distributionally robust methods by more than 20%.
Moreover, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation of a cyber-physical system consisting of packetized energy management (PEM) enabled DERs, flexible VESSs and transmission grid is developed in this work. A predictive, energy-constrained dispatch of aggregated PEM-enabled DERs is formulated, implemented, and validated on the HIL cyber-physical platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the existing control schemes, such as AGC, dispatch VESSs without regard to their energy state, which leads to unexpected capacity saturation. By accounting for the energy states of VESSs, model-predictive control (MPC) can optimally dispatch conventional generators and VESSs to overcome disturbances while avoiding undesired capacity saturation. The results show the improvement in dynamics by using MPC over conventional AGC and droop for a system with energy-constrained resources.